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PART 4

RESONANCE AND FILTERS


I. RESONANCE
resonance occurs at a particular frequency when the inductive reactance and
the capacitive reactance are of equal magnitude
it is a condition where the current is in phase with the voltage
during resonance, the circuit power factor is unity
it occurs because the collapsing magnetic field of the inductor generates an
electric current in its windings that charges the capacitor and the discharging
capacitor provides an electric current that builds the magnetic field in the
inductor.
If the power supply frequency for a circuit exactly matches the natural
frequency of the circuit's LC combination, the circuit is said to be in a state of
resonance.
1. Resonant (or Tuned) Circuits
Resonant circuit

is a circuit that achieves resonant condition by varying the source frequency.

Tuned circuit

is a circuit that achieves resonant condition by varying a circuit parameter


(either L or C).

Resonant conditions:
1. The current I is in phase with the applied voltage in an RLC circuit. This implies
that
Imag[Zeq] = Imag[Yeq] = 0
2. The magnitude of the equivalent impedance (or admittance) is either
a. MINIMUM for series resonance or
b. MAXIMUM for parallel or anti-resonance

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2. SERIES Resonance

at resonance the circuit acts as a low impedance and frequency selective


network

Resonant Frequency, fr (Hz) =

1
2 LC

where: L inductance(H)
C capacitance (F)

Characteristics of Series Resonance


XL =XC

Circuit impedance(Z) is minimum

Current (I) is maximum

Z is resistive
At freq>fr, Z is inductive
At freq < fr, Z is capacitive

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Quality factor/ Figure of Merit (Q)

it refers to the goodness of a reactive component.


In series circuit: the voltage magnification factor at the time of resonance
Q = Reactive Power/Active Power
Q=

XL
X
= C
R
R

Q=

L
C

1
R

Bandwidth, BW (Hz)

A range of frequencies taken between two-half power points which operation


is satisfactory
BW= f2 f1 =

BW =

R
2L

fr
Q

Resonant Rise in Voltage across L or C

VL = VC = Q x Vs

A word of caution is in order with series LC resonant circuits: because of the


high currents which may be present in a series LC circuit at resonance, it is
possible to produce dangerously high voltage drops across the capacitor and
the inductor, as each component possesses significant impedance

3. PARALLEL Resonance
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At resonance, the circuit acts as a high impedance and a frequency selective


network

Theoretical Parallel Resonant Circuit

Resonant Frequency,fr (Hz)=

1
2 LC

where: L inductance(H)
C capacitance (F)

Characteristics of a Theoretical Parallel Resonant Circuit

Circuit impedance(Z) is maximum


Z=R
Total Current (I) is minimum

Z is resistive
At freq>fr, Z is capacitive
At freq < fr, Z is inductive

Quality Factor/Figure of Merit


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In parallel circuit: the current magnification factor at the time of resonance.


Q=

R
XL
C
L

Q= R
Bandwidth,BW (Hz)
BW =

fr
Q

Practical Parallel Resonant Circuit


Tuning capacitance (C)
C=

L
R 2 2fr L 2

Resonant Frequency,fr (Hz)


fr = 1

2
1
R

LC L

Dynamic Impedance (Z),

Z=

L
RC

II. FILTER
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It is a circuit designed to pass desired frequencies and reject or attenuate


undesired frequencies

Basic filter network needs to have a frequency dependent devices like


inductor or capacitor

1. Parameters
Frequency Response
It shows the output or gain of the network with respect to the signal;
frequency
Cut-Off frequency
The frequency that divides the response curve into either passband or
stopband
fc =

1
for RC filter
2RC

1
fc =

L for RL filter
R

Roll off rate


rate of change in voltage gain(dB) for every frequency interval (octave or
decade)
Selectivity
is the ability of a circuit to respond more readily to signals of a particular
frequency to which it is tuned than to signals of other frequencies.
2. Applications

High performance stereo systems and audio equalizers


Cross-over networks
For "conditioning" of non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms in power circuits.

3. Classification According to Materials Used


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a. Passive Filter
consist only of passive elements, R, L and C
can generate a maximum gain of 1
may require bulky and expensive inductors
Perform poorly at frequencies below the audio frequency range (300 to 3000
Hz); useful at high frequencies.
b. Active Filter
consist of combinations of resistors, capacitors, and op amps
smaller and less expensive than passive filters
can provide amplifier gain in addition to providing the same frequency
response as passive filters
can be combined with buffer amplifiers (voltage followers) to isolate each
stage of the filter from source and load impedance effects
are less reliable and less stable than passive filters
Operate well below 100 kHz; require power supply.

4. Classifications according to frequency response


a. Low Pass Filter

a circuit offering easy passage to low-frequency signals and difficult passage


to high-frequency signals
with low pass filter, the frequencies between zero and the cut-off frequency
are called the passband
ideal low pass filter has zero phase shift for all frequencies in the passband
which means the shape of the nonsinusoidal signal is preserved

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Low Pass Filter Circuits

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b. High Pass Filter

filter that passes signals with frequencies above the cut-off and rejects
frequencies below the cut-off
frequencies between zero and the cut-off frequency are the stop band
frequencies above the cut-off are passband

High Pass Filter Circuits

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c. BandPass Filter

works to screen out frequencies that are too low or too high, giving easy
passage only to frequencies within a certain range
Band-pass filters can be made by stacking a low-pass filter on the end of a
high-pass filter, or visa-versa.
The passband is all the frequencies between the lower and the upper
frequencies
Frequencies below the lower and above the cut-off frequency are stopband
Ideal bandpass filter has zero attenuation in the passband, infinite
attenuation in the stopband and two vertical transitions

Bandwidth (BW)
Bandpass filter is the difference between its upper and lower 3-dB cut-off
frequencies
BW = f2 f1
Quality Factor (Q)
The Q of a bandpass filter is define as the center frequency divided by the
bandwidth
Q=

fc
BW

If Q is less than 1, the bandpass filter is called a wideband filter


If Q is greater than 1, the filter is called a narrowband filter

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d. BandStop Filter

Also called band elimination or band reject


Also it is sometimes called a notch filter because it notches out or removes
all frequencies in the stopband

It passes all frequencies above and below a particular range set by the
component values.

e. All Pass Filter

A filter that is designed that has passband and no stop band


It passes signals between zero and infinite frequencies
Zero attenuation to all frequencies
It is used in producing a certain amount of phase shift for the signal being
filtered without changing its amplitude

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With the all pass filter, each distinct frequency can be shifted by a certain
amount as it passes through the filter.

5. Classifications According to Design


a. Butterworth Filter

A filter with a very flat amplitude response in the passband


Butterworth approximation is maximally flat approximation because the
passband attenuation is zero
First-order Butterworth filter rolls at a rate of 20 dB per decade or 6 dB per
decade
Roll-off rate = 20n dB/decade
Roll-off rate = 6n dB/octave
Where n order of filter

b. Chebyshev Filter

Rolls off faster in the transition region than a Butterworth filter


Ripples and overshoot appear in the passband of the frequency response

n
2
A filter with a roll-off rate greater than -20dB per decade or -6dB per octave
Number of Ripples =

c. Inverse Chebyshev Filter

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Need for flat passband response as well as fast roll-off


It has a flat passband response and rippled stopband response

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Roll-off rate in the transition region is comparable to the roll off rate of
Chebyshev filter
Monotonic means that the stopband has no ripples

d. Elliptic Filter

Need for the fastest possible roll-off in the transition region


Also known as the CAUER filter
Optimizes the transition region at the expense of the passband and stopband

e. Bessel Filter

A filter that has a linear phase characteristics and no overshoot on the output
with a pulse input
It has a flat passband and Monotonic stop band similar to Butterworth
approximation
It has the highest order or greatest circuit complexity of all approximations
Optimized to produce a linear phase shift with frequency
Type

Butterworth
Chebyshev
Inverse
Chebyshev
Elliptic
Bessel

Passband

Stopband

Roll-Off

Step
response

Flat

Monotonic

Good

Good

Rippled

Monotonic

Very Good

Poor

Flat

Rippled

Very Good

Good

Rippled

Rippled

Best

Poor

Flat

Monotonic

Poor

Best

Filter Approximations
6. Order of Filter (n)

Order of a passive filter (symbolizes by n) equals the number of inductors


and capacitors in the filter
If a passive filter has two inductors and two capacitors, n =4
Thus the order tells us how complicated the filter

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The order of an active filter depends on the number of RC circuits (called


poles) it contains, n = number of capacitors
TEST YOURSELF 4
Review Questions

1. What is the ability of a filter circuit to reduce the amplitude of unwanted signals below the level of
desired output frequency?
a. Attenuation
b. Discrimination
c. Elimination
d. Filtration
Answer a. Attenuation
2. The center frequency of a bandpass filter is always equal to the_____
a. Bandwidth
b. Geometric average of the cutoff frequencies
c. Bandwidth divided by Q
d. 3-dB frequency
Answer c. Bandwidth divided by Q
3. The Q of a narrowband filter is always______
a. Small
b. Equal to bandwidth divided by fc
c. Less than 1
d. Greater than 1
Answer d. Greater than 1
4. The higher the value of the Q the______
a. More selective the circuit
b. Less selective the circuit
c. More sensitive the circuit
d. Less sensitive the circuit
Answer a. More selective the circuit
5. A bandstop filter is sometimes called_________
a. Snubber
b. Phase shifter
c. Notch filter
d. Time-delay circuit
Answer c. Notch filter
6. The biquadratic filter _____
a. Has low component sensitivity
b. Uses three or more op-amps
c. Also called a Tow Thomas filter
d. All of the above
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Answer d. All of the above


7. The all-pass filter is sometimes called a _____
a. Tow Tomas filter
b. Delay equalizer
c. KHN filter
d. State-variable filter
Answer b. Delay equalizer
8. If a DC signal is applied to a passive high pass filter, the DC signal will be?
a. Attenuated
b. Amplified
c. Passed
d. Disappear
Answer a. Attenuated
9. Pole in filters refers to _______
a. Feedback circuit
b. Single RC filter
c. Active filter
d. Op-amp
Answer b. Single RC filter
10. An LC circuit resonates at 2000 kHz and has Q of 100. Find the lower and upper cut-off
frequencies.
a. 1950 kHz, 2050 kHz
b. 1900 kHz, 2100 kHz
c. 1990 kHz, 2010 kHz
d. 1990 kHz, 2005 kHz
Answer c. 1990 KHz, 2010 KHz
Solution

fc
2000KHz

20KHz
Q
100
2000KHz 20KHz 1990KHz 2010KHz

Bandwidth =

f cut off

11. What is the resonant frequency of a circuit when L is 1 microhenry and C is 10 picofarads are in
series?
a.
b.
c.
d.

15.9 MHz
50.3 MHz
15.9 MHz
50.3 kHz

Answer b. 50.3 MHz


Solution
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Resonance and Filters

fr

1
2 (1 )(10p)

50329Hz

12. If you need an LC circuit to resonate at 2500 Hz and used a 150mH coil, what should the
capacitance value be?
a. 0.15F
b. 27F
c. 0.015F
d. 0.027F
Answer d. 0.027 F
Solution

fr
C

1
2 LC
1
L(2f r )

then

1
150m(2(2500 ))

0.027 x10 6

13. What is the resonant frequency of a circuit when L is 30 H and C is 40 F that are in parallel?
a. 2.6 MHz
b. 3.6 MHz
c. 4.6 MHz
d. 5.6 MHz
Answer c. 4.6 MHz
Solution

fr

1
2 (30 )( 40 )

4.5944MHz

14. A __________ network is a two-port circuit made up of a repeated L, T, pi or H networks.


a.
b.
c.
d.

Lattice
Ladder
Hybrid
Hierarchy

Answer b. Ladder
15. Find the half power bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit, which has a resonant frequency of
3.65 MHz and a Q of 218
a. 606 kHz
b. 47.4 kHz
c. 58.7 kHz
d. 16.5kHz
Answer d. 16.5 KHz
Solution
B=
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3.65 x10 6
16743Hz
218
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16. Which network provides the greatest harmonic suppression?


a. L-network
b. Pi-L network
c. Pi-network
d. Inverse L-network
Answer b. Pi-L network
17. A filter that has a flat time delay in passband is____
a. Chevyshev filer
b. Butterworth filter
c. Bessel filter
d. Elliptic filter
Answer c. Bessel filter
18. A filter having a single continuous transmission band with neither the upper nor the lower cutoff
frequencies being zero or infinite is called_________.
a. Band pass filter
b. longitudinal suppression filter
c. high pass filter
d. band rejection filter
Answer a. Band pass filter
19. Term for the phenomena which occur in an electrical circuit when the inductive reactance
balanced with the capacitive reactance
a. Resonance
b. Reactive equilibrium
c. Q
d. Reactive quiescence
Answer a. Resonance
20. What is the term for the number of times per second that tank circuit energy is stored in an
inductor or capacitor? (April, 2001)
a. Resonant frequency
b. Non-resonant frequency
c. Circuit frequency
d. Broadcast frequency
Answer a. Resonant frequency
21. Characteristics of current in a series R-L-C circuit at resonance.
(April, 1998)
a. It is dc
b. It is maximum
c. It is minimum
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d.

It is zero

Answer b. It is maximum
22. In series resonant LC circuit, what is the impedance at resonant frequency? (April, 2000)
a. Zero
b. Maximum impedance value
c. Determine solely by the DC resistance
d. Infinity
Answer c. Determine solely by the DC resistance
23. When is the line current minimum in a parallel LC circuit? (April, 2001)
a. At the broadcast frequency
b. At the circuit frequency
c. At the highest frequency
d. At the resonant frequency
Answer d. At the resonant frequency
24. ._______is a parallel LC circuit (April, 1998)
a. Parallel resisting circuit
b. Hartley circuit
c. Static circuit
d. Tank circuit
Answer d. Tank circuit
25. When the magnetic field of the inductor completely collapse, where is the energy of the tank
stored? (November, 2000)
a.
b.
c.
d.

In the circuit
Capacitor
Expanding the inductor
Dissipated as heat

Answer b. Capacitor

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