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Answer
1.1%
Fluorescence
Hematologic syndrome
Bucky factor
Hounsfield
100
Systole
Sphygmomanometer
1.18
42 kW
Sensitometry
contrast improvement factor
600 rad
309 uV
10^10 MHz
10^10 MHz
It was first noted by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 and won
Albert Einstein the Nobel Prize in 1905. It refers to the
emission of electrons from a clean metallic surface
(phototube) when electromagnetic radiation (light
waves or X-rays) falls onto that surface.
Unit of radiation exposure or amount of X-ray
radiation that will produce 2.08x10^9 ion pairs per
cubic centimetre of air at standard temperature and
pressure (STP).
Photoelectric effect
colorimeter
code 39
0.876Vmax
quantizing errors
Roentgen
phonocardiography
electrodermograph
Baudot Code
Richard W. Hamming
CRC
22.2 dB
;
vocoder
delta modulation
either a or b
a. aliasing
2 Mbps
b. foldover distortion
= 2 Mbps
6.35
SNRdB = 6.02nb + 1.76 = 40
n = 6.35
10 Base 5
Flag
4294967296
232 = 4294967296
51.84 Mbps
4B/5B Encoding
ANSI
stop bit
1.368 Mbps
twice the highest frequency of a signal
spread spectrum
Checksum
Gateway
Jitter
Dynamic range
20s
The link carries 50,000 frames /sec
The frame duration = 1/50,000 = 20s
TDM
constellation diagram
Baudot Code
Redundancy
Central Limit Theorem
11.6m
R = 11.6m
Variation in received field strength over time due to
changes in propagation conditions.
Fading
Baudot Code
Repeater
empirical formula
Baud
transmission level point
Redundancy
0.075m
Transducer
Electrical noise
10,000
1
FCC
High-pass
6
all of the above
a. voice
1 kHz
b. video
bandwidth efficiency
Quantization
c. Computer data
8 kHz
Checksum
Spread spectrum
Servers
Broadband ISDN
Session layer
Ambience
Hop
Intensity
the frequency of the wave stays the same while
the wavelength changes.
audio mixing
Tempo
Increases
Hot Standby
burst error
1000 Base-T
TDM
(b) and (c)
B. PCF
Magnetron
C. DCF
ASK
cyclic redundancy check
Semiconductor
Encoder
vertical redundancy check
Star
98.08 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m; dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(16)
DR = 98.08 dB
12000 baud
A 64-QAM signal means that there are 6 bits per
signal element since 26 = 64.
Therefore, baud rate = 72000/6
baud rate = 12000 baud
0.8 dB
tandem office
QAM
40
PLL
8 KHz
BW = 2 x 4 KHz
= 8 KHz
BW=10x4
= 40 MHz
= 7.63
=8
Ring
49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(m)
DR = 1.76 + 6.02(8)
Crosstalk
PSK
OSI
FSK
Hamming Code
TCP/IP
atmospheric noise
AM
30,000 b/s
FSK
Application layer
I=ktB
Star
Collision
On hook
PCM
Checksum
EBCDIC code
14.1KHz
fa = fs fm
= 44.1KHz 30KHz
= 14.1 KHz
asynchronous
802.5
Carrier Recovery
Crosstalk
threshold effect
Baudot code
Memoryless
420 Kb/s
Token Ring
Star network
Liquid Lasers
Baudot Code
Baseband
Parity
Huffman coding
Baud rate
Quantization
Dynamic Range
ANSI
Jean-Baptiste Fourier
100001011
x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+x2+x+k
1
1 1
6000 Hz
baud rate = bandwidth
6000 Hz = 6000 Hz
8000 bps
bit rate = baud * 4
2000 * 4 = 8000 bps
Modem
18 kbps
C = 2Blog2M = 2(4.5x103)log2(4) = 18 kbps
Harry Nyquist
49.92 dB
DR = 1.76 + 6.02m dB
= 1.76 + 6.02(8) dB
= 49.92 dB
Digital Signal Processing
Flat-topped Sampling
Message Channel
135.4165kHz
fm-fs=0.5fb=0.5*270.833kHz=135.4165kHz
12.6s
T=d/(VfC)=2.5km/(0.66*300000000m/s)=12.6 s
0.876 Vo
Vo=Vo(ln(1+(255*0.5)))/ln(1+255)=0.876 Vo
0.8 dB
VNL=0.2t+0.4=(0.2*2)+0.4=0.8
Physical Layer
Transparency
Local loop
6.8s
0.7 + 0.8 + 0.4 + 0.3 + 0.7 + 0.4 + 0.5 (6x0.5) = 6.8s
LAN
Collision
TCP
19.1kHz
Transmit Modulator
I=ktB
50 MHz
BW= 10 x 5MHz
=50MHZ
f a = f s - fm
= 44.1kHz 25kHz
= 19.1kHz
network protocol
SLIC
-48
WAN
72
1
space switching
a flow of loop current
Transport
Echo Suppresors
23 dBm
dBm for 200 mW = 10 log (200mW/1mW) = 23 dBm
3.6 dB
641 W
m2
Pt Pc1
2
Octave
10
= sin-1 (1/3) = 19.5 or 0.34 rad
= x fi
= 0.34 x 3 kHz = 1 kHz
The S/N will be
10 kHz/ 1 kHz = 10
Trimmer
1/10
47.6 ns
T= L/ (Vf x Vc)
T= 10 m/ (0.7)(3x108 m/s)
T= 47.6 ns
26%
Microstrip
parallel-resonant
108 degrees
= 360 td / T
T =1/f = 1 / 4MHz = 250 ns
= 360 (75) / 250 = 108 degrees
Resonant
velocity factor
CAT 5
0.47
m = Em/ Ec
Emax = Ec + Em ; Em = Emax Ec = 125 85 = 40 V
m = 40V/ 85V = 0.47
66kW
Pt = Pc ( 1 + m2/2)
Pt = 50,000 ( 1 + 0.82 /2)
Pt = 66,000 W
Pt = 66kW
the signal is difficult to demodulate
high-level modulator
547.8 Hz
= fm
= sin -1 N/S = sin -1 1/2.8 = 0.3652
= (0.3652)(1.5KHz) = 547.8 Hz
de-emphasis
Companding
antenna reciprocity
39.8 dBi
end effect
5.5 m
G = 2 D2/ 2
= 3x108/ 4MHz = 0.075 m
G = 0.62(3)2
0.0752
G= 9474.8
G = 10 log 9474.8
G = 39.8 dBi
more cost-effective
radiation pattern
Omnidirectional
Directivity
parasitic array
Yagi antenna
Collinear
broadside array
a Q section
200 3 x 108
200 c
s
d 200
5.5 m
f
9
11x 10
s
10.51 m
44.5 km
TE20
638 mW
1W
Po u t
0. 7
anti log
10
SWR 1
0 .5
SWR 1
851.14 mW
PLOAD Po u t 1 2 638.35 mW
5.43 x 108 m/s
1W
Po u t
anti log
0.7
10
851.14 mW
SWR 1
0.5
SWR 1
PLOAD Po u t 1 2 638.35 mW
Pre f le cte d Po u t 2 212.78 mW
Pre tu rn e d
212.78 mW
534.49 W
26
anti log
10
isolator
39000 km
14 GHz
1
Shroud
384 Mm
93%
Efficiency = Rr / Rt = 67 / (67 + 5) = 93%
The second antenna has a higher gain.
Hertz antenna
between half-power points
radio signals reflecting off the ground
all of the choices
a. a shorted stub
b. an LC network
c. a loading coil
the number of lobes increases
4x1011
d 6400
4x1011
v
= 7.6 km/s
(500 6400)
1440 mins
Formula :
C
v
Where :
T = orbital period
C = circumference
v = orbital velocity
C = 2r
= 2 ( 6400 + 36,000 ) = 266.4 x 10 6 m
4 x1011
3.07km/s
(36,000 6400)
C 266.4 x106 m
T
24hrs or 1440 mins
v 3.07x103 m /s
Footprint
The outline of a communications satellite antenna
ITU-R S.1001-2
nighttime period
150 ft
Vertical
36 kHz
35 W
Class B
AM DSB SC
19 kHz
19.96 kW
GANT = 6 dB = 4
ERP = (5000 10) x 4 = 4990 x 4 = 19,960 W or
19.96 kW
88 108 MHz
NTSC
3.579545 Mhz
187.25 MHz
186 MHz, low band frequency of channel 9
186 + 1.25 = 187.25 Mhz
1 MW
525
63.556 usec
fH = 15734.264 Hz
H = 1 / fH = 1 / 15734.264
6 MHz
sky wave
0.96 m
Vp = Vf C
vf = 1 / sqrt (r)
= vP / f = 0.96m
30
Using Snells Law
Sqrt (r1) sin i = Sqrt (r2) sin r
Sqrt (1) sin 45 = Sqrt (2) sin r
r = sin-1 [(Sqrt (1) sin 45) / Sqrt (2)] = sin-1
(0.5) = 30
D
Centimetric
space diversity
frequency diversity
13 MHz
Nmax = 2 x 106 per cm3 = 2 x 106 x 106 per m3 = 2 x 1012 per m3
8.4 MHz
For flat terrain analysis, tan i = d/2h v
i = tan-1 [d/2hv] = tan-1 [500/2(110)] = tan-1 [2.273] =
66.25 angle of incidence
MUF = fc x sec i = fc / cos i = 4 / cos 66.25 = 4 /
0.40275 = 9.932 MHz via Secant Law
Radiation Pattern
6.58
= Rd/(Rd + Rloss)
0.82 = 30/(30 + Rloss)
0.82 (30 + Rloss) = 30 = 24.6 + 0.82 Rloss
Rloss = (30 24.6) / 0.82 = 6.5854 or 6.58 approx.
11-year sunspot
area codes
in erlangs
Repeater
Cluster
forward links
250 mW
PT = -76 dB - PR
Where:
PT = transmitted power in dBm
PR = received power in dBm
PT = -76 dB - PR
= -76 dB (-100dBm)
= 24 dBm
= 250 mW
0.8 dB
VNL = 0.2t + 0.4 dB
= 0.2 X 2 + 0.4
= 0.8 dB
48 volts DC
1209Hz, 1336Hz,1477Hz,1633Hz
reverse links
traffic channels
frequency hopping
Reverberation
trunk lines
697Hz,770Hz,852Hz,941Hz
regional center
31.5 Hz
f2 = 2x f1 where x = 1/3, fraction of an octave
f2 = 21/3 x 25 = 31.5 Hz
15.5 V
V (dBu) = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 Volts ]
26 = 20 log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ]
26 / 20 = log [ voltage in Volts / 0.775 V ] = 1.3
Voltage = log-1 (1.3) x 0.775 V
Voltage = 15.5 V
Condenser
58.65 W
PWL = SPL + 20 log D(m) + 8
PWL = 100 + 20 log (100/3.28) + 8 = 137.68 dB-PWL
137.68 = 10 log W + 120
W = log-1 [(137.68 120)/10]
W = 58.65 Watts
69 dB-SPL
SPL@1m/1W = 85 dB-SPL (given)
SPL@20m/1W = 85 - 20 log (20m/1m) = 59 dB-SPL
SPL@20m/10W = 59 + 10 log (10W/1W) = 69 dBSPL
Absorption Coefficient
dynamic range
Critical Frequency
Fading
99.5 km
D = 17ht + 17hr
= 17(200) + 17(100)
= 99.5 km
virtual height
sky waves
Infrared
50 and 62.5 micron
Step index
Minimize the core diameter
Power consumption
Waveguide dispersion
Fresnel
Optical Fiber
Quanta
10 Base-FB (Backbone)
FDDI II
Buffer Tube
Beamwidth
Polarization
Top loading
Principle of reciprocity
3.50
0=
0=3.50
Zoning
Antenna
Directive gain
Broadside action
Aperture
Resonant antenna
0.352
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
20.6
=(n1-n2)/n1
=(1.55-1.51)/1.55
=0.0258
NA=n1(2)
=1.55[(2)(0.0258)]
= 0.352
0(max)=sin-1NA= sin-10.352=20.6
-35dBm
P =0.1mW x 10-{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)}
=1 x 10-4 x 10{[(0.25)(100)]/(10)]
=(1 x 10-4)(1 x 10-25)
=0.316W
P(dBm)= 10log
= -35dBm
20Mbps
Fb=
=20Mbps
Responsivity
Static fatigue
Plancks law
Photometry
Lasing
Pulse spreading
-134dBm
N = KTB
N(dBm) = 10log (4 x 10-17) = -134 dBm
0.001
5.4 V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10-23 J/K)(293 K)(6 x 106 Hz)(300 )
= 5.4 x 10-6 V
= 5.4 V
3
(S/N)p = 100W
1W
(S/N)o = 1W
0.03W
NF (ratio) = 100
33.5
-98dBm
1.75 x 10-15
30
= 33.3
=3
PN = KTf
= 1.38 x 10-23 J/K (35 + 40 + 52)K (1MHz)
= 1.75 x 10-15 W
noise temperature
2.24V
VN =
= 4(1.38 x 10-23)(302)(6 x 106)(50)
= 2.24V
= x fi
= 0.5 x 5 kHz = 2.5 kHz
75 kHz
2.5 kHz
= 100
= 30
DPSK
Spread spectrum
Code-division multiple-access systems
Radio telemetry
Noise characteristics
Line control
Brown
Modem
Energy
Polarization
radio horizon
FSK
re-created
Hybrid
Remote
Slope overload
Channel
Aperture time
Foldover distortion and aliasing
Codec
Dc
Interleaving
V/m
Directivity
end fire
Vertical
critical frequency
Wavelength
MF (Medium Frequency)
standing wave ratio
space wave
they are very reliable
Stub
0.25
Ref Coeff = (30 50)/(30 + 50) = 0.25
Length
Input
F layer
Rhombic
diffraction
Dynamic range
Switch
Delta modulation
Longitudinal redundancy check
CSMA/CD
32 bits
Router
TCM
BER
Hamming code
51.84 Mbps