NAMA

NIM
TUGAS

: SOFYAN HAKIKI
: 1501051
: BAHASA INGGRIS

CLIMATE CHANGE

A. Causes of Climate Change

`There are several causes of climate change on the planet due to global
warming . including the greenhouse gases responsible for warming , and humans
emit them in various ways . Most come from burning fossil fuels in cars, factories
and power production. gas that is responsible for most of the warming is carbon
dioxide , also called CO2. Other contributors include methane released from
landfills and agriculture ( especially of the digestive system of grazing animals )
, nitrous oxide from fertilizers , gases used for refrigeration and industrial
processes , and the loss of forests that would otherwise store CO2 .

 Some impacts from increasing temperatures are already happening.

Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earths poles. This includes

mountain glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and
Arctic sea ice.
Researcher Bill Fraser has tracked the decline of the Adlie penguins on
Antarctica, where their numbers have fallen from 32,000 breeding pairs to
11,000 in 30 years.
Sea level rise became faster over the last century.
Some butterflies, foxes, and alpine plants have moved farther north or to
higher, cooler areas.
Precipitation (rain and snowfall) has increased across the globe, on average.
Spruce bark beetles have boomed in Alaska thanks to 20 years of warm
summers. The insects have chewed up 4 million acres of spruce trees.

Other effects could happen later this century, if warming continues.

Sea levels are expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 and 59
centimeters) by the end of the century, and continued melting at the poles
could add between 4 and 8 inches (10 to 20 centimeters).
Hurricanes and other storms are likely to become stronger.
Species that depend on one another may become out of sync. For example,
plants could bloom earlier than their pollinating insects become active.
Floods and droughts will become more common. Rainfall in Ethiopia,
where droughts are already common, could decline by 10 percent over the
next 50 years.
Less fresh water will be available. If the Quelccaya ice cap in Peru
continues to melt at its current rate, it will be gone by 2100, leaving
thousands of people who rely on it for drinking water and electricity
without a source of either.
Some diseases will spread, such as malaria carried by mosquitoes.

 Ecosystems will changesome species will move farther north or become

more successful; others wont be able to move and could become extinct.
Wildlife research scientist Martyn Obbard has found that since the mid1980s, with less ice on which to live and fish for food, polar bears have
gotten considerably skinnier. Polar bear biologist Ian Stirling has found a
similar pattern in Hudson Bay. He fears that if sea ice disappears, the polar
bears will as well.

B. Solution of Climate Change

Energy conservation will show the earliest payback in terms of CO2

reductions - in many cases an investment in energy conservation made this
year will show CO2 reductions this year, and every year thereafter.
Because we've been living in a world of artificially cheap energy for
decades, there are huge opportunities for energy conservation.
Renewable energy including energy from wind, solar, wave, biofuels,
etc., substitutes directly for fossil fuels and eliminates CO2 emissions
entirely. A small note of caution is needed - in a few cases, most
notoriously certain biofuels, a large amount of energy input is required to
create renewable energy, in some cases even exceeding the resulting
energy output. Most renewable energy, however, is extremely efficient,
and is poised to grow in importance due to the rising costs of fossil fuels.

In many places where governments have stepped in to help this process

along, renewables are already playing an important role.
Sequestration, or the long-term trapping of carbon dioxide before it enters
the atmosphere, is an intermediate step along the way, but is not a solution
in and of itself. Carbon dioxide can be sequestered as a gas by pumping it
underground or into the ocean, or it can be sequestered by plants - however
carbon sequestered by plants is, in most cases, quickly released to the
atmosphere again. The global carbon budget of plants can be changed to
sequester a greater amount of CO2 from the atmosphere, but so far we have
been doing the opposite - cutting and burning forests for instance has
released vast amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere, and poor agriculture
has resulted in CO2 being released from the soil. Some of these changes
are reversible in the long run.