Appendix F7

Pavement Design Calculations

403

404

Xe ti > 3trc
>3-axle Truck
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
23.1
73.2
1
2
6.4
1
35
35
38
38
41
41
45
45
46
46
48
48
50
50
51
51
53
53
55
55
57
57
59
59
61
61
63
63
65
65
68
68
70
70
72
72
75
75
78
78
80
80
83
83
86
86
89
89
92
92
95
95
99
99
102
102

S trc xe tiu
Tr s Eyc tra bng theo trc xe
chun tnh ton trn
tiu chun tnh ton (xe/ngy
1ln theo cc nm
m/ln)
Ne
The Eyc value in the table,
Standard axle nos/
according to factored standard
one lane, according
axles (vehicle/day night/lane)
to year Ne

Appendix F7-1 - Design Traffic Loading (Page 1 of 2

Bng tnh s trc xe quy i v s trc tiu chun 120kN, theo cc nm tnh ton thi k khai thc, tnh m un n hi yu cu
Calculation sheet of axle nos converted to 120KN standard axle nos, according to years in service stage and required elastic modulus
Xe con
Bus < 7gh
Bus 7-24gh
Bus > 24gh
Ti nh
Ti trung
Ti 3 trc
Car
Bus, 7 seat
Bus, 7-24 seat Bus, >24 seat
Small Truck
Medium Truck
3-axle Truck
Loi xe
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Trc
Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
Pi (kN)
18
18
18
18
26.4
45.2
25.8 69.60
18
56.0
48.2 100.0 45.4
90.0
C1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2.2
C2
6.4
1
6.4
1
6.4
1
6.4
1
6.4
1
6.4
1
6.4
1
2017
995
995
1161 1161
177
177
4206 4206 1927 1927
692
692
2018
1046 1046 1221 1221
186
186
4541 4541 2081 2081
747
747
2019
1099 1099 1283 1283
196
196
4904 4904 2247 2247
807
807
2020
1155 1155 1349 1349
206
206
5295 5295 2426 2426
871
871
2021
1180 1180 1378 1378
210
210
5486 5486 2514 2514
903
903
2022
1206 1206 1408 1408
215
215
5684 5684 2605 2605
935
935
2023
1232 1232 1438 1438
219
219
5890 5890 2699 2699
969
969
ni
2024
1259 1259 1469 1469
224
224
6103 6103 2797 2797 1004 1004
2025
1286 1286 1501 1501
229
229
6324 6324 2898 2898 1041 1041
2026
1290 1290 1505 1505
230
230
6543 6543 2998 2998 1077 1077
2027
1293 1293 1510 1510
230
230
6771 6771 3103 3103 1114 1114
2028
1297 1297 1514 1514
231
231
7006 7006 3211 3211 1153 1153
2029
1300 1300 1518 1518
232
232
7250 7250 3322 3322 1193 1193
2030
1304 1304 1522 1522
232
232
7502 7502 3438 3438 1235 1235
2031
1307 1307 1526 1526
233
233
7763 7763 3557 3557 1277 1277
2032
1311 1311 1530 1530
233
233
8033 8033 3681 3681 1322 1322
2033
1314 1314 1534 1534
234
234
8312 8312 3809 3809 1368 1368
2034
1318 1318 1538 1538
235
235
8601 8601 3941 3941 1415 1415
2035
1321 1321 1542 1542
235
235
8900 8900 4078 4078 1465 1465
2036
1325 1325 1547 1547
236
236
9209 9209 4220 4220 1516 1516
2037
1329 1329 1551 1551
237
237
9530 9530 4367 4367 1568 1568
2038
1332 1332 1555 1555
237
237
9861 9861 4519 4519 1623 1623
2039
1336 1336 1559 1559
238
238 10204 10204 4676 4676 1679 1679
ni
2040
1339 1339 1563 1563
238
238 10558 10558 4838 4838 1738 1738
(extend) 2041
1343 1343 1568 1568
239
239 10925 10925 5007 5007 1798 1798
2042
1346 1346 1572 1572
240
240 11305 11305 5181 5181 1860 1860
2043
1350 1350 1576 1576
240
240 11698 11698 5361 5361 1925 1925
2044
1354 1354 1580 1580
241
241 12105 12105 5547 5547 1992 1992

405

Pi (kN)
C1
C2
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044

Xe con
Car
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
18
18
1
1
6.4
1

Bus < 7gh

Bus, 7 seat
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
18
18
1
1
6.4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

Bus 7-24gh
Bus, 7-24 seat
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
26.4
45.2
1
1
6.4
1
2
3
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5
3
5

Bus > 24gh

Bus, >24 seat
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
25.8 69.60
1
1
6.4
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2

Ti nh
Small Truck
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
18
56.0
1
1
6.4
1
0
26
0
28
0
30
0
32
0
34
0
35
0
36
0
37
0
39
0
40
0
41
0
43
0
44
0
46
0
48
0
49
0
51
0
53
0
54
0
56
0
58
0
60
0
62
0
65
0
67
0
69
0
72
0
74

Ti trung
Medium Truck
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
48.2 100.0
1
1
6.4
1
25
95
26
103
29
111
31
120
32
124
33
129
34
133
36
138
37
143
38
148
40
153
41
158
42
164
44
170
45
176
47
182
48
188
50
195
52
201
54
208
56
216
58
223
60
231
62
239
64
247
66
256
68
265
71
274

Ti 3 trc
3-axle Truck
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
45.4
90.0
1
2.2
6.4
1
9
60
9
65
10
70
11
75
11
78
12
81
12
84
12
87
13
90
13
93
14
97
14
100
15
103
15
107
16
111
16
115
17
119
18
123
18
127
19
131
19
136
20
141
21
145
22
151
22
156
23
161
24
167
25
173

Xe ti > 3trc
>3-axle Truck
Trc
Trc
Front Rear
23.1
73.2
1
2
6.4
1
0
1
0
1
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
3
0
4
0
4
0
4
0
4

Tng s trc xe quy i tch ly trong thi k 15 nm t khi a kt cu mt ng vo khai thc Ne:
Total number of standard axles in period of 15 years calculated when pavement have been started to use
Tng s trc xe quy i tch ly trn 1 ln xe chy trong thi k 15 nm t khi a kt cu mt ng vo khai thc Ne/ln:
Total number of standard axles per one lane in period of 15 years calculated when pavement have been started to use
0.35 i vi giai on 1 (ng 4 ln xe) - For stage 1, class III highway 4 lanes
H s phn phi s trc xe tnh ton trn mi ln fL=
(Coefficient of caculated axle per one lane)

0.30 i vi giai on hon chnh (ng cao tc 6 ln xe) - For final stage, expressway 6 lanes

Tng s
trc xe quy
i
Total
equivalent
axle nos.

Trong G2
(Final stage)

223
241
259
280
290
300
311
322
334
345
356
369
381
394
407
421
436
450
466
482
498
515
533
551
570
589
609
630

67
72
78
84
87
90
93
97
100
104
107
111
114
118
122
126
131
135
140
145
149
155
160
165
171
177
183
189

(Yr 2017 to 2031)

1.75 *10^6
0.53 *10^6

Eyc G1

Eyc G2
(Final stage)

Tng trc xe tch ly trong

nm khai thc
(trc q/ng.m)
Total accumulated axle nos
in the year of service stage
(equivalent axle/ day night)

138
139
141
143

81,216
87,618
94,531
101,986
105,631
109,400
113,313
117,360
121,556
125,674
129,936
134,344
138,906
143,625
148,507
153,563
158,791
164,198
169,798
175,592
181,585
187,786
194,201
200,840
207,708
214,821
222,173
229,786

159
160
160
161
161
161
162
162
163
163
164
164
165
165
166
166
167
168
168
169
170
170
171
172
(Yr 2032 to 2044)
(trc xe tiu chun)
(standard axles)
(trc xe tiu chun / ln)
(standard axles/ lane)

2.46 *10^6
0.74 *10^6

Appendix F7-1 - Design Traffic Loading (Page 2 of 2)

nei
(extend)

nei =
C1*C2*ni*(Pi/120)^4.4

Loi xe

406

Appendix F7-2: Axle Load Equivalency Factors

Page 1 of 1

407

Estimation of traffic loading (ESAL) in accordance with AASHTO Design Guide

AADT YEAR 2017

Mass of front wheel KN

ESAL of front wheel
Mass of rear wheel KN
ESAL of rear wheel
ESAL PER VEHICLE (EV)

Bus 7 seat

Bus 7-24
Seat

Bus>24 seat

995

1161

177

Bus 7 seat

Bus 7-24
Seat

18
0.004
18
0.004
0.008

26.4
0.018
45.2
0.132
0.150

Small Truck Medium truck 3 Axle truck >3Axle Truck

4206

692

35

Bus>24 seat Small Truck Medium truck 3 Axle truck >3Axle Truck
25.8
0.018
69.6
0.5
0.518

18
0.004
56
0.26
0.264

EQUIVALENT SINGLE AXLE LOAD 8.2 MT ( 80KN), ESAL

Growth rate

1927

48.2
0.132
100
1.83
1.962

45
0.132
90
1.38
1.512

23.1
0.018
73.2
0.693
0.711

DD= DIRECTIONAL DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (0.3,0.5,0.7):

DL= LANE DISTRIBUTION FACTOR (NUMBER OF LANES IN ONE DIRECTION:1=1, 2=0.8 A 1, 3=0.6 A 0.8):

0.50
0.35

As per Feasibility Study (FS)

Year

Bus 7 seat

Bus 7-24

2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
ESAL per Vehicle

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

995
1046
1099
1155
1180
1206
1232
1259
1286
1290
1293
1297
1300
1304
1307
0.008

1161
1221
1283
1349
1378
1408
1438
1469
1501
1505
1510
1514
1518
1522
1526
0.150

Bus>24 seat Small truck

177
186
196
206
210
215
219
224
229
230
230
231
232
232
233
0.518

4206
4541
4904
5295
5486
5684
5890
6103
6324
6543
6771
7006
7250
7502
7763
0.264

Medium
Truck

3Axle Truck

>3axle
Truck

1927
2081
2247
2426
2514
2605
2699
2797
2898
2998
3103
3211
3322
3438
3557
1.962

692
747
807
871
903
935
969
1004
1041
1077
1114
1153
1193
1235
1277
1.512

35
38
41
45
46
48
50
51
53
55
57
59
61
63
65
0.711

AADT

9,193
9,860
10,577
11,347
11,717
12,101
12,497
12,907
13,332
13,698
14,078
14,471
14,876
15,296
15,728

ESAL

398,334
429,629
463,437
499,818
517,626
536,017
555,078
574,854
595,388
615,255
635,972
657,401
679,453
702,427
725,962

CUMUL-ATIVE
ESAL

398,334
827,963
1,291,400
1,791,218
2,308,844
2,844,861
3,399,939
3,974,793
4,570,181
5,185,436
5,821,408
6,478,808
7,158,261
7,860,689
8,586,651

REMARKS

DESIGN ESAL

Traffic Opening

5th Year

2,300,000

10th Year

5,200,000

15th Year

8,600,000

Appendix F7-3: Traffic Loading (ESAL) to AASHTO

Year

408

Appendix F7-4: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 1, to 22TCN211-06

JV of
WSA-WSP-YOOSIN

Name of Project:
CENTRAL MEKONG DELTA REGION CONNECTIVITY PROJECT
/ D N KT NI TRUNG TM NG BNG SNG M KNG

Date

Time

06/18/12

2:12 PM

PAVEMENT DESIGN CACULATION

Standard: 22 TCN 211-06 - Ministry of Transport
Cal
Nguyen Trung Thanh
Design Level:
Detailed Design- Stage 1
Check by: Zafar Chowdhury
Application:
The entire project
1. Design Parameters
2
- Genaral Modulus : Eyc =
1400 daN/cm
equivalent to
140 Mpa
- Calculating load :
12 Ton
equivalent to
120 kN
- The reliability design K=
0.9 Strength Coefficient Kv
1.1
- Genaral Modulus of pavement have consider to reliability design: =
154 (MPa)
- Pavement structure:
h1 = 7 cm
h2 = 50 cm

Asphalt binder course

Aggregate base course
Embankment

- Material properties for Each layer:

Material

Sliding

Asphalt binder course

Aggregate base course
Embankment

Ei (MPa)
Deflection

Tensil

350
300

1600
300

250
300
50

Ru

(MPa)

(MPa)

(degree)

0.005

30

- Binder Course :
bituminous layer type I ( crushed stone >35%)
- Aggregate Base Course:
crushed stone aggregate base class I
- Embankment:
Sand
+ E of embankment was decided by formula B-5, (CBR=8)
E = 4.68*CBR+ 12.48 =
50 (MPa)
values of embankment were determined by refering to Table B-3 with W/Wnh = 0.6
2. Checking the rebound deflection limit
Multi-layered pavement structure is converted into 2-layered system using the following formula:
3
1 + K T(1/3)

E2

h2

E1

h1

Etb = E1

Htb = h1 + h2
1+K

h2
Here:

E2

K=

T=
E1

h1
The Results are described in below table:
Material
(1) Asphalt binder course
(2) Aggregate base course

Ei
350
300

T
1.17

Page 1 of 3

Hi
7
50

K
0.140

Htb
57
50

Etb
306
300

409

Appendix F7-4: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 1, to 22TCN211-06

Htb

57

From

D
so:

1.58

Lookup the Table 3-6, we have, coeffcient =

1.184

36
Etb

(tt)

= Etb x =

362

(MPa)

Use Monograph figure 3-1 to determine to determine rebound deflection modulus for 2-layered system E ch
Htb
From

E0
= 1.58

50

and

= 0.138

Etb (tt)

362

Ech

Ech
=

Suy ra Ech = Etb (tt) x

0.513

(tt)
Etb

186

(MPa)

E tb(tt)

Compare Ech with Eyc =

154(MPa)

Result
OK

having : Ech > Eyc

Conclusion: The proposed pavement structure satisfies the rebound deflection limit.
3. Checking criteria for flexural strength limit

ku

R kutt
K ku
cd
- u = kb x p x u
p =
Kb =

- Maximum Drag and curve stress in bottom asphalt layer

0.6 (MPa)
1.00 ( for the heaviest special axle load)

Rttku
- [ u] =

- Drag and curve allow stress

Kcdku

Rtt ku = k1.k2.Rku
k1= 11.11/Ne^0.22 =
0.61
here : Ne =
5.3E+05 Total number of standard axles in period of 15years
k2 =
1.0
2 (MPa)
Rku =
Kcdku =
Convert two asphalt concrete layer to single layer:
Material
(1) Asphalt binder course

Ei
1600

0.94 ( From table 3-7, depending on reliability design)

T
1.00

K
1.000

Hi
7

Htb
7

Etb
1600

Refer to Table 3-6, we have, coeffcient =

1.159

Determined Ech.m upper base layer.

50

Htb
From

1.389

36

(tt)
348
(MPa)
= E tb x b =
Etb
Use Monograph figure 3-1 for determination of general elastic modulus of double -layer system E ch
Htb
E0
50
from
=
1.389
And
=
= 0.144

Etb

(tt)

348

We have:
Ech

Ech
=

0.486

Suy ra Ech = Etb

(tt)

E1

169

(MPa)

E1

Page 2 of 3

410

Appendix F7-4: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 1, to 22TCN211-06

Diagram calculation :
H

7
=

0.19

9.46

36

E1

1600
=

Echm

169

From two above ratio, we lookup the monogram 3-5, have:

- Drag and curve stress
- Drag and curve allow stress:
Compare : we see

h1 = 7 cm ; E1 =1600 (MPa)
Echm =169 (MPa)

[ u] =

u =

2.200

(MPa)

u = kb x p x u =

1.32 (MPa)

[ u] =

1.30 (MPa)
1.32 MPa

u =

1.30

Result
OK

Sumary: Structure' pavement chosen should ensured that standards for flexural strength

4. Checking for shearing strength limit criteria

Tax+Tav <
Ctt/Kcd tr
- Tax
Maximum Shear stress due to wheel load
Shear stress due to self-weight layer above caused
- Tav
- Ctt = C.K1.K2.K3
K1 =
0.6 (for pavement carriageway)
K2 =
0.8 (From Table 3-8 depend on calculated number axle Ntt)
K3 =
3.0 (For sand have small particles)
tr
0.94
( From table 3-7, depend on reliability design)
- Kcd =
Convert two layer into one layer, we have result as follwing:
Material
T
K
Ei
Hi
Htb
Etb
(1) Asphalt binder course
250
0.83
7
0.140
57
294
(2) Aggregate base course
300
50
50
Determined Ech.m
H
57
From
=
1.58
Lookup the Table 3-6, we have, coeffcient =
1.184
D
36
Etb

(tt)

= E tb x b

348

(MPa)

Etb
Ratio:

=
6.95
Eo
+ Use monograph Figure 3.2 to determine shear stress, with =30 c Tax/p =
==>
Tax =
0.0090 (MPa)
+ Determined shear stress due to pavement structure dead load Tav:
+ Use monograph Figure 3.4 to determine , Tav =
-0.0022 (MPa)
Calculated cohesive strenght Ctt:
Ctt = C.K1.K2.K3 =
0.0072 (Mpa)
So We have:
0.0068
Tax+Tav =
Ctt/Ktrcd =
- Check:

0.015

0.0077
tr

Ctt/Kcd
Tax+Tav <
We see
0.0068
< 0.008
Summary: Proposed pavement structure satisfies shearing strength

Page 3 of 3

Result
OK

411

Appendix F7-5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN211-06, (Page 1 of 8)

JV of
WSA-WSP-YOOSIN

Name of Project:
CENTRAL MEKONG DELTA REGION CONNECTIVITY PROJECT
/ D N KT NI TRUNG TM NG BNG SNG M KNG

Date

Time

06/18/12

2:13 PM

PAVEMENT DESIGN CACULATION

Standard: 22 TCN 211-06 - Ministry of Transport
Design step:
Detailed design- Final stage

Cal
Nguyen Trung Thanh
Check by: Zafar Chowdhury

Application:
The entire project
A. The parameters to caculate
1. Determination of required elastic modulus
From result of calculated number of standard axles (vehicle/ day/ lane)
And
Table 3-4 Required elastic modunlus value
Type of
Tr s m un n hi yu cu Eyc (MPa), tng ng vi s trc xe tnh ton (xe/ng y m/ln)
standard axle
Loi tng mt
load
10
20
50
100
200
500
1000
2000
5000
High - grade A1
133
147
160
178
192
207
224
10
High - grade A2
91
110
122
135
153
Low - grade B1
64
82
94
High - grade A1
127
146
161
173
190
204
218
235
12
High - grade A2
90
103
120
133
146
163
Low - grade B1
79
98
111
- General Modulus : Eyc =
180 Mpa
2.Characteristics of standard calculating load :
120 kN
Standard
calculation axle
load, Ptt(kN)

Calculation pressure on
pavement(Mpa)

Diameter of wheel track,

D(cm)

0.6
0.6

33
36

100
120

3.The reliability design K=

0.95 Strength Coefficient Kv
- Table 3-2 Determination of strength coefficient on deflection depending on reliability:
Reliability
0.98
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
Strength coefficient, Kv
1.29
1.17
1.1
1.06
1.02
- Table 3-3 Selection of design reliabilty by road and class
Road type, class
1.Expressway
2. Highway/Road
-I, II class
-III, IV class
-V, VI class
3. Urban road
-Expressway and urban arterial road
-Other urban road
4.Specialized road

Design reliability
0.90
0.90
0.85
0.80
0.90
0.85
0.80

0.95
0.95
0.90
0.85
0.95
0.90
0.85

7000
235

253

1.17

0.98
0.98
0.95
0.90
0.98
0.95
0.90

- General Modulus of pavement have consider to reliability design: =

210.6 (MPa)

4. Pavement structure:
h5 =
h4 =
h3 =
h2 =
h1 =

5 cm
7 cm
13 cm
50 cm
50 cm

Asphalt conrete surface course

Asphalt binder course
Asphalt treated Base(Black crushed stone mix Bitum)
Aggregate base course
Embankment

- Material properties for Each layer:

Ei (MPa)
Material
Asphalt conrete surface course
Asphalt binder course
Asphalt treated Base
Aggregate base course
Embankment

Sliding

Deflection

300
250
350
300
50

420
350
350
300
50

Tensil and
flexture
1800
1600
800
300
50

Ru

(MPa)

(MPa)

(degree)

0.005

30

2.4
1.6

412

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 2 of 8)

- Surface course :
Bituminous layer type I ( Crush Stone >50%)
- Binder course :
Bituminous layer type I ( Crush Stone >35%)
- Aggregate base course:
Crush stone aggregate base class I
- Embankment:
Sand
+ E of embankment was desided by formula B-5, (CBR=8)
E = 4.68*CBR+ 12.48 =
50 (MPa)
And Values of Embankment were determined by refering to Table B-3 with W/Wnh = 0.6
Therefor : Calculated of Total number of standard axles Ne =
1.75 *10^6
so minimum Asphalt thickness should be 9cm Acording to Table 2-2
B. Checking structure's pavement following modul Deflection
Convert many layer into two layer following below formula:
3
1 + K T(1/3)

E2

h2

1+K

E1

h1

Etb = E2

H tb = h1 + h2

h2
Trong :

E2

K=

T=
E1

h1
The Results are described in below table:
Material
(5) Asphalt conrete surface course
(4) Asphalt binder course
(3) Asphalt treated Base
(2) Aggregate base course
(1) Embankment

From
+ Determined coefficient :

T
1.34
1.13
1.17

Ei
420
350
350
300
50
Htb
=
D

75
=
36

Hi
5
7
13
50

K
0.071
0.111
0.260

Htb
75
70
63
50

Etb
320.21
313.76
309.90

2.08

Depend on H/D ratio

Table 3-6 Adjustment coefficient

H/D ratio
coeffcient

0.51

0.75

1.25

1.50

1.75

2.00

1.033

1.067

1.107

1.136

1.178

1.198

1.210

Or coefficient =

1.114*(H/D)^0.12 ( H/D>2)
(3-6)
So we have, coeffcient =
E tb (tt)

= E tb x E

389.56

1.217

(MPa)

413

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 3 of 8)

Determined Eyc1 of top of base layer, convert they into one layer system.
Material
Ei
(3) Asphalt treated Base
350
(2) Aggregate base course
300
(1) Embankment
50

Hi
13
50
50

K
0.260

Htb
63
50
50

Etb
309.90
300.00

63

Htb
=
D

From

T
1.17

1.75

Lookup the Table 3-6, we have, coeffcient =

1.198

36

E tb (tt)

= E tb x E

371.26

(MPa)

Use Monograph figure 3-1 for determination of general elastic modulus of double -layer system Ech1
Htb
From

E0
=

1.75

50

And

=
Etb(tt)

0.135

200.37

(MPa)

K
0.714
0.538

Htb
12
7
13

371.26

We have :
Ech

Ech
=

0.540

Suy ra Ech1 = Etb(tt) x

Etb(tt)
Such as this value of Ech1 will as E0 to calculate Ech of above layers
Therefore, Convert three layer into one layer as following Table :
Material
Ei
(5) Asphalt conrete surface course
420
(4) Asphalt binder course
350
(3) Asphalt treated Base
350
(2) Aggregate base course

=
Etb(tt)

T
1.20
1.00

Hi
5
7
13

Etb
378.14
350.00

414

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 4 of 8)

Htb
=
D

From

12
=

0.33

Lookup the Table 3-6, we have, coeffcient =

0.976

36

E tb (tt)

= E tb x E

369.21

(MPa)

Use Monograph figure 3-1 for determination of general elastic modulus of double -layer system Ech
Htb
From

E0
=

0.33

200.37

And

Etb

(tt)

0.543

228.54

(MPa)

369.21

We have :
Ech

Ech
=

0.619

Suy ra Ech = Etb(tt) x

Etb(tt)
Ech
228.54

Check:
We see

Etb(tt)
> K cddv.Eyc
> 210.60

Result:
OK

** Use approximate formulas Bacbero to calculate Ech of this structure.

1.05*E0
Ech =
1+E0/E

E0

(1 + 4*(H/D) *(E /E)^-0.67)

+ Eo =
+ E1 =
+ H/D =
+ 1.05*E0 =
+ E0/E1 =
1-Eo/E1 =
===> Ech =

50
389.56
2.08
52.50
0.128
0.872
225.56 Mpa
Ech
> K cddv.Eyc
Check:
We see
225.56
> 210.60
Sumary: Structure' pavement chosen shouldn't ensured that standards for elastic deflection.
C. Checking structure's pavement about flexural strength condition

V ku d

Result:
OK

R kutt
ku
K cd
- ku = kb x p x u
p =
Kb =

- Maximum Drag and curve stress in bottom asphalt layer

0.6 (MPa)
1.00 ( for the haeviest special axle load)

Rttku
- [ u] =

- Drag and curve allow stress

Kcdku

Rttku = k1.k2.Rku
k1= 11.11/Ne^0.22 =
0.61
here : Ne =
5.3E+05 Total number of standard axles in period of 15years
k2 =
1.0
Rku :
Tensile strength limit of material
Kcdku =
1.00 ( From table 3-7, depend on reliability design)
Table 3-7 Selection of coefficient of shear strength depending on reliability
Reability
0.98
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
Coefficient,Kcd
1.00
0.94
0.90
0.9
1.1
1. Checking of Binder course
Convert two Asphalt layers into one layer following below table:
Material
Ei
T
Hi
K
Htb
Etb
(5) Asphalt conrete surface course
1800
1.13
5
0.714
12
1681
(4) Asphalt binder course
1600
7
Determined Eyc of top of two base layer, convert they into onel layer system.
Result in following table:
Material
(3) Asphalt treated Base
(2) Aggregate base course

Ei
800
300

T
2.67

Hi
13
50

K
0.260

Htb
63

Etb
377.70

415

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 5 of 8)

Htb
=
D

From

63
=
36

E tb (tt)

Use (3-6) table , We have =

1.75

= E tb x E

450

(MPa)

Htb
From

E0
=

1.75

1.191

And

50

4.5918

D
Etb(tt)
Use Monograph figure 3-1 for determination of general elastic modulus of double -layer system Ech
Ech
Ech
We have:
=
0.496
Suy ra Ech = Etb(tt) x

E1

0.111

450

223

(MPa)

E1

Diagram calculation :
H

h1 = 12 cm ; E1 =1681 MPa
Echm =223 MPa

12
=

0.33

7.53

36
1681

E1
=

Echm
223
From two above ratio, we lookup the monogram 3-5, have:

Vku

Figure 3-5: Monograph determining unit bending anh tensile stress

Check:

Rku

ku

Rtt = k1.k2.Rku
Therefor: Vku =

ku

. p .k

=
b

(MPa)

ku in layers of surface layer

With Binder course so:

[Vu]

1.620

0.98
=

1.6

(MPa)

0.98

(MPa)

(MPa)

0.97 (MPa)

Result
OK

2. Checking of Surface course

(5) Asphalt conrete surface course

h1 = 5 cm

416

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 6 of 8)

Convert four below layer into two layer as following Table :
Material
(2) Asphalt binder course
(2) Asphalt treated Base
(2) Aggregate base course
Htb

T
4.24
2.67

Ei
1600
800
300

Hi
7
13
50

K
0.111
0.260

Htb
70
63

Etb
452
378

70

From

Use (3-6) fomula, We have =

1.94

1.207

36

E tb (tt)

= E tb x E

546

(MPa)

Htb
From

E0
=

1.94

50

And

D
Etb(tt)
Use Monograph figure 3-1 for determination of general elastic modulus of double -layer system Ech
Ech
Ech
We have:
=
0.481
Suy ra Ech = Etb(tt) x

E1

0.092

546

262

(MPa)

E1

Diagram calculation :
H
D
E1

0.14

36
1800

=
=
Echm
262
From two above ratio, we lookup the monogram 3-5, have:
Check:

h1 = 5 cm ; E1 =1800 MPa
Echm =262 MPa

5
=

6.86

Vku

Rku

With Binder course so:

Rttku = k1.k2.Rku
[Vu]

Therefor: Vku =

ku

. p .k

=
b

1.47
=

1.800

(MPa)

2.4

(MPa)

1.47

(MPa)

(MPa)
Result
OK

1.08 (MPa)

Sumary: Structure' pavement chosen should ensured that standards for flexural strength
D. Checking sliding condition of Embankment
Tax+Tav

<

C tt/Kcdtr
- Tax
Maximum Shear stress due to wheel load caused
- Tav
Shear stress due to self-weight layer above caused
- Ctt = C.K1.K2.K3
K1 =
0.6 (for pavement carriageway)
K2 =
0.8 (From Table 3-8 depend on calculated number axle Ntt)
K3 =
3.0 (For sand have small particles)

- Kcdtr =
1.00
Convert many layer into two layer system, we have result as follwing:
Lp vt liu
Ei
(5) Asphalt conrete surface course
300
(4) Asphalt binder course
250
(3) Asphalt treated Base
350
(2) Aggregate base course
300

( From table 3-7, depend on reliability design)

T
0.99
0.81
1.17

Hi
5
7
13
50

K
0.071
0.111
0.260

Htb
75
70
63
50

Etb
303
304
310

417

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 7 of 8)

Htb
From

75
=

Use (3-6) fomula, We have =

2.08

1.217

36

= E tb x E =
369
Etb
Ratio:
=
7.38
Eo
+ Use monograph Figure 3.3 determining sliding stress, with =30 c Tax/p =
E tb (tt)

(MPa)

0.007

7.38

0.007

2.08

Figure 3-3: Mongraph determineing sliding stress from wheel load at the lower layer of the double - layer system ( H/D= 0~4)
==>
Tax =
0.0042 (MPa)
+ Determined shear stress due to self-weight of structure's pavement caused Tav:
+ Use monograph Figure 3.4 determining , Tav =
-0.003 (Mpa)
75
+ Tav
M q
0.003

M q

0.002

M q

0.001
0
0.001

20

40

60

80

100

Chiu dy
mt ~n
h= (cm)

M q

0.002

-0.003

0.003
0.004

-0.0003

M q

0.005
0.006
0.007

M q

0.008

T av ( MPa )

418

Appendix F7.5: Mainline Pavement Design, Stage 2, to 22 TCN 211-06 (Page 8 of 8)

Figure 3-4. Monograph for finding active shearing stress Tav by self weight of pavement
Value of calculated cohensive strenght Ctt:
Ctt = C.K1.K2.K3 =
So We have:
Tax+Tav =
0.0012
Ctt/Ktrcd =
- Check:

0.0072 (Mpa)

0.0072

Tax+Tav < C tt/Kcdtr

We see
0.0012
< 0.007
Sumary: Embankment should ensured sliding condition

Result
OK

419

Appendix F7-6: Mainline, AASHTO Pavement - SN at Opening for Traffic

AASHTO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN:-

log10(W18) = ZR x S0 + 9.36 x log10(SNf +1) - 0.20 + (log10 [(delta(PSI)/4.2-1.5]) / (0.40 +

(1094/((SNf + 1)^5.19)))) + 2.32 x log10(MR) - 8.07
Where:
W18
ZR
delta(PSI)
MR
SN
SN
Where :
ai
Di
mi

Predicted Number of 18-kip equivalent axle load application.

Standard Normal Deviate
Difference between the initial design serviceability index P0, and the design terminal serviceability index Pt, and
Resiliant Modulus (psi)
a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3
is equal to the structural number indicative of the total pavement thickness requirred :
ith layer coefficient
ith layer thickness (inches) and
ith layer drainage coefficient

Input
CBR =
Traffic =

Po

4.2

2400000

Pt

2.5

Calculations :
Values
W18 =

Input
2400000

MR =

7251

S0 =

0.49

(Section 2.1.3)

1.7

(Section 2.2.1)

(delta(PSI)
ZR =

(Section 1.5)

a1
a2
a3
SN1
SN2

D1>SN1/a1
SN1=a1*D1
D2=(SN2-SN1*)/a2m2
SN2*=D2*m2*a2
D3=(SNf-(SN1*+SN2*))/a3m3
SN3*=m3*a3*d3
0.44
0.14
m2
m3
1.21
2.76

D1=

inches
2.76

-1.282

(Table 4.1)

SN1*

1.21

D2=

19.69

90%

(Table 2.2)

SN2*

2.75

R=

1
1

mm
70

70

500

500

D3=
TOTAL(mm)
SNf =
Formulae

570

4.20
= (ZR*S0+9.36*log(SNf+1)-0.20+(log(PSI/(4.2-1.5)))/(0.40+(1094/((SNf + 1)^5.19))))+2.32*log(MR)-8.07-log(W))

Result =

0.0503

420

Appendix F7-7: TRL LR1132 Design Charts

Figure 1 below shows the fundamental principle of pavement design in accordance with LR 1132. The design is based on tensile strain
under the asphalt concrete and under the cement bound layer and the compressive strain on the subgrade.
Figure C3 and C4 shows the influence of construction traffic and purpose of providing sub-base.
Figure D3 shows the permissible tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt concrete and compressive strain on the subgrade.
Figure 5 is the design curve to determine the thickness of the asphalt concrete and aggregate base (sub-base thickness is fixed of
225mm; which can be considered equivalent to 175mm Base).

Page 1 of 5
421

Appendix F7-7: TRL LR1132 Design Charts

Page 2 of 5
422

Appendix F7-7: TRL LR1132 Design Charts

Page 3 of 5
423

Appendix F7-7: TRL LR1132 Design Charts

Page 4 of 5
424

Appendix F7-7: TRL LR1132 Design Charts

Page 5 of 5
425

Appendix F7-8: Ramps, AASHTO Pavement - SN at Opening for Traffic

AASHTO FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT DESIGN:-

log10(W18) = ZR x S0 + 9.36 x log10(SNf +1) - 0.20 + (log10 [(delta(PSI)/4.2-1.5]) / (0.40 +

(1094/((SNf + 1)^5.19)))) + 2.32 x log10(MR) - 8.07
Where:
W18
ZR
delta(PSI)
MR
SN
SN
Where :
ai
Di
mi

Predicted Number of 18-kip equivalent axle load application.

Standard Normal Deviate
Difference between the initial design serviceability index P0, and the design terminal serviceability index Pt, and
Resiliant Modulus (psi)
a1D1 + a2D2m2 + a3D3m3
is equal to the structural number indicative of the total pavement thickness requirred :
ith layer coefficient
ith layer thickness (inches) and
ith layer drainage coefficient

Input
CBR =
Traffic =

Po

4.2

1400000

Pt

2.5

Calculations :
Values
W18 =

Input
1400000

MR =

7251

S0 =

0.49

(Section 2.1.3)

1.7

(Section 2.2.1)

(delta(PSI)
ZR =

D1=

inches
2.76

-1.282

(Table 4.1)

SN1*

1.04

D2=

19.69

90%

(Table 2.2)

SN2*

2.75

D3=
SN

3.79

R=

SNf =
Formulae

(Section 1.5)

a1
a2
a3
SN1
SN2

D1>SN1/a1
SN1=a1*D1
D2=(SN2-SN1*)/a2m2
SN2*=D2*m2*a2
D3=(SNf-(SN1*+SN2*))/a3m3
SN3*=m3*a3*d3
0.44
0.14
m2
m3
1.21
2.76

1
1

mm
60

60

500

500

TOTAL(mm)

560

3.79
= (ZR*S0+9.36*log(SNf+1)-0.20+(log(PSI/(4.2-1.5)))/(0.40+(1094/((SNf + 1)^5.19))))+2.32*log(MR)-8.07-log(W))

Result =

0.0015

426