Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
August 1984
8
W i l l i a m Warmbrodt and R a n d a l l L . P e t e r s o n
NASA Ames Research C e n t e r , M o f f e t t F i e l d , C a l i f o r n i a 94035, U.S.A.
ABSTRACT
NOMENCLATURE
blade chord, m
r o t o r power c o e f f i c i e n t , r o t o r power/pS (RR)
r o t o r t h r u s t c o e f f i c i e n t , s h a f t a x e s , t h r u s t / p S (RR)
v i s c o u s damping of wind-tunnel b a l a n c e modes, (N-sec)/m
2
r i g i d - b l a d e p i t c h i n e r t i a about f e a t h e r i n g a x i s , kg*m
r o t o r c y c l i c c o n t r o l system s t i f f n e s s , N-mlrad
rotor radius, m
r o t o r r e f e r e n c e area, 4cR, m
a i r d e n s i t y , kg/m3
damping decay c o e f f i c i e n t
rotor-blade
, sec-l ;
rotor solidity
fundamental i n p l a n e bending f r e q u e n c y , r a d / s e c
68-1
n o n r o t a t i n g c y c l i c c o n t r o l system f r e q u e n c y , p e r rev a t d e s i g n
t i p speed
n
1.
r o t o r r o t a t i o n frequency, r a d l s e c
INTRODUCTION
68-2
F i g u r e 1.
r e p o r t e d d a t a ( r e f . 3) w e r e obtained on a whirl-tower, whereas a windt u n n e l support system w a s used i n t h e p r e s e n t study. The new d a t a set
i s a l s o used h e r e t o make d i r e c t comparisons w i t h f u l l - s c a l e , bearingless main r o t o r d a t a o b t a i n e d on t h e same wind-tunnel support system
(ref. 4).
2.
TEST HARDWARE
68-3
Figure 2.
BO-105 h i n g e l e s s - r o t o r hub.
T a b l e 1.- C a l c u l a t e d r o t a t i n g
blade frequencies (per rev)
a t 425 rpm
Flapwise
Edgewise
Torsion
First
mode
Second
mode
Third
mode
1.10
0.73
3.56
2.75
4.46
6.48
4.89
11.54
10.73
A shake t e s t w a s performed b e f o r e t h e p r i n c i p a l t e s t t o d e t e r mine t h e dynamic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e t e s t a p p a r a t u s and of t h e b a l ance system w i t h t h e e i g h t b a l a n c e dampers engaged. A blades-off hub
c o n f i g u r a t i o n w a s used. T h i s t e s t w a s conducted, i n p a r t , t o determine
any changes i n t h e wind-tunnel b a l a n c e dynamics owing t o r e c e n t modific a t i o n s i n its o p e r a t i o n a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n . The r e s u l t s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
t a b l e 2 f o r both l o n g i t u d i n a l and l a t e r a l e x c i t a t i o n a t t h e hub. Frequency and damping levels f o r t h e lowest b a l a n c e and s t r u t modes a r e
shown. A l s o shown i n t a b l e 2 are t h e r e s u l t s from t h e most r e c e n t prev i o u s shake test ( 1 9 7 8 ) , performed i n a similar manner, b e f o r e t h e
b a l a n c e system m o d i f i c a t i o n ; t h e support-system f r e q u e n c i e s are essent i a l l y unchanged, although damping l e v e l s are d i f f e r e n t .
68-4
T a b l e 2.-
D i r e c t i o n of
excitation
3.
1978 r e s u l t s
Mode
w,
Hz
Cc, N * s e c / m
o, Hz
Ccy N*sec/m
Longitudinal
Balance
Strut
2.24
4.17
119,600
49 ,160
2.14
4.22
88,400
43,900
Lateral
Balance
Strut
2.71
51,900
3 5 ,940
2.63
4.56
43,800
4.64
30,600
PERFORMANCE TESTING
4.
STABILITY TESTING
5.
RESULTS
012
010
400
A 425
rpm
.9 -
0 350
.8
0 375
+. 008
5u
400
006
w
s
(z.
$ 004
0
002
-~-
I
1
, )
L
-
02
04
06
08
10
12
THRUST C O E F F I C I E N T C T /
Figure 3 .
0
0
04
06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/U
.02
.lo
.I2
( b ) Rotor f i g u r e of m e r i t .
Rotor hover performance.
A
EXPERIMENT
UNIFORM INFLOW
-.010
.
u
D
a.
,008-
+-
z
Y
0
U
cK - --
.6 -
,006-
5 .4
n
0
0 .2
--
B -
. O 0 i
( a ) Rotor power.
F i g u r e 4.
(b) Rotor f i g u r e of m e r i t .
-_
REF. 6 (LANDGREBE)
REF. 7 (KOCUREK AND TANGLER)
.10r
K
g- .08--
% :
I-
.06
a
K
.04 -
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/O
.12
.06
.04
.08
.10
.12
(b) V e r t i c a l l o c a t i o n below
b l a d e ( f R)
( a ) R a d i a l l o c a t i o n inboard from
b l a d e t i p (I R ) .
Figure 5 .
.02
T r a j e c t o r y of p r e s c r i b e d wake t i p v o r t e x a t f i r s t f o l l o w i n g
blade passage.
425 rpm
.02
.04
_ _ REF. 6 ILANDGREBE)
REF. 7 (KOCUREK AND TANGLER)
MODEL
.lor
K-
w
I
.08
n
a
.06 -
2u :
W
2
K
.04 -
I-
:;
: .02 0
>
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.06
.08
.10
.12
CTlO
CT/o
68-8
425 rprn
.6
1
u
K
c.2
Rotor S t a b i l i t y Data
0 1 2 '
'
""""'
'
'
'
"
"
CURVE FIT
-2.01
p -1.5
d
.
t
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/U
.10
( a ) 350 rpm.
F i g u r e 7.
-I
-2.0
-g
-1.5-
I--
;
-1.0u
8
>
9w
-5-
n
0
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, C ~ l n
.02
.10
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/O
.02
(d) 4 2 5 rpm.
Concluded.
Constant r o t o r t h r u s t con-
owing t o e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a
s c a t t e r . For l o w - t h r u s t cond i t i o n s , 0.0 5 C T / U < 0.04,
0.02
.10
68-10
it
-_----------
- - - - - - - -0-
- --Q
U
U
375
400
ROTOR ROTATIONAL SPEED, rpm
425
A s p a r t of t h i s s t u d y , a n
F i g u r e 9 . I n p l a n e r e g r e s s i n g modal
a t t e m p t w a s made t o e v a l u a t e the
f r e q u e n c y a s a f u n c t i o n of r o t o r
r o t a t i o n a l speed (C,/O = 0.07).
s i g n i f i c a n c e of u s i n g polynomial
curve f i t s t o t h e experimental
d a t a ( f i g . 7) t o i n v e s t i g a t e damping t r e n d s w i t h r o t o r t h r u s t and r o t a t i o n r a t e ( f i g . 8 ) . I n doing s o , an estimate of t h e e f f e c t s of d a t a
s c a t t e r on measured damping l e v e l s and r e s u l t a n t t r e n d s can be more
c l o s e l y reviewed. T h i s i s important i n u n d e r s t a n d i n g t h e e f f e c t of
e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a s c a t t e r on observed damping t r e n d s and h a s n o t been
t h o r o u g h l y a d d r e s s e d i n p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s . I n f i g u r e s lOa-lOd, t h e
p l o t t e d d a t a p o i n t s a r e t h e midpoints of t h e d a t a range a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r t h r u s t c o n d i t i o n f o r r o t o r s p e e d s of 350, 375, 400, and 4 2 5 rpm.
The v e r t i c a l b a r s show t h e range of d a t a s c a t t e r a t t h e s e t h r u s t
I
,
-2.0
it
DATA SCATTER
CURVE FIT
-1.5
.
0
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/o
.10
( a ) 350 rpm.
Figure 10.
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, C T / ~
.10
68-11
-2.0
5 -1.5
3:
2
L
U
8 -1.0 -
[-l.o/
U
W
w
u
-.5 -
n
0
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/o
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/o
.10
( c ) 4 0 0 rpm.
.10
Concluded.
c o n d i t i o n s . The s o l i d c u r v e s a r e a g a i n second-order, l e a s t - s q u a r e s
polynomial r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e s f o r t h e s e mid-range d a t a and t h e dashed
c u r v e s are f o r t h e maximum and minimum extrema. A somewhat d i f f e r e n t
s e t of v a l u e s is shown i n f i g u r e s l l a - l l d where t h e p l o t t e d d a t a p o i n t
-2 5
-20 -
-2 0 -
2-15-
-15 -
I--
L
U
8-10-
p-lo-
>
8
t
9
u
a
w
-5 -
-5-
'
0
"
"
"
02
'
04
'
06
"'
08
'
'
o - ' " " " ' ' ~ ' ' ~ " ' ' ' " " "
10
( a ) 350 rpm.
F i g u r e 11.
02
04
06
08
10
( b ) 375 rpm.
Polynomial c u r v e f i t of a v e r a g e r e g r e s s i n g i n p l a n e modal
damping d a t a a t each o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n .
68-12
-2'oi
'
d
-1.5
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/Q
.10
.02
.G4
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/Q
.10
(d) 4 2 5 rpm.
( c ) 400 rpm.
F i g u r e 11.. Concluded.
a t e a c h o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n i s the a v e r a g e v a l u e c a l c u l a t e d from a l l of
t h e d a t a a t t h a t p a r t i c u l a r t h r u s t . The shaded a r e a shows the range of
e x p e r i m e n t a l l y determined decay c o e f f i c i e n t s . The v e r t i c a l b a r s i n
f i g u r e 11 a r e p l u s o r minus one s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n determined from
t h e s e d a t a . Again t h e curves a r e second-order r e g r e s s i o n c u r v e s of
these average data.
tant.
I
-2.0 r
( a ) (Max-min)/2
I
-2.0 -
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of good q u a l i t y
s t a b i l i t y d a t a obtained i n a
number o f o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s .
When t h e system i s l i g h t l y
damped, good q u a l i t y t r a n s i e n t
decay r e c o r d s can b e o b t a i n e d ,
and t h e r e s u l t i n g measured
damping v a l u e s a r e v e r y
r e p e a t a b l e . For a number of
reasons, g r e a t e r scatter i s
o b t a i n e d a t h i g h l y damped
c o n d i t i o n s ; f o r example,
because of d i f f i c u l t y i n
e x c i t i n g t h e mode, a s h o r t d u r a t i o n t r a n s i e n t , and a
poor single-degree-of-freedom
decay c u r v e f i t . However,
given t h e inherent l i m i t a t i o n s
of t h e t e s t p r o c e d u r e s and t h e
r e s u l t i n g d a t a - s c a t t e r bands,
i t i s concluded t h a t t h e import a n t t r e n d s are e v i d e n t d e s p i t e
what may a p p e a r t o b e s i g n i f i c a n t d a t a s c a t t e r f o r some h i g h thrust operating conditions.
C o r r e l a t i o n of s t a b i l i t y d a t a w i t h a n a l y t i c a l prez
d i c t i o n ( r e f . 2) i s shown i n
.-1.5 0
f i g u r e s 13-17.
The d e f i n i t i o n
+of r o t o r p r o p e r t i e s w a s t a k e n
-u5
from r e f e r e n c e 5. The shaded
-1.0 area i d e n t i f i e s t h e r a n g e o f
LL
W
e x p e r i m e n t a l damping v a l u e s
8
shown i n f i g u r e 7. Because a
>
four-bladed r o t o r w a s used i n
J -.5 W
0.02
t h e hover o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n ,
D
o n l y c y c l i c r o t o r modes f o r
e
l a s t i c - b l a d e bending and
0
r i g i d and e l a s t i c t o r s i o n
d e f l e c t i o n s w e r e modeled i n
( b ) Averaged d a t a a t each o p e r a t i n g
t h e a n a l y s i s . The c o l l e c t i v e
condition ( f i g . 11).
and r e a c t i o n l e s s r o t o r modes
w e r e n o t modeled, a r e s u l t of
F i g u r e 1 2 . Summary of c u r v e f i t
t h e l a c k of c o u p l i n g w i t h
r e g r e s s i n g i n p l a n e modal damping
o t h e r r o t o r and s u p p o r t system
data.
modes. A s d i s c u s s e d i n d e t a i l
i n r e f e r e n c e 8, a s t r u c t u r a l
damping value of 0.03 i s used i n a l l t h e r e s u l t s h e r e . L i k e w i s e , two
support-system d e g r e e s of freedom, t h e f i r s t - b a l a n c e l o n g i t u d i n a l mode
and f i r s t - b a l a n c e l a t e r a l mode ( t a b l e 2 ) , w e r e modeled i n t h e a n a l y s i s .
Using from zero t o s i x s u p p o r t d e g r e e s of freedom i n t h e a n a l y s i s d i d
n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n f l u e n c e t h e p r e d i c t e d decay c o e f f i c i e n t s of t h e
i n p l a n e modes. Consequently, a s d i s c u s s e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n ,
r e s o n a n t o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s between t h e r e g r e s s i n g i n p l a n e modal
-
I0
68-14
-----.-
-2.0-
4
1
2
2
--..--
p -1.5.. -
c'
2
Y
0
U
-1.0-
/-/
U
W
8
t
2
- -.-.--.5
n
1
'
'
'
'
'
'
(a) S t a t i c i n f l o w model.
F i g u r e 13.
-20-
'
'
'
"
'
'
'
'
-2.0
p -1.5-0-
d -1.5 -
I-
G I
0U
10-
>
-.5
n
0
"
"
'
Figure 14.
'
"
'
'
"
'
'
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
'
-2.5-
-2.0
c
I-. -1.5
u
u
w
z
2
8 -1.0 t
-.5
.02
.04
,013
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/U
.10
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/o
( c ) 400 rpm.
.10
Concluded.
DYNAMIC INFLOW MODE
( i 2 - u$
($2 + u s )
STATIC INFLOW
---- -/
-2 0
-2.0 -
..
2 - 1 5 -
* -1.5 6
-
I-.
;-1.0
U
8
t
9
w
0
U
LL
xn
-.5 -
8 -10
a
:\
-5
0
0-
F i g u r e 1 5 . P r e d i c t e d damping as a
f u n c t i o n of r o t o r r o t a t i o n r a t e
and t h r u s t : dynamic i n f l o w
model.
.02
.04
,063
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/U
.10
68-16
68-1 7
'
'
'
'
'
.-
6.
,002
A
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
.02
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
'
.04
.06
.08
.10
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/U
'
.12
9-
8-
DATA (REF. 3)
---ANALYSIS WITH
DYNAMIC INFLOW
,/'
F i g u r e 1 9 . Comparison o f BO-105
damping d a t a w i t h whirl-tower
results.
68-19
8.
.
0
V
BO105 DATA
(FIG 31
rpm
0 350
006 -
+z
:: 004
w
V
0
K
O0*
2
0
I
'
'
'
'
p l o t t e d w i t h a polynomial c u r v e
f i t t e d t o t h e BO-105 performance
d a t a t a k e n from f i g u r e 3 . I n b o t h
d a t a s e t s , b a r e hub t a r e s ( w i t h o u t
flexbeam a s s e m b l i e s f o r t h e b e a r i n g l e s s r o t o r ) have been s u b t r a c t e d .
Because of t h e l a r g e b l a d e c l e v i s e s
l o c a t e d a t t h e o u t b o a r d end of t h e
flexbeams and t h e u n f a i r e d flexbeam/
68-20
-2.0
r
<
-1.5
0
0
O' '
'.&
'.&
' '
' ' '.Os' '
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/o
'.;o' '
-"ol
p
!i0
I-*
-2.01
-1.5
'i0 -1.0-
U
U
-1.5-
U
W
U
8 -1.0 -
.10
( b ) 375 rpm.
-2.5r
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, CT/u
-.5
O'
'i
'.oz'
'.ffi' '
'.d*'
'',io'
'
THRUST COEFFICIENT, C ~ l a
( c ) 400 rpm.
F i g u r e 21.
9.
.02
.04
.06
.08
THRUST COEFFICIENT, C ~ l u
.10
( d ) 425 rpm.
CONCLUSIONS
A f u l l - s c a l e , BO-105 h e l i c o p t e r h i n g e l e s s - r o t o r system w a s t e s t e d
i n h o v e r . Performance and damping of t h e r e g r e s s i n g i n p l a n e r o t o r mode
w a s determined f o r t r e n d s w i t h changing r o t o r t h r u s t and t i p speed.
These e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a have been compared w i t h a n a l y t i c a l p r e d i c t i o n s
and o t h e r h o v e r d a t a , Direct comparison between r e s u l t s f o r a b e a r i n g less main-rotor system and t h e BO-105 r o t o r are p r e s e n t e d . The major
f i n d i n g s of t h i s s t u d y are as f o l l o w s :
68-21
3 . P r e d i c t e d aerodynamic performance u s i n g a m o d i f i e d p r e s c r i b e d
wake model f o r t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e t i p v o r t i c e s i n t h e f a r wake adeq u a t e l y p r e d i c t e d r o t o r power and f i g u r e of m e r i t as f u n c t i o n s o f t h r u s t .
4 . Damping t r e n d s a t c o n s t a n t r o t o r speed are w e l l p r e d i c t e d
w i t h a comprehensive r o t o r c r a f t a n a l y s i s . Although t h e p r e d i c t e d
r e s u l t s were n o t s e n s i t i v e t o t h e number of support-system modes mode l e d , t h e f i r s t two e l a s t i c - b l a d e bending modes and t h e f i r s t r i g i d b l a d e and e l a s t i c - b l a d e t o r s i o n modes of t h e b l a d e s were r e q u i r e d f o r
adequate c o r r e l a t i o n .
REFERENCES
1.
P e t e r s o n , R . L . ; and Warmbrodt, W . :
Hover T e s t of a F u l l - S c a l e
H i n g e l e s s H e l i c o p t e r Rotor: A e r o e l a s t i c S t a b i l i t y , Performance
and Loads Data. NASA TM-85892, 1984.
2.
Johnson, W . :
A Comprehensive A n a l y t i c a l Model of R o t o r c r a f t Aerodynamics and Dynamics. NASA TM-81182, 1980.
3.
4.
5.
S t a l e y , J. A . : V a l i d a t i o n of R o t o r c r a f t F l i g h t S i m u l a t i o n Program
t h r o u g h C o r r e l a t i o n w i t h F l i g h t Data f o r S o f t In-Plane H i n g e l e s s
R o t o r s . USAAMRDL TR-75-50, J a n . 1976.
6.
7.
A P r e s c r i b e d Wake L i f t i n g
Kocurek, J . David; and T a n g l e r , James L.:
S u r f a c e Hover Performance A n a l y s i s . J . h e r . H e l i c o p t e r SOC.,
v o l . 22, no. 1, J a n . 1977.
8.
1. Report No.
NASA TM-85990
II
5. Report Date
7. Author(sJ
A-9827
No
T-3504
Technical Memorandum
532-06-11
16 Abstract
Helicopters
Rotary wing
Rotor aerodynamics
Ground resonance
19. Security Classif. (of this report)
Unclassified
Unlimited
Subject Category
20. Security Classif. (of this page1
Unclassified
23
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