LITERATURE REVIEW

Janaki Kolli, K Bhavana (2015) described advent method of the high speed computing devices
evolutionary algorithms which have gained there importance to solve such optimization
problems. Firstly Genetic Algorithms (GA) where used and later Particle Swarm Optimization
(PSO) has gained prominence results. Due to the nonlinear nature of modern generating units
input-output characteristics and other constraints, the topic of ED problem is still becoming the
main research interest in order to find for the better solution.
Debi Sankar Roy, Venkataswamy R (2015) described dynamic economic load dispatch problem
which has been modeled as inequality constrained optimization problem. The evolutionary
programming is applied to optimize the solution Optimization of power scheduling for
dynamically varying demand in real time considering constraints like transmission line
capabilities, availability of conventional and renewable power sources, change of reliability
index, serving critical and forecasted loads, optimization of losses, storage capacity. Deep dive
analysis is made on demand side management and suggestions are proposed.
Lily Chopra and Raghuwinder Kaur (2012) presented importance of economize generation cost
by satisfying operational constraints. Economic load dispatch is important tool to solve this
problem. Here the simple genetic algorithm (SGA) and refined genetic algorithm (RGA) method
applied to economic dispatch problem which accounts for minimization of cost along with
operational constraints. As lambda iteration method requires exact adjustment of lambda and it
does not give global optimum solution. Results proved that GA based technique give global
optimum solution and by varying probabilities of crossover and mutation computer usage time
can be drastically reduced in RGA. So it improves performance capability of Genetic Algorithm.
Attia A. El-Fergany (2011) presents an application of Genetic Algorithm (GA) to solve
Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problems with smooth and non-smooth fuel cost objective
functions. Main objective of ELD is to determine the most economic generating dispatch
required to satisfy the predicted load demands including line losses over a certain period of time
while relaxing various equality and inequality constraints. Finally, it can be concluded that GA
proves an excellent viability to optimize and solve problems of ELD. Numerical simulations
indicate an improvement in total fuel cost savings.

Kamlesh Kumar Vishwakarma1, Hari Mohan Dubey, Manjaree Pandit and B.K. Panigrahi (2012)
presents Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm for optimization inspired by the process of
annealing in thermodynamics to solve economic load dispatch (ELD) problems. The proposed
method has been compared with other existing relevant approaches available in literatures.
Experimental results support to justify superiority of the approach over other reported techniques
in terms of fast convergence, robustness and most significantly its optimal search behavior.
Gaurav Prasad Dixit, Hari Mohan Dubey, Manjaree Pandit and B.K.panigrahi (2014) presents an
Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm based method for solving the economic load dispatch
(ELD) problem. The objective is to minimize the nonlinear function, which is the total fuel cost
of thermal generating units, subject to the usual constraints. Results obtained with proposed
method are compared with other techniques presented in literature. ABC algorithm is easy to
implement and capable of searching near global optimum solution at fast convergence and
efficiency.
Anish Ahmad, Nitin Singh and Tarun Varshney (2011) demonstrated Particle Swarm
optimization for the optimization of active power dispatch of generating units. The proposed
method is able to determine, the output power generation for all of the power generation units, so
that the total cost is minimized. Simulation and analysis of Economic Load dispatch using
modified Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is proposed. The obtained results are
compared with the Conventional Method, GA and shows that the PSO approach is more feasible
and efficient for finding minimum cost.
Pooja Singh (2014) determined the optimal combination of power outputs of all generating units
so as to meet the required demand at minimum cost while satisfying all types of constraints. In
this paper the lambda iteration method and the two main types evolutionary optimization
technique genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization which are generic population based
probabilistic search optimization algorithms and can be applied to real world problem are
respectively applied to solve an ELD problem and at last the comparison between all three
method has been presented.
Dipankar Santra, Arindam Mondal and Anirban Mukherjee (2016) identify the optimal
combination of generation level of all power generating units in order to minimize the total fuel

cost while satisfying the loads and losses in power transmission system. Here the relevance of
continued research on improving the solution of ELD problem. Some soft computing techniques
like Artificial Bee Colony (ABC), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Clonal Selection
Algorithm (CSA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic
Algorithm (GA), etc. are now being applied to find even better solution to the ELD problem.
Finally, the challenges in the present problem and some of the most promising approaches are
highlighted and the possible future direction of research is hinted.
D. Naimi, A. Khatara, M. A. Soulah, T. Bouktir (2010) made several techniques and compare
between three methods, to solve the problem of the ED based on: interior point (IP) method and
successive linear programming (SLP) method as determinist methods and genetic algorithm
(GA) as evolutionary one. In order to illustrate their efficient, several optimization runs of these
methods have been carried out on the IEEE 14- and 30-bus test systems available in the
literature. An adequate choice of GA parameters is investigated too. Results obtained show that
the Algorithm genetic has a great potential in handling ED optimization problem and its
performance can be significantly improved by handling an adequate choice of GA parameters.
Jagabondhu Hazra (2009) presents a comparative study of four different evolutionary algorithms
i.e. genetic algorithm, bacteria foraging optimization, ant colony optimization and particle swarm
optimization for solving the economic dispatch problem. All the methods are tested on IEEE 30
bus test system. Simulation results are presented to show the comparative performance of these
methods.
Mohammad T. Ameli, Saeid Moslehpour and Massoud Pourhassan (2011) introduces a highly
capable software system that can be used in training of the generating units and network
operators.introduces a highly capable software system that can be used in training of the
generating units and network operators.
Rahul Dogra, Nikita Gupta, Harsha Saroa (2014) presents overview of economic load dispatch
problems and solution methodologies. Lambda iteration method is implemented for three cases
of without generation limits and losses, with generation limits and without losses and with
generation limits and losses. Newtons and the dynamic programming methods were put into
action for coding.

Satyendra Pratap Singh, Rachna Tyagi and Anubhav Goel (2014) made comparative study of two
approaches, Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Lambda Iteration method (LIM) have been used to
provide the solution of the economic load dispatch (ELD) problem. GA and LIM have been used
individually for solving two cases, first is three generator test system and second is ten generator
test system. The results are compared which reveals that GA can provide more accurate results
with fast convergence characteristics and is superior to LIM.
M.Sailaja Kumari, M.Sydulu (2009) describes a method to overcome this limitation by starting
with random solutions within the search space and narrowing down the search space by
considering the minimum and maximum errors of the population members. This feature of the
algorithm is attractive when applied to ELD of large systems. The convergence of the algorithm
can be expected within one or two generations independent of size of the system. Fast GA shows
reliable convergence. The final results obtained using Fast GA are compared with conventional
GA and found to be encouraging.
Gajendra Sahu, Kuldeep Swarnkar (2014) presents an Economic Load Dispatch using Genetic
Algorithm. The objective of Economic Load Dispatch is sharing the Power Demand among the
on line generators while the keeping the minimum cost generation as a constraint. The aim of this
paper is to operate the Economic Load Dispatch problems of Power System while meeting the
total load plus transmission line losses within generation limits. Modeling of the economic load
dispatch problem with transmission loss and is being applied to the test systems IEEE 30 BUS
using MATLAB.
Ismail Musirin, Nur Hazima Faezaa Ismail (2008) presents the economic power dispatch
problems solved using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique. In this study, the proposed
technique was tested using the standard IEEE 26-Bus RTS and the results revealed that the
proposed technique has the merit in achieving optimal solution for addressing the problems.
Comparative studies with other optimization technique namely the artificial immune system
(AIS) were also conducted in order to highlight the strength of the proposed technique.
Kamlesh Kumar Vishwakarma, Hari Mohan Dubey (2012) presents a Simulated Annealing (SA)
approach for solving Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) problems in electrical power system. The
objectives of ELD problems in electric power generation is to programmed the devoted

generating unit outputs so as to meet the mandatory load demand at lowest amount operating
cost while satisfying all units and system equality and inequality constraints. The proposed
method works very fast, this aspect of algorithm is striking when applied for a large ELD system.
Simulation has been performed over two different cases. The proposed method results have been
compared with other relative existing approaches and finally SA proves luminous feasibility,
robustness and fast convergence for optimization of ELD problems.
Payal Suthar and Sanjay Vyas (2013) described several techniques to solve the optimization of
ELD, which can be divided into conventional and stochastic methods. Conventional methods use
a deterministic approach, such as the LaGrange multiplier, Linear Programming (LP) and
Dynamic Programming (DP). Recent techniques have been developed using stochastic
approaches for solving optimisation problems. Examples are an Adaptive Hopfield Neural
Network, the Simulated Annealing method, and Genetic Algorithms (GA), amongst others. These
new methods offer attempt to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods.
Power system is an interconnected system and it is used to achieve the benefits of
minimum operation cost with maximum reliability and better operating conditions. The
economic load dispatch is the on-line process, wherein it is required to distribute the demand
load in such a way as to minimize the total operating cost while satisfying system equality and
inequality constraints. The main aim of the economic dispatch is to include variables that affect
operational cost, such as the generator distance from the load, load capacity and transmission line
losses. By including these variables one will be able to perform economic dispatch and
interconnected generators to minimize operating cost. The process of solving such a problem is
referred to as optimization. Several techniques have been introduced to solve the optimization of
ELD, which can be divided into conventional and stochastic methods. Conventional methods use
a deterministic approach, such as the LaGrange multiplier, Linear Programming (LP) and
Dynamic Programming (DP). These methods have limitations when coping with more complex
problems. The Lagrange Multiplier and LP are unable to solve problems with nonlinear and nonsmooth characteristics. The DP method has a problem with dimensionality because its storage
requirements and execution time increase and higher accuracy is needed. Recent techniques are
the Simulated Annealing method and Genetic Algorithms amongst others. These new methods
offer attempt to overcome the drawbacks of conventional methods.