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n0a Kab nb ;
(1)
Fig. 1. Global xl , local Cartesian (na), and local curvilinear fa_ coordinate systems near the space-time point X.
(2)
(3)
(4)
l
S ! Xal :
(5)
Using the relations in Table I, we find that the paralleltransported unit vector consists of three terms: the unit vector
itself, the term arising from Taylor-expanding around the
first point, and the connection term arising from the change
of unit vectors:
Xal ela dx @ ela Clj ea dxj :
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
F. Shojai and A. Shojai
556
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Coordinates
Unit vectors
Metric
Change of frame
Tetrads
Inverses
Metric compatibility
Cal
fa_
ca_ X
ca_ cb_ dab__
ca_ cb_ ca_ b_
x
gl x
gl g dl
gl g gl
n
ea X
ea eb dab
ea eb gab
@g
@ea
@ca_
a_
_
eaa l caa_ l caa_ cbl cc_ C_ b_ c_
@xl
@x
@x
1
@glb @gb @gl
gab
2
@x
@xl
@xb
Cal ga
Connection
0
a_
C_ b_ c_
in the connection term. After rearranging the terms and writing dxl ela dna , we get
1
#ab dnc eac @b eaa @a eba
2
eaa @b eca eab @a eca eaa @c eab eba @c eaa ;
gl
1
0
_
_
2
@fc_
@fb
@fd
0
;
a2 thij
(13)
(11)
a_
Ci0j Cij0 dij ;
a
Cijk cijk ;
(14)
III. EXAMPLES
ki @i v0 ki vj hij aa_ 0;
(15)
(16)
Using the relation gl eal eb gab , the tetrads are given by
0
e0l 1; ~
(17)
(18)
and
(19)
A. FLRW cosmology
As a first example, suppose that one wants to calculate the
relative velocity of two galaxies in the Friedmann-Lema^treRobertson-Walker (FLRW) geometry. Since we are using
the co-moving frame in cosmology, the relative velocity of
two galaxies is just the relative velocity of local inertial
frames. Let us first parallel-transport the four-velocity v at
an arbitrary point to a neighboring point along a curve whose
~ We have
space-like tangent vector is kl 0; k).
u0 e0l vl v0 ;
(20)
uI eIl vl aEIi vi :
(21)
(12)
@u0 a_
u 0;
@
a
(22)
@u a_ 0
u 0;
@ a
(23)
kl @l v Cla kl va 0:
557
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:
(24)
1 0 a
0
u
p
A; 0; 0; 0 ;
e2l 0; 0; r; 0;
rs 2GM
is
1
0; p ; 0; 0 ;
A
e3l 0; 0; 0; r sin h;
the
e1l
(30)
u0
u
_
_
cosha=a
sinha=a
_
_
sinha=a
cosha=a
!
1
:
0
(27)
and
#IJ 0:
(28)
This last equation, which shows the vanishing of the spacespace components of the Lorentz parameters, indicates that
the nearby local frames are not spatially rotated with respect
to each other. In addition, keeping in mind that the relative
velocity and the boost parameter are related to each other via
vrel tanh#0I , we see that the relative velocity of two nearby
local frames is less than that of light. To obtain the relative
velocity of two distant local frames (e.g., the relative velocity of two distant galaxies), one should make successive
Lorentz
transformations, which leads to the boost parameter
_ I =a a=a.
_
This gives the subluminal relative
#0I adn
velocity given by Eq. (26).
It should be noted that if we calculate the velocity by the
naive method of dividing the spatial distance by temporal
_
distance, we get the velocity given by Hubbles law, a=a,
as
discussed in the introduction. In summary, the physical relative velocity given by Eq. (26) is always less than the velocity of light, while the naive calculation can lead to
superluminal velocities.
B. Schwarzschild black hole
As a second example, let us study the Schwarzschild
metric:
0
gl
558
Ar
B 0
B
@ 0
0
0
1=Ar
0
0
0
0
r2
0
1
0
C
0
C;
A
0
r 2 sin2 h
A0
1
A0
; C100 AA0 ; C111 ; C122 rA;
2A
2A
2
1
1
2
2
2
C33 r sin hA; C12 ; C33 sin h cos h:
r
(31)
C010
(32)
!
A0 n0
tanh p ;
2 A
(33)
(34)
@u1
A0 0
p
u 0:
@n0 2 A
(35)
The solution is
0
0
u
exp
1
u1
1
0
A0
p n0
2 A
1
;
0
(36)
:
0
u
sinhA0 n0 =2 A coshA0 n0 =2 A
(37)
This is a Lorentz transformation with the relative velocity
given by Eq. (33).
IV. CONCLUSIONS
(29)
558
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559
559
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