Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Consequ
ence
Likelihood of Occurrence
High value
Medium value
Low value
High value
High risk
Medium value
Low value
Moderate risk
Low risk
Risk assessment and analysis techniques and tools consist of a systematic, logical set of actions
used to identify hazards, assess risk, and implement controls to mitigate high-risk conditions.
These techniques and tools can be described by their levels of formality, the types of analysis
performed, and the work processes they are attempting to address.
3.1 Risk Assessment Techniques
The most fundamental risk assessment activity, called an informal risk assessment, occurs when
workers are asked to think about the hazards in the workplace before work commences,
determine what could go wrong, and report or fix the hazards. More formal risk management
activities require structured procedures, often focusing on work processes that involve multiple
levels of an organization. These activities are practiced at some mines and are typically
organized by an operations safety official and developed with the help of individuals familiar
with the work practice in question. Higher level risk management activities focus on major
mining hazards or on major changes in the mining operations involving the entire organization,
such as reopening a mine, moving to a new location within the mine, and utilizing a new mining
technique or process.
3.1.1 Informal Risk Assessment Techniques
Most informal risk assessment techniques consist of multiple steps where the worker is asked to
look for hazards, determine the significance of the hazard, and take some action to mitigate the
risk. Many systems have been proposed and are widely used in mining. Examples include, but
are not limited to:
10
Risk rating
Likelihood
Potential unwanted
event
Consequence
11
Table 3 - Examples of variable scales used to determine the maximum reasonable consequence
associated with different kinds of unwanted events.
Safety
Multiple fatalities
1 Fatality
Major lost-time injury
(LTI)
4
Avg LTI (4-5 days)
5
Minor injury (1 day or less)
LTI = lost time injuries
M = million
K = thousand
1
2
3
Equipment
>$5M
$1M
$200 K
Production
1Week
1 Day
1 Shift
Environment
>$5M
$1M
$200 K
Mine Fire
Huge fire
Major fire
Moderate fire
$50 K
< $ 10 K
1 Hour
<1 Minute
$50 K
< $ 10 K
Small fire
Smoldering
The ranking of likelihood will be influenced by the choice of consequences. There is no correct
choice, but there is a need to be consistent in the application of ranking across the exercise.
Examples of variable scales used to determine the likelihood of different kinds of unwanted
events is given in Table 4.
Table 4 - Examples of variable scales used to determine the likelihood of occurrence for different
kinds of unwanted events.
Based on Maximum Reasonable Consequence
Common
Highly likely
Expected
> 10
It has happened
Likely
High
1 to 10
Possible
Possible
Moderate
0.1 to 1
Unlikely
Unlikely
Low
0.01 to 0.1
Almost impossible
Very unlikely
Not Likely
< 0.01
Total Exposure
Likelihood
Most Likely
Consequence
1
2
3
4
Etc.
12
Risk
Rank
Failure
Mode
Effects on
Other
System
items
Likelihood
(L)
Consequence
(C)
Criticality
(LxC)
Control
13
Deviation
Consequence
Causes
Suggested Action
14
PR
EV
EN
T IO
Threat
RY
VE
O
C
RE
Top unwanted
event
Threat
Consequence
Consequence
Threat
Consequence
Recovery
measures
Control
measures
Potential
causes
Potential
outcome
Exposure (% of workforce)
Most > 50%
Many 30%
Several 10%
A few 5%
Very few < 1%
15
Frequency of exposure
Continuous
Several times/day
Once a day
Weekly
Monthly
There are many ways to account for exposure when performing a risk analysis. One example is
provided in Table 6. Here, the total exposure is estimated by combining the effects of the
frequency of individual miner exposure versus the exposure to the total workforce.
Table 6 - A method to determine the total exposure using a 5 x 5 matrix.
1
Continuous
A
A
A
B
C
Exposure
(Table 5)
TOTAL EXPOSURE
1
2
3
4
5
5
1/month
D
E
E
E
E
Once the total exposure level has been estimated, this value can be used to determine the overall
likelihood (Table 7) and consequence (Table 8) of potential unwanted events occurring.
Table 7 - Estimation of overall likelihood by combining the estimates of likelihood and total
exposure.
Likelihood
(Table 5)
LIKELIHOOD OF AN
EVENT
Common
Has happened
Possible
Unlikely
Very unlikely
A
A
A
B
C
D
B
A
B
C
D
E
E
C
D
E
E
E
Table 8 - The combinations of maximum reasonable consequence and the likelihood of the
maximum reasonable consequence to establish the most likely consequence level.
Maximum
Reasonable
Consequence
(Table 3)
MOST LIKELY
CONSEQUENCE
Multi-fatality
1 fatality
Serious LTI
Avg LTI
Minor LTI
Highly likely
A
A
B
C
D
Very unlikely
D
D
E
E
E
The total probability and consequence of the potential unwanted event are then determined using
a 5 x 5 risk ranking matrix (Table 9).
Table 9 - 5 x 5 risk ranking matrix.
RISK RANK
Overall
Consequence
(Table 8)
A
A
B
C
D
E
1
3
6
10
15
2
5
9
14
19
16
E
11
16
20
23
25