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Tuned circuit
Resonant conditions:
1. The current I is in phase with the applied voltage in an RLC circuit. This implies
that
Imag[Zeq] = Imag[Yeq] = 0
2. The magnitude of the equivalent impedance (or admittance) is either
a. MINIMUM for series resonance or
b. MAXIMUM for parallel or anti-resonance
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2. SERIES Resonance
1
2 LC
where: L inductance(H)
C capacitance (F)
Z is resistive
At freq>fr, Z is inductive
At freq < fr, Z is capacitive
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XL
X
= C
R
R
Q=
L
C
1
R
Bandwidth, BW (Hz)
BW =
R
2L
fr
Q
VL = VC = Q x Vs
3. PARALLEL Resonance
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1
2 LC
where: L inductance(H)
C capacitance (F)
Z is resistive
At freq>fr, Z is capacitive
At freq < fr, Z is inductive
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R
XL
C
L
Q= R
Bandwidth,BW (Hz)
BW =
fr
Q
L
R 2 2fr L 2
2
1
R
LC L
Z=
L
RC
II. FILTER
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1. Parameters
Frequency Response
It shows the output or gain of the network with respect to the signal;
frequency
Cut-Off frequency
The frequency that divides the response curve into either passband or
stopband
fc =
1
for RC filter
2RC
1
fc =
L for RL filter
R
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a. Passive Filter
consist only of passive elements, R, L and C
can generate a maximum gain of 1
may require bulky and expensive inductors
Perform poorly at frequencies below the audio frequency range (300 to 3000
Hz); useful at high frequencies.
b. Active Filter
consist of combinations of resistors, capacitors, and op amps
smaller and less expensive than passive filters
can provide amplifier gain in addition to providing the same frequency
response as passive filters
can be combined with buffer amplifiers (voltage followers) to isolate each
stage of the filter from source and load impedance effects
are less reliable and less stable than passive filters
Operate well below 100 kHz; require power supply.
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filter that passes signals with frequencies above the cut-off and rejects
frequencies below the cut-off
frequencies between zero and the cut-off frequency are the stop band
frequencies above the cut-off are passband
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c. BandPass Filter
works to screen out frequencies that are too low or too high, giving easy
passage only to frequencies within a certain range
Band-pass filters can be made by stacking a low-pass filter on the end of a
high-pass filter, or visa-versa.
The passband is all the frequencies between the lower and the upper
frequencies
Frequencies below the lower and above the cut-off frequency are stopband
Ideal bandpass filter has zero attenuation in the passband, infinite
attenuation in the stopband and two vertical transitions
Bandwidth (BW)
Bandpass filter is the difference between its upper and lower 3-dB cut-off
frequencies
BW = f2 f1
Quality Factor (Q)
The Q of a bandpass filter is define as the center frequency divided by the
bandwidth
Q=
fc
BW
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d. BandStop Filter
It passes all frequencies above and below a particular range set by the
component values.
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With the all pass filter, each distinct frequency can be shifted by a certain
amount as it passes through the filter.
b. Chebyshev Filter
n
2
A filter with a roll-off rate greater than -20dB per decade or -6dB per octave
Number of Ripples =
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Roll-off rate in the transition region is comparable to the roll off rate of
Chebyshev filter
Monotonic means that the stopband has no ripples
d. Elliptic Filter
e. Bessel Filter
A filter that has a linear phase characteristics and no overshoot on the output
with a pulse input
It has a flat passband and Monotonic stop band similar to Butterworth
approximation
It has the highest order or greatest circuit complexity of all approximations
Optimized to produce a linear phase shift with frequency
Type
Butterworth
Chebyshev
Inverse
Chebyshev
Elliptic
Bessel
Passband
Stopband
Roll-Off
Step
response
Flat
Monotonic
Good
Good
Rippled
Monotonic
Very Good
Poor
Flat
Rippled
Very Good
Good
Rippled
Rippled
Best
Poor
Flat
Monotonic
Poor
Best
Filter Approximations
6. Order of Filter (n)
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1. What is the ability of a filter circuit to reduce the amplitude of unwanted signals below the level of
desired output frequency?
a. Attenuation
b. Discrimination
c. Elimination
d. Filtration
Answer a. Attenuation
2. The center frequency of a bandpass filter is always equal to the_____
a. Bandwidth
b. Geometric average of the cutoff frequencies
c. Bandwidth divided by Q
d. 3-dB frequency
Answer c. Bandwidth divided by Q
3. The Q of a narrowband filter is always______
a. Small
b. Equal to bandwidth divided by fc
c. Less than 1
d. Greater than 1
Answer d. Greater than 1
4. The higher the value of the Q the______
a. More selective the circuit
b. Less selective the circuit
c. More sensitive the circuit
d. Less sensitive the circuit
Answer a. More selective the circuit
5. A bandstop filter is sometimes called_________
a. Snubber
b. Phase shifter
c. Notch filter
d. Time-delay circuit
Answer c. Notch filter
6. The biquadratic filter _____
a. Has low component sensitivity
b. Uses three or more op-amps
c. Also called a Tow Thomas filter
d. All of the above
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fc
2000KHz
20KHz
Q
100
2000KHz 20KHz 1990KHz 2010KHz
Bandwidth =
f cut off
11. What is the resonant frequency of a circuit when L is 1 microhenry and C is 10 picofarads are in
series?
a.
b.
c.
d.
15.9 MHz
50.3 MHz
15.9 MHz
50.3 kHz
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fr
1
2 (1 )(10p)
50329Hz
12. If you need an LC circuit to resonate at 2500 Hz and used a 150mH coil, what should the
capacitance value be?
a. 0.15F
b. 27F
c. 0.015F
d. 0.027F
Answer d. 0.027 F
Solution
fr
C
1
2 LC
1
L(2f r )
then
1
150m(2(2500 ))
0.027 x10 6
13. What is the resonant frequency of a circuit when L is 30 H and C is 40 F that are in parallel?
a. 2.6 MHz
b. 3.6 MHz
c. 4.6 MHz
d. 5.6 MHz
Answer c. 4.6 MHz
Solution
fr
1
2 (30 )( 40 )
4.5944MHz
Lattice
Ladder
Hybrid
Hierarchy
Answer b. Ladder
15. Find the half power bandwidth of a parallel resonant circuit, which has a resonant frequency of
3.65 MHz and a Q of 218
a. 606 kHz
b. 47.4 kHz
c. 58.7 kHz
d. 16.5kHz
Answer d. 16.5 KHz
Solution
B=
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16743Hz
218
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d.
It is zero
Answer b. It is maximum
22. In series resonant LC circuit, what is the impedance at resonant frequency? (April, 2000)
a. Zero
b. Maximum impedance value
c. Determine solely by the DC resistance
d. Infinity
Answer c. Determine solely by the DC resistance
23. When is the line current minimum in a parallel LC circuit? (April, 2001)
a. At the broadcast frequency
b. At the circuit frequency
c. At the highest frequency
d. At the resonant frequency
Answer d. At the resonant frequency
24. ._______is a parallel LC circuit (April, 1998)
a. Parallel resisting circuit
b. Hartley circuit
c. Static circuit
d. Tank circuit
Answer d. Tank circuit
25. When the magnetic field of the inductor completely collapse, where is the energy of the tank
stored? (November, 2000)
a.
b.
c.
d.
In the circuit
Capacitor
Expanding the inductor
Dissipated as heat
Answer b. Capacitor
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