Envirmental and Ecology UPSC

G- 96
Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change
that enable the developed countries with quantified emission

limitation and reduction commitments to acquire greenhouse gas
reduction credits from activities outside their own boundaries at
relatively lesser costs. These are Joint Implementation, Clean
Development Mechanism (CDM) and Emission Trading.
Developing Countries can participate only in CDM operational since
2000. Under CDM a developed country would take up greenhouse
gas reduction project activities in a developing country where
the cost of greenhouse gas reduction project activities is usually
much lower. The CDM supports the implementation of sustainable
and environment friendly technologies in developing countries
and thereby, facilitating industrialized countries in meeting their
emission reduction obligations in a cost effective manner.
Ratification of Second Commitment Period of Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
which commits its Parties by setting internationally binding
emission reduction targets.
Recognizing that developed countries are principally
responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in
the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial
activity, the Protocol places a heavier burden on developed
nations under the principle of common but differentiated
responsibilities.
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11
December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005.
The detailed rules for the implementation of the Protocol
were adopted at COP 7 in Marrakesh, Morocco, in 2001, and
are referred to as the Marrakesh Accords. Its first commitment
period started in 2008 and ended in 2012.
India is pitching for early ratification of second commitment
period of the Kyoto Protocol so that it would be legally binding
on rich nations to cut their emissions of climate-damaging
greenhouse gases under specified targets till 2020.
Though the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol
- an international treaty that is binding on industrialized
countries to reduce GHG emissions - began in 2013, it is not
yet ratified by the developed countries.
Its first commitment period started in 2008 and ended in 2012
during which 37 developed countries had cut emissions to an
average of 5% against 1990 levels under the legally binding
treaty.
In Doha, Qatar, on 8 December 2012, the Doha Amendment
to the Kyoto Protocol was adopted. The amendment includes:
New commitments for Annex I Parties to the Kyoto Protocol
who agreed to take on commitments in a second commitment
period from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2020;
A revised list of greenhouse gases (GHG) to be reported on by
Parties in the second commitment period; and
Amendments to several articles of the Kyoto Protocol
which specifically referenced issues pertaining to the first
commitment period and which needed to be updated for the
second commitment period.
During the first commitment period, 37 industrialized countries
and the European Community committed to reduce GHG
emissions to an average of five percent against 1990 levels.
During the second commitment period, Parties committed
to reduce GHG emissions by at least 18 percent below 1990
levels in the eight-year period from 2013 to 2020; however,
the composition of Parties in the second commitment period
is different from the first.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), provided for under

Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol, enables developing countries
to participate in joint greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation projects.
Under this Protocol, Annex-I countries (developed countries and
economies in transition) are required to reduce GHG emissions to
below their 1990 levels.
The CDM enables these countries to meet their reduction
commitments in a flexible and cost effective manner. It allows
public or private sector entities in Annex-I countries to invest in
GHG mitigation projects in developing countries. In return the
investing parties receive credits or certified emission reductions
(CERs) which they can use to meet their targets under the Kyoto
Protocol.
While investors profit from CDM projects by obtaining
reductions at costs lower than in their own countries, the gains
to the developing country host parties are in the form of finance,
technology, and sustainable development benefits.
The basic rules for the functioning of the CDM were agreed
on at the seventh Conference of Parties (COP-7) to the UNFCCC
held in Marrakesh, Morocco in OctoberNovember 2001. Projects
starting in the year 2000 are eligible to earn CERs if they lead to real,
measurable, and long-term GHG reductions, which are additional
to any that would occur in the absence of the CDM project. This
includes afforestation and reforestation projects, which lead to the
sequestration of carbon dioxide.
At COP-7, it was decided that the following types of projects
would qualify for fast-track approval procedures:
Renewable energy projects with output capacity up to 15MW.
Energy efficiency improvement projects which reduce energy
consumption on the supply and/or demand side by up to 15
GWh annually.
Other project activities that both reduce emissions by
sources and directly emit less than 15 kt CO2 equivalent
annually.
COP Timeline
The Conference of the Parties (COP), which is the supreme body

of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) meets annually. Countries that have joined the UNFCCC
are referred to as Parties to the Convention. The meetings held
between each COP are known as Intersessional meetings.
Below is a timeline of Conferences of the Parties (COPs) since
COP 13 in 2007, which marked the start of a new negotiating process
and set out guidance and direction to enhance international
climate change cooperation.
What is Carbon Footprint ?
A carbon footprint is defined as the total set of greenhouse gas
(GHG) emissions caused by an organization, event, product or
person. Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land
clearance and the production and consumption of food, fuels,
manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads and buildings. For
simplicity of reporting, it is often expressed in terms of amount
of carbon dioxide or its equivalent of other GHGs emitted. An
individuals, nations or organizations carbon footprint can be
measured by undertaking a GHG emissions assessment or other
calculative activities denoted as carbon accounting.
Climate Change
COP 13 , Bali,
Indonesia 2007
G-97
The conference culminated in outcomes in a wide-range of areas including decisions on adaptation, reducing emission
from deforestation and degradation and technology transfer. However, the main focus of the conference was on long-term
cooperation post-2012 when the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol expires
COP 14 ,Poznan,
It concluded with a commitment to shape an effective international response to climate change to be agreed at COP 15 in
Poland 2008
Copenhagen at the end of 2009.
The main focus in Poznan was on long-term cooperation and the post-2012 period when the first commitment period of
the Kyoto Protocol expires.
COP 15 ,
It marked the culmination of a 2-year negotiating process which was launched at COP 13. Under the Bali Road Map, a
Copenhagen,
framework for international climate change cooperation beyond 2012 was expected to be agreed at this session.
Denmark , 2009
However, a new climate change treaty was not reached and there was a failure to deliver on any strong commitments. A
political agreement, the Copenhagen Accord, was drafted by a small group of countries including the United States, China,
South Africa, India and Brazil and was not based on the texts which had been d eveloped in both tracks of the negotiations.
COP 16 , Cancun,
It formalised measures contained in the Copenhagen Accord and ended with the adoption of a package of decisions which
Mexico 2010
are referred to as the Cancun Agreements. The Agreements provide a framework from which to develop a comprehensive
international response to climate change and bring the key elements of the Copenhagen Accord under the UNFCCC.
Parties agreed for the first time to maintain global temperatures increases below an average of two degrees Celsius. This
is subject to review in 2015 and emission pledges of individual countries are included as an annex to the agreement.
However, the pledges contained the Cancun Agreements are not legally binding, i.e. there is no obligation to act, and the
pledges made do not match with the two degree Celsius target.
The Agreements also establish a registry for Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) by developing countries.
NAMAs where countries require international support in the form of technology, finance or capacity building will be
recorded in the registry.
Delegates set out to adopt the agenda and organisation of work to enable both the AWGs to achieve their mandates in the
Intersessional
lead up to COP 17 in Durban.
Meeting ,
Bangkok, Thailand Parties agreed an agenda to work towards an outcome at COP 17 in Durban. They agreed that this outcome will address
both the implementation of the Cancun Agreements and issues that were not resolved at Cancun but that are part of the
April 2011
Bali Action Plan that was agreed in 2007.
The conference included the third part of the 16th session of the AWG-KP and the third part of the 14th session of the
Climate Change
Conference, Bonn, AWG-LCA.
The focus of the AWG-KP was on a second commitment period under the Kyoto Protocol. Parties focused on further
Germany,
clarifying the options concerning mitigation targets, the possible nature and content for a second commitment period,
June 2011
and the role of a possible second commitment period within a balanced outcome in Durban. Parties were able to finalise
some of the technical issues under the Kyoto Protocol.
Japan, Canada and the Russian Federation are not willing to sign up for a second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol.
The EU has said that it will agree to a second commitment period as long as delegates at COP17 agree to a mandate for a
path forward for a legally-binding instrument under the Convention.
COP 17 , Durban,
Among the decisions reached at the conference was the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. Under the Durban
South Africa 2011 Platform, Parties agreed to seek a universal legally binding agreement on climate change no later than 2015, allowing
entry into force by 2020. Work on this will be under a new group called the Ad Hoc Working group on the Durban Platform
for Enhanced Action.
An important issue for developing countries is that a legally binding climate agreement will not hamper their right to
development. This, coupled with concerns about equity, was Indias key concern in the closing stages of COP17.
COP 18 , Doha,
COP 18 was set against the backdrop of Hurricane Sandy and Typhoon Bopha it was hoped these examples of the devastating
Qatar 2012
impact of climate change could provide the impetus for bold action. While never expected to be radical, it was hoped that
COP18 would make some progress towards decisive action to combat climate change and safeguard the most vulnerable.
Much of the work of this COP could be considered procedural in nature. However, the COP did succeed in finalising and
closing down two work streams initiated in Bali in 2007 the Ad hoc working group on the Kyoto Protocol (KP) and the Ad
hoc working group on long term cooperative action (LCA).
The Kyoto Protocol will now enter a second commitment period albeit with too few countries participating but it keeps the
rules based system of the KP alive for 8 more years while Parties work on a successor. The closing of these work programmes will
also free up valuable time to allow for work on the Durban platform (ADP) to deepen and intensify.
COP19 Warsaw,
The UN Conference on Climate Change 2013 concluded with negotiating countries reaching a compromise on how to combat
Poland 2013
global warming. They came out of the long standing impasse by approving a way out for a new global climate treaty to be
signed in Paris in 2015. The Kyoto Protocol is valid till 2020. Keeping this in view.the global agreement has to be agreed on by
2015 and in force by 2020, which made it imperative that delegates thrash out a large part of the draft version this year (2013)
for consideration at next years COP-20 in Lima, Peru. Major decisions adopted at this conference include decisions on further
advancing the Durban Platform, the Green Climate Fund and Long-Term Finance, the Warsaw Framework for REDD Plus, the
Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage and other decisions.
G- 98
Trade Ministers Meeting

On the sidelines of UNFCCC, while tackling the global issues of
climate change, Trade Ministers felt the need to keep in mind
common but differentiated responsibility with reference to
capability and adaptation issues. In addition, the Trade Ministers
emphasized on the WTO principles of non-discrimination,
transparency, special and differentiated treatment, rule-based
but not sanction-based method with science as the basis. The
trade ministers agreed that the relationship between environment
objectives with global trade needs further analysis, studies and
empirical evidence. In this regard, issues which require to be
kept in mind are barriers to trade in environmental goods and
services, role of transfer of technology, role of IPRs, subsidies,
Government procurement agreement under effective market
based trade regime with developmental objectives. There is a need
to minimize adverse social and economic impact with no arbitrary
and unjustified discrimination. Since, climate change has influence
on development, the Ministers sought to successfully conclude
environment negotiations under the principles of multilateral
trading system. While doing so, they agreed to focus on technology
transfer on low carbon techniques, building capacity and arrange
aid for trade while avoiding discrimination. They also agreed to
focus in the negotiations on sustainable forestry products and
bio-fuels. As a way forward, the Ministers will continue to work
with commitment and trust to recognizing the mutual benefit of
climate change objectives and international trading principles.
They agreed to arrange to get analytics and studies conducted.
The Accra Declaration, 25 April, 2008 of UNCTAD also states that
Climate change adaptation and mitigation need to be urgently
addressed, in accordance with the provisions and principles of the
UNFCCC and adequate financing and technology will be critical to
help developing countries to rise to the challenge.
What is COP ?
Since the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change entered into force in 1995, the Conference of the Parties
(COP) to the UNFCCC have been meeting annually to assess
progress in dealing with climate change.
The COP adopts, decisions and resolutions, published in
reports of the COP. Successive decision taken by the COP make up
a detailed set of rules for practical and effective implementation
of the convention.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC)
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a
scientific intergovernmental body tasked with reviewing and
assessing the most recent scientific, technical and socio-economic
information produced worldwide relevant to the understanding of
climate change. It provides the world with a clear scientific view on
the current state of climate change and its potential environmental
and socio-economic consequences, notably the risk of climate

change caused by human activity. The panel was established in
1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and
the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), two
organizations of the United Nations.
The IPCC does not carry out its own original research, nor
does it do the work of monitoring climate or related phenomena
itself. A main activity of the IPCC is publishing special reports
on topics relevant to the implementation of the UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), an international treaty
that acknowledges the possibility of harmful climate change.
Implementation of the UNFCCC led eventually to the Kyoto
Protocol. The IPCC bases its assessment mainly on peer reviewed
and published scientific literature. The IPCC is only open to
member states of the WMO and UNEP. IPCC reports are widely
cited in almost any debate related to climate change. National and
international responses to climate change generally regard the UN
climate panel as authoritative.
The stated aims of the IPCC are to assess scientific information
relevant to:
1. Human induced climate change,
2. The impacts of human induced climate change,
3. Options for adaptation and mitigation.
Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
The forest carbon partnership facility is a global partnership of
governments, businesses, Civil Society, and Indigenous people
focused on reducing emissions from deforestation and forest
degradation, forest carbon stock conservation, the sustainable
management of forest, and the enhancement of forest carbon
stocks in in developing Countries (Activities Commonly referred
to as REDD+).
Q. With reference to Forest Carbon Partnership Facility, which
of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses,
civil society and indigenous peoples.
2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual
scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry
research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation
technologies for sustainable forest management.
3. It assists the countries in their REDD+ (Reducing
Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)
efforts by providing them with financial and technical
assistance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(UPSC-2015)
Indias Actions on Climate Change

India has a very comprehensive framework of legal and institutional
mechanisms in the region to respond to the tremendous
challenges to the environment it is facing, owing to population
Climate Change
growth, poverty and illiteracy augmented by urbanization and
industrial development. India is one of the leading developing
country in so far as having incorporated into its Constitution the
specific provisions for environmental protection. Article 48A of
the Constitution of India provides that the State shall endeavour
to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the
forests and wild life of the country. Similarly, Article 51A (g) makes
it obligatory for every citizen of India, to protect and improve the
natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life,
and to have compassion for living creatures. Despite the fact that
Indias contributions to greenhouse gas emissions are very small,
the Government of India has taken many measures to improve the
situation in this regard. India has initiated several climate-friendly
measures, particularly in the area of renewable energy. It has one
of the most active renewable energy programmes besides having
a dedicated Ministry for non-conventional energy sources. India
had adopted the National Environment Policy 2006, and has
also taken many other measures and policy initiatives.
National Action Plan on Climate Change
As a part of voluntary actions to address climate change related

concerns, India launched its National Action Plan on Climate
Change (NAPCC) on 30th June 2008. The National Action Plan
stresses that maintaining a high growth rate is essential for
increasing living standards of the vast majority of people of
India and reducing their vulnerability of the impacts of climate
change. The Action Plan outlines a national strategy that aims
at enabling the country adapt to climate change and enhances
the ecological sustainability of Indias development path. Eight
National Missions (National Solar Mission, National Mission on
Enhanced Energy Efficiency, National Mission on Sustainable
Habitat, National Water Mission, National Mission for sustaining
the Himalayan Ecosystem, National Mission for a Green India,
National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture and National Mission
on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change) form the core of the
National Action Plan on Climate Change. Prime Ministers Council
on Climate Change has approved the Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission that envisages generation of 20000 mw of solar
power by 2020. This Mission was launched by the Prime Minister in
New Delhi on 11 January 2010. The National Mission for Enhanced
Energy Efficiency, coordinated by the Ministry of Power, has also
been approved. Required legislative and administrative measures
are being put in place so as to implement the Mission. Drafts of
other Missions have been prepared and are at various stages of
consideration. The Green India project, launched by the Ministry
with a view to cover six million hectares of degraded forestland
through afforestation measures, is an important contribution to
the objectives of the National Action Plan. It forms part of a Green
India Mission announced under the NAPCC.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
The Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), defined in Article 12

of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a country with an emission-reduction
or emission limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to
implement emission-reduction project in developing countries.
India has participated effectively in the Clean Development
Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. The National CDM
G-99
Authority functions in the Ministry of Environment and Forests to

evaluate and recommend CDM projects for host country approval.
CDM is an important subject of negotiations under Kyoto
Protocol. India has argued that it should be strengthened and
continued in the 2nd commitment period of the Protocol from
2013 as it has supported sustainable development in developing
countries, while helping the developed countries meet their
emission reduction targets.
Indias National Communication to United

Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)
India is a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC), the objective of which is to achieve
stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system. The Convention enjoins
Parties to communicate information about the implementation
of the Convention, taking into account the common but
differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities and their
specific regional and national development priorities, objectives
and circumstances. Article 12 of the Convention relates to the
communication of information pertaining to implementation in
accordance with Article 4 (1) of the Convention, whereby each
Party is required to communicate to the Conference of the Parties.
The elements of information in the communication are provided in
the context of national circumstances and include:
A national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by
sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases
not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, to the extent its
capacities permit, using comparable methodologies to be
promoted and agreed upon by the Conference of Parties;
A general description of steps taken to implement
the Convention including an assessment of impacts,
vulnerability due to climate change and associated
adaptation needs, and
Any other information that the Party considers relevant to the
achievement of the objective of the Convention and suitable
for inclusion in its communication, including, if feasible,
material relevant for calculations of global emission trends.
Towards fulfilment of obligation under the UNFCCC, India
submitted its Initial National Communication (NATCOM I) to the
UNFCCC Secretariat in June 2004, within three years of receipt
of financial support from the Global Environment Facility (GEF).
India is now in the process of preparing its second national
communication (NATCOM II) to the UNFCCC.
Green Climate Fund
The Green climate Fund (GCF) was adopted as a financial
mechanism of the UN Framework Convention to climate change
(UNFCCC) at the end of 2011. It aims to make an ambitious
contribution to attainign the mitigation and adoption goals of
the International Community over time it expected to become
the main multilateral Financing mechanism to support climate
action in developing Countries.
G- 100
Q. Which of the statements regarding Green Climate Fund is/

are correct?
1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in
adaption and mitigation practices to counter climate
change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian
Development Bank and World Bank.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
(UPSC-2015)
The institutions responsible for undertaking research activities
on various components viz., climate change scenarios, national
level study on impacts and vulnerability, socio-economic impact
and extreme events and adaptation response to climate change in
the States of Orissa and Madhya Pradesh are given as follows.
Name of the Institutions
Area of Research
Indian Institute of
Technology, Delhi.
Linking water and agriculture in river

basins: Impact of climate change.
Indian Institute of Tropical

Meteorology, Pune
Development and dissemination

of high resolution climate change
scenario
Winrock International
India, Delhi
Assessment of state level

vulnerability and adaptation a case study in Orissa
Development Alternative,
New Delhi
State level vulnerability and

adaptation assessment a study
in Madhya Pradesh.
Indian Institute of
Socio-Economics
Management, Ahmedabad
Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment

(INCCA)
This programme was launched on 14th October 2009. It is a network
based programme to be coordinated by this Ministry to undertake
more ambitious programme of climate change assessment. This has
been an endeavour, bringing together Institutions and Scientists
from across the country. The results of the various studies are
being undertaken to enhance understanding of the phenomenon
of climate change and its impact on various sectors of the Indian
economy and society. This programme will cover significant aspect
related to climate change, including, for example, the study of
black carbon and the impact of climate change on glaciers and on
rainfall patterns.
Ozone Layer Protection
Ozone, a tri-atomic molecule is formed naturally in the

upper level of the Earths atmosphere by high-energy
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. The radiation
breaks down oxygen molecules, releasing free atoms,
some of which bond with other oxygen molecules to form
ozone. About 90 percent of all ozone formed in this way
lies between fifteen and fifty five kilometers above the

Earths surface, called the stratosphere.
The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs all the harmful
UV radiations emanating from the Sun. It protects plant
and animal life from UV radiation. The UV radiation has
the potential to cause skin cancer, eye cataract, suppress
bodys immune system, decrease crop yield etc. which
led to the adoption of the Vienna Convention for the
Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985 and the Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in
1987 along with its four Amendments. In India, provisions
of the Montreal Protocol and its London Amendment
came into effect from 17 September, 1992. India also
ratified the Copenhagen Amendment (1992), the Montreal
Amendment (1997) and the Beijing Amendment (1999) on
3 March, 2003.
India was self sufficient in production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). India was mainly producing and using
nine of the ninty five substances controlled under the
Montreal Protocol. These are CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC- 113,
Carbontetrachloride (CTC), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons-22
(HCFC-22), Halon-1211, Halon-1301, methyl chloroform
and methyl bromide. These Ozone Depleting Substances
(ODS) are used in refrigeration and air conditioning, foams,
fire fighting, aerosol, fumigation and cleaning applications etc.
The Government of India has entrusted the work relating
to the Ozone layer protection and implementation of the
Montreal Protocol to the Ministry.
A detailed India Country Programme for phase out of ODS
was prepared in 1993 to ensure the phase out of ODS
according to the National Industrial Development Strategy,
without undue burden to the consumers and the industry
and for accessing the Protocols Financial Mechanism in
accordance with the requirements stipulated in the Montreal
Protocol. The Country Programme was updated in 2006.
The Ministry has set up the Ozone Cell as a National Ozone Unit
to look after and to render necessary services to implement
the Protocol and its ODS phase-out programme in India. The
Ministry has established an Empowered Steering Committee
(ESC) Chaired by the Secretary (E&F) which is supported by
the Standing Committees. These Committees are responsible
for the implementation of the Montreal Protocol provisions,
review of various policy and implementation options, project
approval and project monitoring.
National Green Tribunal

The National Green Tribunal has been established on 18th Oct 2010
under the National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 for effective and
expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection
and conservation of forests and other natural resources including
enforcement of any legal right relating to environment and giving
relief and compensation for damages to persons and property
and for matters connected therewith or incidental there to. It is
a specialized body equipped with the necessary expertise to
handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues.
The Tribunal shall not be bound by the procedure laid down under
the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, but shall be guided by principles
of natural justice.
Climate Change
Q. The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in
consonance with which of the following provisions of the
Constitution of India?
1. Right to healthy environment construed as a part of
Right to Life under Article 21.
2. Provision of grants for the level of administration in the
Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes
under Article 275(1).
3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned
under Article 243(A).

Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(UPSC-2012)
National Environment Policy, 2006
The National Environment Policy (NEP) 2006 is the first comprehensive policy document formulated at national level for realizing the
overarching goal of sustainable development in the country. It
does not displace but builds on earlier policies. It is the outcome
of extensive consultations with experts, governments, industry
associations, academic and research institutions, civil society,
NGOs and the public. The NEP outlines the significance of a number
of new and continuing initiatives for enhancing environmental
conservation which requires coordinated action of diverse actors
and stakeholders at all levels.
Some Specific Energy Sector Initiatives

These are as follows:
Introduction of CNG for public and private transport in

metropolitan areas;
Improving quality of transportation fuels;
Raising share of public transport, building Delhi Metro and
Metro in other cities like Bangalore.
A major bio-diesel programme. Five percent blending of
ethanol in petrol-to increase in the next phase;
Cleaner fuels for power generation. Raising thermal
efficiency of coal plants;
National programme on coal washing, in-situ coal
gasification, Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
(IGCC), Coal bed and Mine-mouth methane and Hydrogen
energy;
50,000 MW hydropower initiatives including over 50
percent from Run of River Operation (ROR) projects to be
accomplished by 2012.
Some of the major schemes/policies significantly addressing
adaptation objectives are as follows:
Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (rural selfemployment program)
Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (comprehensive rural
employment scheme)
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (Prime Ministers rural
roads program)
G-101
National Rural Health Mission

Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme
Desert Development Programme
Major and Medium Irrigation
Sustainability of Dryland/Rainfed Farming System
Disaster Management
Renewables
India has a very active programme to promote the use of renewable
energy. Some salient features of the current renewables situation
are given source-wise. Indias renewable energy installed capacity
has grown from 3.9 G.W. in 2002-03 to about 31.7 G.W. in March
2014. The target is to install 175 GW renewable energy capacity by
2022.
Solar
Photovoltaic systems based on solar energy have been

put to a variety of uses in rural electrification, railway
signalling, microwave repeaters, power to border outposts
and TV transmission and reception.
Grid-connected PV power plants with an aggregate
capacity of 1900 kWp have been set up for demand-side
management or tail-end voltage support.
A 140 MW integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) plant
is being set up based on solar thermal technology and
liquified natural gas.
Solar lanterns, home- and street-lighting systems, standalone power plants, and pumping systems are being
promoted.
Wind Energy
India is now the fifth largest wind power producer in the

world after U.S.A. Germay, Spain and China
A total capacity of 21,132 M.W. has been established up to
March 2014 in the country.
95% of installed wind power capacity is in the private
sector. State-of-the-art wind power systems are also
being manufactured in the country. In fact, wind turbine
equipment is also being exported to other developing and
developed countries.
Biogas
Biomass power generation plants of a total capacity

of about 358 MW have been installed and gasification
systems of a total capacity of 12.63 MW have been set up
for decentralized energy application.
In rural areas, over 3.2 million biogas plants and 33 million
improved stoves have been installed.
Small Hydro
The total installed capacity of small hydropower projects

is 3395 MW.
In addition to these, projects with an aggregate capacity
of about 15 MW have been completed using energy
recovered from urban, municipal and industrial waste.
G- 102
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
India is alive to the importance of improving the efficiency

of energy usage and conservation measures.
A Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) has been set up to put
into operation, conservation measures such as energy
standards, labelling of equipment/appliances, building
energy codes, and energy audits.
Transport
A major initiative has been the upgradation of vehicular

emission norms. A norm called the Bharat 2000, similar to
Euro I norms were implemented throughout the country
on 1 April 2000 for all categories of vehicles manufactured
in India.
Emission standards (Bharat Stage II) for motor cars and
passenger vehicles came into force in the national capital
region (NCR) on 1.4.2000 and has been extended to
Mumbai, Chennnai and Kolkata. Apart from reducing
pollution locally, these norms result in increased energy
efficiency and therefore reduced GHG emissions.
Awareness and training programmes have been
undertaken to educate drivers.
The commercial manufacture of battery-operated vehicles
has begun in India. This will promote low/no carbon
emitting vehicles.
In Delhi, large-scale switching has taken place from petrol
and diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG) with over
50,000 vehicles having already been converted.
Q. Regarding carbon credits, which one of the following

statements is not correct?
(a) The carbon credit system was ratified in conjunction
with the Kyoto Protocol.
(b) Carbon credits are awarded to countries or groups that have
reduced greenhouse gases below their emission quota.
(c) The goal of the carbon credit system is to limit the
increase of carbon dioxide emission.
(d) Carbon credits are traded at a price fixed from time to
time by the United Nations Environment Programme.
(UPSC-2011)
Carbon Sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the capture and secure storage

of carbon that would otherwise be emitted to or remain in the
atmosphere. The idea is
To prevent carbon emissions produced by human activities
from reaching the atmosphere by capturing and diverting
them to secure storage.
or
To remove carbon from the atmosphere by various means
and storing it in the soil.
This is done by planting trees/increasing the tree cover.
Indias Prospects
Industry
This sector has made significant advances in the conservation

of energy. Government policies, campaigns by associations of
industry and strategic decisions by firms have all contributed to
sizeable improvements in the intensity of energy use in industries.
The major energy-consuming sectors are: steel, cement,
caustic soda, brick, aluminium and electric power generation.
Carbon Credits
In accordance with the Kyoto protocol, consumers of fossil fuels

are assigned CO2 emission levels. In many cases, achieving these
emission levels require massive up gradation or revamping of
facilities; incurring costs too huge to justify the investment. Such
parties are allowed to pay others to store carbon for them in
exchange for the right to release carbon in excess of their limits
into the atmosphere. This forms the basis of carbon credits.
The concept of carbon credits involves buying carbon units
mainly in tons from a middle entity that aggregates contracts from
suppliers (farmers) who meet the criteria of carbon sequestration
through adoption of conservation practices. The carbon units are
then sold to a buyer in the industrial sector needing to offset the CO2
emitted to the atmosphere through their manufacturing activities.
Carbon credits can form a massive source of revenue for the
developing world. However this requires that carbon sequestration
is adopted on a large scale in these regions. Carbon sequestration
is the process by which carbon credits can be earned and
subsequently traded in the world market.
India has a huge advantage when it comes to the carbon

credits market. In the new regime, the country could
emerge as one of the largest beneficiaries accounting
for 25 per cent of the total world carbon trade, says a
recent World Bank report. The countrys dominance in
carbon trading is expected to be driven, not so much
by the domestic industry, but more by its huge tracts of
plantation land, estimated to be over 15 million hectares,
much larger than Australia which aims to be a major player
in emission trading by adding 2 million hectare plantation
by 2020.
Seeing the importance of the prospects in the Indian
market, World Bank entered into an agreement with
Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC) in
2002 wherein IDFC was given the task of handling carbon
finance operations in the country for various carbon
finance facilities. World Bank also earmarked an initial
investment of $ 10 million aid carbon finance to IDFCfinanced projects that meet all the required eligibility and
due diligence standards.
Identifying the opportunities the Indian industry has
already taken proactive measures. A large number of
domestic companies have initiated projects in diverse
areas such as energy efficiency, co-generation, natural gas
alternative fuels and hydel power. But the potential is still
untapped. Currently, there are only about 225 projects in
India which are moving towards taking advantage of this
concept as compared to the current global requirement of
350-500 million tones of additional carbon credits.
Climate Change
G-103
Important Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) Ratified by India

MEAs
Year
Date of ratification
by India
Convention on Wetlands of International
1971
11/02/1982
Conservation and wise use of wetlands, primarily as habitat of water
Importance
Convention on the protections of world
1972
04/11/1977
birds
Protection and conservation of cultural and natural heritage
cultural and natural heritage

Convention on international trade in
1973
20/07/1976
International trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna
Endangered species
Bonn convention on migratory species of
1979
1/11/1983
Conservation management and wise use of migratory species of wild
wild animals
Vienna Convention for Protection of the
1985
18/03/1991
animals and their habitat

Protection of atmospheric ozone layer above the planetary boundary
Ozone Layer
Montreal Protocol on Substances that
1987
19/06/1992
layer
Protection of atmospheric ozone layer above the planetary boundary
Deplete the Ozone Layer

Basel Convention on Transboundary
1989
24/06/1992
layer
Regulation of transboundary movements of hazardous wastes and
Issues covered
their disposal
Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

their Disposal
United Nations Framework Convention
1992
1/11/1993
Changes in the earths climate system due to anthropogenic
on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC
1997
26/8/2002
interference
Quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments for Annex
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Cartagena Protocol on Bio safety to the
1992
2000
18/2/1994
11/09/2003
I Parties
Biological diversity and biological resources
Regulation of trans boundary movement, transit, handling and use of
CBD
United Nations Convention to Combat
1994
17/12/1996
living modified organisms (LMOs)

Combating desertification and mitigate the effects of drought,
Desertification
Rotterdam Convention on the Prior
1998
24/5/2005
particularly in Africa
Promote shared responsibility and cooperative efforts among the
Informed Consent Procedure for Certain
Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals, in
Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in
order to protect human health and the environment from potential
International Trade
Stockholm Convention on Persistent
Organic Pollutants
2001
13/1/2006
harm and to contribute to their environmentally sound use

Protect human health and the environment from persistent organic
pollutants
What is Carbon Credit?

Carbon Credit is a permit that allows the holder to emit one ton of carbon dioxide. Credits are
awarded to countries or groups that have reduced their green house gases below their emission
quota. Carbon credits can be traded in the international market at their current market price.
The carbon Credit system was ratified in conduction with the Kyoto Protocol. Its goal is to stop the
increase of carbon dioxide emissions
For example, if an environmentalist group plants enough trees to reduce emissions by one ton, the
group will be warded a credit. If a steel producer has an emissions quota of 10 tons, but is expecting
to produce 11 tons, it could purchase this carbon credit from the environmental group. The carbon
credit system looks to reduce emissions by having countries honour their emission quotas and offer
incentives for being below them.
G- 104

Earth Hour
Earth Hour is a worldwide movement for the planent organized

by the World Wide fund for nature (WWF). The event is held
worldwide annually encouraging Individuals, Communities,
households and businesses to turn off their non-essential lights
for one house, from 8:30 to 9:30 P.M towards the end fo March,
as a Symbol for their Commitment to the planet. It was famously
started as a light-off event in Sydney, Australlia in 2007. Since
than it has grown to engage more than 7000 cities and towns
world wide. Today, Earth Hour engages a massive mainstream
Community on a broad range of enviromental Issues. The onemore event Continnes to remain the key driver of the non large
movement.
2.
3.
4.
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Earth Hour :

1. It is an initiative of UNEP and UNESCO.
2. It is a movement in which the participants switch off
the lights for one hour on a certain day every year.
3. It is a movement to raise the awareness about the
climate change and the need to save the planet.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
(UPSC-2014)
SelfEvaluation Test
1.
Stray animals shall not be allowed to move

around waste storage facilities or at any
other place in city/town is a provision of
(a) Environmental Protection Act, 1986

(b) Municipal Corporation Act, 1957
(c) Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1999
(d) None of the above
Ans. (b)
What is green house effect ?
(a) It is rapid global heating
(b) It is the rise in temperature on earth as certain
gases in the atmosphere trap energy
(c) It is dramatic increase in greenhouse emissions
Ans. (b)
The ongoing accumulation of greenhouse gases
causes increasing global warming which in turn
causes
1. extensive destruction of ozone in the polar
regions
2. Increases the UV-radiation
3. a reduction of the gigantic carbon dioxide
trapping
mechanism
of
the
oceanic
phytoplankton biomass
Select the correct answer using the codes given
below:
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3
Ans. (a)
Anticipated health effect due to ozone layer
depletion is
(a) increase in the skin cancer
(b) increase in the eye cataracts
(c) reduction in the growth of ocean phytoplankton
(d) all the above
Ans. (d)
5.
The major stratospheric ozone layer event (the ozone

hole) over Antarctica was discovered in
(a) 1982
(b) 1985
(c) 1995
(d) 2005
Ans. (c)
6. The Environment Protection Act was passed in
(a) 1992
(b) 1986
(c) 1984
(d) 1976
Ans. (b)
7. Which of the following is a ozone depleting gas ?
(a) CFC-11
(b) CFC-12
(c) N2O
(d) All the above
Ans. (d)
8. Apart from audits, other management strategies for
hazardous waste management include
(a) life cycle analysis
(b) volume reduction
(c) recycling and reuse
(d) all the above
Ans. (d)
9.
Which of the following Act is the first legislation in postindependence India which deals with environmental
pollution caused by municipal solid wastes ?
(a) Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling)
Rules, 2000.
(b) Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1957
(c) Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1986
(d) Delhi Municipal Corporation Act, 1988
Ans. (b)
10. Which of the following is not a provision of Municipal
Corporation Act regarding collection of municipal
solid wastes ?
(a) Organising house to house collection of garbage
(b) Wastes from salughterhouses, fruits and vegetable
markets which are biodegradable in nature shall be
managed to make use of such wastes
(c) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt
Ans. (d)
Multiple Choice Questions

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Which of the following is associated with the Milankovitch

theory of climate change?
(a) Eccentricity of earth orbit
(b) Precession of earth axis
(c) Obliquity of earth axis
(d) All of the above
The monocultivation of large paddy field is responsible for
emission of a green house gas. Idenitify the green house gas
which is released from paddy field.
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Methane
(c) CFC
(d) Nitrogen oxide
Along with water vapour, .. is largely
responsible for the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere
which ultimately gives rise to climate change in earth system.
(a) Calcium
(b) Oxygen
(c) Carbon Monoxide
(d) Carbon dioxide
The oxygen isotope measurements are made from an analysis
of ice core. This experiment is caused for determining
(a) Global warming
(b) Ozone depletion
(c) Climate change
(d) Environmental degradation
Which one of the following is not a significant cause of
climate change?
(a) Continental drift
(b) Volcano eruption
(c) Deforestation
(d) Weathering of rock
Which of the following analysis help scientist to discover
how climate has changed over a period of time?
(a) Hydrogen isotope analysis
(b) Oxygen isotope analysis
(c) Radium isotope analysis
(d) Uranium isotope analysis
The Volcanic eruption leads to climate change because
(a) it produces hot magmatic materials like volcanic bomb,
ash etc
(b) it produces volcanic ash of unique chemical makeup
(c) it produces adequate amount of water vapour which is
responsible for climate change
(d) none of the above
Oxygen isotope analysis techniques are used to find climate
change over a period of time, this analysis measures the
(a) Oxygen content of Lithosphere
(b) Oxygen content of hydrosphere
(c) Ratio of two different types of oxygen atoms ie isotopes
in ice core
(d) Rate of oxygen formation
Which of the following is a possible consequence of a green
house effect?
(a) A rise in sea level of ocean
(b) A change in forest productivity
(c) A change in weather pattern
10. Which one of the following is a significant contributor to

increased levels of atmospheric methane?
(a) Deforestation
(b) Large rice field
(c) Volcano eruption
(d) Air Conditioners leakage
11. The energy generation from coal and petroleum is a major
source of which of the following green house gas?
(a) CFCs (Chloro Fluro Carbons)
(b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Ozone
(d) Carbon Monoxide
12. The techniques used for the measurement of climate change
is/are
1. Radioactive dating
2. Isotope age dating
3. Dendroclimatology
4. Satellite measurement
Identify the correct answer
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1, 2 and 3
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
13. The ratio of the stable isotope of oxygen O16:O18 is used to
measure
(a) Global cooling
(b) Climate change
(c) Ozone Hole
(d) Acid Rain
14. Dendroclimatology is used in measurement of climate
change this techniques is based on the principle of
(a) Analysis of O16: O18 isotope in ice core.
(b) Counting annual rings produced in tree.
(c) Study of atmosphere execution
(d) Ocean-atmosphere interaction
15. The COP-17 meeting was held in December 2011 at
(a) New Delhi
(b) Bali
(c) Durban
(d) Lyons
16. Which of the following protocol/summit is related to climate
change?
(a) Kyoto protocol
(b) Bali summit
(c) Copenhagen summit
17. Water vapour emits from volcanoes is responsible for
(a) Global cooling
(b) Thermal induction
(c) Global warming
(d) Ozone depletion
18. The Global warming potential (GWP) of methane is .
times than carbon dioxide
(a) Five
(b) Twenty-three
(c) Ten
(d) Twenty
19. The concentration of ozone in stratosphere is measured in
(a) Kilometer
(b) meter
(c) Dobsun unit
(d) Decibel unit
20. The height of troposphere at equator is approximately
(a) 8 km
(b) 10 km
(c) 5 km
(d) 18 km
21. The incomplete deposition by anaerobic bacteria produce
a gas which has twenty three times more global warming
potential than carbon divide is
(a) Chloro fluoro carbon
(b) Methane
(c) Water vapor
(d) Nitrogen oxide
G- 106
22. Identify the causes of climate change from the choices given
below
1. Volcanic eruption
2. Sunspots and solar activity
3. Eccentricity of the earth
4. Earth movement
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 1, 2, 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 only
23. The pie chart given below represent the various types of
green house gases responsible for global warming. Identify
the X gas as represented below
Z
X
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
(a) Methane
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Water Vapour
(d) Nitrogen oxide
According is geologists the sulphur dioxide released from
volcanoes is responsible for
(a) Global warming
(b) Ozone layer depletion
(c) Biodiversity depletion
(d) Global cooling
The green house gas responsible for global warming is/are
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Methane
(d) Both (a) and (b)
The concentration of carbon dioxide in atmosphere
(a) 0.99%
(b) 0.03%
(c) 0.33%
(d) 0.09%
Tate Energy Research Institute (TERI) is an autonomous
institution engaged in climate change research. This is
located in which one of the following cities ?
(a) New York, America
(b) Paris, France
(c) New Delhi, India
(d) London, U.K.
The chairman of TERI jointly awarded Nobel prize along with
Al Gore is
(a) Venkataraman
(b) R.K. Pachauri
(c) S.Subbharao
(d) M. S. Swaminathan
Which one of the following is working on Himalayan glacier?
(a) Prof. Hasnain
(b) Prof. V.K. Jain
(c) Prof. Krishan Kumar
(d) Prof. M.S. Swaminathan
The river Brahmputra rises from a glacier in Tibet is known as
(a) Banderpuch glacier
(b) Chemaungdong glacier
(c) Gangotri Glacier
(d) Yamunotri Glacier
Carbon Monoxide (CO) released when incomplete
combustion of carbon takes place, it is a/an:
(a) Green house gas
(b) Environmental pollutant
(c) Ozone depletive substance
(d) Both (b) and (c)
The gas release from mining which is responsible for global
warming is
(a) Carbon monoxide

(b) Ozone
(c) Nitrogen Oxide
(d) Methane
33. Identify from the choices given below the element affecting
the climate
(a) Atmospheric circulation pattern
(b) The hydrological cycle
(c) Atmosphere-ocean interaction
34. Which one of the following method is used for the
measurement of climate change?
(a) Satellite measurement (b) Ice core analysis
(c) Historical database
35. The gas causing maximum destruction of ozone is
(b) Liquid NH3
(a) CH4
(c) SO2
(d) CO
36. Acid rains contain
(a) CO
(b) NO3
(c) O3
(d) SO2, NO2
37. Ozone layer is disturbed by
(a) Automobile exhaust
(b) Spreading of industries
(c) Supersonic jets
38. Green house effect is due to the presence of
(a) Ozone layer in the atmosphere
(b) Infra-red light reaching the earth
(c) CO2 concentration in atmosphere
(d) Moisture content in the atmosphere
39. Lichens do not properly grow in cities because of
(a) Lack of moisture
(b) SO2 pollution
(c) Natural habitat is missing
(d) absence of the right type of algae and fungi
40. Match list I (Academic Institution) with list II (place) and
choose the correct answer:
List I List II
(Academic Institution) (Place)
A. Indian Institute of Forest

1. New Delhi
Management
B. Indira Gandhi Institute of

2. Bengaluru
Development Research (IGIOR)
C. Indian Institute of Science

3. Mumbai
D. Jawaharlal Nehru University
4. Bhopal
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4
3 1 2
(b) 1
2 3 4
(c) 1
2 4 3
(d) 4
3 2 1
41. The Montreal protocol is an international treaty designed to
protect the
(a) The tropospheric ozone layer
(b) The stratospheric ozone layer
(c) The mesospheric ozone layer
(d) The thermospheric ozone layer
42. Approximately 90% of all ozone molecules are found in a
broad band within the stratosphere. This layer of ozone rich
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
air acts as an invisible filter to protect all life forms from overexposure to the suns harmful
(a) Ultraviolet (UV) rays
(b) Infra-red
(c) Microwave
(d) Cosmic rays
A tidal power project is located in
(a) Durgaduani creek in Sundarbans
(b) Buxa reserve of West Bengal
(c) Jalpaigudi area of West Bengal
(d) Chilka lake of Odisha
The Centre for Wind Energy Technology (CWET) has been set up at
(a) New Delhi
(b) Chennai
(c) Mumbai
(d) Kolkata
From the choices given below identify the green house gas
having most global warming potential (GWP) for induction
of global warning:
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Methane
(c) Nitrogen oxide
(d) Chloroflouro carbon
The unit of measurement of ozone concentration at
atmosphere is
(a) Dobson unit
(b) Decibel unit
(c) Hertz
(d) Logrithmic cent
The ozone concentration is maximum at
(a) Troposphere
(b) Stratosphere
(c) Mesosphere
(d) Ionosphere
Climate change is induced by both natural and anthropogenic
factors. The natural factor which induce climate change is/are
(a) volcanic eruption
(b) Eccentricity of earths orbit
(c) Variation in inclination on its axis
The earth revolves in elliptical orbit around the sun. The position
when earth and sun are at greatest distance is known as
(a) Neogee
(b) Apogee
(c) Perigee
(d) Holocene
When sun and earth are as apogee situation, the climatic
condition would be
(a) More solar insulation
(b) Less solar insulation
(c) Constant or mild climate (d) Harsh climate
The global warming potential of carbon dioxide is how many
times those of methane?
(a) 23
(b) 1/23
(c) 25
(d) 1/25
Which one of the following gas in not green house gas and
therefore doesnt involve in climate change
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon monoxide
(c) Methane
(d) Chlorofloro carbon
Identify the gas which is not considered as atmospheric
pollutant but causes climate change ?
(a) Carbon monoxide
(b) Sulphur dioxide
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Hydrogen
The atmosphere is transparent to which one of the following
type of radiation?
(a) Incoming short wave radiation
(b) Long wave radiation
(c) Solar radiation
(d) Both (a) and (c)
G-107
55. Match List I with List II and select the correct answer
List I
List II
(Greenhouse gases)
(% Contribution)
A. CO2
(i) 20%
B. N2O
(ii) 14%
C. CFCs
(iii) 6%
D. CH4
(iv) 60%
Codes:

A B C D
(a) iv
i
iii ii
(b) iv iii
ii
i
(c) iii iv
i ii
(d) ii iii iv i
56. The rainforest alliance has estimated that, globally the main
cause of tropical deforestation is/are
(a) Land clearing for agriculture
(b) Fuel wood collection
(c) Cattle grazing
57. The ice age is recorded as the evidence of climate change.
The ice age last was observed
(a) 18,000 years ago
(b) 10,000 years ago
(c) 2,000 years ago
(d) 4,000 years ago
58. The term little ice age was introduced by
(a) Franois E Malthes
(b) Darwin
(c) Henry Hess
(d) Watson
59. Doing the 20th century, the Sea level rose primarily by the
melting glacier ice and thermal expansion of warmer ocean
water. The sea level during this period rose by
(a) 1020 cm
(b) 25 cm
(c) 1520 cm
(d) 1525 cm
60. Due to global warming, the numbers of following organism
increased its present level
(a) Eichnodermoto
(b) Molluscs
(c) Arthropode
(d) Porifora
61. Which of the following continent is more prone to climate
change?
(a) Asia
(b) Africa
(c) Europe
(d) North America
62. El Nino is a effect of global warming which is observed at
Christmas time. In this phenomena there is warning of
oceanic current and it is observed between
(a) Peru to Darwin point of Australia
(b) France to Hudson Bay of Canada
(c) India to Palk Strait of Sri Lanka
63. In India Geothermal energy harvesting site is located at
(a) Puga valley, Himachal Pradesh
(b) Karakoram Pass, Himalaya
(c) Mysore Palace
64. The headquaters of National Disaster Management Authority
is located at
(a) Mumbai
(b) Delhi
(c) Chennai
(d) Kolkata
G- 108
65. Sunspots are huge magnetic storms that are seen as dark
areas on the suns surface. The number and size of sunspots
show cyclical patterns, reaching a maximum about every
11.90 and
(a) 180 years
(b) 135 years
(c) 150 years
(d) 210 years
66. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer
List I List II
(Gases) (% Abundence)
A. Nitrogen
1. 0.03
B. Oxygen
2. 0.9
C. Carbon dioxide
3. 20.9
D. Argon
4. 78.1
Codes :
A B C D
(a) 1
2 3 4
(b) 2
1 4 3
(c) 4
3 1 2
(d) 4
3 2 1
67. The concentration of gases like methane, nitrous oxide and
chlorofluorocarbons are increasing in the lower atmosphere.
These gases are radiatively active gases called green house
gases because they can
(a) Absorb long wave infrared radiation
(b) Transmit long wave infrared radiation
(c) Transmit short wave infrared radiation
(d) Both (a) and (c)
68. The mean annual temperature of the earth is about 150C,
however, in the absence of green house gases in the
atmosphere ,the earths mean temperature would drop
sharply to about
(a) - 200C
(b) 200C
(c) 100C
(d) 0C
69. The green house gas that produces under anaerobic
conditions is
(a) Nitrogen oxide
(b) CFCs
(c) Carbon dioxide
(d) Methane
70. The greenhouse gas which is a product of man made
substances and synthesize mainly during the 20th century is
(b) CO2
(a) N2O
(c) CFCs
(d) CH4
71. The global warming potential of Nitrous oxide is . times
than that of CO2
(a) 25
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) 200
72. Which one of the following is/are consequences of
deforestation ?
(a) Climate change
(b) Atmospheric pollution
(c) Disruption of the hydrologic cycle
(d) Cycle
73. The first ice age occurred
(a) 2.6 billion years ago
(b) 18,000 years ago
(c) 300 million years ago
(d) 1.3 billion years ago
74. The little ice age was a period of cooling that occured after
the medieval warm period. The reason for little ice age is/are
(a) Change in solar radiation
(b) Increase in intensity of vulcanicity
(c) Changes in the oceanic circulation
75. Livestock farming release which one of the following green

house gas?
(b) CO2
(a) CH4
(d) ICFC
(c) N2O
76. The potential for geothermic energy is located in India at
(a) Himachal Pradesh
(b) Jammu and Kashmir
(c) Uttarakhand
77. Under the Clear Development Mechanism (CDM), Annex-I
countries are
(a) Developing countries
(b) Developed countries
(c) Developed countries and economies in transtition
78. Under the CDM protocol, Annex I countries are required to
reduce GHG emissions to below their
(a) 2000 levels
(b) 1990 levels
(c) 1980 levels
(d) 2010 levels
79. The phenomena of climate change may be due to
(a) Natural internal process or external forces
(b) Persistent anthropogenic change in the composition of
the atmosphere
(c) Increase in concentration of carbon monoxide
80. Climate change is referred as the long term change in global
weather patterns, associated with especially
(a) Increase in temperature
(b) Increase in precipitation
(c) Increase in storm activities
81. The major anthropogenic factor responsible for climate
change is/are
(a) Green house gas emission
(b) Industrialization
(c) Change in composition of atmosphere
82. The infrared variation emitted by earths surface lies in the
range of
(a) 0.2 to 4 check m/s
(b) 4 to 100 lem
(c) 100 to 400
(d) 400 to 400
83. The gas responsible for climate change is nowadays mainly
driven by anthropogenic factor. Among all the green house
gases, the gas having highest global warming potential
(GWP) is
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Nitrous oxide
(c) Methane
(d) Chlorofluro carbons
84. The measurement of climate change can be done by the
help of
(a) Satellite imagery
(b) Ice core sampling
(c) Proxy analysis
85. The uptake and storage of carbon can be taken place by tree
and plants. For example, trees absorb carbon dioxide, release
oxygen and store carbon. This phenomena is known as
(a) Climate change
(b) Global warming
(c) Carbon sequestration
(d) Carbon intensity
86. The mining of coal releases a green house gas, identify the
green house gas
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Methane
(c) Oxygen
(d) Chlorofluoro carbon

87. The global warming potential for HFC-23 is how many times
that of carbon dioxide ?
(a) 23
(b) 296
(c) 12,000
(d) 3,400
88. Methane is a green house gas which is produced by
(a) Anaerobic decomposition of waste in land fills.
(b) Animal digestion, decomposition of animal waste
(c) Production and distribution of natural gas and
petroleum
89. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo ejected enough particulate
and sulfate aerosol matter into the atmosphere to block
some of the incoming solar radiation from reaching earths
atmosphere. This causes
(a) Global warming
(b) Global cooling
(c) Global dimming
(d) None of these
90. Ozone produced in phosphoric is regarded as
(a) Primary pollutants
(b) Secondary pollutants
(c) Tertiary pollutants
(d) Quaternary pollutants
91. Other impact associated with sea level rise due to climate
change includes.
(a) Changes in salinity distribution in estuaries
(b) Altered coastal circulation patterns
(c) Increased pressure on coastal levee systems
92. Coral reef is adversely affected by
(a) Green house gases
(b) Climate Change
(c) Global Cooling
(d) Carbon monoxide
93. There is a serious threat to species living in the Sunderbans
due to sea level rise. The species (mangrove ) threatened due
to the island movement of saline water is
(a) Heritieva fomes
(b) Rhizophora
(c) Magnifeva Indica
(d) Rosa sinesis
94. The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) helps developing
countries fund sustainable development projects that also
protect the global environment. Established in 1991, GEF
focuses on six planet-wide concerns, they are
(a) Biodiversity loss, climate change
(b) International waters, ozone layer depletion
(c) Land degradation and persistent organic pollutants
95. The energy in sun comes from
(a) Nuclear fusion
(b) Nuclear Fission
(c) Nuclear Explosion
96. How can you help slow global warming?
(a) Save Electricity
(b) Plant tree
(c) Recycle, reuse and reduce practice
97. What do scientists study in order to learn more about past
climate?
(a) Sediment
(b) Ice
(c) Tree ring
(d) All
98. The earth rotates on its polar axis, it wobbles like a spinning
top changing the orbital timing of the equinoxes and
solstices. This effect is known as;
(a) Precision
(b) Eccentricity
(c) Obliquity
(d) Tiltetron
G-109
99. The precision of the equinox has a cycle of approximately

(a) 13,000 years
(b) 26,000 years
(c) 43,000 years
(d) 86,000 years
100. The green house gas emits from volcanic eruption is
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Water vapour
(c) Sulphur dioxide
(d) Lava
101. The gas emits from volcano, which is responsible for global
cooling is
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) Water vapour
(c) Sulphur dioxide
(d) Methane
102. Numerical climatic models predicts that a change in solar
output of only 1% percentury would alter the earths average
temperature by between
(a) 1.5 to 2.0 Celsius
(b) 0.5 to 1 Celsius
(c) 2.00 to 2.5 Celsius
103. The Himalayan glacier is melting at fast rate due to
(a) Global warming
(b) Global dimming
(c) Ozone hole
104. The residence time for carbon dioxide in atmosphere is
(a) 100 years
(b) 12 years
(c) 114 years
(d) 50 years
105. Agriculture soil releases which one of the following gas?
(b) N2O
(a) CH4
(d) CO
(c) CO2
106. The municipal solid waste is major source of emission of
which one of the following gases ?
(b) N2O
(a) CH4
(c) SO2
107. Match List I with List II and choose the correct answer.
List I
List II
(Emission Category)
(Gas)
A. Coal Mining
1. Water vapour
B. Forest land
2. N2O
C. Municipal waste
3. CO2
D. Volcanoes
4. CH4
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1
2 3 4
(b) 1
2 4 3
(c) 4
3 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
108. Among the transport sector, maximum amount of green
houses gas is released by
(a) Road
(b) Navigation
(c) Railway
(d) Aviation
109. In India the major source of N2O emission is
(a) Agriculture
(b) Energy
(c) Industry
(d) Solid waste
110. In India, major source of methane emissions is
(a) Agriculture
(b) Waste
(c) Energy
(d) Industry
111. The major green house gas emission sector in India is
(a) Energy
(b) Industry
(c) Agriculture
(d) Waste
112. Arrange the following sector in terms of increasing order of
green house gas emission.

Energy, industry, agriculture, waste
G- 110
(a) Waste, agriculture, industry, energy

(b) Waste, industry, agriculture energy
(c) Industry, waste, agriculture, energy
(d) Industry, energy, agriculture, waste
113. Cow dung is an important source of which one of the
following green house gas ?
(b) CO2
(a) CH4
(c) CO
(d) N2O
114. Oil and natural gas release
(a) Methane
(b) Carbon dioxide
(c) Carbon monoxide
115. The burning of crop residue is mainly produced by
(a) Methane and Nitrous oxide
(b) CO2 and carbon monoxide
(c) CH4, CO2 and water vapour
116. The photochemical activity is greatest at
(a) the infra-red end
(b) violet end
(c) visible region
117. Stratosphere is devoid of weather phenomenon because
(a) all the atmosphere ozone is present in this layer
(b) it is free from moisture and dust
(c) it has a maximum temperature of 2C
(d) the harmful radiations are absorbed by ozone in this
layer
118. Which of the following is a renewable resource ?
(a) Minerals
(b) Forests
(c) Soil
(d) Underground water
119. Ozone is a powerful oxidant, it oxidizes most metals and
non-metals except
(a) platinum
(b) gold
(b) diamond
(d) both (a) and (b)
120. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Smog occurs when high concentration of moisture is
combined with smoke and oxides of nitrogen
(b) Free cyanides are toxic polutants
(c) Combustion of natural fuels and roasting of iron produce
sulfur dioxide
121. Fumes are
(a) dust particles in the air
(b) smoke and dust particles
(c) vaporized metals or oxides
122. The seasonal cycle completes in
(a) days
(b) years
(c) decades
(d) millions to billions of years
123. The living organisms derive their energy and nutrients from
(a) sun
(b) green plants
(c) lithosphere
(d) abiotic factors
124. Meridional motions of air become zonal like trade winds,
temperate and polar winds due to
(a) earths rotation around its axis
(b) uneven heating of the earth
(c) wind transport of heat
125. Which of the following is known as sink of the energy?

(a) Autotrophs
(b) Composers
(c) Sun
(d) None
126. The pH of rain water is
(a) 5.7
(b) 7
(b) 7
(d) 6
127. Consider the following statements:
1. The planet earth is also called geosphere
2. Earth receives 3.8 1023 kilowatt energy per second that
the sun radiates
3. Only 30 percent of all the energy radiated by the sun is
utilised at the earth
Of these statements
(a) only 1 is correct
(b) 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 1 and 2 are correct
(d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
128. The radiation reflected back to the space by various
geosphere elements is known as
(a) solar constant
(b) albedo
(b) mean energy
(d) none
129. The difference in the wavelength regions of solar and
terrestrial radiation is of fundamental importance to
(a) heat balance of the earth
(b) energy balance of the earth
(c) energy balance of the earth-atmosphere system
130. Match the List I and List II and select the correct answer from
the codes given below the lists:
List I
List II
(Climatic Region)
(Average Rainfall)
A. Wet zone
1. 100 cm
B. Dry zone
2. 50 cm
C. Arid zone
3. 200 cm
D. Intermediate zone
4. 50 to 100 cm
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1
2 3 4
(b) 3
4 2 1
(c) 3
4 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
131. Which of the following statements is incorrect ?
(a) Earth surface emits long wavelength radiation
(b) The water vapour and carbon dioxide present in the
atmosphere absorb a large fraction of the long wave
radiation
(c) The heat carried by the water vapour is transmitted to
the air
(d) All the short wave radiations are absorbed by the
atmospheric gases
132. Stratosphere is devoid of weather phenomenon because
(a) all the atmosphere ozone is present in this layer
(b) it is free from moisture and dust
(c) it has a maximum temperature of 2C
(d) the harmful radiations are absorbed by ozone in this
layer.

133. The atmosphere is essential in maintaining the heat balance
of the earth as it helps to
(a) trap the heat of the sun (b) radiate energy
(c) radiate long waves
134. The chief sources of nuclear energy are
(a) potassium and plutonium
(b) magnesium and radium
(c) uranium and thorium
(d) none of these
135. Which of the following is the fundamental determinant of
climate ?
(a) Geometry of the earth-atmosphere system
(b) Distance of earth from the sun
(c) Movement of the earth around the sun
List I List II
A. Cold Weather
1. Produce only occasional
Season
showers
B. Hot Weather
2. The atmospheric
temperature Season goes
very down
C. Rainy Season
3. Temperature rises and
humidity decreases
D. Retreating Monsoon
4. Sets in the middle of June
Season
and beginning of July
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 2
3 4 1
(b) 2
3 4 1
(c) 3
4 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
List I
List II
A. Flood sufficient
1. Lack of rainfall of duration
B. Droughts
2. Tremors produced by
the passage of vibratory
waves through the rocks
of the earth
C. Earthquake
3. A vent through which
molted sub-stances
comes out
D. Volcano
4. Excess rain and uneven
distribution of water
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4
1 2 3
(b) 2
3 4 1
(c) 3
4 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
138. Which of the following criteria in landfilling shall meet in the
disposal of solid wastes ?
(a) Waste containing recoverable material shall follow the
route of recycling
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
G-111
(b) Waste and disposal site shall not be burnt

(c) The landfill storage facilities shall be daily attended for
clearing wastes
The tropical cyclone is also known as
(a) hurricane
(b) typhoon
(c) Katrina
(d) both (a) and (b)
Which of the following are significant in maintaining the
heat budget of the earth ?
(a) Nitrogen and oxygen
(b) Ozone and helium
(c) Water vapour
(d) Water vapour and carbon dioxide
Most of the clouds and the weather systems occurred in
(a) troposphere
(b) mesosphere
(c) thermosphere
(d) exosphere
In hilly areas blasting operations for road construction may
cause considerabe damage to environment through
(a) lossening of hill sides and resultant landslides
(b) variation in water table
(c) seismic activity due to blast
The great ocean currents are set in motion by
(a) drag of wind over vast areas of the sea surface
(b) rise and cooling of air
(c) rotation of the sun
(d) rotation of the moon
With an increase in altitude, the temperature generally
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) both
(d) None
Which of the following is true about cold front ?
(a) It is the zone in which cold air is invading the warm air
zone
(b) They are associated with torrential rains
(c) They are least destructive
For objective evaluation of the project, the first step is to
make
(a) an inventory of the existing environment in the
influence zone
(b) a list of relevant parameters
(c) a list of parameters defining ecology
Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) Industrialization and urbanization have resulted in
profound deterioration of Indias air quality
(b) The rapid industrialization and urbanization in Indias
booming metropolises are straining the limits of
municipal services
(c) Indias commitment to the environment is enshrined in
the 42nd Amendment in 1976
(d) All the above
Biodiversity loss, coral bleaching and tropical deforestation
can be considered global issues because
(a) they have global impact
(b) result in widespread interest around the globe
(c) they are the problems of all
G- 112
149. The process of interception means

(a) holding of precipitation on different parts of the plants
(b) running of precipitation from the earth surface to lakes,
rivers and marshes
(c) the condensation of water vapours
150. Which of the following pairs is incorrect ?
(a) Vernal equinox..................March 20
(b) Summer solistice...................Sept. 22
(c) Autumnal equinox..............Dec. 22
(d) Winter Solistice...................June 21
151. Solid waste is material
(a) that is cheaper to throw away
(b) cheaper to thow away than to store or use
(c) recycled and reused
152. The damage to land can be prevented by
(a) preparing accurate landuse data through remote
sensing
(b) framing a time bound nation wide landuse planning
(c) preparing management plans for land amelioration
(d) all the above
153. The most obvious global environmental issues include
(a) global warming and ozone depletion
(b) burning of fossil fuels
(c) acid rain
(d) air and water pollution
154. Silent Valley Movement is associated with the state of ..............
(a) Kerala
(b) Madhya Pradesh
(c) Tamil Nadu
(d) Uttarakhand
155. Remote sensing is done by
(a) acquiring information about the earth
(b) sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and
processing, analysing and applying that information
(c) interacting between incident radiation and the target of
interest
156. Environmental GIS describes the use of
(a) data on atmospheric absorption of radiation
(b) electromagnetic energy in very specific regions
(c) location based data management tools to assist in the
decision making processes
157. Environment (Siting for Industrial Projects) Rules, 1999 do
not allow setting up of any industrial unit
(a) within the municipal limits of any Municipal Corporation
(b) within a 25 km belt around cities having populaion more
than 1 million
(c) within the 7 km belt around the periphery of wetlands
(d) all the above
158. What is environmental planning ?
(a) It is the analysis of how people impact natural resources
(b) It is the analysis of how we can preserve our biodiversity
(c) It is the analysis of how we can prevent the poaching of
our environment
159. Consider the following statements

1. The energy involved in most of the natural phenomena
is negligible compared to solar energy received by the
earth
2. Both sun and earth give out electromagnetic radiation
3. The sun emit electromagnetic radiation like a black body
4. Half of the solar radiation is in the visible region
Of these
(b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
(d) all are correct
1. The radiation reflected back to the atmosphere is called
albedo
2. The atmosphere is essential in maintaining the heat
balance of the body
3. The heat and sunlight both passes through the
atmosphere
Of these statements
161. For the construction of dam
(a) narrow valley is necessary (b) broad valley is necessary
(c) steep valley is necessary (d) none of these
162. Which of the following agency has laid down the standards
for the control of pollution of air, water and noise ?
(a) Central Pollution Control Board
(b) Central Pollution Control Tribunal
(c) Central Pollution Control Agency
163. Consider the following statements regarding environmental
implications of energy use:
1. Carbon dioxide is released in nature by the oxidation of
organic substances
2. Carbon dioxide has long term effects due to its
absorption characteristics
3. Carbon dioxide tends to increase the temperature of the
stratosphere by trapping some radiation
Of these statements
(d) all are correct
164. Hydro-electric power stations are generally located in
mountainous regions, mainly because
(a) they receive heavy rainfall
(b) rivers are perennial in such regions
(c) rivers have steep gradients in such regions
(d) Dams can be constructed more easily
165. The global warming will lead to which of the following
situations ?
(a) Massive extinction of species
(b) increase in green house gas emissions
(c) Collapse of biological and ecological systems
(d) All the above
166. Thermal pollution is dangerous for animals for which of the
following reasons?
Multiple Choice Questions G-113
167.
168.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
1. Biological reactions are critically dependent on the

temperature variations
2. Plants cells can withstand temperatures upto only 15 C
3. Higher temperatures are deleterious to catalytic
performance of enzymes
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3
The viability of the whole-life-system is essential to and
dependent upon
(a) existence and integrity of all its constituents components
(b) the very existence of its constituents
(c) integrity of its constituents
(d) all the above
Acid rain is a rainfall having pH
(a) greater than 7
(b) less than 7
(c) greater than 5.5
(d) equal to 5.5
The geothermal energy utilise the potential of
(a) temperature underneath the earth surface
(b) the earth processes
(c) magma of the volcano
Which of the following is not a human related activity
causing global warming ?
(a) Locomotives
(b) Coal combustion
(c) Power plants
(d) Volcanic eruptions
Which of the following is not a green house gas ?
(a) Carbon dioxide
(b) CFCs
(c) Carbon Monoxide
Acid rain is global concern for the ecologist and environmental
conservationist for which of the following reasons?
1. The acid pollutants emitted in one country may be
deposited as acid precipitation in other countries
2. Acid rain affects both aquatic system as well vegetation
3. It has distinct effect on soil microbiology and chemistry
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3
Aitken particles are
(a) cloud condensation nuclei
(b) hygroscopic particles
(c) activated in presence of humid air
(d) all the above
India signed the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change in 1992 as (a) Annex I country
(b) Non-Annex country (c) Primary member country
(d) all the above
The Ministry of Environment and Forests had launched the
scheme of labelling of environment friendly products in
1991, this scheme identified
(a) 16 categories of consumer products
(b) 14 categories of consumer products
(c) 25 categories of consumer products
All the changes in the environment while planning a
developing project should be such that
(a) the environment is not adversly affected
(b) it ensures sustainable development
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
(c) the development activities do not strain the environment

beyond its capacity
(d) all the above
What percent of energy coming from the sun is re-radiated
toward space?
(a) 15 percent
(b) 30 percent
(c) 25 percent
(d) 50 percent
Which of the following is not a technique of wastes
minimization ?
(a) Minimizing the amount of the material used in the
manufacture of a product
(b) Increase the useful life of the product
(c) Reducing the amount of material used for packaging
and marketing of consumer goods
(d) All the above
Critical information for land use planning includes
(a) soil depth
(b) slope of the land
(c) drainage characteristics (d) all the above
Aitken particles may be of global concern if they
(a) shift atmospheric precipitation processes
(b) cause acid rain
(c) were pollutants
The objective of Environmental Impact Assessment is to
1. ensure sustainable development
2. ensure that development is sustained with minimal
environmental degradation
3. ensure the legality of the development project
Of these
(d) all the three are correct
The global community is in need of a set of imperatives that
would allow
(a) equitable access to the environmental benefits of the
planet
(b) sharing the resources of the globe
(c) uderstand the current global environment
Environmental degradation means
(a) the mixing of pollutants in the air
(b) the biomagnification of toxic agents
(c) the increase in pollution, toxic agents, desertification,
deforestation and other factors that degrade the
environment
The total amount of energy reaching the earth and the
amount of energy leaving it is called
(a) gross energy
(b) mean energy
(c) energy budget of the earth
Which of the following pairs is correctly matched ?
(a) Vernal equinox..............June 21 or 22
(b) Winter solistice..............March 20
(c) Autumn equinox...........Sept. 22
(d) Summer solistice.............December 22.
G- 114

1. The developmental projects are required to prepare and
Environmental Impact Statement
2. The developmental project does not overdraw from its
ecological and environmental assests
3. Only a few countries have enected suitable legislation
regarding EIA
Of these statements
187. The environmental impact assessment of developmental
projects has so far been done on the basis of
(a) Executive order
(b) the provisions of the Environment Protection Act, 1986
(c) the provisions of the Municipalties Act, 1986
188. The impacts caused by construction of dam and reservoirs
include
(a) changes in microclimate (b) loss of vegetal cover
(c) soil erosion
(d) all the above
189. The landmark legislation that provides a legal framework for
the improvement of environment is
(a) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act), 1974
(b) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act), 1981
(c) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act), 1986
190. Which of the following is an important tool for erosion control?
(a) Cropping system
(b) Vegetation
(c) Runoff diversion
191. The developmental projects are required to prepare an
environmental impact assessment covering
(a) effect on land including land degradation and
subsistence
(b) deforestation and compensatory afforestation
(c) flora and fauna and biological diversity
(d) efficient use of inputs
192. Which year has been observed as the International Year of
Sustainable Energy for all?
(a) 2010
(b) 2011
(c) 2012
(d) 2009
List I List II
(Noise Limit) (Category of Vehicle)
A. 80
1. Passenger or Commercial Vehicles
above 4 MT and upto 12 MT
B. 85
2. Motorcycle, Scooter and Three
Wheeler
C. 89
Exceeding 12 MT
D. 91
upto 4 MT
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1
2 3 4
(b) 2
4 1 3
(c) 3
4 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
194. Silence zone is defined as areas upto

(a) 100 m around such premises as hospitals, educational
institutions and Courts
(b) 200 m around such premises as hospitals, educational
(c) 500 m around such premises as hospitals, educational
195. Which of the following statements is correct?
(a) EMP is prepared for both the phases of the project,
construction and operation
(b) EMP is prepared for construction phase of the project
(c) EMP is prepared for operation phase of the project
196. Which of the following is the major energy transfer process
by which most of the energy transfer in the atmosphere
takes place ?
(a) Conduction
(b) Convection
(c) Radiation
197. The Sardar Sarovar Dam Project, in controversy, is located at
(a) Bhagirithi
(b) Narmada
(c) Kaveri
198. All major project plans should be examined to ensure
(a) public health and safety (b) quality of environment
(c) both the above
199. Application for clearance of a project accompanied by a site
plan showing the demarcation of LTL and HTL is done by the
following agency
(a) The Institute of Remote Sensing, Anna University
(b) The Institute of Remote Sensing, Delhi, CSIR Complex
(c) The Institute of Remote Sensing, India Science Centre
200. The atmosphere is essential in maintaining the heat balance
of the earth as
1. it helps to trap the heat of the sun
2. it absorbs radiation coming from the sun
3. it acts as the prime heat exchanger
Of these
(b) 1, 2 and 3 are correct
(c) 2, 3 and 4 are correct
201. India is not a signatory to
(a) Kyoto Protocol
(b) Viena Convention
(c) UNESCO convention 1975(d) UNESCO convention 1985
202. An environmental audit helps in achieving the objective of
(a) waste minimization
(b) resource optimization
(c) public awareness of the units environmental records
(d) all the above
203. Which of the following is not a benefit of environmental
audit ?
(a) It enables the management to run the unit efficiently
(b) It provides an up-to-date record of the performance of
the equipment
(c) Timely actions can be taken to avert any risk

204. The projects of which of the following sectors are being
assessed for environmental impact ?
(a) Public investment
(b) Irrigation and power
(c) Administrative
205. The problem of waste management is becoming complicated
day by day due to
(a) obsolete techniques employed for waste management
(b) large population
(c) Insanitary methods adopted for disposal of solid wastes
(d) all the above
206. The fusing point of ash is
(a) the temperature at which the ash resulting from the
burning of wastes forms a solid clinker by fusion
(b) the temperature at solid waste start to burn
(c) the temperature at which the solid waste do not burn
List I
List II

(Type of Wastes)
(Treatment and Disposal)
A. Human tissues
1. Disinfection and
mutilation/shredding
B. Wastes from drains
2. D isinfection/Discharge
into laboratory cultures
C. Waste Scrap
3. Autoclaving
microwaving/incineration
D. Liquid waste
4. Incineration/deep burial
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4
3 1 2
(b) 2
3 4 1
(c) 3
4 2 1
(d) 4
3 1 2
208. Environmental audit is an important tool for the development
project for which of the following reasons?
1.
11.
21.
31.
41.
51.
61.
71.
81.
91.
101.
111.
121.
131.
141.
151.
161.
171.
181.
191.
201.
211.
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
2.
12.
22.
32.
42.
52.
62.
72.
82.
92.
102.
112.
122.
132.
142.
152.
162.
172.
182.
192.
202.
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(d)
3.
13.
23.
33.
43.
53.
63.
73.
83.
93.
103.
113.
123.
133.
143.
153.
163.
173.
183.
193.
203.
(d)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
4.
14.
24.
34.
44.
54.
64.
74.
84.
94.
104.
114.
124.
134.
144.
154.
164.
174.
184.
194.
204.
(c)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(b)
1. It supplies to the management with environmental

database of the units
2. It enables the staff and employees to improve their
technical capability and evironmental awareness
3. It safeguards the environment and improves goodwill
and public image of the company
(a) 1, 2 and 3
(b) 1 and 2
(c) 1 and 3
(d) 2 and 3
209. An integrated solid waste management system include
(a) generation of solid wastes
(b) collection of solid wastes
(c) wastes minimization at source
210. Consider the following statements regarding database
management in solid waste management:
1. Database management should be an integral part of the
solid wastes management system
2. Precise, relevant and reliable data are necessary for
selection of various treatment and disposal techniques
3. Data may be made available to access by the users
Of these statements
(d) all are correct
211. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 defines hazardous
substances as
(a) a substance that exhibits corrosivity
(b) any substance or preparation which by reason of its
chemical or physiological properties of handling, is liable
to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures,
plant, micoorganisms, property or the environment
(c) a substance that exhibits phytotoxicity
(d) All the above
Answers
5.
15.
25.
35.
45.
55.
65.
75.
85.
95.
105.
115.
125.
135.
145.
155.
165.
175.
185.
195.
205.
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(d)
G-115
6.
16.
26.
36.
46.
56.
66.
76.
86.
96.
106.
116.
126.
136.
146.
156.
166.
176.
186.
196.
206.
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(a)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a)
7.
17.
27.
37.
47.
57.
67.
77.
87.
97.
107.
117.
127.
137.
147.
157.
167.
177.
187.
197.
207.
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
8.
18.
28.
38.
48.
58.
68.
78.
88.
98.
108.
118.
128.
138.
148.
158.
168.
178.
188.
198.
208.
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(d)
(c)
(a)
9.
19.
29.
39.
49.
59.
69.
79.
89.
99.
109.
119.
129.
139.
149.
159.
169.
179.
189.
199.
209.
(d)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(d)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(c)
10.
20.
30.
40.
50.
60.
70.
80.
90.
100.
110.
120.
130.
140.
150.
160.
170.
180.
190.
200.
210.
(b)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(c)
(c)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(b)
(b)
(b)
(a)
(c)
(d)
(c)
(b)
(a)
(a)

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Envirmental and Ecology UPSC

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G- 96

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

that enable the developed countries with quantified emission

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), provided for under

The Conference of the Parties (COP), which is the supreme body

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

Trade Ministers Meeting

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

and socio-economic consequences, notably the risk of climate

Indias Actions on Climate Change

National Action Plan on Climate Change

As a part of voluntary actions to address climate change related

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)

The Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM), defined in Article 12

Authority functions in the Ministry of Environment and Forests to

Indias National Communication to United

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

Q. Which of the statements regarding Green Climate Fund is/

Linking water and agriculture in river

Indian Institute of Tropical

Development and dissemination

Assessment of state level

State level vulnerability and

Indian Network of Climate Change Assessment

Ozone Layer Protection

Ozone, a tri-atomic molecule is formed naturally in the

lies between fifteen and fifty five kilometers above the

National Green Tribunal

National Environment Policy, 2006

Some Specific Energy Sector Initiatives

Introduction of CNG for public and private transport in

National Rural Health Mission

Photovoltaic systems based on solar energy have been

India is now the fifth largest wind power producer in the

Biomass power generation plants of a total capacity

The total installed capacity of small hydropower projects

Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity and Climate Change

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

India is alive to the importance of improving the efficiency

A major initiative has been the upgradation of vehicular

Q. Regarding carbon credits, which one of the following

Carbon sequestration is the capture and secure storage

This is done by planting trees/increasing the tree cover.

This sector has made significant advances in the conservation

In accordance with the Kyoto protocol, consumers of fossil fuels

India has a huge advantage when it comes to the carbon

Important Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) Ratified by India

Convention on Wetlands of International

Conservation and wise use of wetlands, primarily as habitat of water

cultural and natural heritage

International trade in endangered species of wild flora and fauna

Conservation management and wise use of migratory species of wild

animals and their habitat

Deplete the Ozone Layer

Movements of Hazardous Wastes and

Changes in the earths climate system due to anthropogenic

on Climate Change (UNFCCC)

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

living modified organisms (LMOs)

Informed Consent Procedure for Certain

Parties in the international trade of certain hazardous chemicals, in