SSC BIOLOGY

LIST OF PRACTICALS
1.

Introduction to Biology
1.
Study of different types of bacteria with the help of prepared slides and of Amoeba,
Paramecium, Volvox from prepared slides/ fresh culture/charts

4.

Cells and Tissues

2.
Use of microscope to observe movement of water in plants and to compare sizes of
various types of cells
3.
Examination under the microscope an animal cell (e.g. from frogs blood) and a plant cell
(e.g. from onion epidermis), using an appropriate temporary staining technique, such as
iodine or methylene blue
4.
Identify, from fresh preparations, the cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm in an animal
cell and the cell wall, cell membrane, sap vacuole, cytoplasm, nucleus and chloroplasts in
a plant cell
5.
Preparation of the wet mounts of tissue from flowering plants and study of plant and
animal tissues from charts and prepared slides
6.
Determination of the effect of tonicity on plasmolysis and deplasmolysis in plant cells or
in Red Blood Cell

5.

Cell Cycle
7.
Observation of various stages of mitosis and meiosis by slides, model and charts

6.

Enzymes
8.
Experiment to show working of enzyme in vitro e.g., pepsin working on meat in test tube
9.
Experiment to test enzyme action by putting diastase in a starch solution in test tube at
37C and after fifteen minutes performing iodine test for presence of starch

7.

Bioenergetics
10.
Demonstration of the process of photosynthesis using an aquatic plant, like Hydrilla
11.
Identification and labeling of the cellular and tissue structure in the CS of a leaf through
observation under the microscope
12.
Investigation of the necessity of chlorophyll, light, carbon dioxide, using appropriate
controls
13.
Experiment to demonstrate the process of respiration in germinating seeds by using
limewater
14.
Investigation of the release of carbon dioxide and heat during Aerobic Respiration in
germinating seeds

8.

Nutrition
15.
Food tests: Benedicts test for reducing sugar, iodine test for starch, spot test and
emulsion test for fat, and Biuret test for protein in solution
16.
Microscopic examination of a transverse section of the small intestine to show the villi

9.

Transport
17.
Measurement of differences in length/weight of raw potato strips in concentrated salt
solution and water
18.
Microscopic observation of the structure and number of stomata in an epidermal peel of a
leaf
19.
Investigation of the rate of water loss at the two surfaces of a leaf by a simple experiment
using cobalt chloride paper
20.
Investigation of transpiration in potted plant under a bell jar
21.
Investigation of the pathway of water in a cut stem, using a suitable stain
22.
Identification of red and white blood cells under the light microscope on prepared slides
and in diagrams and photomicrographs
23.
Investigation of the effect of physical activity on pulse rate

10.

Gaseous Exchange
24.
Activity to compare the breathing rate at rest and after exercise
25.
Demonstration through experiment of breathing out air into limewater that carbon
dioxide is exhaled during respiration

26.

Demonstration of the presence of tar in cigarette smoke and also by charts showing
pictures of lungs of smokers and nonsmokers

11.

Homeostasis
27.
Examination of the structure of kidney (sheep kidney/model)

12.

Coordination in Man
28.
Study of human eye, ear and brain

13.

Support and Movement

29.
Investigation of the nature of bone (by putting three pieces of rib bone of lamb in water,
NaOH and dilute HCl)

14.

Reproduction
30.
Observation of binary fission of ameba using slides, photomicrographs or charts
31.
Observation of budding in yeast from prepared slides
32.
Examination of a bulb (onion), corn (Edocasia), rhizome (ginger) or stem tuber (potato)
and its cultivation to get new plants
33.
Examination of Mustard flower, Gram seed and Maize grain

15.

Inheritance
34.
Recording the heights of class fellows to predict which kind of variation is it and
presentation of the data of class fellows heights in graphical form (either histogram or
bar chart)

HSSC BIOLOGY
LIST OF PRACTICALS
1.

Cell Structure and Functions

1.
Use of graticule and micrometer to study stomata and cells
2.
Measuring the size of given microscopic object by micrometry
3.
Preparation and examination of the slides of animal and plant cells using differential
staining

3.

Enzymes
4.
Performing of chemical test to demonstrate that enzymes are proteins

4.

Bioenergetics
5.
Extraction of the leaf pigments and their separation by paper chromatography

6.

Prokaryotes
6.
Staining bacteria using Grams staining technique
7.
Study of Nostoc, Ocillatoria and Anabaena from fresh or preserved material

7.

Protists and Fungi

8.
Observation and drawing of representative members of each group of protists
9.
Observation and drawing labeled diagrams of the life cycle of black bread mold and
Penicillium from fresh culture and prepared slides

8.

Diversity among Plants

10.
Identification of the vegetative and reproductive structures of Marchantia and Funaria by
examining the fresh or preserved material
11.
Identification of the vegetative and reproductive structures of a local fern and a Pinus and
relate them with the concerned life cycles
12.
Study of different types of inflorescence of Cassia, Brassica, Helianthus
13.
Describing the flowers of Rose, Cassia fistula, Solanum nigrum

9.

Diversity among Animals

14.
Classifying the given invertebrates into phyla and given chordates into classes by using
classification key

10.

Form and Functions in Plants

15.
Microscopic observation of the slide of LS of a dicot stem, identifying and drawing
vessel element, vessel, and phloem sieve tubes
16.
Locating annual rings in the log of a tree and calculation of the age of a plant by counting
number of annual rings
17.
Demonstration of phototropism, geotropism and thigmotropism in plants
18.
Demonstration of the folding of leaf after touch in Mimmosa pudica

11.

Digestion
19.
Tests to locate buds on tongue for detection of salt, sweet, sour and bitter taste
20.
Microscopic observation of the villi, liver and pancreas from prepared slides

12.

Circulation
21.
Identification of the phases of heartbeat on a printed ECG and comparison of the ECG of
a cardiac patient with that of a healthy man
22.
Dissection of the heart of sheep and describing its internal structure
23.
Differentiation of an artery and a vein by observing prepared slides
24.
Measuring blood pressure by using sphygmomanometer

13.

Immunity
25.
Recognizing phagocytes and lymphocytes while observing prepared slides

14.

Respiration
26.
Identification of different parts of the respiratory and reproductive
system of a dissected frog (dissection would be done by the teacher)
27.
Examination of sheep lungs

16.

Support and Movement

28.
29.

Identification of the bones of the pelvic girdles, pectoral girdle, arms

and legs by using the model of human skeleton
Comparison of the structure of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles
with the help of prepared slides

19.

Behavior
30.
Observation of a spiders web and recording the instincts by providing
it various stimuli.

20.

Reproduction
31.
Examination of the prepared slides of histology of ovaries and drawing
its structures

21.

Development and Aging

32.
Identification of the different stages in chick development through
observation of prepared slides (48 hours and 72 hours chick emboyo)

22.

Inheritance
33.
Evaluation of the inheritance of genes and their mixing during
fertilization as based on mathematical probabilities
34.
Calculation of probability by using the dice to calculate how many
times out of 100 throws can students get sixes
35.
Data collection from the class to see how many individuals have AB
blood group and construction of a pie chart and histogram for the
collected data
36.
Testing of blood group using Antisera and performing agglutination
reaction for Rh factor