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ABSTRACT
This paper presents wind turbine aerodynamic and drive train modelling for the purpose of
transient stability analysis using PSCAD. Firstly, a detailed aerodynamic and 2-mass drive
train model are given numerically; secondly, a ready-to-use Fortran code is given for
modelling implementation in PSCAD. Comparing with the standard wind turbine models in
PSCAD, the presented model provide the possibility of setting the initialization condition, also
can easily be extended or revised for other study purposes.
KEYWORDS
Variable speed, Wind Turbine, Modeling, PSCAD
1
INTRODUCTION
Accurate wind turbine mechanical parts models are essential for transient stability analysis.
However, in the simulation tool PSCAD [1] ,the function of standard MOD2 type wind turbine
component models is limited; for example, they dont provide the possibility of set the initial
speed of both rotor and generator, which is necessary for some cases simulation. For this
reason, the author has been working on the mechanical parts modeling, which can be easily
revised for various study purpose.
Table 1: List of Symbols
Symbols
Notes
Symbols
PWT
Tem
AWT
Tgen
Twtr
cp
Power Coefficient
Ta
Notes
Generator electronic magnetic
torque
Generator torque
Wind turbine shift torque
Aerodynamic torque
Jgen
Jwtr
Kse
N
g e n
De
w tr
Dgen
R
Vw
bing.liu@ntnu.no
The model of wind turbine mechanic part is divided into two parts: blades model and drive
train model. The aerodynamic torque extracted by blades is the interface between these two
parts. The modeling processes are detailed as below.
Figure 1: Equivalent diagram of wind turbine drive train looking on the generator side. [6]
2.1
Aerodynamic model
The aerodynamic model of wind turbine rotor is based on following well known algebraic
equation, which gives the relationship between wind speed and the mechanic power
extracted [5] [6].
(1)
Ta = 0.5 R 2Vw3c p ( , )
(2)
It is repeatedly argued that the damping effect of drive train gives significant oscillations to
active power output; so the one mass drive train model is not accurate enough for transient
stability analysis (See Akhmatov, Kunden and Nielsen, 2000). Most commonly, multi-mass
drive train models are used. Furthermore, the gearbox and shaft inertia are relatively much
more smaller than rotor generator inertia, which facilitate the possibility of two-mass model
reduction by considering an equivalent system with equivalent stiffness and damping factor.
Several lectures show that a two-mass keeps a good balance between the accuracy of
transient analysis and complexity of model. The proposed two-mass structure drive train
model is shown in Fig. 1. The drive train dynamic equations are [3]:
bing.liu@ntnu.no
Ta Twtr = Jwtr
wtr
(3)
Tgen Tem = J gen
gen
(4)
And the shaft torque (written on generator side) can be expressed as below:
'
'
'
Twtr
= K se
(wtr
gen
N
'
)dt + De' (wtr
gen
N
(5)
Where the whole drive train equivalent stiffness constant can be given by [6], which is similar
as calculation of two parallel resistances.
1
1
1
=
+
'
(6)
K se K wtr K gen
2
N
According equations 3, 4, and 5 the dynamic equations of the drive train can be written as:
(7)
(8)
It shall be mentioned that [7]: if the stiffness constant of low speed side is lower than the
stiffness constant of high speed side, then the gearbox inertia need to be added into high
speed side, and vice versa.
3
To implement the upper mentioned modeling in PSCAD, the Fortran codes were given below
for reference:
3.1
ELSE
Ta_pu =0
ENDIF
RETURN
END
3.2
&Wgen_pu, Wwtr_pu)
! Include the Fortran standard statements
! Define the variables
! To calculate the shaft angular velocity
Wwtr = Wgen_n / N * 2 * PI_/60
! To calculate the generator angular velocity
Wgen = Wgen_n * 2 * PI_/60
! To calculate the angular difference
Omega = -Ta*( P_n *1000000)/( Wgen2*PI_/60/N) / Kse
! To calculate the angular velocity difference
Delta_Omega = (Wwtr - Wgen /N)
! To calculate generator electronic magnetic torque
Tem_pu = -Tem * (P_n *1000000)/( Wgen *2*PI_/60)
! To calculate Ta_> wind turbine aerodynamic torque
Ta_pu = -Ta * (P_n *1000000)/( Wgen *2*PI_/60)
! To calculate turbine shift torque
Twtr = Kse * Omega + De * Delta_Omega
! To calculate the new turbine rotor angular velocity
Wwtr = Wwtr + ( Ta_pu - Twtr) / Jwtr * DELT
! To calculate the new generator angular velocity
Wgen = Wgen + ( Twtr / N - Tem_pu) / Jgen * DELT
! To calculate the new angular difference
Omega = Omega + Delta_Omega * DELT
! To calculate new turbine rotor angular velocity / PU
Wwtr_pu = Wwtr * 60 / 2 / PI_ * N / Wgen
! To calculate the new generator angular velocity / PU
Wgen_pu = Wgen * 60 / 2.0 / PI_ / Wgen
RETURN
END
bing.liu@ntnu.no
CONCLUSIONS
This paper deals with wind turbine aerodynamic and drive train modeling for the purpose of
transient stability analysis using PSCAD, the numerical presentation and Fortran code
detailed here can be significant reference for further extension.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1]
[2]
M. Hogdahl and J. G. Nielsen, Modeling of the Vestas V80 VCS wind turbine with
lowvoltage ride-through, in Proc. 5th Int.Workshop Large-Scale Integration Wind
Power Transmission Networks Offshore Wind Farms, Glasgow, U.K., Apr. 78, 2005
[3]
[4]
Stability Simulation Of Wind Turbine Systems, Anderson, P.M.; Bose, A.; IEEE
Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Volume PAS-102, Issue 12, Dec.
1983 Page(s):3791 3795
[5]
Wind Power In Power Systems, edited by Thomas Ackermann; Wiley 2005; 691 pp,
ISBN 0-470-85508-8
[6]
RIS,
http://www.iet.aau.dk/Research/research_prog/wind_turbine
/Projects/SimPlatformPrj/htm_files/Project.htm
[7]
bing.liu@ntnu.no