TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY

LALITPUR ENGINEERING COLLEGE

CHAKUPAT, LALITPUR

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project entitled SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF

REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGH RISE BUILDING, submitted by Aman
Shrestha, Asish Pant, Baburam Raut, Bhuwan Malla, Kishor Malla and Roshan
Chand has been examined by us.

Er. Subodh Sharma Gautam

(Head of Civil Department)
Lalitpur Engineering College

Er.Sudip Pathak
(Project Supervisor)

PREFACE
A course entitled Civil Engineering Project, prescribed by the Civil Engineering
Department is the practical use of the theoretical knowledge that we acquire during the four
year course in BE.
SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGH RISE
BUILDING is the project we are given from the short listed number of the projects. The
course on 4th year 1st part on Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure is a strong base. The
courses really helped us while designing the structure and provided the knowledge to design
in terms of safety, economy, stability and efficiency. During the project work, we duly got to
know how to tackle the problems and get the optimal result while designing the structures.
Not only that, but we are also concerned with safeguarding the lives of people who dwell or
use these structures during the time of seismic disasters. This project work also helped us a
lot in doing the job we are given through the team co-ordination. It has taught us to work in
team which will surely help us in the future to come.
On the whole, it was a real enthusiasm and full supportive to work under the guidance
of our project supervisor Er.Sudip Pathak who is always ready to help us during the time of
our problems. He taught us to tackle with those problems and gave in depth knowledge of
structural engineering. His valuable guidance and support is profoundly appreciable.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is concerned with design and drafting of SEISMIC RESISTANT
DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGH RISE BUILDING .Computer programs
like SAP2000, ETABS 2015, AutoCAD, MS Excel are used for the analysis and design
process and MS Word, MS-Excel etc. are taken as major tool for the preparation of this
report.
We would like to express our immense gratitude to Er.Sudip Pathak, Project Supervisor, for
providing immense support and guidance for our project. We benefited a great deal from his
logical thoughts, experience and incisive comments.
We extend our heartily appreciation to our teacher Er. Subodh Sharma Gautam, HoD of Civil
Engineering, Lalitpur Engineering College who laid foundation on structure during B.E.
courses and also for his help to complete this project.
We are extremely grateful to Principal Lalan Tiwari for immense support during this period.
We must acknowledge our deep sense of gratitude to all the BCE 2069 batch members for
participating in in completing the project.

Project group members

Aman Shrestha (069/BCE/01)
Asish Pant (069/BCE/04)
Bhuwan Malla (069/BCE/06)
Baburam Raut (069/BCE/05)
Kishor Malla (069/BCE/21)
Roshan Chand (069/BCE/31)
3

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

Symbols

Descriptions

Ac
Ag
Ast
Asc
Asv
D
d
fck
fy
I
Ix, Iy
hi
k
leff
lx
ly
l
Lo
Ld
Mu
Mulim
Mux
Muy
P
Pu
Pt
Qi
Sv
SRSS
Ta
V
Vu
Vus
Vb
Wi
Xu
Xumax

Area of concrete
Gross area of section
Area of tension reinforcement
Area of compression reinforcement
Area of vertical stirrup
Overall depth of the section
Effective depth of the section
Characteristics compressive strength of concrete
Characteristics yield strength of steel
Importance factor of the structure
Moment of inertia about X and Y axis respectively
Height of the ith floor base of frame
Modification factor for shear stress in slab
Effective length of the element
Span of the slab in the shorter direction
Span of slab in the longer direction
Unsupported length or clear span of element
Distance between points of inflection
Development length of the bar
Factored moment, design moment for limit state design
Limiting moment of resistance
Factored moment about X-axis
Factored moment about Y-axis
Axial load on the element
Factored axial load or design axial load for limit state design
Percentage of tension reinforcement
storey shear distributed in the ith floor
Spacing of stirrup
Square root of sum of squares.
Estimated natural of fundamental time period of the building in seconds
Shear force
Design shear force for limit sate design, Factored shear force
Strength of shear reinforcement in the limit state of design
Total base shear
Lump load on the ith floor
Depth of the neutral axis in limit state of collapse
Maximum depth of neutral axis in limit state of design
Coefficient
Basic horizontal seismic coefficient
4

x,y

10m

c
bd
cmax
v

Bending moment coefficient for slab about X- axis and Y-axis respectively
Coefficient depending upon the soil foundation system and span longer than
Coefficient depending upon bf /bw ratio
Coefficient depending upon percentage of compressive reinforcement
Allowable shear stress in concrete
Allowable bond stress in concrete
Allowable maximum shear stress in concrete width shear reinforcement
Nominal shear stress
Diameter of bar
Stress induced

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE........................................................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................
SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................
1

INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................
1.1 Background: 7
1.2 Objective and scope: 8

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING.........................................................................

2.1 Preliminary Design: 10
2.2 Gravity (Vertical) load calculation:

12

2.3 Lateral load calculation (Seismic Load):

2.4 processing in sap 2000
3

19

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:.................................................................................................
3.1 Analysis:

19

3.2 Load combination:

20

3.3 SAP and its application:

20

3.4 Some figures of model and output in SAP

4

14

24

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:......................................................................................................
4.1 Limit state method of design: 28
4.2 Beam: 29
4.3 Column:
4.4 slab

34

38

4.5 Staircase design

45

4.6 Stress in shearwall

47

4.7 Foundation:

48

CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION

ANNEXES
6

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1
1.1

INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND:

Observing the growing need and scope of multi storied building we have selected HIGH
RISE BUILDING as our project to be done in BE Civil fourth year second part and the
project is entitled SEISMIC RESISTANT DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE HIGH
RISE BUILDING.
Its no secret that Kathmandu will be visited by an earthquake sometime soon as Nepal lies in
the sub-duction zone between two active tectonic plates namely Eurasian plate and Indian
plate. Every year Indian plates slides beneath the Eurasian plate at rate of about 5
centimeters. Consequently, the whole of Himalaya including Nepal has become seismically
very active. Annually thousands of tremors of various intensity are felt in this part of world.
With an annual population growth rate of 6.5% and one of the highest urban densities in the
world, the 1.6 million people living in the Kathmandu Valley were clearly facing a serious
and growing earthquake risk. It was also clear that the next large earthquake to strike near the
Valley would cause significantly greater loss of life, structural damage, and economic
hardship than past earthquakes had inflicted. Kathmandu experienced catastrophic damage in
1934 and approximately 60000 mainly residential buildings were severely damaged or
collapsed in an earthquake in the East of Nepal 1988. According to IS 1893:2002, Kathmandu
lies in seismic zone V which is the severest analysis of building to protect from the possibility
severity.
Nepal is a developing agricultural nation. World though is running on 21st century we are
still dwelling on 19th century. Economically we are retarding however, with the economic
growth induced by the service sector and foreign remittance, rapid urbanization is taking
place. Kathmandu Valley, which is the national capital region of Nepal is also economical
capital of the nation. Regarding to the increasing land value and population there is
increasing need of high rise apartments and commercial complex. Being economical capital
the trade and business is centralized in the capital city. National economy is decided here.
Without any authorized data informally it has been assumed that nearly all the business in
Nepal is operated from Kathmandu. So to meet the need of economic centers multi storied
commercial complex is a growing demand of time. Beside provision for commercial complex
can make ease in management of communication system, power management, information
relay, ease in transaction and purchase.
Various IS codes, NBC codes and ACI codes are consulted for the analysis and design of the
building such as Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete I.S. 456:2000, Design
Aids for Reinforced Concrete to I.S: 456-2000 (SP-16), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design
Structures I.S:1893: 2002. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
seismic Forces Code of Practice IS: 13920-1993, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement
and Detailing SP-34, NBC 105, NBC 104. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing
sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability
requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures.

In the fast developing world these days the population is also increasing rapidly, so that the
small towns and cities are changing into metropolitan cities there is scarcity of land in the
cities and the business is growing and expanding very fast. Therefore, high rise building for
commercial organizations are being constructed and the number of such complexes is
increasing fast day by day. Production has increased very much, and the factories have to
open their offices and show rooms at various places for marketing their products. Therefore
buildings for these commercial purposes have become a necessity. Most of the factories
appoint agents for the sale of their products. The business men have to establish an office of
the agency, which is located mostly in some high rise commercial complex.

1.2

OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE:

1.2.1 OBJECTIVE
The specific objectives of the project work are
i.
ii.
iii.

Identification of structural arrangement of plan.

Modeling of the building for structural analysis.
Detail structural analysis using structural analysis program (ETABS
2015).

iv.
v.
1.2.2

Sectional design of structural components.

Structural detailing of members and the system.
SCOPE

To achieve above objectives, the following scope or work is planned

i.

Identification of the building and the requirement of the

space.

ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.

Determination of the structural system of the building to

undertake the vertical and horizontal loads.
Estimation of loads including those due to earthquake
Preliminary design for geometry of structural elements.
Determination of fundamental time period by free
vibration analysis.
Calculation of base shear and vertical distribution of
equivalent earthquake load.
Identification of load cases and load combination cases.
Finite element modeling of the building and input
analysis
The structural analysis of the building by SAP2000 for
different cases of loads.
Review of analysis outputs for design of individual
components
Design of RC frame members, walls, mat foundation,
staircase, and other by limit state method of design.
Detailing of individual members and preparation of
drawings as a part of working construction document.

1.2.3

BUILDING DESCRIPTION

Building Type

: HIGH RISE BUILDING

Structural System

: RCC Space Frame

Plinth area covered

: 4917 sq ft.

Type of Foundation

: Mat Foundation

No. of Storey

: 12

Total Height

: 34.2 m

Type of Sub-Soil

: Medium Soil (Zone V)

Other Details

: 24 columns, main and secondary beam arrangements

1.2.4 IDENTIFICATION OF LOADS:

Dead loads are calculated as per IS: 875 (Part 1) 1987
Imposed loads according to IS : 875 (Part 2) - 1987
Seismic load according to IS: 1893 (Part 1): 2002 considering Kathmandu located at Zone V
1.2.5

METHODS OF ANALYSIS:

The building is modeled as a space frame. SAP 2000 V14 is adopted as the basic tool for the
execution of analysis. SAP 2000 V14 program is based on Finite Element Method. Due to
possible actions in the building, the stresses, displacements and fundamental time periods are
obtained using SAP 2000 V14 which are used for the design of the members. Lift wall, mat
foundation, staircase, slabs are analyzed separately..
IS 1893-2002 (part 1) is followed for the seismic analysis of the building. The fundamental
time period of the structure is calculated as specified in code.
1.2.6

DESIGN:
The following materials are adopted for the design of the elements:

Concrete Grade: M25 and M30

M25 for Beam and slab
M30 for all columns

Reinforcement Steel Fe415

Fe415 for longitudinal as well as for lateral bar

Limit state method is used for the design of RC elements. The design is based on
IS:456-2000, SP-16, IS:1893-2002, SP-34 and Reinforced Concreter Designers HandbookCharles E. Reynolds and James C. Stedman are extensively used in the process of design.
10

1.2.7 DETAILING:
The structure is designed with due consideration to provide ductile behavior and comply with
the requirements given in IS 13920:1993.

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM AND LOADING

2.1 PRELIMINARY DESIGN:

For analysis of the building, it requires the rough idea on the member sizes used in the
building as beam, column and slab. According to which the contributed dead load of the
member to the structure could be estimated.
The size of the members is dependent on the limit state of serviceability on deflection and
cracking. For this, the IS code 456-2000 is referred to make sure.
2.1.1 MAIN BEAM:
Longest span
Approx. depth
Taking D
Width
Size of main beam
2.1.2

= 7139 mm
= (7139/12) 595mm
= 600mm
= 400mm
= 400mm600mm

SECONDARY BEAM:

Longest span
= 4420mm
Approx. depth, d = (4420/26)
369mm
Taking D = 450mm
Taking width = 300mm
Secondary beam size = 300mm450mm
2.1.3

SLAB:

Maximum lx = 14'6"
= 4420 mm
Approx. Depth = [4420/ (40)] =110mm
Adopt overall depth, D = 125mm
2.1.4

COLUMN:

Taking column E-C3 (drawing sheet No. 2) under consideration.

From IS 875: Part 2, 2.2.7.1, the building under consideration is Dwellings.
From (Clause 3.1, 3.1.1 & 4.1.1), Table 1 for occupancy classification Dwelling houses

UDL for:
Rooms and Kitchens = 2.0 KN/m2
11

Toilet and Bathroom = 2.0 KN/m2

Corridor and passage and stair cases = 3.0 KN/m2
Balconies = 3.0 KN/m2

Concentrated Loads for:

For Rooms and Kitchen = 1.8 KN
Corridor Passage = 4.5 KN
Balconies = 1.5 KN per m run.
Approx. slab thickness = 130 mm

Loads on Beam (Refer drawing sheet No. 3)

52
Area = 23.02m2
Live load = 23.02 22 = 46.04 KN
Dead Load = 23.02 0.13 25 7.16 0.4(0.6 0.13) 25 108.485 KN
Total = 154.525 KN
E4
Area = 16.87 m2
Live load = 16.87 2 = 33.73 KN
Dead Load = (16.87

0.13 + 193..083

28

0.4

0.47)

25 = 82.17 KN

Total Load = 115.902 KN

53
Area = 19.6 m2
Live Load = 19.6 3 = 58.79 KN
Dead load = (19.6 0.13 +

21.25
3.28

0.4 0.47) 25 = 94.15 KN

Total load = 152.94 KN

E5
Area = 8.87 m2
Live load = 8.87 3 = 26.6 KN
Dead load = (8.87 0.13+

13.83
3.28

0.4 0.47) 25 = 48.64 KN

Total = 75.24 KN

Total load on column = KN

Self-wt. of column
Approx. size = (600 400) mm
Wt. = 0.6 0.4 2.85 25 = 17.1KN
Total load per floor = 266.4035 KN
Total axial load (approx.) on basement pillar = 13
For moment considerations and other
Taking load factor = 2.5
12

266.4035 = 3463.245 KN

Factored load = 2.5 3463.245 = 1038.73 KN

For size of column
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy Asc
Taking Asc = 5%
10.389.73 103 = 0.4 25 0.95Ac +0.67 415
Ac = 443958.12 mm2
Hence adopt size of column = 750 mm 600 mm

0.05Ac

2.2 GRAVITY (VERTICAL) LOAD CALCULATION:

Loading pattern
Loading pattern from slab to beam is obtained by drawing bisecting angle from each corner.
The obtained triangular or trapezoidal loadings are converted into equivalent uniformly
distributed load in the following way:

w
L

Physical Geometry
Loading Geometry
Loading intensity per unit length, w = DL or LL of slab per sq. unit h

13

Sample calculation of transfer of load of slab on beam:

C5

Considering Beam No C5
Area of panel on right side of beam 20 = 4.683 m2
DL of slab = 25 0.150 4.683 = 17.561 KN
LL of slab = 3.00 KN/m2
Intensity of DL =

2 17.561
4.42 0.85 = 5.27 KN/m

Live load = 4.683 3 = 14.049 KN

14

Intensity of LL =

2 14.049
5.331 KN/m
4.42 0.85

Similarly, all the load of slab panel can be transferred to the beam.
Likewise, load of wall, shutter etc. can be transferred to the beam.
2.3

LATERAL LOAD CALCULATION (SEISMIC LOAD):

2.3.1

SEISMIC LOAD:

Seismic weight is the total dead load plus approximate amount of specified imposed load.
While computing the seismic weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in any
storey shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the storey. The seismic
weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been
calculated according to IS 1893 (part I) - 2002.
Seismic load or earthquake load on a building depends upon its geographical location, lateral
stiffness and mass, and is reversible. Its effect should be considered along both axes of
building taken at a time. A force is defined as the product of mass and acceleration. During an
earthquake, the mass is imparted by the building whereas the acceleration is imparted by the
ground disturbance. In order to have minimum force, the mass of the building should be as
low as possible. The point of application of this inertial force is the centre of gravity of the
mass on each floor of the building.
There are two methods to determine the earthquake force in a building:
a) Seismic coefficient method or static method
b) Response spectrum method or modal analysis method of spectral acceleration method or
dynamic method
The seismic coefficient method is generally applicable to buildings up to 40m in height and
those are more or less symmetrical in plan and elevation.
A building may be modeled as a series of 2D plane frames into orthogonal direction. Each
node will have 3 degrees of freedom: two translations and one rotation. Alternatively, a
building may be modeled as a 3D space frame. Each node will have 6 degrees of freedom: 3
translations and 3 rotations.

Response Spectrum
The representation of the maximum response of idealized single degree of freedom system
having certain period of vibration and damping during earthquake is referred to as response
spectrum. The maximum response, i.e., maximum absolute acceleration, maximum velocity
or maximum relative displacement of the single degree of freedom system is plotted against
the undamped natural period and for various damping values.

15

2.3.2

CALCULATION OF FUNDAMNETAL NATURAL PERIOD (TA):

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (T a) in seconds, of a moment

resisting frame building without brick infill panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
Ta = 0.075h 0.75

(code IS 1893:2002 clause 7.6.1)

Where,
h = Height of building in m. This excludes the basement storeys, where
basement walls are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the
building columns but it includes the basement storeys, when they are not so
connected.
2.3.3

CALCULATION OF BASE SHEAR AND DESIGN LATERAL FORCE:

Base shear (Vb) = Ah W

(Code IS 1893:2002)
Ah = Design horizontal seismic coefficient
W = Seismic Weight of the building (KN)
h = Height of building (m)
Ah

Z I Sa
2R g

(Code IS 1893:2002 Clause 6.4.2)

Where,
Z = zone factor as given in (IS 1893 (Part 1):2002)
I = importance factor, depending upon the functional use of the structure
R = response reduction factor
Sa/g = Average Response Acceleration
Calculations:
Storey height = 2.85 m
W= seismic weight of building = 4327.5635 11 + 4681.0318 = 61215.0034 KN
Z = Zone factor
= 0.36(From Table 2) clause 6.4.2
For zone V (very severe)
I = Importance factor = 1.5 (Table 6, s1 No. 1( i )) clause 6.4.2
R = Response reduction factor = 5.0 for Zone V
Assuming the frame to be special moment resisting (table 7)
For medium soil sites

1 15T 0.00 T 0.10

Sa
2.5
0.10 T 0.55
g 1.36
0.55 T 4.00
T

The fundamental time period of the vibration

a). By Clause 7.6.1
Ta = 0.075 h0.75 (assuming no brick infill faces)
16

h = 2.85 11 = 31.35 m
Ta = 0.9937sec..1
b).By Clause 7.6.2
(IS 1893:2000 clause 7.6.2)
d1= 25.837 m (Total span in x- direction)
d2 = 22.636 m (Total span in y- direction)
(Ta ) x

0.09 h
d1
0.09 31.35
25.837

= 0.550 sec.......................2
And
(Ta ) y

0.09 h
d2
0.09 31.35
22.636

= 0.593 sec.......................3
Taking minimum of 1, 2 and 3
The fundamental time period of vibration
Ta=0.55 sec
Hence,
For,
Sa
2.45
g

A h x ZISa

2Rg

0.36 1.5 2.45

25

(IS 1893:2000 clause 6.4.2)

= 0.110
For,
Sa
2.293
g

A h y ZISa

2Rg
0.36 1.5 2.293

25

= 0.103
Now, seismic base shear
Vb x A h x W

= 0.110 61215.0034 = 6749.25 KN

Vb y A h y W
= 0.103

61215.0034 = 6317.335 KN
17

18

FOR STOREY LATERAL LOAD CALCULATION

Hz EQ load
total load in 13th floor
total load 12th floor
total load in 11th floor
total load in 10th floor
total load in 9th floor
total load in 8th floor
total load in 7th floor
total load in 6th floor
total load in 5th floor
total load in 4th floor
total load in 3rd floor
total load in 2nd floor
total load in 1st floor
Sum

Total DL Load of col Live load Total load

3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
3594.64
4183.24

402.11
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
804.22
402.11

1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1323.27
1102.73

4327.56
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4729.67
4861.03
61215.00

Qi
Along x Along Y
61215.00 34.20 1169.64 71599516.60 227.57 258921746.22 1866.37 1746.93
56887.44 31.35 982.82 55910255.88 193.37 187322229.63 1457.40 1364.13
52157.77 28.50 812.25 42365145.77 162.02 131411973.75 1104.32 1033.65
47428.09 25.65 657.92 31204009.49 133.52 89046827.98 813.39
761.34
42698.42 22.80 519.84 22196346.39 107.87 57842818.49 578.59
541.56
37968.75 19.95 398.00 15111655.84 85.07 35646472.10 393.91
368.70
33239.07 17.10 292.41 9719437.21 65.12 20534816.26 253.35
237.14
28509.40 14.25 203.06 5789189.86 48.02 10815379.05 150.91
141.25
23779.73 11.40 129.96 3090413.15 33.77
5026189.19
80.56
75.40
19050.05 8.55
73.10
1392606.44 22.37
1935776.05
36.30
33.98
14320.38 5.70
32.49
465269.10
13.82
543169.61
12.13
11.35
9590.71 2.85
8.12
77900.50
8.12
77900.50
2.03
1.90
4861.03 0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6749.25 6317.34
Wi

Hi

19

Hi^2

Wi*Hi^2

Hi^2

WiHi^2

2.3.4 CALCULATION OF ECCENTRICITY

In the static analysis of dead load the eccentricity with and without shear wall was calculated and
found as follows.
Ex = -1.1913 m
Ey =0.5642 m
When the lift shear was taken in to account then eccentricities were changed as following.
Ex = 0.94 m
Ey =1.042 m
These eccentricities were within the permissible limit i.e. 5% of its lateral dimensions. Hence we
have not to locate the extra shear wall to minimize the eccentricities.
2.4

PROCESSING IN SAP 2000

Materials used in the column concrete and beam concrete were defined with their corresponding
unit weight and stress as 25 mpa and 30 mpa respectively.
Frame section properties were also defined as per the preliminary design with their dimensions.
Also area sections for shear wall were defined.
Now coordinate grid system was defined then 3d modeling of complex was done.
For the dynamic analysis of the building we define the response spectrum function with soil type
ii, function damping ratio 0.05 having seismic zone factor 0.36.
In the graph of function there was the maximum value of 0.9 that it takes the value of z is 0.36.
Now we move to the load pattern definition in which dead load with self-weight multiplier as
unity and then live load. Load cases of earthquake load in x and y direction are defined with the
scale factor of 3.265 and 3.488 respectively here difference in factor due to the varying length of
complex in x and y direction with modal combination of CQC and directional combination of
SRSS.
Now in the frame live as well as dead load are assigned also the storey shears are assigned in
every floor in the diaphragm of floor in special drawn joints.
After all assignment of loads then the model was run.
Base shear analyzed during the SAP application was found 5764.28 KN in x direction and
7800.62 KN in y direction.
Hence we found the base shear was less in x direction and more in y direction so we have to
increase the base shear up to the calculated as static analysis i.e. 6749.25 KN so we have too
again multiply the scale factor of load case earthquake in x direction by 1.1708.

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS:

3.1 ANALYSIS:
For the purpose of seismic analysis of our building, we used the structural analysis program
SAP 2000 V14. It has a special option for modeling horizontal rigid floor diaphragm system.
A floor diaphragm is modeled as a rigid horizontal plane parallel to global X-Y plane, so
that all points on any floor diaphragm cannot displace relative to each other in X-Y plane.
This type of modeling is very useful in the seismic analysis of building. The base shear and
earthquake lateral force are calculated as per code IS 1893 (part 1) 2002 as calculated before
and are applied at each frame joint in every storey of the building in X-Y directions
respectively.
Various load combinations has been adopted as per IS 1893 (part 1): 2002, clauses 6.3.1.2.
They are as follows:
20

3.2 LOAD COMBINATION:

Different load cases and load combination cases as per IS 875 are considered to obtain most
critical element stresses in structure in the course of analysis. There are altogether four load
cases considered for the structural analysis and are mentioned as below:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Dead load (DL)

Live load (LL)
Earthquake load in X-direction (EQX)
Earthquake load in Y-direction (EQY)

Following load combinations are adopted:

1. 1.5 ( DL + LL)
2. 1.2 ( DL + LL + EQX)
3. 1.2 ( DL + LL EQX)
4. 1.2 ( DL + LL + EQY)
5. 1.2 ( DL + LL EQY)
6. 1.5 ( DL + EQX)
7. 1.5 ( DL - EQX)
8. 1.5 ( DL + EQY)
9. 1.5 ( DL EQY)
10. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQX
11. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQX
12. 0.9 DL + 1.5 EQY
13. 0.9 DL - 1.5 EQY

3.3 SAP AND ITS APPLICATION:

Construction of structural framework (model) according to given drawing.
Assigning size, material, name etc. of the members used in the structure.
Loading all the vertical loads to every horizontal member according to their location,
whether it is point load, triangular, trapezoidal or Udl.
Assigning earthquake forces in both X and Y directions on the centroid of each floor. For
this slab is considered as rigid by constructing diaphragm at different floor level.
Fix the structure to the ground (assigning support conditions).
Run the program.

Export the required diagrams and data to the excel sheet.

Filtering of the data by making small programs.

21

Followings are some of the analysis output from SAP:

3.3.1

STOREY SHEAR DISTRIBUTION

On the dynamic analysis of building we have to check for the storey shear distribution
We find the shear in each storey by taking the shear force in every joint of columns in each floor
from the SAP analysis.
Using the model with lift and without lift we found the shear distribution as follows
A. With lift modeling
In X-Z plane
Storey
12th
11th
10th
9th
8th
7th
6th
5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st
0th

In Y-Z plane

Shear Force (KN)

1562.55
117.42
460.04
374.97
319.49
186.05
325.03
174.06
111.64
-28.62
-305.18
-305.22
0

B. Without lift modeling

In X-Z Plane

In Y-Z Plane

Storey
12th
11th
10th
9th
Hence from the above data we conclude that
8th
worse condition due to improper location of
7th
the shear in floors also it gives the mode of
third mode.
6th
5th
3.3.2 STOREY DRIFT
4th
Drift is the displacement of one level relative 3rd
2nd
above or below.
1st
0th
22

Shear Force
(KN)
1230.3
701.88
638.31
502.1
400.57
343.35
320.37
315.68
314.04
279.79
199.18
-5.32
0

the building is in
lift that increase
vibration as in

to

other

level

The maximum permissible storey drift is 0.004 times the interstorey height. Hence maximum
permissible drift = 0.004 x 2850 = 11.4 mm. In our case maximum drift is 0.7143 mm which is
less than permissible value.
Floor
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

3.3.3

Displacement(mm)
X-direction
Y-direction
6.3365
4.5546
5.6222
4.0886
4.9152
3.6363
4.2256
3.195
3.5553
2.7612
2.9115
2.335
2.3009
1.9176
1.7315
1.5113
1.2123
1.1192
0.755
0.7464
0.376
0.4044
0.1043
0.1216

Relative displacement (mm)

X-direction
Y-direction
0.7143
-0.466
0.707
-0.4523
0.6896
-0.4413
0.6703
-0.4338
0.6438
-0.4262
0.6106
-0.4174
0.5694
-0.4063
0.5192
-0.3921
0.4573
-0.3728
0.379
-0.342
0.2717
-0.2828
0.1043
-0.1216

MODAL PARTICIPATING MASS RATIOS

Modal participation factor of mode k of vibration is the amount by which mode k contributes to
the overall vibration of the structure under horizontal and vertical earthquake ground motions.
Since the amplitudes of 95 percent mode shapes can be scaled arbitrarily, the value of this factor
depends on the scaling used for mode shapes.
TABLE: Modal Participating Mass Ratios
Output
Case
Text
MODAL

Period
Sec
1.378557

UX

UY

0.62938

0.00099
23

UZ
1.139E-07

SumUX SumUY
0.62938

0.00099

MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL
MODAL

1.298768
0.11008
0.03636 0.000007082
1.057888
0.00254
0.68275
4.093E-07
0.425457
0.04257
0.00209
2.401E-07
0.388747
0.07826
0.00351 0.00002454
0.292554
0.00014
0.15227
2.321E-07
0.231591
0.00876
0.00123 0.000009633
0.192256
0.04232
0.0008 0.00001246
0.151808
0.0046
0.0008 0.000003169
0.143588 0.00004552
0.0536 0.00008938
0.1344 0.00007273 0.00006145
0.15439
0.116311
0.01692
0.00069
0.05781
0.111034
0.01109
0.0000564
0.10298
0.107727 0.00004411
0.00102
0.16193
0.091909
0.00011
0.02624
0.00026
0.077426
0.01931
0.00018
0.00327
0.064132
0.0000686
0.02056 0.00009119
0.053837
0.01795 0.00001253
0.00634
0.039929 0.000003769
0.01632
0.00025
0.033477
0.01521 0.000004205
0.00605

24

0.73946
0.74201
0.78458
0.86283
0.86298
0.87174
0.91406
0.91866
0.9187
0.91878
0.9357
0.94679
0.94683
0.94695
0.96625
0.96632
0.98427
0.98428
0.99949

0.03735
0.7201
0.72219
0.72569
0.87797
0.8792
0.88
0.8808
0.93439
0.93446
0.93515
0.9352
0.93622
0.96246
0.96264
0.9832
0.98321
0.99954
0.99954

3.4

SOME FIGURES OF MODEL AND OUTPUT IN SAP

Figure: 3D Modelling

Figure: Frame section labeling

25

Figure: Dead load Assignment

Figure: Live load Assignment

26

Figure: Shear force Diagram

Figure: Bending Moment Diagram

27

Figure: Deformed Shape

28

STRUCTURAL DESIGN:

The structure should be designed in such a way that it fulfills the targeted requirement
throughout its life. The objective of structural design is to design such kind of building that
gives complete resonance with safety (in terms of strength ,stability and structural
integrity),adequate serviceability (in terms of deflection and crack) and economy.
It is necessary that reinforced concrete structure should satisfy the serviceability limit state,
i.e. if a section is of sufficient strength to support the design loads, there should not be
excessive deformation, deflection, cracking etc., which may affect its appearance. Safety
implies that the likelihood of (partial or total) collapse of the structure is acceptably low not
only under the normal expected loads (service load) but also under abnormal but probable
overloads (such as earthquake or extreme wind). The objective here is to minimize the
likelihood of progressive collapse.
But through the increment of design margins we can resist the problem regarding structural
failure but at the same time cost also increases with the increase in design margins for safety
and serviceability. So, considering overall economy the cost associated with increased safety
and serviceability should be weighed against the potential losses and the best cost is selected.
4.1

LIMIT STATE METHOD OF DESIGN:

The limit state method of design is based on the behavior or structure at different limit state
insuring adequate safety against each limit state. The two principle limit states are the ultimate
limit state and the serviceability limit state. The ultimate limit state is reached when the
structure collapses. It requires that structure must withstand the load for which it is designed
with adequate factor of safety without collapse.
The limit state of serviceability corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is
used for checking members in which magnitude of deformation may limit the use of structure
or its components .The limit state corresponds to deflection, cracking and vibration. It requires
that the appearance, durability and of structure must not be effected by deflection and cracking.
4.1.1

ASSUMPTIONS FOR FLEXURE MEMBERS :( 456:2000, CLAUSE 38.1)

a.
b.
c.

Plane sections normal to the axis of the member remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outer most compression fiber is 0.0035
The relationship between the compressive stress distribution in concrete and the strain in
concrete may be assumed to be rectangle, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape which results
in prediction of strength in substantial agreement with the results of text. For design purposes,
the compressive strength of concrete in the structure shall be assumed to be 0.67 times the
characteristics strength .The partial safety fact m = 1.5 shall be applied in addition to this .
d. The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
e. The stresses in the reinforcement are derived from representative stress-strain curve for the
type of steel used. For the design purposes the partial safety factor m = 1.15 shall be applied.
f. The maximum strain in the tension reinforcement in the section at failure shall not be less than:
0.002+0.87 fy/Es
Where,
fy = characteristics strength of steel
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel

29

4.1.2 LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE FOR COMPRESSION: :( 456:2000, CLAUSE 39.1)

Assumptions:
In addition to the assumptions given above from (a) to (e) for flexure, the following shall be
assumed:
a. The maximum compressive strain in concrete in axial compression is taken as 0.002
b. The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compression and bending and when there is no tension on the section shall be 0.0035
minus 0.75 times the strain at the least compressed extreme fiber.
4.2

BEAM:

Beam is horizontal structural flexural member which carries the load transferred from the slab
and ultimately transfers to the column. They are usually designed for the induced bending
moment due to combination of dead load, live load, partition load etc.
4.2.1

FLOW CHART OF BEAM DESIGN (MOMENT BARS):

Take moment of each beam (Mu)

Calculate Mlim
Mlim=0.138fckbd2
Mlim=0.133fckbd2
If Mu< Mlim

Over reinforced section

No

Yes
Ast >Ast min =
Under reinforced section

Calculate M= Mu-Mlim

0.12% 0f bD
Calcualte Ast1 from Mlim by
Ast1= Mlim/ (0.87fy (d-0.42xlim))

Calcualte Ast from

Calculate Ast2 by Ast2=M/

Mu= 0.87fy Ast(d-0.42xu)

(0.87fy (d-d))
Calculate numbers of
bars = Ast/Abar

Calculate Asc by Asc=M/

(fsc*(d-d))
Calculate Ast =Ast1 + Ast2
Ast >Ast min=
0.12% of bD
30

Calculate numbers of bars

= Ast/Abar

4.2.2

FLOW CHART OF BEAM DESIGN (SHEAR REINFORCEMENT):

Take maximum shear force Vu

Calculate % of steel by Pt= Ast/ (bd) 100

Mlim=0.138fckbd2
Calculate by

Vu/ (bd)
From code, find and
.

max

Mlim=0.133fckbd2

No

If < < max

Provide minimum shear

reinforcement as per IS
456:2000 clause 26.5.1.6

Yes
Vus= (-) (bd)

Using suitable stirrup,

find Asv

Find spacing by
Sv= (0.87fy Asv d)/Vus
Check minimum2 spacing as
M
=0.133f
bd clause 7.2
ck
perlimIS
13920:1993

Mlim=0.133fckbd2

31

4.2.3 DESIGN OF MAIN BEAM:

Design constants;
fck
= 25 MPa
b
= 400 mm
D
= 600 mm
d
= 550 mm
d'
= 40 mm
fy
= 415 Mpa
Effective cover = 50 mm
X u max
d
= 0.48
Minimum steel for beam:
Astmin =

0.85
bd
fy

(IS: 456-2000, Clause26.5.1.1)

= 250 400

0.85
415

= 204 mm2
Limiting moment,

M u lim 0.36

X u max
bd 2
fck
d

1 0.42

X u max

IS: 456-2000, clause 38.1

M u lim 0.36 0.48 400 550 2 25 1 0.42 0.48

= 417.340 KN-m
# For beam member E4 of 11th floor (i.e.11thE4):
a) Design for Mu max : 598 KN-m
Mu max (-) ve= 598 KN-m
Since the moment on beam is more than limiting moment, the section is over reinforced.
Hence, Area of steel corresponding to the limiting moment
Ast1=

M u lim
0.87f y d 0.42X u lim

Ast1=

417.340 10 6
0.87 415 600 0.42 264

= 2363.033 mm2
M-Mu lim = (fsc - fcc) Asc (d-d')
X u max d

Value of strain () = 0.0035

X u max

= (0.0035(264 - 50)/264) = 0.003

Value of fsc from table corresponding to by interpolation

= 353.9 MPa
32

Asc

=
=

M M
u lim

f sc f cc d d'
(598 - 417.34) 10 6
= 1034.56 mm2 (Bottom Reinforcement)
(353.9 - 0.46 25) (550 - 40)

Corresponding tension steel (Ast2) =

M M

u lim

0.87f y d d '

(598 - 417.34) 10 6
(0.87 500 (550 - 40))

= 981.125 mm2 (Top reinforcement)

Hence total area of steel on tension side
At
= Ast1 + Ast2
=2363.033 + 981.125
= 3344 mm2
Hence area of steel at the bottom side will be 1034.56 mm 2 and area of steel at the top side will be 3344
mm2.
Selection of bars
3344
No of top bars = 25 2
4

= 6.8
=7 nos. of 25 mm diameter bar (Provide 8 no of 25 mm dia bar for symmetry
consideration)
Actual area of top steel,
= 7 252/4
= 3437.5 mm2 >3344 OK
No of bottom bars = 1034.56 4/ (( 202))
= 3.29
= 4 nos. of 20 mm diameter bar
Actual area of bottom steel,
= 4 (202/4)
= 1257.143mm2> 1034.56 mm2 OK
Design for shear force:
Shear force (Vu) = 271.5 KN
A
s 100 = 4694.643/ (400 550) 100 = 2.13 %
% of steel
bd
From IS: 456-2000, Table 19
Shear strength of concrete (c) = 0.836 Mpa
V
Nominal shear strength (v) u = 1.234 Mpa > c
bd

max = 3.1 Mpa

Since c < v < max . So stirrup is required
Vus
= Vu c b d
= 87.58 KN
33

Using 8 mm diameter - 4 legged vertical stirrup

Asv
= 4 3.14 82/4 = 201.429 mm2
Spacing of shear reinforcement near the supports,
A
201.429
0.87 f y sv d 0.87 415
550
Sv
Vus
87.58 10 3
= 456 mm > d/4
(IS Code SP34)
= 550/4=100mm (Ok)
Hence adopt spacing at 100mm to the distance 2d from edge of the support considering the shear stirrup
requirement at other section of the beam.
Hence adopt spacing of 100mm at mid through the section.
Check for Deflection:
Checking deflection of the beam considered i.e. 11thE4.
L = 2.947 m
L
=
d

(IS code 456: 2000 clause 23.2.1)

Basic value () = 26
=1, =1, =1
f s 0.58 f y

(For continuous beam, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1)

(From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d))
A st Re quired
A st Pr ovided

= 0.58 415 3344/4694.643 = 171.45 Mpa

Percentage of reinforcement
= 2.13%
= 0.9
(From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
We have,

L
d min

dmin =
=

2947
= 125 mm < 550 mm
26 1 0.9 1 1

O.K.

Check for development length:

Checking development length at the maximum shear of the continuous beam
Development length (Ld)
M
Ld 1.3 i +Lo (IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3)
V
s 0.87 415

4
Development length L d= bd = 4 1.4 1.6 = 40.29

We have = 25 mm
0.87 415
Therefore, Ld = 4 1.4 1.6
= 1007 mm

A st f y
M u 0.87 f y A st d 1

b d fck

34

(IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)

M1

3437.5 500
0.87 415 3437.5 550 1

400
550 25

M1 = 426.631 KN-m
V = 271.5 KN
M
For safety,
Ld 1.3 1
V
M
Or, 1.3 1
= 1.3 426.631 1000/271.5
V
= 2042 mm >Ld (OK)
Now providing 90 bend at Centre of support
Therefore Lo = 8 = 8 25 = 200 mm
Now,
1.3 M1/ V+ 8 = 2042 + 200 = 2242 mm >Ld (OK).
4.3 COLUMN:
Columns are the vertical members that are subjected to axial loads and moment acting from two
directions (Bi-axially). All columns are subjected to some moment which may be due to accidental
eccentricity or due to end restraint imposed by monolithically placed beams or slabs. The strength of
column depends upon the strength of the material, shape and size of the cross section, length and the
degree of positional and directional restraint at its ends. The column section may be rectangular, square
or circular shaped depending upon the architectural or structural requirements.
A column may be classified as follows based on types of loading:
a.
b.
c.

Axially loaded column

A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial bending and
A column subjected to axial load and biaxial bending

The design of column section for given axial load and biaxial moments can be made by pre assigning
the section and then checking adequacy. The design of column depends upon the eccentricity of loading
and the moment acting in different directions. The minimum eccentricity specified by the IS 4562000(clause 39.2) is:
Lo
D

but not less than 20mm

500 30
Where, L o = unsupported length of column
D = lateral dimension in plane of bending
If emin is less than 0.05D, then column is designed as axially loaded column .If the eccentricity
exceeds 0.05D, then column is designed for both moment and axial load.
e min

4.3.1
a.
b.

c.
d.

ASSUMPTIONS:
The following assumptions are made for the limit state of collapse in compression:
Plane section normal to the axis remains plane after bending.
The relationship between stress-strain distributions in concrete is assumed to be parabolic. The
maximum compressive stress is equal to 0.67 fck/1.5 or 0.446fck
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored
The stress in reinforcement is derived from the representative stress-strain curve for the type of
steel used.
35

e.

f.

The maximum compressive strain in axial compression is taken as 0.002.The maximum

compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected to axial
compression and bending, but when there is no tension on the section is taken as 0.0035 minus
0.75 times the strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber.
The maximum compressive strain at the highly compressed extreme fiber in concrete subjected
to axial compression and bending , when part of the section in tension is taken as 0.0035

g.

4.3.2

FLOW CHART OF COLUMN DESIGN :

4.3.3 DESIGN OF COLUMN:

Size of column
= 600750 mm
36

Grade of concrete
Grade of steel
L (length)
Effective length
L ef
D

= M30
= Fe 415
= 2.85 m
= 0.65 2850 = 1852.5 mm
= 2.47 < 12 (Hence Short Column)

For Column AC1 of 12th floor

1)
Taking absolute value of (Mux + Muy)
Factored moment acting along X-direction
Mux = 141.345 KN-m
Factored moment acting along Y-direction
Muy = 24.95 KN-m
Corresponding axial load, (Pu) = 267.78 KN
Checking for minimum eccentricity, (IS 456:2000 Clause 25.4)
M ux 141.345 10 3
For Mux,
ey =
=
Pu
267.78

L
D

= 30.7mm
500 30

=527 mm < 20mm or

For Muy,

ex =

M uy
Pu

24.95 10 3
267.78

L
D

= 30.7mm
500 30

= 93.17 mm > 20mm or

Therefore, the column should be designed as compression member subjected to axial load and biaxial
bending.
Assume,
p
= 0.9 %
p
f ck

= 0.9/30 = 0.03

Uniaxial moment capacity of the column about X- axis,

d'
D

Assume d' = 75 mm

= 0.1

From code SP-16 (Chart No 44)

Pu
f ck bD

M ux
f ck bD 2

267.78 10 3
= 0.02
30 600 750

= 0.05

M ux1 = 0.05306007502 = 506.25 KN-m

Uniaxial moment capacity of the column about Y- axis,
Assume d' = 75 mm

d'
B

= 0.125

From code SP-16 (Chart No 45)

Pu
267.78 10 3
=
= 0.02
f ck bD
30 600 750
37

M ux
f ck b 2 D

= 0.04

M uy1 = 0.04306002750 = 324 KN-m

Calculation of Puz,
For, p = 0.9 %, f y = 415 Mpa, f ck = 30 MPa
Puz
16.4 N/mm2
Ag

(Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456 1978 chart 63)

Puz = 16.4 600 750 = 7380KN

Therefore,
Pu/ Puz = 267.78 /7380 = 0.03
Now, n =1
M ux

M ux1

M uy

M
uy1

141.345

506.25

24.95

324

(IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)

(IS 456:2000 Clause 39.6)

= 0.35 <1 (Ok)

Therefore, Area of reinforcement will be 6 25 mm and 4 20 mm diameter bars.

Design for shear reinforcement:
Transverse reinforcement for columns at ground floor
Maximum shear force
=V3 = Vu = 127 KN (factored) (From analyzed output)
Percentage of steel
= Ast/bd = 4203.571/ (600750) 100
= 0.934%
For the shear design percentage of steel will be = 0.934/2 = 0.46%
(i.e. assuming 50% steel, provided as tension steel, to be on conservative side)
Nominal shear stress = v = Vu /bd = 1271000/ (600700) = 0.302 N/mm2
Permissible shear stress corresponding to 0.46 % steel from Table 19 of IS 456-2000
We get, c = 0.479 N/mm2
Max. Shear stress, cmax = 3.5 N/mm2 (for M 30 from Table 20)
Since v < c < cmax
Therefore, minimum shear reinforcement is provided (IS: 456-2000.Clause 26.5.1.6).
Asv/ (bSv) 0.4/ (0.87fy)
Now, providing 2-legged 8mm diameter stirrup near the joints (Fe 415)
Asv = 282/4
= 80.53 mm2
Sv
0.87 fy Asv/(0.4b)
121 100mm
Again, we have, d/4 =175mm
(IS Code SP34)

Pitch

600 mm (lateral dimension)

16 = 168 =175mm
38


300mm
Hence, provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 100mm c/c at distance 2d from the edge.
Similarly for mid span, d/2=225mm
(IS Code SP34)
Hence provide 8 mm lateral ties @ 150mm c/c at mid span.
4.4

SLAB

Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of building and carrying distributed loads primarily
by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used as ramps for multistory car parks. Soffit of staircases can be
considered as inclined slabs. A slab may be supported by beams or walls or continuous over one or more
supports.
One-way Slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A one way slab can be
simply supported or continuous.
When slabs are those supported on four sides, two way spanning action occurs. Such slabs may be
simply supported or continuous on any or all sides. The deflections and bending moments in a two way
slab are considerably reduced as compared to those in a one way slab. A two way slab may be
considered to consist of a series of interconnected beams.

39

Determine factored
load w=1.5(DL+LL)
wD= 1.5DL
wL=1.5LL
4.4.1 FLOW CHART OF SLAB DESIGN:

Determine ratio ly/lx

if ly/lx <2

No

One way slab

Yes
Determine moment coefficient
IS code 456, Table 12

Two way slab

Determine type of panel
e.g. Two adjacent cont. edge

Calculate moment at mid, edge

M=MD+ML
MD= Dwlx2
ML= Lwlx2

Determine moment
coefficients, IS code 456,
Table 26, e.g. long, short span,
edge, mid

Ast>Ast min

Calculate Mx=xwlx2
My= ywlx2

=0.12%bD

Calculate area of steel A st

M = 0.87 f Ast (d-f Ast / fck b)
Y

Sv < 300mm
or 3d

Determine spacing of bars

Sv = Abar/Agross1000

40

4.4.2

DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB:

Slab Panel S10

1. Design data
Clear span

2.693m4.014m

Edge condition

Internal panel

Material

Fe 415grade steel

Concrete grade

M25

2. Relevant codes
IS: 456-2000 and IS 875-1987(part1&2)
3. Allowable stresses

fy = 415 N/mm2
fck = 25 N/mm2
4. Assumed slab depth and local calculation
The slab depth, assumed to calculate the self weight, is taken as 125mm as per preliminary
design.
Taking effective cover as 25mm and assuming 8mm diameter bar
d = 125-25 = 100mm
Total dead load (DL)

= 5.75KN/ m

Live Load for room and corridor

3KN/ m

Total load (DL+LL)

8.75KN/ m

Factored Load

1.5 8.75 = 13.125KN/ m

Short span length,

lex =

2.693m

Long span length

ley =

4.014m

Effective span = span length (from code IS 456: 2000, clause 22.2, b, 1)
Long span to short span ratio,

l ey
l ex

= 1.491

Moment coefficient from IS: 456-2000 Table 26

For negative moment: (x) = 0.052
( ) = 0.032
y

For positive moment:

(x) = 0.041
( ) = 0.024
y

41

Now finding moment:

At middle strip
Mx = ( )wl 2 =0.04113.1252.6932 = 3.9 KNm /m
x

My= ( )wl 2 =0.02413.1252.6932 = 2.28KNm/m

y

At support
M = ( )wl 2 = 0.05213.1252.6932 = 4.950 KNm/m
x

M = ( )wl 2 = 0.03213.1252.6932 = 3.045KNm/m

y

As moment is critical at support, checking depth taking maximum moment at support,

d

Mx
0.138 f ck b

4.95 1000 1000

0.138 25 1000

= 37.87mm <100mm O.K.

At Middle Strip (For positive moment)
A) Calculation of reinforcement in short(X) direction:

A st x f y

M u 0.87 f y A st x d 1
b d f ck

A st 415

4.95 10 6 0.87 415 Ast 100 1

1000 100 25

Solving this Quadratic equation,

(Ast) x =140.37mm2
Minimum Reinforcement =
Taking (Ast) x

0.12
1000125 =150mm2 >140.37mm2 O.K.
100

=150mm2

= 82/4

Spacing required
=

1000
1000
= 82/4
Ast
150

335.1mm > 3d = 3100=300mm or 300mm (Smaller)

Therefore taking Spacing as 300mm.

Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total Area=167.551mm2.

42

B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction:

A st y f y

M u 0.87 f y A st y d' 1

d'

f
ck

(But, d = 100 - 8 = 92mm)

6
Or, 2.28 10 0.87 415 A st y 92 1

Solving quadratic equation

(Ast) y =69.51mm2
Minimum Reinforcement =
Taking (Ast) y

A st y 415

1000 92 25

0.12
1000125 =150mm2 >69.51mm2
100

=150mm2

Spacing required = 82/4

1000
1000
= 82/4
Ast
150

= 335.1mm> 3d=3100=300mm or300mm (Smaller)

Therefore taking Spacing as 300mm.
Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total Area=167.551mm2.
At support (For Negative Moment)
A) Calculation of reinforcement in short (X) direction:

A st f y
M u 0.87 f y A st x d 1
b d f ck

A st x 415
4.950 10 6 0.87 415 A st x 100 1

1000 100 25

Solving quadratic equation

(Ast) x =140.37mm2 <150mm2
Taking (Ast) x =150mm2
Spacing required = 82/4

1000
1000
= 82/4
Ast
150

=335.1mm > 300mm

Therefore taking spacing as 300mm.
Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total Area = 167.551mm2.
B) Calculation of reinforcement in long (Y) direction:

A sty f y
M u 0.87 f y A sty d' 1
b d'f ck

6
or, 3.046 10 0.87 415 A st y 92 1

A st y 415

1000 92 25

Solving quadratic equation,

(Ast) y =93.27mm2
43

Minimum Reinforcement =
Taking (Ast) y

0.12
1000125 =150mm2 > 93.27mm2
100

=150mm2

Spacing required = 82/4

1000
1000
= 82/4
Ast
150

= 523.8095mm > 3d =3100 =300mm or300mm (Smaller)

Therefore taking Spacing as 300mm.
Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total Area=167.551mm2
Hence Finally Adopted
a) At mid Span:
Reinforcement in X- direction 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 167. 551mm 2.
in Y- direction 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c, Area= 167. 551mm2.

Reinforcement

b) At Support:
Reinforcement in X And Y- direction 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total
=167.551mm2
Note: For practical use 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c in both direction at mid span.

Corner reinforcement
Area of each layer = 75% of maximum mid span reinforcement
= 0.75167.619 = 125.66mm2
Length of corner reinforcement =Lx/5 = 2693/5 = 538.6mm
Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing.
Check for shear (Along Short Span)
Shear force,

1
w lx
2
1
V 13.125 2.693 = 17.67KN
2

Shear strength of concrete is given by,

Percentage of tension steel,

Pt 100

v
Ast
bd

Vu
bd

17.67 10 3

1000 100 = 0.1767 N/mm2

100

167.619
1000 100

= 0.168%

Design shear strength for 0.168% steel and M25 concrete from IS: 456-2000 Table19, is

c = 0.303, For M25grade concrete

The value of K from IS: 456-2000, Clause 40.2.1
For slab overall depth of 125 mm, K (modification factor) = 1.3
44

Area

Kc =1.30.303=0.393N/mm2 > v O.K. (Hence safe in shear).

Check for Development length at short edge:
Moment of resistance offered by 8mm bars @ 300mm c/c

A st f y
M1 0.87 f y A st d '
b f ck

= 5.967 10 6 Nmm
M
Ld = 1.3 1 +Lo
V

167.6 415
M1 0.87 415 167.6 92

1000 25

IS: 456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3

Development length L

s
= 4 bd

(IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.1)

M
Now, Ld =1.3 1 +Lo
V
5.967 10 6
40.29 = 1.3
+Lo (IS:456-2000, Clause 26.2.3.3 c)
17.67 10 3
40.29 = 438.998+100
= 10.89mm >8mm
OK.
Check for Deflection
L
=
d

Pt 100
Pt 100

(From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1)

A st
bd

167.6
1000 100

f s 0.58 f y

= 0.168%

A st Required
A st Provided

f s 0.58 415

150
167.6

= 215.424KN
Value of Coefficients from Code IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1
= 26
(For continuous slab, IS: 456-2000, Clause 24.1(a))
=1.8
(From IS: 456-2000, Fig 4)
=1, =1, =1
(From IS: 456-2000, Clause 23.2.1(b, c, d))
We have,

d min
Lx
dmin =

2693
dmin =
= 57.543 < 100 mm
26 1 1.8 1 1

Hence safe in Deflection.

For Temperature bar (for Ast min):

Spacing required = 82/4

1000
1000
= 82/4
=335 or 450mm (smaller)
A st
150

I S: 456-2000, Clause 26.3.3.b.2

45

40.29

Provide 8mm bar @ 300mm c/c spacing giving total Area=167.551mm2/mm

4.5

STAIRCASE DESIGN:Riser (R)

= 178.125mm
Tread (T)
= 300mm
Height of floor (H) =2850mm
Effective span
= 115+1594+1594+150=3454mm
Depth of waist slab = 180mm

Dead load on Steps

Assuming 15mm clear cover and 10mm dia. Bar
Effective depth = 180-15-5 = 160mm
Now,
Loads on going on projected plan area:Self weight of waist slab
= 25 0.18348.196/300 = 5.233 KN/m2
Self weight of steps
= 250.1780.5 = 2.225 KN/m2
Finished load
= 0.5 KN/m2
Live load
= 5.0 KN/m2
Total load
= 12.958 KN/m2
Factored load =1.512.958 =19.438 KN/m2
Load on landing:Self weight of slab
Finish load
Live load
Total load
Factored load

= 250.18 = 4.5 KN/m2

=0.5 KN/m2
=5 KN/m2
=10 KN/m2
=1.510 =15 KN/m2

Design moment considering 1m width strip of waist slab

Reaction, R2 = (151.7092 0.5+19.4381.744 (1.709+0.51.744))/3.453
=31.682 KN
Reaction, R1 =27.853 KN
Maximum factored moment occurs at the section of zero shear located at
X = 31.682/19.438
= 1.63m from the right end support
Mu = 31.6821.63- 19.4380.51.63 = 25.82 KN-m

Main reinforcement,
R = Mu/ bd2
= 1.009 Mpa
Pt/100 = Ast/bd = fck/2fy (1- (1 - 4.598R/fck))
46

= 0.003
Ast required = 0.003 1000 160 = 469.903 mm2/m
Required spacing of 10mm dia. Bars = area of bar 1000 / Ast required
=167.141mm
Adopted spacing = 160 mm c/c

For distribution bars,

Ast required = 0.0012 b t
Assuming 8mm diameter bar,
Spacing = 234.375 mm
Adopted spacing = 230 mm c/c
Check for shear,
(Check at d = 160mm from face of the support)
Vu = 31.682 19.438 0.31
= 25.657 KN/m
v = Vu /bd
=25.657 103 / (1000 310)
= 0.083 Mpa
From code,
0.42 0.383 = 0.161 hence O.K.

4.6 STRESS IN LIFT SHEAR WALL

Lift well is constructed by the shear wall in all sides to transfer the lift and its peripherals loads to the
foundation. This creates some torsional moment in the building also it attracts the loads towards it so
beams and columns in its vicinity are to be more designed when we modeled in SAP with only the
single shell element.
The stress induced due to the combination one in the SAP model is as following.
47

Floor

Stresses in N/mm2 (Mpa) of lift wall due to COMB1

48

12

Area element
Area element

56
1.412
51

Area element

0.523
46

Area element

0.457
41

11
10
9
Area element
8
Area element
7
Area element
6
Area element
5
Area element
4
Area element
3
Area element
2
Area element
1

0.15
36
0.279
31
0.427
26
0.558
21
0.686
16
0.802
11
0.923
1
1.081
2
1.368

57
0.148
52
0.178
47
0.316
42
0.418
37
0.542
32
0.649
27
0.763
22
0.872
17
0.983
12
-1.09
3
1.183
4
1.244

58
2.078
53

59
1.258
54

0.941
48

0.394
49
0.296
44
0.406
39
0.509
34
0.612
29
0.713
24
0.813
19

0.898
43
0.524
38
0.307
33
0.322
28
0.472
23
0.617
18
0.748
13
0.884
5
0.991
6
1.284

-0.91
14
1.002
7
1.087
8
1.194

60
0.152
55
0.196
50
-0.3
45
0.406
40
-0.51
35
0.612
30
0.714
25
0.813
20
-0.91
15
1.008
9
1.107
10
1.196

4.7 FOUNDATION:
Foundations are structural elements that transfer loads from the buildings or individuals columns to the
earth. Foundations must be designed to prevent excessive settlement or rotation, to minimize differential
settlement. Foundations are classified as:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Isolated footing
Combined footing
Raft or mat foundation
Pile foundation
The type of foundations to be used in a given situation depends on a number of factors,
49

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.

Soil strata
Bearing capacity of soil
Type of structure
Type of loads
Permissible differential settlement and
Economy
In our case we have the 12 storey apartment with total load under combination one i.e. 1.5(DL+LL) is
112219.94 KN, having the total area of foundation 587.384 m2 with projection of 1000 mm in all sides.
Column size are 750mm x 600 mm. Number of columns are 24 but due to the assignment of lift walls
their end constraints also taken as fix that gives total 28 points to transfer the load to the base.

4.7.1

FOUNDATION DESIGN:
Design constants:
Bearing capacity of soil (qu) = 350 KN/m2
Grade of concrete
= M25
Grade of steel
= Fe 415

Loads and moments in foundation are calculated in following table.

Point of
Column
JA1
JA2
JB1
JB2
JB3
JB4

Column
Reaction (KN)
3268.659
4787.228
3524.467
5585.175
5660.794
3702.188

Distance (M)
x
y
direction
direction
0
0
0
7.6454
2.7686
0
2.7686
7.6454
2.7686
13.2588
2.7686
17.6784

Moment(KN-M)
x direction y direction
0
0
0 36600.273
9757.83934
0
15463.1155 42700.897
15672.4743 75055.335
10249.8777
65448.76

50

Remarks

JB5
JD1
JD2
JE1
JE2
JE3
JE4
JE5
JE6
JG1
JG2
JG3
JG4
JG5
JI1
JI2
JI3
JI4
JI5
JLIFT1
JLIFT2
JLIFT3
Sum

2800.25
2405.454
3582.901
3555.161
5333.104
6492.085
3906.699
5341.549
3505.168
4726.073
5892.615
5568.18
4648.038
4198.784
3362.267
4323.726
4631.118
4109.221
3213.897
1369.593
1307.403
1418.14
112219.937

2.7686
8.128
8.128
9.906
9.906
9.906
9.906
9.906
9.906
16.383
16.383
16.383
16.383
16.383
23.5966
23.5966
23.5966
23.5966
23.5966
12.0396
12.0396
12.0396

21.3106
0
3.0988
3.0988
7.6454
13.2588
15.4686
17.6784
21.3106
3.0988
7.6454
13.2588
17.6784
21.3106
3.0988
7.6454
13.2588
17.6784
21.3106
13.2588
15.4686
17.6784

7752.77215
19551.5301
29121.8193
35217.4249
52829.7282
64310.594
38699.7603
52913.3844
34722.1942
77427.254
96538.7115
91223.4929
76148.8066
68788.6783
79338.0695
102025.233
109278.639
96963.6442
75837.042
16489.3519
15740.6092
17073.8383
1309135.88

Point of application of resultant =

From the lower left corner
X=11.666m
Y= 11.341m
C.G. of area from the same point
X= 12.061
Y= 11.672
Now eccentricities
ex= 0.395m
ey =0.331m
For the calculation of moment of inertia taking in three parts
Ix= 20054.97 m4
Iy= 21559.53 m4
Moment due to the eccentricity
Mx= 44389.83 KN-m
My= 37183.08 KN-m
51

59675.008
0
11102.694
11016.733
40773.713
86077.257 W/O Lift
60431.164 Lift support
94430.04 W/O Lift
74697.233
14645.155
45051.399
73827.385
82169.875
89478.606
10418.993
33056.615
61403.067
72644.453
68490.073
18159.16 Lift support
20223.694 Lift support
25070.446 Lift support
1272648

Direct axial stress in foundation P/A = 191.05 KN/m2

Calculation of depth of Raft
Strength of steel = 415 Mpa
Strength of concrete = 25 Mpa
Shear strength of concrete c' = 0.25
= 1.25 MPa
Column size = 600 x 750 mm
Clear projection = 1000 mm
Perimeter for the punching shear bo = 2 (0.5d+600+0.5d+0.5d+750+0.5d)
= 2d + 2700
Vu
We have v
bod
For the depth of raft taking the column having maximum axial force (E3)
Load which was factored before = 6492.085 KN.
Equating c'= v
We can calculate the depth of the raft as d = 1072.129
Provide d =1100mm.
Soil pressure at different points and design of the raft taking as the strip beams along x and y direction
are given in following table.
P MY
M
x X y
Calculation of stress at every point
A IY
IX
Formula to calculate Ast is
f y A st

Mu = 0.87fyAst d
b f ck

Solving by trial and error we get, Ast

Spacing of reinforcement are calculated using 20 mm dia bars

Strips taken in Y direction

Point of
Column
A1
Beam A
A3
B1
Beam B

Co-ordinate
X
Y
-12.561 -12.172
-12.561
-9.293

0.000
-12.172

length

max

Moment
about X

Area of
steel

Provided
steel Spacing

142.445
7.645

169.386

990.099

2667.999

117.798

7.645

197.091

1152.039

3127.591

100.488

169.386
148.082

52

B5
E1
Beam E
E6
G1
Beam G
G5
I1
Beam I
I5

-9.293
0.000
0.000
4.322
4.322
12.035
12.035

9.970
-8.573
9.970
-8.573
9.970
-8.573
9.970

197.091
172.074
4.547

213.118

440.548

1158.891

271.195

4.547

220.571

455.956

1200.203

261.860

4.547

233.875

483.456

1274.076

246.677

213.118
179.528
220.571
192.831
233.875

Strips taken in X-direction

Point of
Column
A1
Beam 1
D1

Co-ordinate
X
Y
-12.561

12.172

-3.933

12.172

length
(m)

max

About X

Area of
steel

Provided steel
Spacing

142.445
5.359

157.325

157.325

53

451.887

1189.290

264.263

A1-2
Beam 2
I1
A3
Beam 3
I2
B3
Beam 4
I3
B4
Beam 5
I4
B5
Beam 6
I5

-12.561

-8.573

150.410

11.535
-12.561

-8.573
-4.027

191.969
160.474

11.535
-9.293

-4.027
1.587

202.032
178.536

11.535
-9.293
11.535
-9.293
11.535

1.587
6.006
6.006
9.639
9.639

5.359

191.969

551.395

1457.339

215.657

5.359

202.032

580.301

1535.641

204.661

6.920

214.457

1026.958

2771.978

113.380

6.920

224.240

1073.802

2904.655

108.201

6.920

232.279

1112.301

3014.144

104.270

214.457
188.318
224.240
196.358
232.279

Providing steel 20 @ 100mm c/c

CONCLUSION/DISCUSSION

The purpose of this project, though purely academic oriented, we have made every effort to make it
feasible for the real construction.
This project work is mainly focused on the structural analysis and by using professional computer
software and the sample design of structural elements manually.

54

From this project work, we got the opportunity to get the knowledge of using professional software
called SAP-2000 for the analysis and design of the structure. This project work also enables us to use
different design codes whenever required in the design procedure.
The concept of ductile detailing was quite new to us. This project work has provided the opportunity to
learn the theory of ductile detailing, which is one of the significant part of seismic structural design.
This project work is completed through the collective efforts of our project group. Due attention is given
to maintain the accuracy while analyzing the data and designing the structural elements in computer. We
have faced many problems during the work but hard working, keen interest and devotion of team
member and valuable suggestions of our project advisor made it possible to complete.
After completion of this project work, our team member individually could design the similar type of
structure and structural elements.

ANNEXES
55

ANNEX -1: DATA OUTPUTS

ANNEX-2: DRAWINGS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books

56

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Reinforced Concrete Design

Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design
Reinforced Concrete Detailers Manual
Advanced Structure Analysis
Dynamics of Structure
Reinforced Concrete Design
Reinforced concrete Designers Handbook

S. U. Pillai & D. Menon

A.K Jain
Brian W. Boughton
A.K. Jain
Anil K. Chopra
S.N. Sinha
Charles E. Reynolds and James C. Steedmann

Codes

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice - IS 456:2000

Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure - IS 1893(Part I):2000
Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete - SP 16
Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing - SP 34(S & T):1987
Design and Construction of Raft Foundation IS 2950(Part I)-1981

57