Unmanned aerial vehicle

UAV redirects here. For other uses, see UAV (disambiguation).

An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly

AltiGator civil drone OnyxStar Fox-C8 XT in ight

An MQ-9 Reaper, a hunter-killer surveillance UAV

UAV launch from an air-powered catapult

1 Terminology

A DJI Phantom UAV for commercial and recreational aerial

photography

Multiple terms are used for unmanned aerial vehicles,

known as a drone, as an unmanned aircraft system which generally refer to the same concept.
(UAS), or by several other names, is an aircraft without The term drone, more widely used by the public, was
a human pilot aboard. The ight of UAVs may operate coined in reference to the resemblance of dumb-looking
with various degrees of autonomy: either under remote navigation and loud-and-regular motor sounds of old milcontrol by a human operator, or fully or intermittently au- itary unmanned aircraft to the male bee. The term has
tonomously, by onboard computers.[1]
encountered strong opposition from aviation profession[4]
Compared to manned aircraft, UAVs are often preferred als and government regulators.
for missions that are too dull, dirty or dangerous[2] for
humans. They originated mostly in military applications,
although their use is expanding in commercial, scientic,
recreational and other applications,[3] such as policing and
surveillance, aerial photography, agriculture and drone
racing. Civilian drones now vastly outnumber military
drones, with estimates of over a million sold by 2015.

The term unmanned aircraft system (UAS) was adopted

by the United States Department of Defense (DoD)
and the United States Federal Aviation Administration
in 2005 according to their Unmanned Aircraft System
Roadmap 20052030.[5] The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the British Civil Aviation Authority adopted this term, also used in the Eu1

HISTORY

ropean Unions Single-European-Sky (SES) Air-TracManagement (ATM) Research (SESAR Joint Undertaking) roadmap for 2020.[6] This term emphasizes the importance of elements other than the aircraft. It includes
elements such as ground control stations, data links and
other support equipment. A similar term is an unmannedaircraft vehicle system (UAVS) remotely piloted aerial vehicle (RPAV), remotely piloted aircraft system (RPAS).
Many similar terms are in use.

the Hewitt-Sperry Automatic Airplane. The rst scaled

remote piloted vehicle was developed by lm star and
model-airplane enthusiast Reginald Denny in 1935.[11]
More emerged during World War II used both to train
antiaircraft gunners and to y attack missions. Nazi Germany produced and used various UAV aircraft during
the war. Jet engines entered service after World War
II in vehicles such as the Australian GAF Jindivik, and
Teledyne Ryan Firebee I of 1951, while companies like
oered their Model 1001 for the U.S. Navy in
A UAV is dened as a powered, aerial vehicle that does Beechcraft
1955.[11] Nevertheless, they were little more than remotenot carry a human operator, uses aerodynamic forces to
provide vehicle lift, can y autonomously or be piloted re- controlled airplanes until the Vietnam War.
motely, can be expendable or recoverable, and can carry a In 1959, the U.S. Air Force, concerned about losing pilots
lethal or nonlethal payload.[7] Therefore, missiles are not over hostile territory, began planning for the use of unconsidered UAVs because the vehicle itself is a weapon manned aircraft.[13] Planning intensied after the Soviet
that is not reused, though it is also unmanned and in some Union shot down a U-2 in 1960. Within days, a highly
cases remotely guided.
classied UAV program started under the code name of
[14]
The August 1964 clash in the Tonkin
The relation of UAVs to remote controlled model aircraft Red Wagon.
Gulf
between
naval
units of the U.S. and North Vietis unclear. UAVs may or may not include model aircraft.
namese
Navy
initiated
Americas highly classied UAVs
Some jurisdictions base their denition on size or weight,
(Ryan
Model
147,
Ryan
AQM-91 Firey, Lockheed
however, the US Federal Aviation Administration denes
D-21)
into
their
rst
combat
missions of the Vietnam
any unmanned ying craft as a UAV regardless of size. A
[15]
[16]
War.
When
the
Chinese
government
showed phoradio-controlled aircraft becomes a drone with the additographs
of
downed
U.S.
UAVs
via
Wide
World Photion of an autopilot articial intelligence (AI), and ceases
[17]
tos,
the
ocial
U.S.
response
was
no
comment.
[8]
to be a drone when the AI is removed.

History

The War of Attrition (1967-1970) featured the introduction of UAVs with reconnaissance cameras into combat
in the Middle East.[18]

In the 1973 Yom Kippur War Israel used drones as decoys

to spur opposing forces into wasting expensive antiMain article: History of unmanned aerial vehicles
aircraft
missiles.[19]
In 1849 Austria sent unmanned, bomb-lled balloons

Ryan Firebee was a series of target drones/unpiloted aerial vehicles.

to attack Venice.[9] UAV innovations started in the early

1900s and originally focused on providing practice targets for training military personnel. UAV development
continued during World War I, when the Dayton-Wright
Airplane Company invented a pilotless aerial torpedo that
would explode at a preset time.[10]

The Israeli Tadiran Masti, which rst ew in 1973, is seen by

many as the rst modern battleeld UAV, due to its data-link
system, endurance-loitering, and live video-streaming.[20]

In 1973 the U.S. military ocially conrmed that they

had been using UAVs in Southeast Asia (Vietnam).[21]
Over 5,000 U.S. airmen had been killed and over 1,000
more were missing or captured. The USAF 100th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing ew about 3,435 UAV missions
during the war[22] at a cost of about 554 UAVs lost to
The earliest attempt at a powered UAV was A. M. Low's all causes. In the words of USAF General George S.
Aerial Target in 1916.[11] Nikola Tesla described a Brown, Commander, Air Force Systems Command, in
eet of unmanned aerial combat vehicles in 1915.[12] Ad- 1972, The only reason we need (UAVs) is that we don't
vances followed during and after World War I, including want to needlessly expend the man in the cockpit.[23]

3
Later that year, General John C. Meyer, Commander in
Chief, Strategic Air Command, stated, we let the drone
do the high-risk ying ... the loss rate is high, but we are
willing to risk more of them ... they save lives!"[23]
During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Soviet-supplied
surface-to-air missile batteries in Egypt and Syria
caused heavy damage to Israeli ghter jets. As a
result, Israel developed the rst UAV with real-time
surveillance.[24][25][26] The images and radar decoys provided by these UAVs helped Israel to completely neutralize the Syrian air defenses at the start of the 1982
Lebanon War, resulting in no pilots downed.[27] The
rst time UAVs were used as proof-of-concept of superagility post-stall controlled ight in combat-ight simulations involved tailless, stealth technology-based, three- Although most UAVs are xed-wing aircraft, rotorcraft designs
(i.e., RUAVs) such as this MQ-8B Fire Scout are also used.
dimensional thrust vectoring ight control, jet-steering
[28]
UAVs in Israel in 1987.
Research and development improve UAV techWith the maturing and miniaturization of applicable technologies
nologies in the 1980s and 1990s, interest in UAVs grew
within the higher echelons of the U.S. military. In the
Civil and commercial UAVs agriculture, aerial
1990s, the U.S. DoD gave a contract to AAI Corporaphotography, data collection
tion along with Israeli company Malat. The U.S. Navy
bought the AAI Pioneer UAV that AAI and Malat developed jointly. Many of these UAVs saw service in The U.S. Military UAV tier system is used by military
the 1991 Gulf War. UAVs demonstrated the possibil- planners to designate the various individual aircraft eleity of cheaper, more capable ghting machines, deploy- ments in an overall usage plan.
able without risk to aircrews. Initial generations primarily involved surveillance aircraft, but some carried armaments, such as the General Atomics MQ-1 Predator, that
launched AGM-114 Hellre air-to-ground missiles.
CAPECON was a European Union project to develop
UAVs,[29] running from 1 May 2002 to 31 December
2005.[30]
As of 2012, the USAF employed 7,494 UAVs almost
one in three USAF aircraft.[31][32] The Central Intelligence Agency also operated UAVs.[33]
In 2013 at least 50 countries used UAVs. China, Iran,
Israel and others designed and built their own varieties.[34]
Schiebel S-100 tted with a Lightweight Multirole Missile

Classication

UAVs typically fall into one of six functional categories

(although multi-role airframe platforms are becoming
more prevalent):
Target and decoy providing ground and aerial gunnery a target that simulates an enemy aircraft or missile
Reconnaissance providing battleeld intelligence
Combat providing attack capability for high-risk
missions (see Unmanned combat air vehicle)
Logistics delivering cargo

Vehicles can be categorised in terms of range/altitude.

The following has been advanced as relevant at industry
events such as ParcAberporth Unmanned Systems forum:
Hand-held 2,000 ft (600 m) altitude, about 2 km
range
Close 5,000 ft (1,500 m) altitude, up to 10 km range
NATO type 10,000 ft (3,000 m) altitude, up to 50
km range
Tactical 18,000 ft (5,500 m) altitude, about 160 km
range
MALE (medium altitude, long endurance) up to
30,000 ft (9,000 m) and range over 200 km

4 UAV COMPONENTS
High-Altitude Long Endurance (high altitude, long
endurance HALE) over 30,000 ft (9,100 m) and
indenite range
Hypersonic high-speed, supersonic (Mach 15) or
hypersonic (Mach 5+) 50,000 ft (15,200 m) or suborbital altitude, range over 200 km
Orbital low earth orbit (Mach 25+)
CIS Lunar Earth-Moon transfer
Computer Assisted Carrier Guidance System
General physical structure of an UAV
(CACGS) for UAVs

4 UAV components
Manned and unmanned aircraft of the same type generally have recognizably similar physical components. The
main exceptions are the cockpit and environmental control system or life support systems. Some UAVs carry
payloads (such as a camera) that weigh considerably less
than an adult human, and as a result can be considerably
smaller. Though they carry heavy payloads, weaponized
military drones are lighter than their manned counterparts
with comparable armaments.
Small civilian UAVs have no life-critical systems, and can
thus be built out of lighter but less sturdy materials and
U.S. UAV demonstrators in 2005
shapes, and can use less robustly tested electronic control systems. For small UAVs, the quadcopter design
Other categories include:[35][36]
has become popular, though this layout is rarely used
for manned aircraft. Miniaturization means that less Hobbyist UAVs which can be further divided into powerful propulsion technologies can be used that are not
feasible for manned aircraft, such as small electric motors
Ready-to-y (RTF)/Commercial-o-the-shelf and batteries.
(COTS)
Control systems for UAVs are often dierent than
Bind-and-y (BNF) that require minimum manned craft. For remote human control, a camera
knowledge to y the platform
and video link almost always replace the cockpit win Almost-ready-to-y
(ARF)/Do-it-yourself dows; radio-transmitted digital commands replace phys(DIY) that require signicant knowledge to ical cockpit controls. Autopilot software is used on both
manned and unmanned aircrft, with varying feature sets.
get in the air.
Midsize military and commercial drones
Large military-specic drones

4.1 Body

The primary dierence for planes is the absence of the

cockpit area and its windows. Tailless Quadcopters are a
common form factor for rotary wing UAVs while tailed
Classications according to aircraft weight are quite sim- mono- and bi-copters are common for manned platforms.
pler:
Stealth combat drones

4.2 Power supply and platform

Micro air vehicle (MAV) the smallest UAVs that

can weight less than 1g.
Small UAVs rely mostly use lithium-polymer batteries
(Li-Po), while larger vehicles rely on conventional air Miniature UAV (also called SUAS) approximately plane engines.
less than 25 kg.
Battery elimination circuitry (BEC) is used to centralize
Heavier UAVs.
power distribution and often harbors a microcontroller

4.7

Loop principles

unit (MCU). Costlier switching BECs diminish heating

on the platform.

4.3

Computing

UAV computing capability followed the advances of

computing technology, beginning with analog controls
and evolving into microcontrollers, then system-on-achip (SOC) and single-board computers (SBC).
System hardware for small UAVs is often called the Flight
Controller (FC), Flight Controller Board (FCB) or Autopilot.

4.4

Sensors

5
BaseFlight (forked from MultiWii)
CleanFlight (forked from BaseFlight)
BetaFlight (forked from CleanFlight)
RaceFlight (forked from Cleanight)
Paparazzi
OpenPilot Copter Control
TauLabs (forked from OpenPilot)
CrazyFlie

4.7 Loop principles

Proprioceptive sensors give information about the aircraft

state. Exteroceptive sensors deal with external information like distance measurements, while exproprioceptive
ones correlate internal and external states.[37]
Non-cooperative sensors are able to detect targets autonomously so they are used for separation assurance and
collision avoidance.[38]
Degrees of freedom (DOF) refer to both the amount and
quality of sensors on-board: 6 DOF implies 3-axis gyroscopes and accelerometers (a typical inertial measurement unit IMU), 9 DOF refers to an IMU plus a compass, 10 DOF adds a barometer and 11 DOF usually adds
a GPS receiver.[39]

4.5

Actuators

UAV actuators include digital electronic speed controllers (which control the RPM of the motors) linked to
motors/engines and propellers, servomotors (for planes
and helicopters mostly), weapons, payload actuators,
LEDs and speakers.

4.6

Software

Typical ight-control loops for a multirotor

UAVs employ open-loop, closed-loop or hybrid control

architectures. Open loopThis type provides a positive
control signal (faster, slower, left, right, up, down) without incorporating feedback from sensor data.
Closed loops This type incorporates sensor feedback to adjust behavior (reduce speed to reect tailwind, move to altitude 300 feet). The PID controller
is common. Sometimes, feedforward is employed,
transferring the need to close the loop further.[40]

UAV software called the ight stack or autopilot. UAVs

are real-time systems that require rapid response to
changing sensor data. Examples include RaspberryPis,
Beagleboards, etc. shielded with NavIO, PXFMini, etc.
4.8 Flight controls
or designed from scratch such as Nuttx, preemptiveRT Linux, Xenomai, Orocos-Robot Operating System or
Flight control is one of the lower-layer system and is simDDS-ROS 2.0.
ilar to manned aviation: plane ight dynamics, control
List of civil-use open-source stacks include:
and automation, helicopter ight dynamics and controls
and multirotor ight dynamics were researched long before the rise of UAVs.
KKMultiCopter
ArduCopter

Automatic ight involves multiple levels of priority.

DroneCode (forked from ArduCopter)

UAVs can be programmed to perform aggressive manuvres or landing/perching on inclined surfaces,[41] and
then to climb toward better communication spots.[42]

MultiWii

AUTONOMY

Some UAVs can control ight with varying ight ICAO classies unmanned aircraft as either remotely pimodelisation,[43][44] such as VTOL designs.
loted aircraft or fully autonomous. Actual UAVs may
oer intermediate degrees of autonomy. E.g., a vehicle
that is remotely piloted in most contexts may have an autonomous return-to-base operation.
4.9 Communications
Most UAVs use a radio frequency front-end that connects
the antenna to the analog-to-digital converter and a ight
computer that controls avionics (and that may be capable
of autonomous or semi-autonomous operation).

Basic autonomy comes from proprioceptive sensors. Advanced autonomy calls for situational awareness, knowledge about the environment surrounding the aircraft from
exterioceptive sensors: sensor fusion integrates information from multiple sensors.[37]

Radio allows remote control and exchange of video and

other data. Early UAVs had only uplink. Downlinks (e.g.,
5.1
realtime video) came later.

Basic principles

In military systems and high-end domestic applications,

downlink may convey payload management status. In
civilian applications, most transmissions are commands
from operator to vehicle. Downstream is mainly video.
Telemetry is another kind of downstream link, transmitting status about the aircraft systems to the remote operator. UAVs use also satellite uplink to access satellite
navigation systems.

One way to achieve autonomous control employs multiple

control-loop layers, as in hierarchical control systems. As
of 2016 the low-layer loops (i.e. for ight control) tick as
fast as 32,000 times per second, while higher-level loops
may cycle once per second. The principle is to decompose the aircrafts behavior into manageable chunks, or
states, with known transitions. Hierarchical control system types range from simple scripts to nite state maThe radio signal from the operator side can be issued from chines, behavior trees and hierarchical task planners.
either:
Examples of mid-layer algorithms:
Ground control a human operating a radio transmitter/receiver, a smartphone, a tablet, a computer,
or the original meaning of a military ground control station (GCS). Recently control from wearable
devices,[45] human movement recognition, human
brain waves[46] was also demonstrated.
Remote network system, such as satellite duplex
data links for some military powers.[47] Downstream
digital video over mobile networks has also entered
consumer markets,[48] while direct UAV control uplink over the celullar mesh is under researched.[49]

Path planning: determining an optimal path for vehicle to follow while meeting mission objectives and
constraints, such as obstacles or fuel requirements
Trajectory generation (motion planning): determining control maneuvers to take in order to follow a given path or to go from one location to
another[51][52]
Trajectory regulation: constraining a vehicle within
some tolerance to a trajectory

Evolved UAV hierarchical task planners use methods like

Another aircraft, serving as a relay or mobile con- state tree searches or genetic algorithms.[53]
trol station military manned-unmanned teaming
(MUM-T).[50]

5.2 Autonomy features

Autonomy

UAV manufacturers often build in specic autonomous

operations, such as:
Self-level: The aircraft stabilizes its altitude.
Hover: attitude stabilization on the pitch, roll and
yaw axes. The latter can be achieved by sensing
GNSS coordinates, called alone position hold.
Care-free: automatic roll and yaw control while
moving horizontally
Take-o and landing

Autonomous control basics

Failsafe: automatically landing upon loss of control

signal

6.2

Simultaneous localization and mapping

Return-to-home
Follow-me

7
Reactive autonomy has in some forms already reached
consumer markets: it may be widely available in less than
a decade.[37]

GPS waypoint navigation

Pre-programmed tricks such as rolls and loops

Cutting-edge (2013) autonomous levels for existing systems

UAVs degrees of autonomy

Functions

6.2 Simultaneous localization and mapping

SLAM combines odometry and external data to repreFull autonomy is available for particular tasks, such as sent the world and the position of the UAV in it in three
airborne refueling[54] or ground-based battery switching. dimensions. High-altitude outdoor navigation does not
require large vertical elds-of-view and can rely on GPS
Higher-level tasks call for greater computing, sensing and coordinates (which makes it simple mapping rather than
actuating capabilities.[55]
SLAM).[57]
Medium levels of autonomy, such as reactive autonomy Two related research elds are photogrammetry and LIand high levels using cognitive autonomy, have already DAR, especially in low-altitude and indoor 3D environbeen achieved to some extent and are very active research ments.
elds.
Indoor
photogrammetric
and
stereophotogrammetric SLAM has been demon6.1 Reactive autonomy
strated with quadcopters.[58]
See also: Perceptual control theory
Reactive autonomy, such as collective ight, real-time
collision avoidance, wall following and corridor centring,
relies on telecommunication and situational awareness
provided by range sensors: optic ow,[56] lidars (light
radars), radars, sonars.

Lidar platforms with heavy, costly and gimbaled

traditional laser platforms are proven. Research
attempts to address production cost, 2D to 3D
expansion, power-to-range ratio, weight and
dimensions.[59] LED range-nding applications
are commercialized for low-distance sensing
capabilities. Research investigates hybridization
between light emission and computing power:
phased array spatial light modulators,[60][61] and
frequency-modulated-continuous-wave (FMCW)
MEMS-tunable vertical-cavity surface-emitting
lasers (VCSELs).[62]

Most range sensors analyze electromagnetic radiation, reected o the environment and coming to the sensor. The
cameras (for visual ow) act as simple receivers. Lidars,
radars and sonars (with sound mechanical waves) emit
and receive waves, measuring the round-trip transit time.
UAV cameras do not require emitting power, reducing
6.2.1 Swarming
total consumption.

Radars and sonars are mostly used for military applica- Further information: Swarm behaviour
tions.

Robot swarming refers to networks of agents able to dynamically recongure as elements leave or enter the network. They provide greater exibility than multi-agent
cooperation. Swarming may open the path to data fusion.
Some bio-inspired ight swarms use steering behaviors
and ocking.
Future military potential
In the military sector, American Predators and Reapers are made for
counterterrorism operations and in war zones in which
the enemy lacks sucient repower to shoot them down.
They are not designed to withstand antiaircraft defenses
or air-to-air combat. In September 2013, the chief
of the US Air Combat Command stated that current
UAVs were useless in a contested environment unless manned aircraft were there to protect them.[167]
A 2012 Congressional Research Service (CRS) report
speculated that in the future, UAVs may be able to perform tasks beyond intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance and strikes; the CRS report listed air-to-air combat
(a more dicult future task) as possible future undertakings.[168] The Department of Defenses Unmanned
Systems Integrated Roadmap FY2013-2038 foresees a
more important place for UAVs in combat.[169] Issues include extended capabilities, human-UAV interaction, managing increased information ux, increased
autonomy and developing UAV-specic munitions.[169]
DARPA's project of systems of systems,[63] or General
Atomics work may augur future warfare scenarios, the
latter disclosing Avenger swarms equipped with High Energy Liquid Laser Area Defense System (HELLADS).[64]
6.2.2

and (US) 3DRobotics with $21.6m in 2014.[67] As of

February 2016, about 325,000 civilian drones were registered with the U.S. FAA, though it is estimated more than
a million have been sold in the United States alone.[68]
Some universities oer research and training programs or
degrees.[69]

8 Development considerations
8.1 Animal imitation Ethology
Flapping-wing ornithopters, imitating birds or insects,
are a research eld in microUAVs. Their inherent stealth
recommends them for spy missions.
The Nano Hummingbird is commercially available, while
sub-1g microUAVs inspired by ies, albeit using a power
tether, can land on vertical surfaces.[70]
Other projects include unmanned beetles and other
insects.[71]
Research is exploring miniature optic-ow sensors,
called ocellis, mimicking the compound insect eyes
formed from multiple facets, which can transmit data to
neuromorphic chips able to treat optic ow as well as light
intensity discrepancies.

8.2 Endurance

Cognitive radio

Cognitive radio
applications.[65]
6.2.3

DEVELOPMENT CONSIDERATIONS

technology

may

have

UAV

Learning capabilities

UAVs may exploit distributed neural networks.[37]

Market trends

The UAV global military market is dominated by pioneers United States and Israel. The US held a 60%
military-maket share in 2006. It operated over 9,000
UAVs in 2014. From 1985 to 2014, exported drones
came predominantly from Israel (60.7%) and the United
States (23.9%); top importers were The United Kingdom
(33.9%) and India (13.2%).[66] Northrop Grumman and
General Atomics are the dominant manufacturers on the
strength of the Global Hawk and Predator/Mariner systems.

UEL UAV-741 Wankel engine for UAV operations

UAV endurance is not constrained by the physiological

capabilities of a human pilot.

Because of their small size, weight, low vibration and high

power to weight ratio, Wankel rotary engines are used in
The leading civil UAV companies are currently (Chinese) many large UAVs. Their engine rotors cannot seize; the
DJI with $500m global sales, (French) Parrot with $110m engine is not susceptible to shock-cooling during descent

8.3

Reliability

8.3 Reliability
2

10

x
w

Flight time (min)

y
2 d ab
g
f e

101

i
p

zL

h
u

n
r

100

j
k
Flapping wings
Rotorcrafts
Fixed wings

10-1
100

101

102

103

Vehicle mass (g)

a. Nano Hummingbird
b. DelFly Explorer
c. DelFly Micro
d. H2 Bird
e. MicroBat
f. Bionic Bird
g. Avitron V2.0
h. 36cm Ornithopter
i. 28cm Ornithopter
j. 15cm Ornithopter
k. 10cm Ornithopter
L. Parrot Bebop drone
m. PD-100 Black Hornet PRS
n. DJI Phantom 2

o. Seiko-Epson uFR-II
p. Ladybird V2
q. Mini X6
r. 350.QX2
s. AR.Drone 2.0
t. QR Y100
u. QR W100S
v. eBee
w. Black Widow
x. Wasp III
y. Univ. Florida MAV
z. H301S
1. Diamond 600 EP
2. EPFL MC2

Reliability improvements target all aspects of UAV systems, using resilience engineering and fault tolerance
techniques.
Individual reliability covers robustness of ight controllers, to ensure safety without excessive redundancy to
minimize cost and weight.[84] Besides, dynamic assessment of ight envelope allows damage-resilient UAVs,
using non-linear analysis with ad-hoc designed loops or
neural networks.[85] UAV software liability is bending toward the design and certications of manned avionics
software.[86]
Swarm resilience involves maintaining operational capabilities and reconguring tasks given unita failures.[87]

9 Applications

Flight time against mass of small (less than 1 kg) drones.[37]

and it does not require an enriched fuel mixture for cooling at high power. These attributes reduce fuel usage,
increasing range/payload.
Hydrogen fuel cells[72] hydrogen power[73][74] may be able
to extending the endurance of small UAVs, up to several In 2013, the DHL parcel service tested a microdrones md4hours.
1000 for delivery of medicine.
Micro air vehicles endurance is so far best achieved with
apping-wing UAVs, followed by planes and multirotors
standing last, due to lower Reynolds number.[37]
Solar-electric UAVs, a concept originally championed
by the AstroFlight Sunrise in 1974, have achieved ight
times of several weeks.
Solar-powered atmospheric satellites (atmosats) designed for operating at altitudes exceeding 20 km (12
miles, or 60,000 feet) for as long as ve years could potentially perform duties more economically and with more
versatility than low earth orbit satellites. Likely applications include weather monitoring, disaster recovery, earth
imaging and communications.
Electric UAVs powered by microwave power transmission or laser power beaming are other potential endurance
solutions.
Another application for a high endurance UAV would be
to stare at a battleeld for a long interval (ARGUS-IS, Interspect UAS B 3.1 octocopter for commercial aerial cartoGorgon Stare, Integrated Sensor Is Structure) to record graphic purposes and 3D mapping
events that could then be played backwards to track bat.
tleeld activities.

10

9 APPLICATIONS

9.1 Military
Main article: UAVs in the U.S. military
As of January 2014, the U.S. military operated 7,362
RQ-11B Ravens; 145 AeroVironment RQ-12A Wasps;
1,137 AeroVironment RQ-20A Pumas; 306 RQ-16 THawk small UAS; 246 Predators and MQ-1C Grey Eagles; 126 MQ-9 Reapers; 491 RQ-7 Shadows and 33 RQ4 Global Hawk large systems.[88]
The MQ-9 Reaper costs $12 million while an F-22 costs
over $120 million.[89]

Civil Drone FOX-C8-HD AltiGator

9.1.1 Reconnaissance
See also: Battleeld UAV and reconnaissance aircraft

IAI Heron, an unmanned aerial vehicle developed by the Malat

(UAV) division of Israel Aerospace Industries

The Tu-141 Swift reusable Soviet reconnaissance

drone is intended for reconnaissance to a depth of several hundred kilometers from the front line at supersonic
speeds.[90] The Tu-123 Hawk is a supersonic longrange reconnaissance drone (UAV) intended for conducting photographic and signals intelligence to a distance
of 3200 km; it was produced beginning in 1964.[91]
The La-17P (UAV) is a reconnaissance UAV produced
since 1963.[92] In 1945 the Soviet Union began producing doodlebug.[93] 43 Soviet/Russian UAV models are
known.[94]
In 2013, the U.S. Navy launched a UAV from a submerged submarine, the rst step to providing mission
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities
to the U.S. Navys submarine force.[95]

TAI Anka is a family of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) developed by Turkish Aerospace Industries for the requirements of the
Turkish Armed Forces

A Hydra Technologies Ehcatl taking-o for a surveillance mission

9.1.2 Attack
See also: Targeted killing, Unmanned combat aerial vehicle, and Drone attacks in Pakistan
MQ-1 Predator UAVs armed with Hellre missiles

Predator launching a Hellre missile

have been used by the U.S. as platforms for hitting ground targets.
Armed Predators were rst
UAVs have been used by military forces, civilian govern- used in late 2001, mostly aimed at assassinating
ment agencies, businesses and private individuals.
high-prole individuals (terrorist leaders, etc.) inside

9.2

Civil

11

Afghanistan.[96] UAVs avoid potential diplomatic embar- 9.2.1 Hobby and recreational use
rassment when a manned aircraft is shot down and the
pilots captured.[97][98][99][100]
Model aircraft (small UAS) have been own by hobbyists since the earliest days of manned ight. In the
United States, hobby and recreational use of such sUAS
is permitted (a) strictly for hobby or recreational use;
Defense against UAVs The US armed forces have no (b) when operated in accordance with a communitydefense against low-level drone attack, but the Joint Inte- based set of safety guidelines and nationwide communitygrated Air and Missile Defense Organization is working based organizations; (c) when limited to not more than
to repurpose existing systems.[101] Two German compa- 55 pounds (with exceptions); (d)without interfering with
nies are developing 40-kW lasers to damage UAVs.[102] and giving way to any manned aircraft; and (e) within
Three British companies jointly developed a system to 5 miles of an airport only after notifying air trac
control.[124] The Academy of Model Aeronautics is a
track and disrupt UAV control mechanisms.[103]
community based organization that maintains operational
safety guidelines[125] with a long proven history of eectiveness and safety.
9.1.3 Targets for military training
Main article: Target drone

9.2.2 Commercial aerial surveillance

Since 1997, the US military has used more than 80 F-4

Phantoms converted into UAVs as aerial targets for combat training of human pilots.[104] The F-4s were supplemented in September 2013 with F-16s as more realistically maneuverable targets.[104]

Aerial surveillance of large areas is possible with low-cost

UAS. Surveillance applications include livestock monitoring, wildre mapping, pipeline security, home security, road patrol and antipiracy. UAVs in commercial
aerial surveillance is expanding with the advent of automated object detection.[126]

9.2

9.2.3 Professional aerial surveying

Civil

Civil uses include aerial crop surveys,[105] aerial

photograpy,[105] search and rescue,[105] inspection of
power lines and pipelines,[106][107] counting wildlife[106]
delivering medical supplies to otherwise inaccessible regions,[108] and detecting detection of illegal
hunting,[109] reconnaissance operations,[107][110] cooperative environment monitoring,[111] border patrol
missions,[107][112] convoy protection,[113] forest re
detection and monitoring,[107] surveillance,[107][114] coordinating humanitarian aid,[115] plume tracking,[116] land
surveying,[117] re and large-accident investigation,[117]
landslide measurement,[117] illegal landll detection,[117]
the construction industry[118] and crowd monitoring.[117]

UAS technologies are used worldwide as aerial photogrammetry and LiDAR platforms.

9.2.4 Commercial and motion picture lmmaking

For commercial drone camerawork inside the United

States, industry sources state that usage relies on the de
facto consent or benign neglect of local law enforcement. Use of UAVs for lmmaking is generally easier
on large private lots or in rural and exurban areas with
fewer space constraints. In localities such as Los Angeles and New York, authorities have actively interceded
drone lmmaking over safety or terrorism
US government agencies use UAVs such as the RQ- to shut down
[127][128][129]
concerns.
9 Reaper to patrol borders, scout property and locate
fugitives.[119] One of the rst authorized for domestic In June 2014, the FAA acknowledged that it had received
use was the ShadowHawk in Montgomery County, Texas a petition from the Motion Picture Association of America seeking approval for the use of drones for aerial phoSWAT and emergency management oces.[120]
Private citizens and media organizations use UAVs for tography. Seven companies behind the petition argued
surveillance, recreation, news-gathering, or personal land that low-cost drones could be used for shots that would
assessment.[121] In February 2012, an animal rights group otherwise require a helicopter or a manned aircraft, savused a MikroKopter hexacopter to lm hunters shooting ing money and reducing risk for pilot and crew. Drones
pigeons in South Carolina. The hunters then shot the are already used by media in other parts of the world.
UAV down.[122] In 2014, a drone was used to success- UAVs have been used to lm sporting events, such as the
fully locate a man with dementia, who was missing for 3 2014 Winter Olympics, as they have greater freedom of
days.[123]
movement than cable-mounted cameras.[130]

12
9.2.5

9 APPLICATIONS
Journalism

9.2.7 Search and rescue

Journalists are interested in using drones for newsgathering. The College of Journalism and Mass Communications at University of Nebraska-Lincoln established the
Drone Journalism Lab.[131] University of Missouri created the Missouri Drone Journalism Program.[132] The
Professional Society of Drone Journalists was established in 2011.[133] Drones have covered disasters such
as typhoons.[134] A coalition of 11 news organizations is
working with the Mid-Atlantic Aviation Partnership at
Virginia Tech on how reporters could use unmanned aircraft to gather news.[135]

9.2.6

Law enforcement

Main article: Use of UAVs in law enforcement

Many police departments in India have procured drones
for law and order and aerial surveillance.[136][137][138][139]
UAVs have been used for domestic police work in Canada
and the United States.[140][141] A dozen US police forces
had applied for UAV permits by March 2013.[34] In 2013,
the Seattle Police Departments plan to deploy UAVs was
scrapped after protests.[142] UAVs have been used by
U.S. Customs and Border Protection since 2005.[143] with
plans to use armed drones.[144] The FBI stated in 2013
that they use UAVs for surveillance.[145]

Aeryon Scout in ight

UAVs were used in search and rescue after hurricanes

struck Louisiana and Texas in 2008. Predators, operating between 18,000 and 29,000 feet, performed search
and rescue and damage assessment. Payloads were an
optical sensor and a synthetic aperture radar. The latter
can penetrate clouds, rain or fog and in daytime or nighttime conditions, all in real time. Photos taken before and
after the storm are compared and a computer highlights
damage areas.[149][150] Micro UAVs, such as the Aeryon
Scout, have been used to perform search and rescue activities on a smaller scale, such as the search for missing
persons.[151]

UAVs have been tested as airborne lifeguards, locating

In 2014, it was reported that ve English police forces distressed swimmers using thermal cameras and dropping
had obtained or operated UAVs for observation.[146] life preservers to swimmers.[152][153]
Merseyside police caught a car thief with a UAV in
2010, but the UAV was lost during a subsequent training exercise[147] and the police stated the UAV would not 9.2.8 Scientic research
be replaced due to operational limitations and the cost of
sta training.[147]

A UAV in Goma as part of MONUSCO peacekeeping mission

In August 2013, the Italian defence company Selex

ES provided an unarmed surveillance drone to the
Democratic Republic of Congo to monitor movements
of armed groups in the region and to protect the civilian
population more eectively.[148]

AAI Corporation Aerosonde

See also: Research balloon

UAVs are especially useful in accessing areas that are
too dangerous for manned aircraft. The U.S. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration began using

9.2

Civil

the Aerosonde unmanned aircraft system in 2006 as a

hurricane hunter. The 35-pound system can y into a
hurricane and communicate near-real-time data directly
to the National Hurricane Center. Beyond the standard
barometric pressure and temperature data typically culled
from manned hurricane hunters, the Aerosonde system
provides measurements from closer to the waters surface than before. NASA later began using the Northrop
Grumman RQ-4 Global Hawk for hurricane measurements.

13
thority by its manufacturer, Denel Dynamics of South
Africa.[164][165]
Anti-whaling activists used an Osprey UAV (made by
Kansas-based Hangar 18) in 2012 to monitor Japanese
whaling ships in the Antarctic.[166]

In 2012, the Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals used a quadcopter UAV to deter badger
baiters in Northern Ireland.[167] In March 2013, the
British League Against Cruel Sports announced that they
had carried out trial ights with UAVs and planned to use
a xed-wing OpenRanger and an octocopter to gather
evidence to make private prosecutions against illegal
9.2.9 Conservation
hunting of foxes and other animals.[164] The UAVs were
In 2011, Lian Pin Koh and Serge Wich conceived the idea supplied by ShadowView. A spokesman for Privacy Inof using UAVs for conservation-related applications, be- ternational said that licensing and permission for drones
fore coining the term 'Conservation Drone' in 2012.[154] is only on the basis of health and safety, without considering whether privacy rights are violated.[164] CAA
rules prohibit ying a UAV within 50 m of a person or
vehicle.[164][168]
In Pennsylvania, Showing Animals Respect and Kindness used drones to monitor people shooting at pigeons
for sport.[169] One of their drones was shot down by
hunters.[170]

ShadowView Eco Ranger

In March 2013, UAV conservation nonprot

ShadowView, founded by former members of Sea
Shepherd Conservation Society, worked with antihunting charity the League Against Cruel Sports to expose
illegal fox hunting in the UK.[171] Hunt supporters have
argued that using UAVs to lm hunting is an invasion of
privacy.[172]

In 2014, Will Potter proposed using drones to monitor

By 2012 the International Anti-Poaching Foundation was conditions on factory farms. The idea is to circumvent
using UAVs.[155]
ag-gag prohibitions by keeping the drones on public property, but equipping them with cameras sensitive enough
to monitor distant activities.[173] Potter raised nearly
Anti-poaching In June 2012, World Wide Fund for $23,000 in 2 days for this project on Kickstarter.[173]
Nature (WWF) announced it would begin using UAVs
in Nepal to aid conservation eorts following a successful trial of two aircraft in Chitwan National Park. The
Pollution monitoring UAVs equipped with air qualglobal wildlife organization planned to train ten personity monitors provide real time air analysis at various
nel to use the UAVs, with operational use beginning in
elevations.[174]
the fall.[156][157] In August 2012, UAVs were used by
members of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in
Namibia to document the annual seal cull.[158] In December 2013, the Falcon UAV was selected by the Namib- 9.2.10 Surveying
ian Government and WWF to help combat rhinocerous
poaching.[159] The drones will operate in Etosha National Oil, gas andmineral exploration and production
UAVs can be used to perform geophysical surveys, in
Park and will use implanted RFID tags.[160]
particular geomagnetic surveys[175] where measurements
In 2012, the WWFund supplied two FPV Raptor 1.6 of the Earths varying magnetic eld strength are used
UAVs[161] to Nepal National Parks. These UAVs were to calculate the nature of the underlying magnetic rock
used to monitor rhinos, tigers and elephants and deter structure. A knowledge of the underlying rock strucpoachers.[162] The UAVs were equipped with time-lapse ture helps to predict the location of mineral deposits. Oil
cameras and could y for 18 miles at 650 feet.[163]
and gas production entails the monitoring of the integrity
In December 2012, Kruger National Park started us- of oil and gas pipelines and related installations. For
ing a Seeker II UAV against rhino poachers. The UAV above-ground pipelines, this monitoring activity can be
was loaned to the South African National Parks au- performed using digital cameras mounted on UAVs.[176]

14

Camclone T21 UAV tted with CSIRO guidance system used to

inspect power lines (2009)

9 APPLICATIONS

The RQ-7 Shadow can deliver a Quick-MEDS canister to frontline troops.

In 2012, Cavim, the state-run arms manufacturer of

Venezuela, claimed to be producing its own UAV as part
of a system to survey and monitor pipelines, dams and
other rural infrastructure.[177][178]
Disaster relief Drones can help in disaster relief by
delivered via a UAV.[186][187]
providing intelligence across an aected area.[179]
Initial attempts at commercial use of UAVs, such as
T-Hawk[180] and Global Hawk[181] drones were used to
the Tacocopter company for food delivery, were blocked
gather information about the damaged Fukushima Numby FAA regulation.[188] A 2013 announcement that
ber 1 nuclear plant and disaster-stricken areas of the
Amazon was planning deliveries using UAVs was met
Thoku region after the March 2011 tsunami.
with skepticism.[189]
Archaeology In Peru, archaeologists used drones to
speed up survey work and protect sites from squatters,
builders and miners. Small drones helped researchers
produce three-dimensional models of Peruvian sites instead of the usual at maps and in days and weeks instead of months and years.[182]

In 2014, the prime minister of the United Arab Emirates announced that the UAE planned to launch a eet of
UAVs[190] to deliver ocial documents and supply emergency services at accidents.[191]
Google revealed in 2014 it had been testing UAVs for two
years. The Google X program aims to produce drones
that can deliver items.[192]

You can go up three metres and photograph a room, 300

July 16, 2015, A NASA Langley xed-wing Cirrus SR22
metres and photograph a site, or you can go up 3,000 meaircraft, own remotely from the ground, operated by
[182]
tres and photograph the entire valley.
NASAs Langley Research Center in Hampton and a
Drones have replaced expensive and clumsy small planes, hexacopter drone delivered pharmaceuticals and other
kites and helium balloons. Drones costing as little as 650 medical supplies to an outdoor free clinic at the Wise
have proven useful. In 2013, drones ew over Peruvian County Fairgrounds, Virginia. The aircraft picked up
archaeological sites, including the colonial Andean town 10 pounds of pharmaceuticals and supplies from an airMachu Llacta 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above sea level. The port in Tazewell County in southwest Virginia and delivdrones had altitude problems in the Andes, leading to ered the medicine to the Lonesome Pine Airport in Wise
plans to make a drone blimp.[182]
County. The aircraft had a pilot on board for safety.
In Jordan, drones were used to discover evidence of The supplies went to a crew, which separated the supplies into 24 smaller packages to be delivered by small,
looted archaeological sites.[183]
unmanned drone to the free clinic, during multiple ights
In September 2014, drones were used for 3D mapping over two hours. A company pilot controlled the hexaof the above-ground ruins of Aphrodisias and the Gallo- copter, which lowered the pharmaceuticals to the ground
Roman remains in Switzerland.[184][185]
by tether. Health care workers distributed the medications to appropriate patients.[193]
Cargo transport Main article: Delivery drone
UAVs can transport medicines and medical specimens
into and out of inaccessible regions.[108] In 2013, in a research project of DHL, a small quantity of medicine was

The Uvionix Nksy aerial delivery service is planning to

allow local shops to deliver goods from a drone.[194] The
company wants to deliver fast food, beer, coee, soda,
electronics, prescriptions and personal care products.[194]

9.3

Criminal and terrorist

15

9.3 Criminal and terrorist

Some drones have been observed dropping contraband
onto U.S. prisons.[199] The New York City Police Department is concerns about drone attacks with chemical
weapons, rearms, or explosives; one drone nearly collided with an NYPD helicopter.[200] Others have voiced
concerns about assassinations and attacks on nuclear
power stations.[201]
Uses already seen include:
Surveilliance for ISIS in Iraq and Syria[201]

A Yamaha R-MAX, a UAV that has been used for aerial application in Japan

9.2.11

Agriculture

Landing radioactive material on the roof of the

Japanese Prime Ministers oce[202] possibly in
protest of nuclear energy policy
Incitement of a brawl when a drone ew a ag over
a soccer stadium[203]
Invasion of Israeli airspace by Hezbollah[204]

Japanese farmers have been using Yamaha's R-50 and

RMAX unmanned helicopters to dust their crops since
1987.[195][196] Some farming initiatives in the U.S. use 10 Existing UAVs
UAVs for crop spraying, as they are often cheaper than
a full-sized helicopter.
Main article: List of unmanned aerial vehicles
UAV are also now becoming an invaluable tool by farmers See also: Category:Unmanned aerial vehicle manufacin other aspect of farming, such as monitoring livestock, turers
crops and water levels. NDVI images, generated with
a near-IR sensor, can provide detailed information on UAVs are being developed and deployed by many councrop health, improving yield and reducing input cost. So- tries around the world. Due to their wide proliferation,
phisticated UAV have also been used to create 3D im- no comprehensive list of UAV systems exists.[32][205]
ages of the landscape to plan for future expansions and
The export of UAVs or technology capable of carrying
upgrading.[197]
a 500 kg payload at least 300 km is restricted in many
countries by the Missile Technology Control Regime.
As of 2011 China had exhibited some UAV designs, but
its ability to operate them was limited by the lack of high
endurance domestic engines, satellite infrastructure and
operational experience.[206]

11 Events
Main article: UAV-related historical events, nearincidents, incidents and accidents

Krossblade SkyProwler transformer UAV for research into

vertical take-o and landing technologies for aircraft

12 Safety
12.1 Air trac

9.2.12

Passenger transport

UAVs can threaten airspace security in numerous ways,

including unintentional collisions or other interference
In January 2016, Ehang UAV announced drones capable with other aircraft, deliberate attacks or by distracting piof carrying passengers.[198]
lots or ight controllers.

16

12.2

14

Malicious use

UAVs could be loaded with dangerous payloads, and

crashed into vulnerable targets. Payloads could include
explosives, chemical, radiologial or biological hazards.
Drones with generally non-lethal payloads could possibly
be hacked and put to malicious purposes.

13

Regulation

Main article: Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles

Ethical concerns and UAV-related accidents have driven
nations to regulate the use of UAVs.

13.1

Republic of Ireland

The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) requires specic permission from the IAA for all UAV operations.[207] UAVs
over 1 kg must be registered.[208][209]

13.2

Netherlands

As of May 2016, the Dutch police is testing trained bald

eagles to intercept oending drones.[210][211]

13.3

South Africa

In April 2014, the South African Civil Aviation Authority

announced that it would clamp down on the illegal ying
of UAVs in South African airspace.[212] Hobby drones
with a weigh of less than 7 kg at altitudes up to 500m
with restricted visual line-of-sight below the height of the
highest obstacle within 300m of the drone are allowed.
No license is required for such vehicles.[213]

POPULAR CULTURE

Eligible owners must register their UAVs prior to

ight.
If the owner is less than 13 years old, a parent or
other responsible person must do the FAA registration.
UAVs must be marked with the FAA-issued registration number.[218]
The registration fee is $5. The registration is good
for 3 years and can be renewed for an additional 3
years at the $5 rate.[219]
A single registration applies to all UAVs owned by
an individual. Failure to register can result in civil
penalties of up to $27,500 and criminal penalties of
up to $250,000 and/or imprisonment for up to three
years.[220]
On June 21, 2016 the Federal Aviation Administration
announced regulations for commercial operation of small
UAS craft (sUAS), those between 0.55 and 55 pounds including payload. The rules, which exclude hobbyists, require the presence at all operations of a licensed Remote
Pilot in Command. Certication of this position, available to any citizen at least 16 years of age, is obtained
solely by passing a written test and then submitting an application. For those holding a sport pilot license or higher,
and with a current ight review, a rule-specic exam can
be taken at no charge online at the faasafety.gov website.
Other applicants must take a more comprehensive examination at an aeronautical testing center. All licensees are
required to take a review course every two years. Applications may be submitted when the system begins in
August, 2016. At this time no ratings for heavier UAS
are available.[221]

14 Popular culture
Main article: List of lms featuring drones

13.4

United States

To operate a UAV for nonrecreational purposes in the

US, the FAA requires operators to obtain a Certicate of
Authorization.[214] The use of UAVs for law-enforcement
purposes is regulated at a state level. For commercial
use, the FAA mandates that operators petition for an
exemption.[215]
In October 2015, the United States Department of Transportation and FAA formed a task force to review the requirements for registering commercial drones.[216]
From December 21, 2015 all hobby type UAVs between
250 grams and 25 kilograms needed to be registered with
FAA no later than February 19, 2016.[217]
The new FAA UAV registration process includes requirements for:

Toys (1992) depicts unwitting child soldiers in training to y UAVs.

A UCAV AI, called EDI, was central to the sci-
action lm Stealth (2005).
UAVs feature in video games, such as Tom Clancys
Ghost Recon (2001), Battleeld (2002), Call
of Duty (2003), F.E.A.R. (2005) and inFamous
(2009).[222]
An MQ-9 reaper controlled by a rogue supercomputer appears in the lm Eagle Eye (2008).
The hapless would-be terrorists in the lm Four Lions (2010) are targeted by and attempt to shoot
down an RQ-1 Predator.

17
The Bourne Legacy (2012 lm) features a Predator
UAV pursuing the protagonists.

17 References

An episode of the TV show Castle, rst broadcast in

May 2013, featured a UAV hacked by terrorists.[223]

[1] ICAOs circular 328 AN/190 : Unmanned Aircraft Systems (PDF). ICAO. Retrieved 3 February 2016.

The British movie Hummingbird (2013) ends with

ambiguity as to whether the main protagonist is
taken down by a drone or not.

[2] Tice, Brian P. (Spring 1991). Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

The Force Multiplier of the 1990s. Airpower Journal.
Archived from the original on 24 July 2009. Retrieved 6
June 2013. When used, UAVs should generally perform
missions characterized by the three Ds: dull, dirty, and
dangerous.

Ennui Ennui (2013), a short lm by Portuguese director Gabriel Abrantes, features a self-aware babydrone sent by Barack Obama in Afghanistan to nd
and kill a future local warlord.
24: Live Another Day, the ninth season of "24", revolves around the usage of UAVs (resembling the
BAE Systems Taranis) by terrorists who have created a device to override control from a military
base.
The lm Good Kill features the life of an USAF
drone pilot.
The 2008 Ridley Scott lm Body of Lies prominently features CIA-operated drones used to surveil
the main protagonist as he operates in Iraq, Jordan
and Syria.
The 2016 Miles A. Maxwell short story DRONE in
the State Of Reason Mystery series features terrorist
drones purchased at local department stores used to
take down a jet in a future United States Presidential
election.

[3] Franke, Ulrike Esther (26 January 2015). Civilian

Drones: Fixing an Image Problem?". ISN Blog. International Relations and Security Network. Retrieved 5
March 2015.
[4] Corcoran, Mark (28 February 2013). Drone wars: The
denition dogght. ABCNews.net.au.
[5] Unmanned Aircraft Systems Roadmap. Archived 2 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
[6] European ATM Master Plan 2015 | SESAR. www.
sesarju.eu. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[7] unmanned aerial vehicle. TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[8] What is the dierence between a drone and an RC plane
or helicopter?". Drones Etc. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
[9] Remote Piloted Aerial Vehicles: An Anthology. Centre for Telecommunications and Information Engineering,
Monash University. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
[10] Says, Robert Kanyike. History of U.S. Drones. Retrieved 17 February 2014.

15

UAE Drones for Good Award

In 2014, the United Arab Emirates announced an annual

international competition and $1 million award, UAE
Drones for Good, aiming to encourage useful and positive applications for UAV technology in applications such
as in search and rescue, civil defence and conservation.
The 2015 award was won by Swiss company Flyability,
while the 2016 edition awarded Loon Copters sea-hybrid
UAV.[224]

[11] Taylor, A. J. P. Janes Book of Remotely Piloted Vehicles.

[12] Dempsey, Martin E. (9 April 2010). Eyes of the Army
U.S. Army Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems
20102035 (PDF). U.S. Army. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
[13] Wagner 1982, p. xi.
[14] Wagner 1982, p. xi, xii.
[15] Wagner 1982, p. xii.
[16] Wagner 1982, p. 79.

16

See also

International Aerial Robotics Competition

Micro air vehicle
Miniature UAV
Quadcopter
ParcAberporth
Radio-controlled aircraft
Satellite Sentinel Project

[17] Wagner 1982, p. 78, 79.

[18] Dunstan, Simon (2013). Israeli Fortications of the October War 1973. Osprey Publishing. p. 16. ISBN
9781782004318. Retrieved 2015-10-25. The War of Attrition was also notable for the rst use of UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, carrying reconnaissance cameras
in combat.
[19] Saxena, V. K. (2013). The Amazing Growth and Journey of UAVs and Ballastic Missile Defence Capabilities:
Where the Technology is Leading to?. Vij Books India Pvt
Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 9789382573807. Retrieved 2015-1025. During the Yom Kippur War the Israelis used Teledyne Ryan 124 R RPVs along with the home-grown Scout

18

17

REFERENCES

and Mastif UAVs for reconnaissance, surveillance and as

decoys to draw re from Arab SAMs. This resulted in
Arab forces expending costly and scarce missiles on inappropriate targets [...].

[37] Floreano, Dario; Wood, Robert J. (27 May 2015).

Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature 521 (7553): 460466.
doi:10.1038/nature14542. Retrieved 11 February 2016.

[20] The Encyclopedia of the Arab-Israeli Conict: A Political, Social, and Military History: A Political, Social, and
Military History, ABC-CLIO, 12 May 2008, by Spencer C.
Tucker, Priscilla Mary Roberts, page 1054-55 ISBN

[38] Fasano, Giancarmine; Accardo, Domenico; Tirri, Anna

Elena; Moccia, Antonio; De Lellis, Ettore (2015-10-01).
Radar/electro-optical data fusion for non-cooperative
UAS sense and avoid. Aerospace Science and Technology 46: 436450. doi:10.1016/j.ast.2015.08.010.

[21] Wagner 1982, p. 202.

[39] Arduino
Playground
WhatIsDegreesOfFreedom6DOF9DOF10DOF11DOF.
playground.arduino.cc. Retrieved 2016-02-04.

[22] Wagner 1982, p. 200, 212.

[23] Wagner 1982, p. 208.
[24] A Brief History of UAVs. Howstuworks.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[25] Russia Buys A Bunch Of Israeli UAVs.
page.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.

Strategy-

[26] Azoulai, Yuval (24 October 2011). Unmanned combat

vehicles shaping future warfare. Globes. Retrieved 8 January 2015.

[40] Bristeau, Callou, Vissire, Petit (2011). The Navigation

and Control technology inside the AR.Drone micro UAV
(PDF). IFAC World Congress.
[41] Teaching tiny drones how to y themselves. Ars Technica. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
[42] Biomimetics and Dextrous Manipulation Lab - MultiModalRobots. bdml.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2016-0321.

[27] Levinson, Charles (13 January 2010). Israeli Robots Remake Battleeld. The Wall Street Journal. p. A10. Retrieved 13 January 2010.

[43] D'Andrea, Raaello. The astounding athletic power of

quadcopters. www.ted.com. Retrieved 2016-02-04.

[28] Gal-Or, Benjamin (1990). Vectored Propulsion, Supermaneuverability & Robot Aircraft. Springer Verlag. ISBN
3-540-97161-0.

[44] Yanguo, Song; Huanjin, Wang (2009-06-01). Design of

Flight Control System for a Small Unmanned Tilt Rotor
Aircraft. Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 22 (3): 250
256. doi:10.1016/S1000-9361(08)60095-3.

[29] Z. Goraj; A. Frydrychewicz; R. witkiewicz; B. Hernik; J.

Gadomski; T. Goetzendorf-Grabowski; M. Figat; St Suchodolski; W. Chajec. report (PDF). Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Technical Sciences, Volume 52.
Number 3, 2004. Retrieved 2015-12-09.
[30] Community Research and Development Information Service. Civil uav application and economic eectiveness of
potential conguration solutions. published by the Publications Oce of the European Union. Retrieved 201512-09.
[31] Ackerman, Spencer; Shachtman, Noah (9 January 2012).
Almost 1 In 3 U.S. Warplanes Is a Robot. WIRED. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[32] Singer, Peter W. A Revolution Once More: Unmanned
Systems and the Middle East, The Brookings Institution,
November 2009.
[33] Radsan, AJ; Murphy (2011). Measure Twice, Shoot
Once: Higher Care for Cia-Targeted Killing. Univ. Ill.
Law Rev.:12011241.
[34] Horgen, John (March 2013) Unmanned Flight National
Geographic, Retrieved 20 February 2013
[35] Sayler, Kelley (June 2015). A world of proliferated
drones : a technology primer (PDF). Center for a New
American Security.
[36] Dronewallah. Knowledge Base: What are RTF, BNF and
ARF drone kits?". rcDroneArena. Retrieved 2016-02-03.

[45] Researchers Pilot a Drone Using an Apple Watch. NBC

News. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[46] Watch This Man Control a Flying Drone With His
Brain. www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[47] Barnard, Joseph (2007). Small UAV Command, Control
and Communication Issues (PDF). Barnard Microsystems.
[48] The Cheap Drone Camera That Transmits to Your
Phone. Bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[49] Brandi, Alexander G. UAV control over mobile networks. Technical University of Denmark. Department
of Photonics Engineering, DTU. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[50] Identifying Critical Manned-Unmanned Teaming Skills
for Unmanned Aircraft System Operators (PDF). U.S.
Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. September 2012.
[51] Roberge, V.; Tarbouchi, M.; Labonte, G. (2013-02-01).
Comparison of Parallel Genetic Algorithm and Particle
Swarm Optimization for Real-Time UAV Path Planning.
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics 9 (1): 132
141. doi:10.1109/TII.2012.2198665. ISSN 1551-3203.
[52] Tisdale, J.; Kim, ZuWhan; Hedrick, J.K. (2009-0601). Autonomous UAV path planning and estimation. IEEE Robotics Automation Magazine 16 (2): 3542.
doi:10.1109/MRA.2009.932529. ISSN 1070-9932.

19

[53] Cekmez, Ozsiginan, Aydin And Sahingoz (2014). UAV

Path Planning with Parallel Genetic Algorithms on CUDA
Architecture (PDF). World congress on engineering.
[54] Davenport, Christian (2015-04-23). Watch a step in
Navy history: an autonomous drone gets refueled midair. The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved
2016-02-03.
[55] Clough, Bruce (August 2002). Metrics, Schmetrics!
How The Heck Do You Determine A UAVs Autonomy
Anyway?" (PDF). US Air Force Research Laboratory.
[56] Serres, Julien R.; Masson, Guillaume P.; Ruer, Franck;
Franceschini, Nicolas. A bee in the corridor: centering
and wall-following. Naturwissenschaften 95 (12): 1181
1187. doi:10.1007/s00114-008-0440-6.
[57] Roca, Martnez-Snchez, Lagela, and Arias (2016).
Novel Aerial 3D Mapping System Based on UAV Platforms and 2D Laser Scanners. Hindawi.
[58] ETH Zurich: Drones with a Sense of Direction. Ascending Technologies GmbH. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[59] Shaojie Shen (2010-11-16), Autonomous Aerial Navigation in Conned Indoor Environments, retrieved 2016-0203
[60] SWEEPER Demonstrates Wide-Angle Optical Phased
Array Technology. www.darpa.mil. Retrieved 2016-0203.
[61] LIDAR: LIDAR nears ubiquity as miniature systems
proliferate. www.laserfocusworld.com. Retrieved 201602-03.
[62] Quack, Ferrara, Gambini, Han, Keraly, Qiao, Rao, Sandborn, Zhu, Chuang, Yablonovitch, Boser, Chang-Hasnain,
C. Wu (2015). Development of an FMCW LADAR
Source Chip using MEMS-Electronic-Photonic Heterogeneous Integration. University of California, Berkeley.
[63] DARPAs Plan to Overwhelm Enemies With Swarming
Drones - Drone 360. Drone 360. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
[64] NewWorldofWeapons (2014-01-17), US Air force
STEALTH UAV armed with LASER GUN named General
Atomics Avenger, retrieved 2016-02-03
[65] Young (December 2012). Unied Multi-domain Decision Making: Cognitive Radio and Autonomous Vehicle
Convergence (PDF). Faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic
Institute and State University.
[66] The numbers behind the worldwide trade in drones.
2015-03-16.
[67] The Consumer Drone Market: Trend Analysis. Emberify Blog. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
[68] Drones in 2016: 4 Numbers Everyone Should Know.
The Motley Fool. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
[69] Peterson, Andrea (2013-08-19). States are competing to
be the Silicon Valley of drones. The Washington Post.
ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2016-02-04.

[70] Chirarattananon, Pakpong; Ma, Kevin Y; Wood, J (22

May 2014), Adaptive control of a millimeter-scale
apping-wing robot (PDF), Bioinspiration & Biomimetics
(IOP Publishing), doi:10.1088/1748-3182/9/2/025004
[71] Sarah Knapton (29 March 2016). Giant remotecontrolled beetles and 'biobot' insects could replace
drones. The Telegraph.
[72] yeair! The quadcopter of the future. From 1399 ..
Kickstarter. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
[73] Flying on Hydrogen: Georgia Tech Researchers Use
Fuel Cells to Power Unmanned Aerial Vehicle | Georgia Tech Research Institute. www.gtri.gatech.edu. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
[74] Hydrogen-powered Hycopter quadcopter could y for 4
hours at a time. www.gizmag.com. Retrieved 2016-0204.
[75] /;Vertical Challenge: Monsters of the sky"/;. Archived
11 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
[76] General Atomics Gnat. Designation-systems.net. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[77] UAV Notes. Archived 30 July 2013 at the Wayback
Machine.
[78] Trans atlantic Model. Tam.plannet21.com. Retrieved 8
January 2015.
[79] QinetiQs Zephyr UAV exceeds ocial world record for
longest duration unmanned ight. QinetiQ. 10 September
2007. Archived from the original on 23 April 2011.
[80] New Scientist Technology Blog: Solar plane en route to
everlasting ight - New Scientist. Newscientist.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[81] Northrop Grummans Global Hawk Unmanned Aircraft
Sets 33-Hour Flight Endurance Record. Spacewar.com.
Retrieved 27 August 2013.
[82] QinetiQs Zephyr UAV ies for three and a half days to
set unocial world record for longest duration unmanned
ight. QinetiQ. 24 August 2008. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011.
[83] QinetiQ les for three world records for its Zephyr Solar
powered UAV. QinetiQ. 24 August 2010. Archived from
the original on 24 September 2010.
[84] Boniol (December 2014). Towards Modular and Certied Avionics for UAV (PDF). Aerospacelab Journal.
[85] D. Boskovic and Knoebel (2009). A Comparison Study
of Several Adaptive Control Strategies for Resilient Flight
Control (PDF). AIAA Guidance, Navigation andControl
Conference.
[86] Atkins. Certiable Autonomous Flight Management for
Unmanned Aircraft Systems. University of Michigan.
[87] Pradhan, Otte, Dubey, Gokhale and Karsai (2013). Key
Considerations for a Resilient and Autonomous Deployment and Conguration Infrastructure for Cyber-Physical
Systems (PDF). Dept. of Electrical Engineering and
Computer Science Vanderbilt University, Nashville.

20

17

REFERENCES

[88] Pentagon Plans for Cuts to Drone Budgets. DoD Buzz. [107] Abdessameud, Abdelkader andAbdelhamid Tayebi.
Retrieved 8 January 2015.
2013.
Motion Coordination for VTOL Unmanned
Aerial Vehicles: Attitude Synchronisation and Formation
[89] Five Reasons Why Drones Are Here to Stay.
Control.
Description of printed book by Springer
Bloomberg. Retrieved 2015-02-08.
Science+Business Media.
[90] " 141 ". Airwar.ru. Retrieved 6 [108] Raptopoulos, Andreas (June 2013). No roads? Theres
February 2014.
a drone for that. TED (conference). Archived from the
original on 21 November 2013. (Click Show transcript.)
[91] " 123 ". Airwar.ru. Retrieved 6
February 2014.
[109] Lallanilla, Marc (23 March 2013). 9 Totally Cool Uses
for Drones. LiveScience. TechMedia Network. Viewed
[92] " 17". Airwar.ru. Retrieved 6 February
4 March 2014.
2014.
[110] Saska, M.; Kasl, Z.; Preucil, L. Motion Planning and Con[93] "- ".
trol of Formations of Micro Aerial Vehicles. In ProceedTopwar.ru. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
ings of The 19th World Congress of the International Federation of Automatic Control. 2014.
[94] " ". Airwar.ru. Retrieved 6
February 2014.
[111] Saska, M.; Vonasek, V.; Krajnik, T.; Preucil, L. Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous UAVs-UGVs
[95] Cenciotti, David (6 December 2013). U.S. Navy sucTeams Localized by a Hawk-Eye Approach. In Proceedcessfully launched a surveillance drone from a submerged
ings of 2012 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Insubmarine. The Aviationist. Retrieved 6 February 2014.
telligent Robots and Systems. 2012.
[96] Sauer, Frank; Schoernig Niklas (2012). Killer drones: [112] Wall, Tyler, Monahan, Torin (2011). Surveillance and
The 'silver bullet' of democratic warfare?". Security DiaViolence from Afar: The Politics of Drones and Liminal
logue 43 (4): 363380. Retrieved 1 September 2012.
Security-Scapes (pdf). Theoretical Criminology 15 (3):
239254. doi:10.1177/1362480610396650.
[97] Shrapnel Points to Drone in Pakistan Attack. Fox News.
5 December 2005. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[113] Saska, M.; Vonasek, V.; Krajnik, T.; Preucil, L. Coordination and Navigation of Heterogeneous MAVUGV For[98] Predator Kills Important al-Qaeda Leader in Pakistan.
mations Localized by a hawk-eye-like Approach Under
Defense Industry Daily. 19 May 2005. Retrieved 8 Jana Model Predictive Control Scheme. International Jouruary 2015.
nal of Robotics Research 33(10):13931412, September
2014.
[99] CIA drone said to kill al-Qaida operative | US news | Security | NBC News. msnbc.com. Retrieved 8 January [114] Saska, M.; Chudoba, J.; Preucil, L.; Thomas, J.; Loianno,
2015.
G.; Tresnak, A.; Vonasek, V.; Kumar, V. Autonomous
[100] FIROUZ SEDARAT (31 January 2008). Al-Qaeda
chieftain killed. The Guardian. Archived from the original on 5 February 2008. Retrieved 15 June 2016.

Deployment of Swarms of Micro-Aerial Vehicles in Cooperative Surveillance. In Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems
(ICUAS). 2014.

[101] Stewart, Joshua (2 August 2014). Modied UAVs raise [115] Sandvik, Kristin Bergtora, Lohne, Kjersti (2014).
concerns for infantry. www.marinecorpstimes.com (GanThe Rise of the Humanitarian Drone:
Giving
nett Government Media). Retrieved 2 August 2014.
Content to an Emerging Concept.
Millennium.
doi:10.1177/0305829814529470.
[102] Sweetman, Bill (2 April 2015). Lasers Technology Targets Mini-UAVs. Aviation Week & Space Technology. [116] Saska, M.; Langr J.; L. Preucil. Plume Tracking by a SelfRetrieved 4 April 2015.
stabilized Group of Micro Aerial Vehicles. In Modelling
and Simulation for Autonomous Systems. 2014.
[103] SecurityNewsDesk. Counter drone Anti-UAV system
unveiled by British trio. Security News Desk.
[117] McFarland, Matt (17 September 2014). In Switzerland, police nd a use for drones. The Washington Post.
[104] US Air Force successfully ies unmanned F-16, says
Archived from the original on 20 September 2014.
robotic planes will only be used as 'target practice'". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 26 September 2013. [118] The Eye in the Sky: How Drones are Transforming the
Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
Construction Industry - Carey London Limited. Carey
London Limited. 2016-05-10. Retrieved 2016-05-10.
[105] Fung, Brian (16 August 2013). Why drone makers have
declared war on the word drone". The Washington Post. [119] Pasztor, Andy; Emshwiller, John (21 April 2012). Drone
Archived from the original on 17 August 2013.
Use Takes O on the Home Front. The Wall Street Journal.
[106] Peterson, Andrea (19 August 2013). States are competing to be the Silicon Valley of drones. The Washington [120] Campoy, Ana (13 December 2011). The Laws New Eye
Post. Archived from the original on 22 August 2013.
in the Sky. The Wall Street Journal.

21

[121] Noel Sharkey & Sarah Knuckey (22 December 2011). [140] Lundin, Leigh (3 February 2013). Eye in the Sky. UAV
OWS Fights Back Against Police Surveillance by
Drones. Orlando: SleuthSayers.
Launching Occucopter Citizen Drone. Occupy Wall
Street. Retrieved 26 December 2011. Tim Pool, an [141] Lundin, Leigh (10 February 2013). Spy in the Sky.
UAV Drones. Orlando: SleuthSayers.
Occupy Wall Street protester, has acquired a Parrot
AR.Drone he amusingly calls the occucopter
[142] Tim Phillips, Manufacturers Market Drones Before the
Law Species How They Can Be Used, Activist Defense,
[122] Keneally, Meghan (20 February 2012) Hunters take aim
16 February 2013.
at an animal rights groups video drone The Daily Mail,
retrieved 5 February 2013
[143] Amie Stepanovich. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and
[123] Drone Finds Missing Man. Drones Den.
Drones. Electronic Privacy Information Center. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
[124] FAA MODERNIZATION AND REFORM ACT OF
2012 (PDF).
[144] Philip Bump. The Border Patrol Wants to Arm Drones.
The Wire. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[125] Academy of Model Aeronautics National Model Aircraft
Safety Code (PDF). Academy of Model Aeronautics. [145] Kravets, David (19 June 2013). FBI Admits It Surveils
January 1, 2014.
U.S. With Drones. Wired. Retrieved 20 June 2013.
FBI Director Robert Mueller said today the bureau was
[126] Gaszczak, A; T.P. Breckon; J.W. Han (January 2011).
surveiling the United States with drones. The revelation
Robot journal article. Proc. SPIE Conference Intelliwas during an FBI oversight hearing before the Senate Jugent Robots and Computer Vision XXVIII: Algorithms and
diciary Committee and comes as the bureau, along with
Techniques 7878 (78780B). doi:10.1117/12.876663.
the National Security Agency, are on the defensive about
revelations that they are obtaining metadata on Amer[127] Ungerleider, Neal (31 January 2013). See What You Can
icans phone records and Americans private data from
Do With Drone Filmmaking. UAV Drones. USA: fastcompanies like Google, Facebook, Microsoft andothers.
cocreate.
The FBI is not alone in monitoring the U.S. with drones.
[128] Ungerleider, Neal (15 February 2012). Unmanned
Drones Go From Afghanistan To Hollywood. UAV [146] (22 October 2014) UK drones: Concern over increase in
use BBC News UK, Retrieved 22 October 2014
Drones. USA: fastcompany.com.
[129] Lavrinc, Damon (17 May 2012). Forget the Helicopter: [147] Police drone crashes into River Mersey. BBC News. 31
October 2011.
New Drone Cuts Cost of Aerial Video. Wired (website)
(New York: Cond Nast). Archived from the original on
[148] Michelle Nichols (1 August 2013). Italian rm to provide
6 April 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2014.
surveillance drone for U.N. in Congo. Reuters.
[130] Feltman, Rachel. The Future of Sports Photography:
[149] Archived 15 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine.
Drones. The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
[131] Drone Journalism Lab. dronejournalismlab.org.
[132]
[133]

[134]
[135]

[150] 2008 Search and Rescue Missions. Just Aero Works,

Inc. Archived from the original on 13 July 2011. ReThe Missouri Drone Journalism Program. The Missouri
trieved June 15, 2016.
Drone Journalism Program.
[151] Craig Pearson (12 January 2012). Police use drone heliProfessional Society of Drone Journalists (PSDJ)".
copter in search.
Home of the Professional Society of Drone Journalists
(PSDJ). 2015-03-24. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
[152] McFarland, Matt (30 January 2014). One day a drone
might throw you a life preserver. The Washington Post
Kaufman, Leslie (2013-12-24). Drones Oer Journalists
and Fast Company. Archived from the original on 31 Jana Wider View. New York Times. Retrieved 2015-03-24.
uary 2014.
Researchers to begin work with news organizations in an
eort to advance aerial journalism. Virginia Tech News. [153] Lara, Julio (18 March 2015). Drones Might Save Lives
in Chilean Beaches. Drones Republic.
2015-02-05. Retrieved 2015-03-24.

[136] A Selvaraj (25 February 2014). In a rst, Tamil Nadu po- [154] The Story of ConservationDrones.org. conservationdrones.org. Retrieved 2016-02-03.
lice use UAV in murder probe. Times of India. Archived
from the original on 21 February 2015.
[155] Ex-soldier takes on poachers with hi-tech help for wildlife
Herald-Sun
[137] Gujarat Police to use UAV for security during `Run for
Unity` marathon. Zee News. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[156] Drones to protect Nepals endangered species from
poachers. BBC News. 20 June 2012.
[138] PTI (20 April 2011). Chandigarh police get UAV. The
Hindu (Chennai, India). Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[157] Press Trust of India (21 June 2012). Nepal to train
[139] 2012: Privacy Highlights in India. Cis-india.org. Rerangers to handle drone aircraft to save rhinos. Businesstrieved 8 January 2015.
standard.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.

22

17

REFERENCES

[158] Sea Shepherd Aerial drone to monitor seal slaughter. 31 [176] InView papers and presentations. BarnardmicrosysAugust 2012.
tems.com. Retrieved 31 March 2012.
[159] An Eye in the Sky for Boots on the Ground. World- [177] (14 June 2012) Chavez unveils surveillance drone BBC
wildlife.org. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
News Latin America & Caribbean, Retrieved 8 April
2013
[160] Fran. Google-funded surveillance drones keeping watch
over Namibias rhinos. Your African Safari. Retrieved 8 [178] (14 June 2012) Chavez shows o rst Venezuelan drone
January 2015.
Dawn.com, Retrieved 6 April 2013
[161] FPV RAPTOR 1.6 - KIT Archived 28 September 2013 [179] Smart software uses drones to plot disaster relief. Newat the Wayback Machine.
scientist.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[162] New Technology to Fight Wildlife Crime (12 Septem[180] Madrigal, Alexis C. (28 April 2011) Inside the Drone Misber 2012). World Wildlife Fund Stories. Retrieved 27
sions to Fukushima The Atlantic, Retrieved 1 April 2013
September 2014.
[163] Richardson, Nigel (27 July 2013) Joining forces to save [181] Takateru, Doi (17 August 2011) Defense Ministry plans
its version of Global Hawk aircraft The Asahi Shimbun,
the Bengal tiger The Telegraph, Retrieved 27 July 2013
Retrieved 1 April 2013
[164] Sclesinger, Fay (16 March 2013) Animal activists to use
drones in ght against illegal hunting The Times, Page [182] Reuters in Lima. Perus archaeologists turn to drones to
help protect and explore ancient ruins | World news. the17'; subscription required
guardian.com. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
[165] Conway-Smith, Erin (11 January 2013) South Africa
sics drones on rhino poachers Global Post, Retrieved 19 [183] Drones: Archaeologys Newest Tool to Combat Looting. news.nationalgeographic.com. 2014-04-13. ReMarch 2013
trieved 2016-03-02.
[166] Franklin, Jonathan (1 January 2012) Whaling: campaigners use drones in the ght against Japanese Whalers The [184] Hudson, Hal (24 September 2014). Air-chaeological
Guardian, Retrieved 8 April 2013
drones search for ancient treasures (2988). New Scientist. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
[167] (13 March 2012) USPCA drones join ght against badger
cruelty BBC News Northern Ireland, Retrieved 19 March [185] Drone-assisted archeology. euronews. Retrieved 20162013
03-02.
[168] Reed, Jim (29 August 2012). The skies open up for large [186] Fuest, Benedikt (9 December 2013). DHL testet erstcivilian drones. BBC News Technology. Retrieved 8
mals Paketlieferung per Drohne. Die Welt.
April 2013.
[187] Elliot, Danielle (9 December 2013). DHL testing deliv[169] Atherton, Kelsey D. (26 Sep 2013). Activist Drone
ery drones. CBS News.
Catches Pigeon Shooters. Popular Science. Retrieved
17 July 2014.
[188] Gilbert, Jason (20 August 2012). Tacocopter Aims To
Deliver Tacos Using Unmanned Drone Helicopters. The
[170] Chang, David (20 Nov 2012). Flying Camera From AnHungton Post.
imal Rights Group Shot Down at Pigeon Shoot. NBC 10
Philadelphia. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
[189] Robillard, Kevin; Byers, Alex (2 December 2013).
Amazon drones: Obstacles to the Bezos dream. Politico.
[171] Animal activists to use drones in ght against illegal huntArchived from the original on 6 December 2013.
ing. 16 March 2013.
[172] Animal welfare charity is to use DRONES to spy on peo- [190] Kerr, Simon (11 February 2014) UAE to develop eet of
drones to deliver public services, The Financial Times,
ple illegally hunting. Daily Mail (London). 17 March
World News, Retrieved 12 February 2014
2013.
[173] Zara, Christopher (12 Jun 2014). Fighting Ag-Gag Laws [191] Sleiman, Mirna (10 February 2014) Aerial ID card renewal: UAE to use drones for government services
With Drones? Journalist Eyes The Skies For FactoryReuters, Retrieved 12 February 2014
Farm Investigations. International Business Times. Retrieved 17 July 2014.
[192] Alexis C. Madrigal (28 August 2014). Inside Googles
[174] Chwaleba, Augustyn; Olejnik, Aleksander; RaSecret Drone-Delivery Program. The Atlantic. Retrieved
packi, Tomasz; Tunio, Norbert (2014-01-02).
8 January 2015.
Analysis of capability of air pollution monitoring
from an unmanned aircraft. Aviation 18 (1): 1319. [193] NASA Assists in FAA-Approved Drone Medical Supply
Delivery Research. Retrieved 2015-07-17.
doi:10.3846/16487788.2014.865936. ISSN 1648-7788.
[175] Our UAV. Universal Wing. 28 July 2005. Archived [194] Attkisson, Anna (May 4, 2016). Uvionix Nsky wants to
from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 31 March
bring drone delivery service. Yahoo. Retrieved May 4,
2012.
2016.

23

[195] Ross, Philip E. (27 February 2014) Chris Andersons [215] FAA Commercial Regulations. Drone Lifestyle.
Expanding Drone Empire IEEE Spectrum, Retrieved 8
[216] FAA Working on Drone Registration. Newslines.
March 2014
Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Re[196] (2014) Yamaha RMAX Type IG/Type II unmanned hetrieved 2015-10-28.
licopter Yamaha Company website, Retrieved 8 March
[217] Williams, Thomas E. (17 December 2015). That Drone
2014
in Your Holiday Stocking Must Now Be Registered With
[197] Best Farming Drones UAV for Agriculture. Small
FAA. Neal, Gerber & Eisenberg LLP. Retrieved 17 DeDrone Reviews. Retrieved 2015-10-18.
cember 2015.
[198] First passenger drone makes its debut at CES

[218] Ritt, Steven L. (15 December 2015). Drones: Recreational/Hobby Owners Web-based Registration Process.
[199] Bryna Godar (24 January 2016). Legislators seek $5,000
The National Law Review (Michael Best & Friedrich
ne for ying drones over prisons. Associated Press. ReLLP). Retrieved 17 December 2015.
trieved 15 June 2016.
[219] Smith, Brian D; Schenendorf, Jack L; Kiehl, Stephen (16
[200] NYPD scanning the sky for new terrorism threat. CBS
December 2015). Looking Forward After the FAAs
News. 29 October 2014. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
Drone Registration Regulation. Covington & Burling
LLP. Retrieved 17 December 2015.
[201] Matthew Weaver (11 January 2016). UK should prepare
for use of drones in terrorist attacks, says thinktank. The
[220] Williams, Thomas E. (17 December 2015). That Drone
Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
in Your Holiday Stocking Must Now Be Registered With
FAA. The National Law Review (Neal, Gerber & Eisen[202] Associated Press (22 April 2015). Drone 'containing
berg LLP). Retrieved 17 December 2015.
radiation' lands on roof of Japanese PMs oce. The
Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
[221] Fact Sheet Small Unmanned Aircraft Regulations (Part
107)
[203] Nick Ames; Sasa Ibrulj (14 October 2014). Serbia v Albania abandoned after players and fans brawl on pitch.
[222] US Navy UAVs in Action, Neubeck, (Squadron/Signal
The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
Publications 2010)
[204] Associated Press (25 April 2013). Netanyahus helicopter forced to land as Israeli forces shoot down drone. [223] Happiness is a warm TV - What to Watch on Monday: A drone strike on 'Castle' - newsobserver.com blogs.
The Guardian. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
Blogs.newsobserver.com. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
[205] Franke, Ulrike Esther ["The global diusion of unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) or 'drones"], in Mike Aaronson [224] Foundation, Dubai Museum of the Future. US$ 2 Million 'UAE Drones for Good Award' and 'UAE AI &
(ed) Precision Strike Warfare and International IntervenRobotics Award for Good' Declare Winners. www.
tion, Routledge 2015.
prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
[206] Axe, David. US Drones Trump China Theatrics The
Diplomat, 7 February 2011.
[207] Operation of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Irish
Airspace. Irish Aviation Authority. Retrieved 6 July
2013.
[208] Ftharta, Conall (18 Dec 2015). 1kg drones must be
registered under new laws. Irish Examiner. Retrieved 27
Dec 2015.
[209] McGreevy, Ronan (17 Dec 2015). No more ying
your drone over military bases from Monday. The Irish
Times. Retrieved 27 Dec 2015.
[210] Watch out, drones: This bald eagle can take you down.
CBSN. 24 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
[211] Drone-hunting eagles can snatch devices out of the sky.
CBSN. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
[212] CAA to hit illegal drone yers with hefty nes. News24.
3 April 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
[213] New Regulations a Win for Hobby Drone Pilots.
Safedrone. 1 July 2015. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
[214] FAA: Certicate of Authorization or Waiver (COA)".

18 External links
18.1 News and stories
SUAS news, breaking news for professional UAV
operators
Dronelife, UAV news
Sapiendrone, the most important stories about
UAVs

18.2 Research and groups

Center for Unmanned Aircraft Systems, a National
Science Foundation Industry & University Cooperative Research Center
UVS International Non Prot Organization representing manufacturers of unmanned vehicle systems
(UVS), subsystems and critical components for UVS

24

18
and associated equipment, as well as companies supplying services with or for UVS, research organizations and academia.

The Remote Control Aerial Platform Association,

commercial UAS operators

18.3

Further reading

Garcia-Bernardo, Sheridan Dodds, F. Johnson

(2016). Quantitative patterns in drone wars
(PDF). Science direct.
Hill, J., & Rogers, A. (2014). The rise of the drones:
From The Great War to Gaza. Vancouver Island
University Arts & Humanities Colloquium Series.
Rogers, A., & Hill, J. (2014). Unmanned: Drone
warfare and global security. Between the Lines.
ISBN 9781771131544.

EXTERNAL LINKS

25

19
19.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Unmanned aerial vehicle Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle?oldid=729701062 Contributors: The Epopt,

Robert Merkel, Andre Engels, Rmhermen, Gritchka, Heron, Edward, Patrick, Michael Hardy, BoNoMoJo (old), IZAK, Egil, Ronz, Kingturtle, Pratyeka, Glenn, Ciphergoth, Emperorbma, Clown, Andrewman327, Enigmasoldier, RayKiddy, Omegatron, Wernher, Thue, Bevo,
Mikedaly, Lumos3, Pigsonthewing, Psychonaut, Nurg, Halibutt, Caknuck, Radomil, Mervyn, Hadal, Cyrius, Iain.mcclatchie, Pablo-ores,
Psb777, DocWatson42, Brouhaha, DavidCary, Kim Bruning, Wolfkeeper, Vfp15, Netoholic, MathKnight, Mark.murphy, CyborgTosser,
Niteowlneils, Semorrison, LarryGilbert, Chowbok, Gadum, Confuzion, Pgan002, Beland, Balcer, Mozzie, Beginning, Neutrality, GreedyCapitalist, Trevor MacInnis, Canterbury Tail, DmitryKo, PhennPhawcks, N328KF, O'Dea, Crimmer, Brianhe, Solitude, Rich Farmbrough, Agnistus, Rhobite, Marsian~enwiki, Pmsyyz, Darren Olivier, Altmany, Martpol, Bender235, ESkog, Travers, Kelvinc, Huntster,
Kwamikagami, Kaveh, Jonathan Drain, Harald Hansen, Zlite, Smalljim, Trevj, Bonus pater familias~enwiki, HasharBot~enwiki, Alansohn, Gary, Interiot, Geo Swan, Rwendland, Samohyl Jan, Erik, Stephan Leeds, Sciurin, Geraldshields11, Joshbrez, BDD, Richard Weil,
Bobrayner, Nuno Tavares, Woohookitty, Scriberius, Tabletop, Z303, GregorB, GraemeLeggett, Graham87, BD2412, Melesse, Drbogdan,
Rjwilmsi, Vegaswikian, Mbutts, Durin, Leithp, Elsan, FlaBot, Wikiliki, G Clark, Ground Zero, Nihiltres, JdforresterBot, Vsion, Phatmonkey, Ewlyahoocom, Tijuana Brass, Dugo, Tedder, Zotel, Ahunt, Chobot, DVdm, Mmx1, Bgwhite, The Rambling Man, YurikBot,
Wavelength, Whoisjohngalt, Matanya (renamed), Hairy Dude, RussBot, Arado, BTLizard, DanMS, Hydrargyrum, Alifazal, Lavenderbunny, Rsrikanth05, Hudicourt, KindOfBlue, Welsh, Geo NoNick, Thiseye, Cleared as led, Tony1, Zwobot, Epipelagic, Ospalh, Dbrs,
Falcon9x5, Ormondroyd, Yokosuna666, Caerwine, Deepak~enwiki, Crumley, Avraham, TransUtopian, Eurosong, Raistlin8r, Pawyilee,
Zzuuzz, PennaBoy, Arthur Rubin, CharlesHBennett, GraemeL, CWenger, Fram, David Biddulph, Nevanderson, Che829, Alureiter, ViperSnake151, John Broughton, Nick-D, Tom Morris, Parvez gsm, Eog1916, Sardanaphalus, SmackBot, Deon Steyn, Mscuthbert, KVDP,
Dlodge, Timotheus Canens, Flamarande, Cazort, Septegram, Gilliam, Lombroso, Ohnoitsjamie, Jjewell, Amatulic, Wigren, Chris the
speller, Kurykh, Autarch, TimBentley, Movementarian, Thumperward, Elagatis, Bazonka, Redline, Dual Freq, Htra0497, Trekphiler, Garymortimer, OrphanBot, Zazpot, Rsm99833, Trash80, Bolivian Unicyclist, Kcordina, Huon, Aldaron, Stargate70, TechPurism, Monosig,
Derek R Bullamore, StephenReed, The PIPE, DMacks, JimBo4212, Mion, Lambiam, Oenus, J 1982, LWF, Gobonobo, Disavian, Firewall, Statsone, VirtualDave, MilborneOne, Bayhaluk, HalukBayraktar, Tktktk, Joelo, Jjwiseman, Jimvin, Thegreatdr, Ckatz, Ex nihil, JHunterJ, Coeyman11, Makyen, Beetstra, Andyana, Publicus, Dicklyon, Dammit, Funkdaddy13, Gilamon, Theseus Athens, DouglasCalvert, JMK, Kencf0618, Paul venter, Shoeofdeath, Skartsis, FairuseBot, Chetvorno, KPWM Spotter, Rjchoice, Mmab111, Mcnary21, JForget, CmdrObot, Daveisfera, W guice, NaBUru38, Noha307, Vkargin, Bigglescat, WeggeBot, Old Guard, Orca1 9904, Richard
Keatinge, Johnlogic, Einav halotzi, Cydebot, Fnlayson, Jandirks, Ahmadusman, Hydraton31, Go229, Gogo Dodo, Sa.vakilian, Dancter,
Doug Weller, RFabian, Poine~enwiki, Gnfnrf, Kozuch, Zer0faults, After Midnight, Aoranza, I-Mike, Thijs!bot, Epbr123, Kubanczyk,
Mojo Hand, Esemono, Dmirkin, Hcobb, The Hybrid, Nick Number, Valentijn, Heroeswithmetaphors, Dawnseeker2000, I already forgot, AntiVandalBot, Gioto, Dvnnh, Akradecki, Villasmilraven, Seaphoto, MetaManFromTomorrow, QuiteUnusual, Marokwitz, Smartse,
Maork, Coyets, Rsocol, Lfstevens, Steelpillow, JAnDbot, Epeeeche, Avaya1, Chanakyathegreat, Tbeut, BenB4, Angusmcr, Carloshome,
Salad Days, Magioladitis, Ariel@compucall, Bongwarrior, VoABot II, Schlag96, Jarekt, BoatMesa, Jsmith030416, JamesBWatson, Appraiser, Grano~enwiki, Father Goose, Flayer, Normanthehat, NancyLou9, Tibor, Jatkins, TERRY JACK JAMES, Ahecht, BilCat, Rif
Wineld, Wolfy9005, Khalid Mahmood, Usmcuav, Electricat, Normdonovan, Atairaerospace, Rettetast, DrRisk13, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Lilac Soul, Siliconov, Radbug, Ssolbergj, J.delanoy, Jiuguang Wang, Maurice Carbonaro, Jesant13, 5Q5, Rod57, LordAnubisBOT, McSly, Trilobitealive, KylieTastic, Josh Tumath, Remember the dot, DASonnenfeld, Dnley3, James Kidd, Nigel Ish, UnicornTapestry, VolkovBot, Error9312, CWii, Thomas.W, Itsfullofstars, Headphonos, Jgui~enwiki, BoogaLouie, HJ32, Philip Trueman,
TXiKiBoT, Oshwah, Khutuck, Vipinhari, Hqb, John Carter, Hoseyn 1, Bodybagger, Onore Baka Sama, TongueSpeaker, Zhamilton,
Andy Dingley, Usergreatpower, Brianrusso, P1h3r1e3d13, Dirkbb, Joseph A. Spadaro, Falcon8765, Misterb 1972, Gamweb, Nosferattr, Finnrind, SylviaStanley, CrossHouses, Biscuittin, Ian Glenn, SieBot, TJRC, Calliopejen1, Work permit, Da Joe, Triwbe, Community
editor, Whiteghost.ink, Josephbarnard, Laurent Simon, Dwane E Anderson, Flyer22 Reborn, Nopetro, SouthLake, Nuttycoconut, Lightmouse, IdreamofJeanie, Dravecky, Sean.hoyland, Maralia, Jamezrojer, Denisarona, ImageRemovalBot, YSSYguy, Deepen03, Martarius,
ClueBot, Carhol, Binksternet, JoeBarnard, Shadow9392, Swetkyz, Pairadox, Mild Bill Hiccup, Breighnk, Boing! said Zebedee, Hakhan123,
Niceguyedc, Pross356, Michaplot, Lessogg, Pointillist, Kitsunegami, Excirial, Doubleatheman, Kanguole, Sun Creator, Wejdas, Planum,
Oferr, Arjayay, DeltaQuad, Stirrer, Chaosdruid, Jellysh dave, Acabashi, Scalhotrod, DumZiBoT, XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid,
ViperNerd, Stickee, Jovianeye, Dthomsen8, Ost316, Little Mountain 5, SilvonenBot, Krek1959, Mm40, Dhugot, MatthewVanitas, Addbot, Caden, Pearlls sun, Wickey-nl, Fgnievinski, TutterMouse, VSteiger, MrOllie, Download, Bazook, Glane23, Lihaas, AndersBot, Oldmountains, Billpnh, Fireaxe888, Khalid Shalan, AlexSh154, Lightbot, Jszeto2, Anxietycello, OlEnglish, Nersy, Llakais, SPat,
Berkoet, Donnie Park, Mps, Savlonn, AX9, The Bushranger, Comanche82, Drpickem, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Bkusmono, Sara-Mineral, Librsh, Neckername, Guy1890, Davidtheterp, Ariel sharon123, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Jgrabinsky, Avinc09, Galoubet, Piano non
troppo, QwasERqwasER, Mdb8900, LlywelynII, Glenfarclas, Mysuitcase, Materialscientist, Jtmorgan, The High Fin Sperm Whale, Xqbot,
S13swils, Brainwhacker, Aviationman, Anna Frodesiak, Kbosak, Srich32977, GrouchoBot, JanDeFietser, ERhaught, Shirik, Ashershow1,
Anotherclown, Mark Schierbecker, RibotBOT, Kyng, Aashaa, Gunjan verma81, Moxy, Nicolas Halftermeyer, Smallman12q, RCraig09,
Adavis444, Richard BB, Brickvickie, Joaquin008, Historylover4, Samwb123, A.amitkumar, Celuici, Prari, Charles Edwin Shipp, Perumalism, Haeinous, Jersey92, Bambuway, Winterst, I dream of horses, Rotorover, Jonesey95, V.narsikar, RedBot, MastiBot, Waerfelu,
Jandalhandler, Lissajous, Thekidfromiowa, Trappist the monk, FFM784, Lotje, Aoidh, Thevstyle, Legistscion, Tbhotch, Bricaniwi, Threedogmoon, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, AXRL, Onel5969, Mean as custard, Stj6, RjwilmsiBot, DexDor, Salvio giuliano, TGCP, Madmikebarry,
EmausBot, John of Reading, JCRules, Helium4, Babak902003, Martinleroy75, Dewritech, Primefac, Ofers1010, Aceshot, GoingBatty,
Prometheus.pyrphoros, Germn E. Macas, Mauliknk, Tommy2010, Winner 42, Dcirovic, Ricochetintj, Rhpintl, Eaglewave, ZroBot, Vincible1, August571, Scott.ogrady, Trinidade, Imperial Monarch, Jonpatterns, Wikfr, SporkBot, Wingman4l7, Uavbu, Petpet23, Kordyte,
CN3777, Metawizard, Uvuav, Helenaworld, Alborzagros, Donner60, Zacurious Wormer, Zeta1127,89thLegion, Newbreeder, AndyTheGrump, Jf.sainz, Shi Hou, Guso lives, Turmerick, -revi, ClueBot NG, Monsieurpiggy, Yahalom Kashny, Jack Greenmaven, Vippylaman,
Sowi09, Trevordoe, Satellizer, BrandonBombshell, Bped1985, JoeB52, AeroPsico, JesseW900, AircraftZurf, Delusion23, Cntras, Ajvalde,
O.Koslowski, Zantonse, Widr, Danim, Mightymights, Fudpukker, Astepanovich, HMSSolent, Gob Lofa, Ar1970, Elauminri, BG19bot,
Virtualerian, Thefreddy12354, Alexandermcnabb, Wytrzeszcz1, Matj Suchnek, Furkhaocean, Jay8g, Fezmeistr, Brian Tomasik, IveGoneAway, TheGeneralUser, Janicar, Suzukaze-c, Ghb3, Cryhavoclstdow, Unmanned, Codepink ground the drones, Rynsaha, Terrencereilly,
Zedtwitz, Shawn Worthington Laser Plasma, Fotoriety, Jami430, Tprofan, Duxwing, BrianWo, BattyBot, Factsearch, Justincheng12345bot, Edogmad, America789, Cyberbot II, Dutch Ninja, ChrisGualtieri, ZappaOMati, Electricmun11, Arcandam, IjonTichyIjonTichy,
JPelham, Macobi, Kevinzhang27, Wellthatisgr8, Horation12, DeantBlazeT, Notdu, MisterUnit, Mogism, Geremy.Hebert, Brentwood

26

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Ontario, KiloEchoNovember, Engriz, CuriousMind01, They think its all over, Tony Mach, SFK2, Redalert2fan, AbstractIllusions, Vahid
alpha, Jemc95, Me, Myself, and I are Here, Anthonyinswasty, Epicgenius, Writeforlife, Albert777MAX, Jamesmcmahon0, Gionosai, Melonkelon, Eyesnore, Harrydawson, Polisci235, Wuerzele, Furlong.ce, Dianasweetiegina, -, SamoaBot, Lmoja, Backendgaming, Froglich, Veronicawilson235, DavidLeighEllis, CensoredScribe, Comp.arch, Current Editor, AJDWilliams, Stephendavion,
Frankhner, OmniArticleEditor, Annaproject, Aicarambole, Betucker, Bluewizard10001, Montgomerybr, Quenhitran, HawkSteven,
Rqasd, W. P. Uzer, Kristinewanner, UY Scuti, Thenextneo42, 93Heisenberg, Fixuture, Lakun.patra, Sam.gov, *thing goes, Sobowiki,
Gfcan777, Fasicle, Mr. Smart LION, Lagoset, Wikideas1, Antelo, Monkbot, Fiontain, Filedelinkerbot, Vieque, Cuzcatenio, Wettam10,
Mjkoop7, Haidas shah, WikiPicasso, Vincius94, , ToBk, Samrainer, RC711, Draconas109, PhilipIngram65, Amber62, Nickd011, Masterlee0423, Nicky mathew, Poeticmotion, Nerrawsednanref, Civil society80, Peter Tapken, Samhams Technologies,
Sdino, TrebleChecker, ToonLucas22, ZullyC3P, Peppypoach, Ilikeminecraft57, Feebledp, Rauierter, Saschmidgall, Whalestate, Bamsb900,
Green547, KasparBot, Jlara0013, JeSouthRVA, OkayRachit, PedalFuriously!, Drizzy85, Frasmalik, BOSS429, Tietojentarkastaja, Conquers, Marius~itwiki, Urszag, WRPED, Andy2016, Qtbalazs, Sro23, Zeeeeahmadist, Droneinfo, MQ9RQ1, HughMorris15, CAPTAIN
RAJU, Robsweet1975, Legiterkep, Bishabossi, TerraCodes, NSW2011, Amanda 4711, Cargyrak, Rezarch1, ImHere2015, BlueOctober9,
Thomaswarren100, Snypiper, Juantigayon, ExtraShard, Velic02c, Btalred1, Medo1931, GSS-1987, Frankytam1, Graz84, Hunterm267,
Theultimatetrollerman, Bridgetoneill219, JeannyMay, JeanyMay, Eurocus47, Ay8389, Jackeviloo, Maxorazon, GABRIEL600$13, McFarlandDana, Shadows009, YorkTILpurples, NikhilReddy8320, Clispiration, Ivanawang, Surreal Nightmares, Cornbreader, GreenC bot,
Corsair9, Akoako88, Sdgmu, Engh302account, Robertdunbarton, Peach nancy, YOLOMAN2535 and Anonymous: 836

19.2

Images

File:A_team_of_technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_(UAV)_in_
Goma,_North_Kivu_province_(11189522286).jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/A_team_of_
technicians_prepares_for_the_inaugural_flight_of_an_Unmanned-Unarmed_Aerial_Vehicles_%28UAV%29_in_Goma%2C_North_
Kivu_province_%2811189522286%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: A team of technicians prepares for the inaugural ight
of an Unmanned/Unarmed Aerial Vehicles (UAV) in Goma, North Kivu province, during an ocial ceremony organized in the presence
of USG for Peacekeeping Operations, Herve Ladsous, on 3 December 2013. Original artist: MONUSCO/Sylvain Liechti
File:Aerosonde.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Aerosonde.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Michael, screenshot from a PD Wallpaper Original artist: Aerosonde Ltd
File:Aeryon_Scout_In_Flight.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Aeryon_Scout_In_Flight.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Dkroetsch
File:Ambox_globe_content.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Own work, using File:Information icon3.svg and File:Earth clip art.svg Original artist: penubag
File:Anakonda_2012_03.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Anakonda_2012_03.jpg License: Attribution Contributors: http://www.mon.gov.pl/pl/artykul/13430 Original artist: Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej
File:Animation2.gif Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Animation2.gif License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MG (talk contribs)
File:Autonomous-control-level-trend.png
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/
Autonomous-control-level-trend.png License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxorazon
File:Autonomous_control_basics.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Autonomous_control_basics.jpg
License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxorazon
File:Aviacionavion.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Aviacionavion.png License: Public domain Contributors:
Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg Original artist: Turkmenistan.airlines.frontview.arp.jpg: elfuser
File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_10876_Camclone_T21_Unmanned_Autonomous_Vehicle_UAV_fitted_with_CSIRO_
guidance_system.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/CSIRO_ScienceImage_10876_Camclone_
T21_Unmanned_Autonomous_Vehicle_UAV_fitted_with_CSIRO_guidance_system.jpg License:
CC BY 3.0 Contributors:
http://www.scienceimage.csiro.au/image/10876 Original artist: division, CSIRO
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Complex-adaptive-system.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/Complex-adaptive-system.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work by Acadac : Taken from en.wikipedia.org, where Acadac was inspired to create this graphic
after reading: Original artist: Acadac
File:DJI_Phantom_2_Vision+_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_(cropped).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/4/41/DJI_Phantom_2_Vision%2B_V3_hovering_over_Weissfluhjoch_%28cropped%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Capricorn4049
File:Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Degrees_of_autonomy.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxorazon
File:FOX-C8-HD_AltiGator_OnyxStar.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/FOX-C8-HD_AltiGator_
OnyxStar.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Flight_time_against_mass_of_small_drones.svg Source:
against_mass_of_small_drones.svg License: CC0 Contributors:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Flight_time_

Data from (27 May 2015). "Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones".
DOI:10.1038/nature14542. Retrieved on 11 February 2016. Original artist: Jarek Tuszynski

Nature 521 (7553): 460466.

File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-bysa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

19.2

Images

27

File:Group_photo_of_aerial_demonstrators_at_the_2005_Naval_Unmanned_Aerial_Vehicle_Air_Demo.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Group_photo_of_aerial_demonstrators_at_the_2005_Naval_Unmanned_
Aerial_Vehicle_Air_Demo.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.navy.mil/view_image.asp?id=25660 (Direct link)
Original artist: U.S. Navy photo by Photographers Mate 2nd Class Daniel J. McLain
File:IAI_Heron_1_in_flight_1.JPEG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/IAI_Heron_1_in_flight_1.JPEG
License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.dodmedia.osd.mil/Assets/2005/Air_Force/DF-SD-05-09055.JPEG Original artist:
SSGT REYNALDO RAMON, USAF
File:Interspect_UAV_B_3.1.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Interspect_UAV_B_3.1.png License:
CC0 Contributors: www.interspect.hu Original artist: Molnr Zsolt
File:Krossblade_SkyProwler_Hover_VTOL_800.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Krossblade_
SkyProwler_Hover_VTOL_800.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Krossblade1
File:MQ-8B_Fire_Scout.jpeg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/MQ-8B_Fire_Scout.jpeg License: CC
BY-SA 2.5 nl Contributors: Own work Original artist: User:Dammit
File:MQ-9_Reaper_in_flight_(2007).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/MQ-9_Reaper_in_flight_
%282007%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: USAF Photographic Archives (image permalink) Original artist: U.S. Air Force
photo/Sta Sgt. Brian Ferguson
File:Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Nuvola_apps_kcmsystem.svg License: LGPL Contributors: Own work based on Image:Nuvola apps kcmsystem.png by Alphax originally from [1] Original artist:
MesserWoland
File:Onyxstar_Fox-C8_XT_xender_360.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/Onyxstar_Fox-C8_XT_
xender_360.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: ZullyC3P
File:Package_copter_microdrones_dhl.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Package_copter_
microdrones_dhl.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Frankhner
File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
File:Predator_and_Hellfire.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Predator_and_Hellfire.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: http://www.ifpafletcherconference.com/2010/powerpoint/Lance_Mans-Day2-final4web.ppt Original artist:
Brigadier Lance Mans, Deputy Director, NATO Special Operations Coordination Centre
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: Cc-by-sa-3.0
Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:
Tkgd2007
File:S-100-OE-VXX.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/S-100-OE-VXX.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: MilborneOne
File:S4ehecatl1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/S4ehecatl1.jpg License: GFDL Contributors: Hydra
Technologies de Mxico S.A. de C.V. Original artist: Hydra Technologies de Mxico S.A. de C.V.
File:ShadowView_Eco_Ranger_UAS.jpeg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/ShadowView_Eco_
Ranger_UAS.jpeg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Ohoto taken by me in November 2013
Previously published: http://www.shadowview.org/news20131120.html#.UsQScPZkJVk Original artist: Steveroest
File:Shadow_200_UAV_(2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Shadow_200_UAV_%282%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Shadow_200_UAV.jpg Original artist: Original uploader was
MarsRover. Color cast removed by user Thekidfromiowa
File:Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Shadow_Hand_Bulb_large.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: http://www.shadowrobot.com/media/pictures.shtml Original artist: Richard Greenhill and Hugo Elias
(myself) of the Shadow Robot Company
File:Split-arrows.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:TAI-ANKA-UAV-FAR14-3659.JPG
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/
TAI-ANKA-UAV-FAR14-3659.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: MilborneOne
File:Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/
Tadiran-Mastiff-III-hatzerim-1.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed
(based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Bukvoed assumed (based on copyright claims).
File:Telecom-icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vectorized by User:Booyabazooka from original small PD raster image File:Telecom-icon.jpg Original artist: Vectorized by
User:Booyabazooka from original small PD raster image File:Telecom-icon.jpg
File:Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg
Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/
Teledyne-Ryan-Firebee-hatzerim-1.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims). Original artist: No machine-readable author provided. Bukvoed assumed (based on copyright
claims).
File:UAV-741-F.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/UAV-741-F.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: HDP
File:UAV_Flight_control.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/UAV_Flight_control.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxorazon

28

19

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:UAV_Physical_and_hardware.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/UAV_Physical_and_
hardware.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Maxorazon
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
File:YamahaRMax.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/YamahaRMax.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gtuav

19.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0