Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
nivel I
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Capitulo 1:
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Introduccin
Anlisis de aceites
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Mantenimiento Correctivo
Ventajas:
+ Uso de toda la vida til de la maquinaria
Probabilidad de falla
Desventajas:
- Daos / averas muy severos
- Estado de alerta necesario las 24 horas del da
- Es necesario un stock de piezas de repuesto muy grande
- Paradas largas y no planeadas de la maquinaria
Servicio peridico
1
2
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Reemplazo
6
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Mantenimiento Correctivo
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Mantenimiento Preventivo
Mantenimiento preventivo basado en intervalos de tiempo
Ventajas:
+ Daos / averas menores
+ Paradas de maquinaria planeadas
Probabilidad de falla
Desventajas:
- No se aprovecha del todo la vida til de la mquina
- Demasiadas reparaciones (innecesarias)
Reparacin ?
Servicio peridico
1
2
t
intervalo malo
intervalo bueno
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Mantenimiento Preventivo
El
mantenimiento
preventivo
tambin
conocido
como
Mantenimiento Programado o Mantenimiento Preventivo
Programado". A medida que una mquina se mantiene en
operacin, la probabilidad de falla aumenta conforme transcurre el
tiempo, el mantenimiento preventivo se debe llevar a cabo antes
de
que
la
mquina
falle.
El departamento de mantenimiento debe estimar la fecha de
mantenimiento de la mquina, equilibrando el riesgo y costo. En la
curva de probabilidad de falla contra el tiempo de funcionamiento
es visible un aumento de la probabilidad de falla a lo largo del
tiempo a medida que la mquina comienza a desgastarse. Pero
tambin es comn encontrar una probabilidad ms alta de falla
inmediatamente despus de un mantenimiento debido a una mala
reparacin.
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Mantenimiento Predictivo
Ventajas:
+ Piezas de repuesto y reparaciones basadas en condiciones
+ Aprovecha la vida til de la maquinaria al 100%
+ Servicio dependiendo de la condicin
+ No existen daos resultantes
+ Paradas de maquinaria planeadas
+ Certeza en el proceso de produccin
Desventajas:
- Esfuerzos / costos en la supervisin de condiciones
Servicio
peridico
Alarma
Advertencia
1
2
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Mantenimiento Predictivo
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Mantenimiento Proactivo
Ventajas:
+ Vida til extendida gracias a la localizacin de averas
+ Servicio depende de la condicin
+ Supervisin de condiciones de procesos y operaciones
Desventajas:
- Esfuerzos / costos en la supervisin de condiciones
Reparacin basada en
condiciones
Servicio peridico
Alarma
Advertencia
1
2
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Mantenimiento Proactivo
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Planeamiento proactivo de
intervenciones para
mantenimiento
Reducir costos de
almacenamiento y costos
de repuestos
Evitar daos
consecuentes
Mejora la seguridad
del personal de
planta
Disponibilidad ptima
de la mano de obra
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Curva de tendencias
alarma
2004
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advertenci
a
t
2008
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Ejemplo: Ventilador
Espectro FFT
Espectros FFT
Espectros envolventes
Etc.
Banda base
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Paso de palas
N x rpm
Rodamientos
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Capitulo 2:
Fundamentos de Vibraciones
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Qu es la vibracin?
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Vibraciones Mecnicas
S1
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Vibraciones Mecnicas
S1
S2
Esta ilustracin muestra dos ondas senoidales diferentes que se suman al ser
sobrepuestas.
Dicho superposicin sigue siendo bastante clara cuando slo dos oscilaciones pero
las configuraciones de onda ms complejas resultan sensiblemente difciles de
analizar al sobreponerse.
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vB
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Variables de Vibraciones
A0-p
Arms
Ap-
Ap-p
Variables de Vibraciones:
Amplitud cero a pico (A0-p )
Amplitud pico/pico (Ap-p )
Amplitud RMS (ARMS) Root Mean Square (Raz media cuadrtica)
Periodo (T)
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Variables de Vibraciones
Amplitud cero a pico (A0-p ): Es la amplitud mxima de la onda respecto del
punto de equilibrio.
Amplitud pico/pico (Ap-p ): Es la distancia de un pico negativo a un pico
positivo.
Amplitud RMS (ARMS)Root Mean Square (Raz media cuadrtica): Es la raz
cuadrada de los promedios de los valores cuadrados de una forma de onda.
En el caso de una forma sinoidal pura, el valor RMS es 0.707 veces el valor
pico o visto de otra forma la amplitud RMS de una funcin senoidal es
ARMS = A0-p / 2.
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Periodo y Frecuencia
Periodo (T): Tiempo requerido por el sistema para
completar un ciclo.
1
T
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Periodo y Frecuencia
La frecuencia son los ciclos ocurridos en un periodo de tiempo,
generalmente en un minuto (CPM) o en un segundo (Hz). Es
importante entender el concepto de frecuencia en maquinaria rotatoria.
La ms simple forma de entender es tomando como ejemplo la
frecuencia de rotacin de una flecha.
Periodo (T): Tiempo requerido por el sistema para completar un ciclo.
En mquinas rotatorias: Es el tiempo requerido para completar una
revolucin.
Como veremos despus al final de este captulo, en una mquina
varios eventos ocurren en el tiempo que toma para que la flecha haga
una revolucin. Estos eventos ocurren inevitablemente debido al diseo
de la mquina y su funcin. Las frecuencias de estos eventos son
normalmente dependientes de la frecuencia de rotacin y pueden ser
calculados y vistos en la seal de vibracin de la mquina.
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Fase
Tiempo de retraso
vA
t
vA
t
vB
t
vB
t
90
180
270
360
90
0
360
fase
180
270
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Fase
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Medicin de Fase
1st order
vB
T
A
1st order
B
vA
vB = 2.1 mm/s B = 60
T
t
= 190
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Medicin de Fase
Lo que es difcil entender con fase es que podemos tener la medicin de
diferente fase en el mismo rotor. De hecho esta es la razn por la que la
medicin de fase es una poderosa herramienta para el diagnstico de
maquinaria.
Lo primero es tener una referencia, podemos tener dos referencias para
medir fase en la prctica, un tacmetro u otra seal de vibracin. Si
usamos la seal de un tacmetro, tenemos una referencia de la posicin
real de la flecha, definiendo la marca de posicin angular como nuestro
cero podemos conseguir los que se le llama fase absoluta.
Si usamos como referencia otra seal de vibracin, medimos lo que se le
llama fase relativa. Cuando medimos una fase relativa de dos seales
tenemos que definir las frecuencias de estas seales que queremos
comparar, generalmente es la velocidad del rotor.
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Medicin de Fase
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Unidades de Vibraciones
D
V
t
mm/s
Velocidad
integration
derivation
mm
integration
derivation
Desplazamiento
Aceleracin
m/s2
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Unidades de Vibraciones
Para explicar el significado de los tres parmetros medibles de una
seal de vibracin iremos a la dinmica de la oscilacin de vibracin
de una flecha. Si la flecha oscila usted ver el desplazamiento del
punto de arriba hacia abajo como se describi anteriormente.
En trminos matemticos, la velocidad es la derivada del
desplazamiento, esto significa que cuando la posicin de nuestro
punto est en el punto mximo positivo, tenemos que invertir la
velocidad de una direccin a otra y exactamente en la mxima
distancia la velocidad es cero. Cuando el punto est atravesando la
distancia cero (nuestra referencia) nuestro punto est yendo a su
velocidad ms rpida para alcanzar la ms alta distancia negativa y
nuevamente la velocidad ser cero en la distancia ms alta negativa
para cambiar de direccin.
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Unidades de Vibraciones
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La Transformada de Fourier
Onda de tiempo
Ejemplo: Ventilador
Espectro FFT
Desbalance
1x rpm
Paso de palas N
x rpm
Rodamientos
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La Transformada de Fourier
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La Transformada de Fourier
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La Transformada de Fourier
problema del
engranaje
(1era etapa)
desalineacin
desbalance
problema
del
engranaje
(2da etapa)
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Capitulo 3:
Medicin de Vibraciones
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1 Hz
RPM nmero de
dientes
Evaluacin:
Basado a su correspondiente ISO
Basado en valores experimentados en este tipo de
mquinas.
Comparado con mquina silimar en buenas
condiciones
Chumaceras
1...5 kHz
Rodamientos
A
RPM
Corriente
Presin
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Flujo
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Intervalos de Mediciones
1st
May
s5
s37
1 dia
s1
1 semana
July
s1
s2
s67
1 dia
s1
1 mes
1997
s1
s1
1 ao
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VIBROTIP /
VIBSCANNER /
s1
VIBXPERT
Tendencia a
alarma
VIBROTIP /
VIBSCANNER /
s1
VIBXPERT
Tendencia
normal
VIBROTIP /
GREENTIP /
VIBSCANNER
s1
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Intervalos de Mediciones
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Sensores de Vibracin
Baja respuesta en frecuencia
Transductores de No - contacto
Transductor de desplazamiento
Aplicaciones:
Mquinas de baja velocidad (< 600 rpm)
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Sensores de Vibracin
Sensor de velocidad tipo
electromecnico
Vibracin en cajas Rodamientos
1 Hz - 2 kHz
Solo Vibracin de mquinas
*)
Sensores de velocidad ya no
se usan para medicin de
vibraciones. Actualmente se
usan acelermetros que
integran internamente para
medir velocidad.
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Sensores de Vibracin
Sensores de aceleracin Piezoelectricos (Acelermetros)
Amplio rango de frecuencia
Vibracin en cajas de Rodamientos
1 Hz 20 kHz
Vibracin de mquinas
Vibraciones de altas frecuencias
(Rodamientos, Caja de engranes)
*)
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s,v
shousing,
srel
m
< 600
1/
min
> 600
1/
min
v
mm/s
RPM /
Velocidad de rotacin
< 120
1/
min
Desplazamiento
de vibracin
SP
dB
Impulsos de
choque
Velocidad de
vibracin
a
m/s
Aceleracin de vibracin
0 1 2
10
400
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1000
3000
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30000
40000
f (log) in Hz
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Parmetros de sensores
La seal de salida de un sensor es un voltaje
Sensibilidad:
Cuantos volts produce por unidad de vibracin.
Normalmente en mV/g
100 mV/g comn
1 V/g alta sensibilidad
Rango de Frecuencia:
Area de operacin donde la sensibilidad permanece
constante.
Operacin bajo la frecuencia natural (fn) que depende
del montaje.
Linealidad de Amplitud:
Rango de valores de vibracin que el sensor puede
medir.
Linealidad de Temperatura:
Rango de temperatura utilizable.
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Parmetros de sensores
Antes de usar un transductor para realizar mediciones, ciertas
especificaciones deberan ser revisadas para verificar que el aparato
de salida visualice correctamente la informacin que el usuario espera
ver.
Sensibilidad: Esto es los niveles de voltaje de salida en respuesta al
ajuste del nivel de vibracin. Los Acelermetros su sensibilidad
comnmente est especificado en mV/g. La mayora de los
acelermetros usados en monitoreo de condiciones tienen una salida
con una sensibilidad de 100mV/g.
Si usted necesita medir en mquinas de precisin o de baja velocidad
donde los niveles de vibraciones son bajos, se requiere un
acelermetro con mayor sensibilidad ejemplo 1V/g. por otro lado, para
mquinas que generan altos niveles de ruidos la sensibilidad debe ser
mucho menor ejemplo 10 mV/g.
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Parmetros de sensores
Rango de Frecuencia: Los acelermetros operan debajo de su
primera frecuencia natural (fn) que es fuertemente dependiente de su
montaje. En la curva general que se muestra en la figura, es observable
el aumento en la sensibilidad cuando se aproxima a su frecuencia de
resonancia. La salida del acelermetro es aceptablemente constante
en un rango de operacin llamado rango de frecuencia utilizable
aproximadamente un tercio de su frecuencia natural.
Linealidad de la amplitud: Es el rango de valores que un transductor
puede medir. Por debajo o por encima de los valores, la salida del
transductor ya no es lineal con la amplitud de la vibracin.
La linealidad de temperatura: A medida que el transductor se pone
demasiado caliente o demasiado fro, su linealidad se cae. El
amplificador interno de un acelermetro puede trabajar hasta 150 C.
Hasta esta temperatura, se recomienda utilizar un modo de carga de
los acelermetros.
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Puntos de medicin
Vibracin:
Desplazamiento
Velocidad
Condicin de
Rodamientos:
Impulso de Choque
Aceleracin.
Cavitacin:
Impulsosde choque
dBcav - valor
Aceleracin.
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Puntos de medicin
Ahora la pregunta es: Donde debera poner el sensor para adquirir
los datos de vibracin? La primera consideracin, especialmente para
mediciones porttiles es la seguridad. Evite siempre exponerse a
partes en movimiento.
No olvide que lo que nosotros realmente medimos es la respuesta de
la impedancia mecnica a las fuerzas internas cclicas. Debido a ello,
se recomienda ubicar el transductor lo ms cerca posible a la fuente
de la vibracin, en otras palabras, en el camino ms corto de la
transmisin de vibraciones. No monte el sensor en una estructura
excitada por las vibraciones de la mquina: cubre ventilador y
protector del acoplamiento.
La superficie debe ser tambin lo suficientemente rgido que no se
vea afectada por la presin ejercida por el acelermetro.
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Puntos de Medicin
N1
180
radial
vertical
90
0
90
90
270
axial
180
N1
180
90
180
N2
0
radial
N2
0
270
radial
horizontal
270
axial
270
radial
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Puntos de medicin
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Transmisin de seal
Diagnstico de rodamientos
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ubique el
sensor aqu
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ubique el
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gases o entornos
explosivos?
hasta 12
canales
alta
temperatura?
Caja de
Conmutacin
VIB 6.785
puntos
inaccesibles?
Zona de
Alto Riesgo
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Detalles VIBCODE
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64
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Montaje de sensores
Pernos roscados &
pegados
Puntas de contacto
Piezas magnticas
VIB 6.12X
VIB
8.660
VIB 6.140
VIB 6.140
VIB 8.606
VIB
8.680
SET
VIB
8.685
SET
VIB 8.736
10
5
Hz
10k 36k
2
1
Hz
20k 36k
10
2
Hz
1k 10k
36k
15k
Hz
Prftechnik - Industrial design - Solution for every application - Mounting for reproducible data collection
Rango de linealidad adicional
Sensor combinado vibracin e impulso de
choque
Montaje permanente.
Pernos VIBCODE con reconocimiento de
punto de medicin
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Montaje de sensores
Montaje roscado o pegado: ste mtodo proporciona la mas exacta
respuesta en frecuencia del transductor. El rea de montaje tiene que
estar lisa, plana y con un rea igual o mas grande que la superficie de
contacto del sensor. El roscado o pegado debe ser perpendicular a la
superficie de montaje. El transductor debe ser apretado con un razonable
torque de acuerdo a lo especificado por el fabricante. Un inadecuado o
excesivo torque puede resultar en una inexacta respuesta en frecuencia
y/o dao del transductor. Se debe evitar material entre el transductor y la
superficie de montaje. Grasa de silicona puede incrementar la rigidez de
montaje y proporcionar mejor respuesta en frecuencia. Arandelas a veces
son necesarias para el aislamiento elctrico.
Adhesivos es a menudo usado cuando un montaje atornillado o pegado
sea imprctico. Tambin es recomendado para aislamiento elctrico. La
capa de adhesivo debe ser lo ms delgado y rgido posible.
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Montaje de sensores
Montaje mediante piezas magnticas: Ofrecen un muy conveniente
montaje temporal a superficies magnticas. Este mtodo reduce los
lmites mximos de respuesta en frecuencia del acelermetro a unos
pocos KHz, esta limitacin varia considerablemente con las
caractersticas del transductor, base magntica y superficie de montaje.
Las piezas magnticas que ofrecen alto nivel de pegado proporcionan
mejor respuesta en frecuencia. Bases magnticas de doble riel
generalmente se usan para equipos con superficies curvas, sin embargo
usualmente
bases
magnticas
de
doble
riel
disminuyen
significativamente el rango de frecuencia operacional de un acelermetro.
Una capa delgada de grasa de silicona debera ser aplicada entre el
sensor y la base magntica, as como tambin entre la base magntica y
la estructura.
Montaje tipo sostenido: Se usa solo en mediciones porttiles en
localizaciones de difcil acceso y en superficies de aluminio. Y no pueden
ser usados para mediciones debajo de 10 Hz.
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Consejos prcticos.
1
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Consejos Prcticos
Con el fin de conseguir datos confiables de nuestras
mediciones, es muy importante identificar informacin errnea.
Un factor esencial es la repetitividad, mientras ms mediciones
realicemos ms fcil ser identificar falsa informacin.
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Consejos Prcticos
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Anti-aliasing
Filter
Digitalization
Windowing
FFT
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Filtro anti-aliasing
Span
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Filtro anti-aliasing
Aliasing es un fenmeno que puede ocurrir en cualquier proceso de
muestreo. Se puede comparar cuando vemos por televisin las aspas de un
helicptero. Parece que las aspas no se mueven, se mueven lentamente o
incluso retroceder. Esto ocurre porque la velocidad de fotogramas de la
cmara no era lo suficientemente alta en comparacin con la velocidad de las
aspas, la nica manera de ver a un correcto movimiento de las aspas es
acelerar los marcos o tener una baja velocidad de rotacin de las aspas.
Una seal de vibracin puede tener un problema similar. Ya que la seal es
digitalizada, tiene que ser muestreados a cierta frecuencia. La frecuencia de
muestreo es anloga a la velocidad de fotogramas de la cmara y el
contenido de frecuencia de la mquina para ser analizada es similar a la
frecuencia de las aspas del helicptero. Las seales de alta frecuencia de la
mquina tienen que ser filtrados para evitar informacin fraudulenta en la
frecuencia de muestreo del proceso de digitalizacin.
El filtro anti-aliasing es un filtro pasa bajo y detiene cualquier frecuencia
mayor que un medio de la frecuencia de muestreo.
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Digitalizacin
Sampled signal
Analogue
Reconstructed signal
La salida de un acelermetro es
una seal elctrica (voltaje)
representando la seal de
vibracin.
La seal es anloga (continua).
Recibimos una seal elctrica
que es una rplica de la vibracin
medida.
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Digitalizacin
Hasta ahora hemos visto cmo la medicin de la vibracin es
censado y convertido en una seal elctrica. Un acelermetro
dar como salida una seal elctrica analgica que es filtrado
por el filtro anti-aliasing y ahora necesita algunos procesos de
conversin que se utiliza en un colector de datos. El objetivo es
procesar la seal sin perdidas de datos relevantes para su
utilizacin en un colector de datos y en un software para
analizarlo y almacenarlo. El siguiente paso es llevar a cabo el
muestreo con un circuito "sample and hold (muestreo y
retencin)". La salida de este circuito es una seal reconstruida.
La resolucin de un convertidor indica el nmero de valores
discretos que puede producir. Usualmente expresado en bits.
Por ejemplo un ADC que codifica una entrada analgica de 256
8
valores discretos tiene una resolucin de ocho bits ya que 2 =
256.
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Digitalizacin
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Nmero de lneas
Rango:
Nmero de lneas:
200 Hz
200 lneas
Resolucin de frecuencia (f ):
400 Hz
400 lneas
1.000 Hz
800 lneas
1.600 Hz
1600 lneas
..
..
51.200
102.400
v [mm/s]
Espectro
f [Hz]
Baja resolucin:
Alta resolucin:
Ventaja:
Desventaja:
Tiempo de
medicin corto
Requiere menos
memoria
Tiempo de
medicin mas largo
Requiere mayor
memoria
f = 2.50 Hz
Ejemplo: 400 Hz espectro con 160 lneas
Frecuencias de la componente adyacente a 100 Hz no
puede ser separada.
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f = 0.125 Hz
Ejemplo: 400 Hz espectro con 3200 lneas
Frecuencias de la componente adyacente a 100 Hz puede ser
separada
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Nmero de lneas
Un analizador de FFT permite al usuario seleccionar el rango de frecuencias
del espectro, significa la frecuencia mxima visible en el espectro y el nmero
de lneas. El rango depende de la frecuencia de muestreo y el nmero de
lneas depende del nmero de muestras colectadas. La frecuencia mnima
visible en el espectro o la resolucin de frecuencia es el rango dividido entre
el nmero de lneas del espectro. Una baja resolucin puede perder datos
importantes debido a que dos seales con una diferencia de frecuencia
menor que la resolucin de frecuencia no se distingue uno del otro. Una alta
resolucin permite distinguir dos seales cercanas, pero se necesita un
tiempo de medicin ms largo y ocupara ms memoria del equipo.
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Funciones de Ventana
La funcin de ventana es usado por analizadores FFT para prevenir
fugas.
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Funciones de Ventana
Debido al hecho de que las muestras de medicin no son
infinitamente largas, la muestra de la seal medida suele
contener vibraciones incompletas al comienzo y al final. Dichas
vibraciones recortadas producen un tipo de distorsin
denominado dispersin, que se manifiesta en una frecuencia
incierta, bandas laterales y/o ensanchamiento de la crestas del
espectro. Las distintas funciones de ventana pueden utilizarse
para reducir este efecto considerablemente. Cuando se analizan
seales no peridicas, la funcin de ventana suprime los
componentes de la frecuencia que, debido a la duracin limitada
del muestreo, aparecen como bandas laterales falsas en el
espectro visualizado. La siguiente diapositiva muestra las
ventajas y desventajas de las tres funciones de ventana.
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Funciones de Ventana
Seal de tiempo
Funcin de ventana
Rectangular
(square wave evaluation)
1
v in
mm/s
Espectro
v in
mm/s
15
15
-15
-15
Hanning
(1-cos2 evaluation)
15
v in
mm/s
v in
mm/s
15
-15
-15
Flat Top
(Bessel characteristic)
15
v in
mm/s
v in
mm/s
15
-15
-15
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Aplicaciones
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Promediado
Dos tipos de promediados en espectros:
Promediado lineal
Promediado en el
tiempo (sncrono)
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Envolvente
Algunas veces es necesario ver seales a rangos especficos de
frecuencia:
Seales de rodamientos.
Cajas de engranes.
Aplicaciones especiales.
Demodulacin.
Generacin de espectro envolvente.
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Envolvente
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Envolvente
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Envolvente
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Subarmnicos
Vibracin
sinusoidal
deformada.
Superarmnicos
1st harmonic
base frequency
2nd harmonic
3rd harmonic
inter-harmonic
1
8
f1 1 f1 1 f1
4
inter-harmonic
4th harmonic
inter-harmonic
5th harmonic
inter-harmonic
f1
2f1
3f1
4f1
5f1
1st order
2. O.
3. O.
4. O.
5. O.
1,5. O.
2,5. O.
3,5. O.
4,5. O.
Modulacin de amplitud de
la frecuencia central f1 con
modulacin de frecuencia f2.
Center frequency
-1x
Left
sidebands
f [Hz]
1x
-2x
Right
sidebands
2x
-3x
3x
-4x
4x
-5x
5x
...-2f2
-f2
f1
+f2
+2f2....
f [Hz]
Sideband family f2
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Formas de seales
Seal patrn
a) Vibracin
sinusoidal
seal de tiempo
Espectro
Significado prctico
Desbalance.
time
f in Hz
T
b) Vibracin
forma cuadrada
time
c) Secuencia de pulso
3f 5f
etc.
f in Hz
T
x
Friccin de rotor.
time
T
d) Amplitudmodulada vibracin
sinusoidal
Componente flojo
2f
etc.
f in Hz
Excentricidad en
ruedas dentadas
(engranes).
time
T2
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f1
+f2
f in Hz
T1
Dos seales
actuando en dos
frecuencias cercanas.
e) Pulsaciones
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-f2
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Formas de seales
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Formas de seales
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Capitulo 4:
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Nivel 1
Aplicacin:
Perido de tiempo:
Personal:
Nivel 2
Parque de mquinas
Todo el ciclo de vida de la mquina
Tcnicos, personal de operacin
v mm/s
20
Aplicacin:
Periodo:
Personal:
v [mm/s]
1.00
19
0.95
18
0.90
0.85
17
0.80
16
0.75
15
0.70
14
0.65
13
0.60
12
0.55
Alarm
11
0.50
10
0.45
0.40
0.35
8
Warning
rms
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
4
0.10
3
0.05
2
0.00
1
-0.05
02.03.1999
27.04.1999
22.06.1999
17.08.1999
12.10.1999
07.12.1999
01.02.2000
28.03.2000
23.05.2000
18.07.2000
12.09.2000
07.11.2000
02.01.2001
27.02.2001
Datum
Monitoreo de Mquina
20
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340
360
380
f [Hz]
400
Anlisis de seales
vrms
smax
arms, a0/p
dBm, dBc
T
n
dBcav
80
Valores caractersticos
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Localizacin de fallas
Vibraciones globales
Condicin de Rodamientos
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40
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Espectro de amplitud
Espectro envolvente
Seales de tiempo
Anlisis de orden / Diagrama de Bode
Cepstrum
Anlisis modal
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Control de Tendencias
spectrum blower 12 IDE
TRENDGRAPH
15.03.1991
blower 12 IDE
Alarma
Espectro de
referencia
Advertencia
2
Diagnstico de fallas anlisis de seales
Nivel 2
1
1991
Alarma de
espectro
1997
17.08.1997
Desbalance
1st RPM
v ( 10 Hz - 1000 Hz )
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Control de Tendencias
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3) Nivel 2:
2) FFT
Alarma
Advertencia
Espectro de alarmas
f1 = 1/T
2003
2005
Grfico de tendencias
1x RPM
Defecto
Desbalance
2x RPM
Desalineamient
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4) Deteccin
de
fallas
....
....
98
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Criterio de ajuste:
Datos historicos.
Recomendacin del fabricante.
Mquinas identicas.
Estandares de vibraciones.
Mascara de alarma.
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elastic
rigid
elastic
rigid
elastic
rigid
Medium-size machines
Large machines
15 kW < P 300 kW
Motors
Motors
315 mm H
Group 2
Group 1
External driver
Group 4
Group 3
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0.433
7.1
0.280
4.5
0.177
3.5
0.138
2.8
0.110
2.3
0.091
1.4
0.055
0.71
0.028
Foundation
elastic
Pumps> 15 kW
Integrated driver
11
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rigid
v r.m.s.
in inch/s
Vibration velocity
v r.m.s.
in mm/s
Machine type
Group
A
Short-term operation
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Introduccin
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107
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Qu es impulso de choque?
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109
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Valor dBm
(avera)
Valor dBc
(lubricacin)
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Medicin
Los impulsos de choque se propagan dentro de
un rango de frecuencia muy arriba de
vibraciones ordinarias de mquinas y su energa
contenida es mucho ms dbil.
Por lo tanto, el acelermetro usado para las
mediciones de impulsos de choque tiene una
frecuencia de resonancia (aproximadamente
36kHz) que es precisamente en este rango de
frecuencia en donde ocurren los impulsos de
choque. Esto significa que en este rango de
frecuencia alta es de particular inters para la
evaluacin de la condicin de los rodamientos,
el sensor es especialmente sensible a la seal
de impulso de choque an cuando la energa
mas fuerte de la seal de vibracin de la
mquina ocurre a ms bajas frecuencias (por
ejemplo
debido
a
un
desbalance
o
desalineamiento) de mquinas adyacentes.
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Anlisis cuantitativo
Dos parmetros normalizados son usados para
determinar la condicin del rodamiento: el valor
valle previamente mencionado indica el
deterioro o pobre condicin de operacin (
ejemplo: causado por insuficiente lubricacin,
desalineamiento de la flecha instalacin
inapropiada).
Elementos del rodamiento en contraste,
generan impulsos de choque individuales de
mayor intensidad. El resultado del valor
mximo es una indicacin directa de la
condicin de operacin del rodamiento. Tipos
especficos de daos pueden ser reconocidos
no solo de la amplitud de la seal absoluta,
sino tambin de la diferencia del valor valle y
los patrones de pulsos. La comparacin con
tpicos diagramas de impulsos de choque
siempre muestran claramente donde se
encuentra
el
problema.
(Ejemplo:
contaminacin del lubricante).
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Anlisis Cualitativo
El anlisis de la seal envolvente ofrece una
representacin detallada y extensa de la causa del
dao. La lnea que envuelve la seal de tiempo es
transformada a un espectro. Los impulsos de
choque que ocurren en intervalos regulares en el
dominio del tiempo pueden entonces ser
claramente vistos como picos que ocurren a una
frecuencia de dao correspondiente. Las
frecuencias
caractersticas
de
daos
en
rodamientos pueden ser calculados de la
informacin geomtrica del cada rodamiento.
Este proceso permite una alta exactitud de
diagnstico del dao del rodamiento.
En contraste con el mtodo de impulso de choque
que se basa en la medicin y evaluacin de
parmetros de un solo valor, la tcnica de la
envolvente requiere de mucha experiencia por
parte del usuario as como de un buen procesador
y suficiente memoria por parte del analizador FFT.
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Aplicaciones y ventajas.
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2)
1) VIBRACIN
CONDICIN DE
RODAMIENTOS
CAVITACIN DE
BOMBAS
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Capitulo 5:
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Desbalance
v [mm/s]
fn
Radial
MP
MP
f [Hz]
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Desbalance
Si consideramos una masa de desbalance m, la lnea central de la
masa est separada del centro geomtrico del eje a una distancia d
si la flecha est corriendo a una velocidad rotacional , entonces la
fuerza de desbalance es calculada como:
2.
Fdesbalance = m d
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Desbalance
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Desbalance Esttico
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Desbalance Esttico
Un desbalance esttico es llamado as porque es visible cuando la
flecha no est girando. Montando la flecha en dos apoyos, la flecha
buscar la posicin con la masa de desbalance en la posicin ms
baja. Esta es la forma ms fcil de diagnosticar un desbalance
esttico.
Cuando la mquina est girando, el desbalance esttico es
claramente identificado con una seal a la 1X dominante en el
espectro. Al mismo tiempo tenemos el 1X dominante en el espectro y
con un valor mucho ms alto claramente visible en las lecturas
radiales que en las axiales, con esto podemos estar casi seguros que
tenemos una mquina con desbalance.
Para diagnosticar un desbalance esttico se debera realizar una
medicin de fase. Debido a que la fuerza del vector est girando con
el rotor de la mquina, los ambos lados del rotor mostrarn una
vibracin en fase. Esto tambin es comn para medir vibracin en
direcciones horizontal y vertical a una diferencia de 90 30.
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U = -U
-m
El desbalance tipo momento es causado por dos masas de
desbalance localizadas a 180 en el rea transversal de la
flecha.
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Desbalance Dinmico
U
-m
S
m
U
En la prctica, el desbalance dinmico es el ms
comn.
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Desbalance Dinmico
El desbalance dinmico que se encuentra en la prctica es: una
combinacin de desbalance esttico y tipo momento. La nica
forma para distinguir entre desbalance esttico y dinmico es
precisamente con la medicin de fase. Sin embargo, la lectura de
fase en el desbalance dinmico depender de la distribucin de
las masas a lo largo del eje.
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Rotores en Voladizo
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Rotores en Voladizo
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Localizacin de Desbalance
Tipos de desbalances
Desbalance con
acoplamiento
directo
Desbalance en
cantiliver, transmicin
por bandas y poleas
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Localizacin de Desbalance
Una manera fcil de localizar el desbalance es comparando la
magnitud de la componente 1X a lo largo de los diferentes
puntos de medicin. En las figuras, los niveles de vibracin altos
se dibujan con flechas de color rojo y ms largo y los de bajo
nivel se dibujan con puntero verde y ms corto.
Si hay duda sobre la ubicacin del desbalance, muchas veces es
til para desacoplar la mquina y comprobar si el alto 1X se
encuentran todava en la medicin, si es as, el desbalance
puede estar en el motor, de lo contrario en el lado carga.
El desbalance es muchas veces mal diagnosticado, debido a que
hay otros problemas como la falta de alineacin de maquinaria y
holgura mecnica que causan valores altos a la 1X. Un estudio
cuidadoso de la fase y los apoyos de las mquinas se debe
hacer antes de diagnosticar un desbalance.
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Desalineamiento
MP
MP
v [mm/s]
fn
2fn
Axial
f [Hz]
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Desalineamiento
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Desalineamiento angular
fn 2fn 3fn
v [mm/s]
Axial
f [Hz]
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Desalineamiento angular
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Desalineamiento paralelo
Radial
f [Hz]
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Eje pandeado
v [mm/s]
fn
2fn
Axial
f [Hz]
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Eje pandeado
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Aflojamientos mecnicos
Aflojamientos mecnicos son problemas generados en maquinaria debido a un
inadecuado soporte del elemento rotatorio de la mquina.
Aflojamientos rotatorios
Aflojamientos estructurales
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Aflojamientos mecnicos
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Aflojamientos rotatorios
Aflojamientos rotatorios ocurren por una excesiva tolerancia entre el rotor y el rodamiento.
Rodamientos:
v [mm/s]
Frecuencia de
rotacin fn
y armnicos
Radial
f [Hz]
Chumaceras:
v [mm/s]
Frecuencia de
rotacin fn,
Armnicos y
subarmnicos.
Radial
f [Hz]
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Aflojamientos estructurales
Aflojamientos estructurales ocurren cuando la mquina no est correctamente soportado
a su base.
MP
Montaje pobre.
MP
MP
Base pobre.
MP
Base deformado.
v [mm/s]
fn
Radial
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Resonancia
La Resonancia es una condicin causado cuando frecuencias forzadas coinciden (o estn
cerca) con la frecuencia natural de la estructura de la mquina. El resultado ser altos niveles
de vibracin.
tx
tx
t
tx
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F1a f nat
f2a f nat
f3ra f. nat
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Resonancia
Resonancia puede ser confundida con otros problemas comunes en maquinaria.
Resonancia requiere algunas pruebas adicionales para ser diagnsticado.
mm/s
2
Resonance
Step-up
rev/min
Grad
MP
Phase jump
by 180
MP
rev/min
v [mm/s]
v1 = 3 mm/s
v [mm/s]
1 = 240
v2 = 30 mm/s
2 = 60...80
1
1.
O.
1.
O.
f [Hz]
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f [Hz]
Fuerte aumento de la amplitud a la frecuencia de
rotacin fn en el punto de resonancia, step-up
depende de la excitacin (condicin
desequilibrada) y la amortiguacin.
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Resonancia
RPM
Opcionalmente se puede usar un
tacometro y el colector debe soportar
este tipo de pruebas.
Frequencia
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F/a
Doble golpe
5 ms
1
Funcin decayente
Respuesta en frecuencia,
vertical
Frecuencia natural,
vertical
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horizontal
nd
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Rodamientos
1. Desgaste.
2. Dao en pistas.
4. Montaje incorrecto.
Pista externa deformada o
soporte concavo.
Pista interna deformada.
3. Problemas de lubricacin.
Insuficiente.
Excesivo.
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Rodamientos
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Rodamientos
1. Desgaste:
Desgaste
a [m/s2]
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Rodamientos
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Rodamientos
2. Dao en Pistas:
4
3
2
Dw
Dpw
RPM flecha
f BPFO =
f BPFI=
4 Dao en jaula
Angulo de contacto
fBSF =
f FTF =
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Example of rollover frequencies:
Ball bearing SKF 6211
RPM, n = 2998 rev/min
Z n ( 1- Dw cos )
Dpw
2 60
D
Zn
( 1+ w cos )
Dpw
2 60
D 2
Dpw n
( 1- w cos2 )
Dpw
Dw 60
D
n
( 1- w cos )
Dpw
2 60
Dimensiones
Frecuencias de daos
Dw =14.29 mm
fBPFO = 203.86 Hz
10
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fBSF = 261,77 Hz
fFTF = 20.38 Hz
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Rodamientos
Dao en pista externa:
fBPFO
2fBPFO
3fBPFO
4fBPFO
fn
a
a [m/s2]
[m/s2]
fBPFI
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3fBPFI
4fBPFI
f [Hz]
f [Hz]
2fBPFI
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Rodamientos
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Rodamientos
Dao en elemento rodante:
Dao en jaula:
a [m/s2]
a [m/s2]
4fBSF
6fBSF
8fBSF
f [Hz]
f [Hz]
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Rodamientos
Daos en los elementos rodantes producen frecuencia de
elementos rodantes fBSF con armnicos y bandas laterales a
intervalos de frecuencia de la jaula FFTF, esta modulacin con fFTF
es debido a que el elemento rodante pasa a travs de la zona de
carga peridicamente a la frecuencia de fFTF. La frecuencia de los
elementos rodantes fBSF tambin puede aparecer cuando hay
insuficiente claro en el rodamiento y siempre es seguido por un
dao en pista externa.
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Rodamientos
1fn
2fA
2fn
3fA
TA = 1
fBPFI
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Rodamientos
Sin dao
a [m/s2]
a [m/s2]
t [ms]
t [ms]
a [m/s2]
a [m/s2]
Tpista externa
Seal de tiempo
envolvente
t [ms]
a [m/s2]
t [ms]
a [m/s2]
Fpista externa
Espectro envolvente
f [Hz]
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f [Hz]
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Rodamientos
3. Problemas de lubricacin.:
Dao en pistas
Contaminacin del lubricante
Sello defectuoso
Incremento de nivel
de impulsos de
choque y frecuencias
de daos
Lubricante contaminado
Lubricacin insuficiente.
Lubricacin insuficiente
Exceso de lubricante
lubricante inapropiado.
Error de mantenimiento
Regulador de grasa defectuoso.
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Subsecuente
pequeos incrementos
de temperatura
ncrementos de
temperatura despus
de la lubricacin
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Rodamientos
4. Montaje incorrecto.
Impulsos de
choque
Air gap
Rodamiento deformado.
Instalacin incorrecta.
Frecuencias de
daos
Almacenamiento incorrecto.
Error de fabricacin de flecha.
Alojamiento sobreapretado.
Dirt
Instalacin incorrecta.
Calculo incorrecto de alojamientos.
Fixed
bearing
Rodamiento
flotante
Vibracin severa,
incrementos de
temperatura
Cocked bearing.
Axial 1fn, 2fn
and 3fn.
Incorrect installation.
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Aspas
MP
Un Aspa genera una seal de frecuencia llamada,
Frecuencia de Paso de Aspas fBPF:
MP
fBPF = a fn
fBPF
v [mm/s]
Radial
f [Hz]
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MP
Existen dos problemas bsicos de
movimiento de fluidos diagnosticados
con anlisis de vibraciones:
Turbulencia.
Cavitacin.
Turbulencia:
Ruido
aleatorio
Cavitacin:
fn
fn
fBPF
Ruido aleatorio
v [mm/s]
f [Hz]
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f [Hz]
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MP
MP
MP
Frecuencia de correa:
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fB
3,141611
l
l : longitud de correa.
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Radial
1X,2X,3XfB
2 fB generalmente predomina en el
espectro.
f [Hz]
Desalineamiento de poleas:
Offset
Angular
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Retorcido
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Motores Elctricos
Vibraciones de Fuerzas eletromagnticas:
Vibracin a dos veces la frecuencia de la lnea elctrica: 2 fL.
Frecuencia de dao en barras: fbar = fn nbar.
fL:
nmero de polos.
Estator Excentrico.
Rotor Excentrico.
Problemas del Rotor
Aflojamiento en conexiones.
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Motores Elctricos
Estator excentrico:
Aflojamiento del ncleo.
Laminaciones del Estator en corto circuito.
Pie cojo.
MP
v [mm/s]
fn
MP
2 fn
Seales en fn y 2fn.
Radial
2fL
f [Hz]
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Motores Elctricos
Rotor excentrico:
Rotor offset (asimtrico).
Desalineamiento.
Base pobre.
MP
MP
v [mm/s]
v [mm/s]
fp fn
2 fn
Tslippage
Radial
2fL
t [ms]
f [Hz]
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Motores elctricos
Problemas del rotor:
1. Rotor thermal bow:
fn
v [mm/s]
Radial
f [Hz]
v [mm/s]
Radial
f [Hz]
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Motores Elctricos
3. Barras del rotor flojas:
v [mm/s]
fn
2fn
fbar
2fbar
Radial
Aflojamiento en conexiones:
v [mm/s]
fn
f [Hz]
2f2f
n L
Radial
f [Hz]
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Belt
direction
Belt Resonance:
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Gear Faults
Spur Gear:
Worm Gear:
gear wheel
Driving gear
Gear
Driven gear
gear wheel pair
gear train
Gear (wheel)
Worm gear
Pinion
Planet Gear:
Bevel Gear:
Ring (cone)
Bevel gear
Sun gear
Bevel gear
Planet gear
Carrier
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Gear Faults
Tooth meshing
Visual inspection (endoscopy) at
indicators: tooth flanks, damage / tooth
contact pattern,
If necessary, examine
influences / problems
in process guidance
(PLC trends, operating
variables)
Temperature
measurement over the
running time
(identify load and
ambient temperatures)
Foundation
tests
Oil lubrication
Motor currents
Check load
Visual inspection.
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Sound level
measurement
(sound intensity
measurement) over
running time
(measurement rules!)
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Gear Faults
Gear Meshing:
Left flank
Working flank
85
89
88
Right flank
5
87
86
2
1
Pitch point Non working flank
Starting point of
tooth meshing
Flank line
Top land
Pitch line
Tooth
space
Tip edge
Pitch surface
Tooth
Root flank
Fz = z fn
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Flank profile
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Gear Faults
Incorrect tooth meshing
MP
v [mm/s]
fz
fn1
fz
2fz
3fz
4fz
z2
z1
MP
fn2
f [Hz]
Wear
a [m/s2]
MP
MP
fz
2fz
3fz
Detail of X:
fz
f [Hz]
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Gear Faults
Incorrect tooth shape
v [mm/s]
MP
fz
Detail of X:
fz
X
MP
f [Hz]
Tooth break-out
v [mm/s]
MP
MP
Detail of X:
X
z1
fz and
harmonics
Sidebands
z2
fz
fn1
fn2
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f [Hz]
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Gear Faults
Eccentricity, bent shafts
v [mm/s]
MP
MP
fz and
harmonic
sidebands
Detail of X:
fz
f [Hz]
fM Ghost frequency"
a [m/s2]
Gearwheel being
manufactured
Cutting tool
zM
f [Hz]
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Chapter 7:
Implementation Considerations
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E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
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Critical $$$
Online Monitoring
Serious $$
Offline Monitoring
Inspection Routines
Low $
Years
Months
Weeks
Days
Hours
Minutes
Seconds
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Multimeter
Machine price
Repair costs
VIBCODE
VIBSCANNER
data collector system
No. of machines
FFT
data collector system
Downtime costs
FFT analyzer
S
i
z
e
o
f
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
GREENTIP
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S
i
z
e
Machine price
No. of machines
VIBRONET
purely stand-alone
2-channel
monitoring
VIBREX
7
8
9
0
1
6
5
4
3
2
20mA=Alarm
short
ALARM
-15dB=Warn
dBSV
15
10
5
50
45
50
20
10
40
30
20
open
WARN
20
25
30
35
40
Power
Delay Time
in sceonds
VIBRONET
Signalmaster
VIBRONET
MUX
Downtime costs
VIBRONET system
VIB 8.306
SENSOR
SYSTEM
More
SENSOR
MUX No.
SYSTEM
More
100
Alarm
30
20
10
100
90
40
50
60
70
80
30
20
10
100
90
40
50
60
70
80
15
10
5
50
45
20
25
30
35
40
short
Warn
Alarm
SIGNAL
Warn
SIGNAL
%= ALARM
RS 232 C
open
%= WARN
Power
Error
Rx OK
OK
Tx OK
RS 232 C
Error
PLC
Delay Time
in sceonds
RESET
VIB 5.756I
CONFIRM
DIAGNOSE
VIB 5.755 I
OK
RESET
CONFIRM
Rx OK
Tx OK
DIAGNOSE
10 - 1000 Hz
Master No.
Master
Master No.
Mux No.
String No.
VIBREX
o
f
Repair costs
VIBRONET
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux No.
String No.
Sensor No.
Mux
MASTER
VIB 8.300
Master
Sensor No.
VIBRONET
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
Mux
MASTER
VIB 8.300
PLC
VIBRONET
MUX
i
n
s
t
a
l
l
a
t
i
o
n
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VIBRONET
VIBRONET
MUX
VIB 8.306
VIB 8.306
MUX No.
MUX No.
PL
C
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written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
MUX
VIBRONET
MUX
VIB 8.306
MUX No.
VIB 8.306
MUX No.
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PRFTECHNIK
Auftraggeber
Externer Server
Internet
WebReport
LAN
SMPT-Server
Interner Server
LAN
WebReport
Email Center
CMS: VIBROWEB XP
Monitoring-Stelle
T - DSL
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E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
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Apendice:
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Monitoring
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Bearing:
MP 1
Envelope spectrum
B bearing A bearing
6217C3
6217C3
fa fw
fi
File:
320.92 Hz
228.53 Hz
288.68 Hz
20.78 Hz
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MP 1
Bearing:
NU324
A bearing
Envelope spectrum
fw fa
NU324
fi
fk
B bearing
6324
MP 2
D
n
d
= 192 mm
= 13
= 38.0 mm
= 0
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fa fw fi
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Case 02
11.1999 / VD-ML
fi = 194.66 Hz
fa = 130.34 Hz
fw = 121.37 Hz
fk = 10.03 Hz
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Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
A bearing, RV:
A bearing, AX:
B bearing, RH:
B bearing, RV:
Motor
Pump
8.4 mm/s
4.1 mm/s
4.8 mm/s
11.1 mm/s
11.9 mm/s
7.1 mm/s
3.7 mm/s
MP 1:
3-1
Amplitude spectrum
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MP 3
MP 1
NU317
File: Case MP 2:
Case 3-2
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Amplitude spectrum
File:
Case 03
11.1999 / VD-ML
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Brake disc
MP
1
MP
2
Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
A bearing, RV:
A bearing, AX:
B bearing, RH:
B bearing, RV:
Motor
3.1 mm/s
7.8 mm/s
5.3 mm/s
4.4 mm/s
6.8 mm/s
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
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3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Gear
9.2 mm/s
6.2 mm/s
A bearing
MP 2: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 04
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
11.1999 / VD-ML
MP 1
A bearing
Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
A bearing, RV:
B bearing, RH:
B bearing, RV:
Motor
Ventilator
3.4 mm/s
15.2 mm/s
1.7 mm/s
11.3 mm/s
0.7 mm/s
2.3 mm/s
B bearing
MP 2
A bearing
MP 1:Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
MP 2: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
11.1999 / VD-ML
Pump 1
Pump 2
0.5 mm/s
0.4 mm/s
0.9 mm/s
1.2 mm/s
0.9 mm/s
0.3 mm/s
0.2 mm/s
0.4 mm/s
0.6 mm/s
0.5 mm/s
MP
2
MP
1
B bearing
NU2228 E
A bearing
2x 7320BG
+ NJ2220
MP 2: Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
MP 1: Time signal
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
11.1999 / VD-ML
Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
MP 2
Motor
4.8 mm/s
B bearing
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
MP
1
A bearing
Zoomed detail:
MP 1: Amplitude spectru
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
A bearing, RV:
A bearing, AX:
B bearing, RH:
B bearing, RV:
Motor
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
MP 1
Pump
2.6 mm/s
1.7 mm/s
2.0 mm/s
B bearing
A bearing
1.2 mm/s
2.2 mm/s
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
MP 2
Zoomed detail:
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 08
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
MP 2
z2 = 102 teeth
z1 = 16 teeth
Noticeable problems:
B bearing
A bearing
MP 2: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 09
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
MP 1
Gear 1
MP 2
A bearing
B bearing Gear 2
22256
= 391.5 mm
= 19
= 58.44 mm
= 11
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
22256
Rotation frequency:
fn = 1.22 Hz
Damage frequencies:
Outer race:
Roll. elem.:
Cage:
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Press drive
P = 200 kW
nMotor = 1486 rev/min
Vibration intensity:
Noticeable problems :
Motor
A bearing:
B bearing:
Flat belt
MP 1
6.9 mm/s
7.1 mm/s
Flywheel
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Case 11
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Generator
Vibration intensity:
Generator
A bearing, RH:
9.5 mm/s
A bearing, RV:
4.1 mm/s
A bearing, AX:
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Gear
Gear
1.5 mm/s
B bearing A bearing
4.4 mm/s
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
MP 1
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 12
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
MP
1
Vibration intensity:
A bearing, RH:
A bearing, RV:
A bearing, AX:
B bearing, RH:
B bearing, RV:
Motor
Pump
25.5 mm/s
36.9 mm/s
12.3 mm/s
10.6 mm/s
21.9 mm/s
31.4 mm/s
5.4 mm/s
19.1 mm/s
Flywheel
800 mm
File: Case 13
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 13
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Bearing:
MP 1
B bearing A bearing
MP 1: Envelope spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
MP 1: Envelope spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 14
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
MP 1
z1
2-stage
spur gear
z
3
B bearing A bearing
z
2
Noticeable problems:
Gear noises
z4
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Output
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 15
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Gear motor
P = 37 kW
nMotor = 1488 rev/min
nOutout = 18 rev/min
z1 = 33 teeth
z4 = 70 teeth
z2 = 68 teeth
z5 = 11 teeth
z3 = 13 teeth
z6 = 82 teeth
z2
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
z3
6312
NUP213C3E
NJ 2313 E
NJ 2313 E
z
4
6030
z6
MP 1
NJ 211 E
3-stage
spur gear
z1
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 16
11.1999 / VD-ML
6030
Output
drive
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Motor
Hydraulic coupling
Pump
MP 1
B bearing A bearing
6322 NU3222EC3
Noticeable problems: - Slight rumbling noises, increasing and decreasing in 3 sec rhythm
- Somewhat more pronounced at 300 cbm/h than at 100 cbm/h flow rate
Motor, A bearing, radial, horizontal, 300 cbm/h, before: Motor, A bearing, radial, horizontal, 300 cbm/h, before:
MP 1: Amplitude spectrum
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
MP 1: Time signal
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 17
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Bearing:
MP 2
MP 1
Damage frequencies:
Inner race: fi = 157.1 Hz
Outer race: fa = 115.3 Hz
Roll. elem.: fw = 95.13 Hz
Cage:
fk = 6.405 Hz
A bearing dBm / dBc = 48 / 29 dBSV
B bearing dBm / dBc = 18 / 7 dBSV
A bearing B bearing
Case18
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
www.pruftechnik.com
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MP 2
MP 1
Damage frequencies:
Inner race: fi = 295.2 Hz
Outer race: fa = 204.5 Hz
B - bearing
Roll. elem.: fw = 266.3 Hz
6220
Cage:
fk = 20.45 Hz
A - bearing
NU220
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 20
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Bearing:
Damage frequencies:
Inner race:
fi
Outer race:
fa
Rolling elements: fw
Cage:
fk
MP 1
=
=
=
=
174.3 Hz
120.7 Hz
130.7 Hz
10.06 Hz
MP 2
A bearing
B bearing
NU314
+ 6314
NU314
Case 21 File:
11.1999 / VD-ML
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 21-2
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es
Bearing:
Damage frequencies:
Inner race: fi =
Outer race: fa =
Roll. elem.: fw =
Cage:
fk =
127.9 Hz
105.0 Hz
82.43 Hz
3.748 Hz
MP
1
MP
2
A bearing
23056
+ 29352
B bearing
22340
PRUFTECHNIK,
S.L.
Copyright 2002-2005
PRFTECHNIK
Condition
www.equipodepruebas.mx
Frederic
Mompou,
3, 4
Monitoring
E-08960 Sant Just Desvern, Espaa
Some of the products and processes shown here, or their use in foreign
countries, are protected by U.S. and other patents. Reproduction and
copying of this document, or parts thereof, is prohibited without the explicit
written permission of PRFTECHNIK.
Case 22
11.1999 / VD-ML
www.pruftechnik.com
www.pruftechnik.es