FIGURE 3.8 Building demensions EXAMPLE 3.1: LOADS ON A STRUCTURE ‘The dimensions of a wood framed building are shown in Figure 8.8. The building is a 4 storey multi-residential wood framed apartment building to be constructed in Montreal-est. The foundation for the building is on soft rock. All exterior walls act as shearwalls and are constructed with 38 x 140 mm studs at 400 mm centres with 9.5 mm thick OSB panels. 15.9 mm thick gypsum wallboard is used as the interior finish and vinyl siding is used on the exterior of the structure. Interior shearwalls in both principal directions are located between dwelling units. Within the dwelling units, there are non-load bearing partition walls. The roof is to be framed with wood trusses at 600 mm centres. The roof sheathing is, 11 mm thick OSB and asphalt shingles are used on the roof. All exterior walls and the roof are insulated. The floors, which act as diaphragms, are carpet over 15.5 mm thick plywood supported by 300 mm deep wood [joists spaced at 400 mm centres. The floors are supported on the interior and exterior stud walls. 15.9 mm thick drywall ceilings are used and the building is sprinklered. Determine the unfactored dead, live, wind and earthquake loads on the structure. Dead Loads From Tables 11.31 and 11.32 of the Wood Design Manual (Nim?) Roof Shingles 120/eos 18°= 126 Sheathing (7x1 1)/eos 18°= 81 Roof trusses 100 Insulation (150 mm) 30 Ceiling 100 Sprinklers 30 Other fixtures 30 497 Use 0.5 kPa Floors Interior partitions* 1000 Carpets 100 Sheathing 15.5x5= 78 Wood L joists, 150 Ceiling 100 Sprinklers 30 Other fixtures 30 1488 Use 1.5 kPa Exterior walls Interior finish 100 Studs 70 Insulation 30 Sheathing 95x7= 67 Siding 70 Other fixtures 30 367 Use 0.4 kPa or 1.1 kN/m for each floor ® For earthquake calculations the NEC allows (0.5 kPa partition load 4@275m‘Snow Load Snow load = I, [S, (C, C,,C,C) +S] (From NBCC 4.1.6.2.) where I, = 1.0 a " 2.7 kPa (Table 3.5) = 08 o 9 = 1.0 é = 1.0 9 9 = 1.0 for load case | (See Figure 3.9) = 0.25 + a/20 for load case Il = 0.25 + 18/20 = 1415 S, = 0.4 (Table 3.5) Snow load Wind Loads From NBCC 4.1.7. Wind loads for shearwalls and diaphragms: In this case, the internal pressures can be ignored since they are considered to act with equal force and in opposite directions on the opposite sides of the buildings and therefore do not affect the overall lateral loads on the structure. External pressure Wig, C,) = 1.0 Pp \ q_ = reference velocity pressure = 0.40 kPa (Table 3.5) C, = exposure factor for a given height h where h is the mid height of the roof ho = [4x 2.75 m) + (1/3 x 18 m/4)] = 2.6 kPa load case | 12.5m = 2.9 kPa load case Il 0.7 (h/12)°3 {assuming rough terrain typical Live Loads of suburban settings) Floors = 0.7 (12.5) Use and occupancy 12 = 1.9 kPa (Table 3.4) = 071 FIGURE 3.9 Snow load case! caseFIGURE 3.10 Wind loads for shear walls and diaphragms C, C,, = values taken from Figure 3.4 /alues shown in Figure 3.10 nd zone width of the gable end wall = lesser of 0.1.x 18 m or 0.4.x (4 x 2.75 m + 1/3 x 18 mv/4) = 0.04 x 18m or1m = lesser of 1.8 m or 5m=0.72mor1m =18m y = end zone width of the wall parallel to the ridge yreater of 6 m or 2z =6m Za ae | o c S> nd ctr moe ‘vatues of Cpa tor Case Iron neste wd croton S| | se tcton ange Vues of Op fr Case 8 Figure 3.10 shows the resultant wind loads on the building for the design of shear walls and diaphragms. Note that the wind may blow from any side of the building. All corners must be designed for the worst possible wind loads. Wind loads for individual elements: ‘The wind loads for individual elements are the sum of the external and internal wind pressures. a] Da Ze Specie wr fads MPa for Caso A ‘ros nat wind Grecion 2048 om Be axe a S. yet zZ 02s o——| (a caeapal ate 1 425m | ++ Fy=20kNm = [> 275m 3 Fy=1.4 kim » 275m 2 F; =0.68 kim 275m Ry =3.0 (NBCC Table 4.1.8.9) R, = 1.7 (NBCC Table 4.1.8.9) From NBCC 4.1.8.11.2 V_ = 0.530 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 81/3.0x1.7) = 8.42 kN/m but need not be greater than: = 2/3 x 0.68 x 1.0 x 81/(3.0x1.7) = 7.2 kN/m (Governs) ‘The loads are distributed to the various levels as per NBCC 4.1.9.1.(13) F, = Wyn, V- FD "Sw Note that when the period T < 0.7 then F, is considered to be zero. This results in the lateral force distribution shown in Figure 3.11. Wy = 20.2 kN Wy = 20.2 kN Wy = 202 kN3.3 TABLES Importance factors for Determining S, W, and E loads, TABLE 92 Load Combinations for Ultimate Limit States TABLE 3.3, Load Combinations for Serviceabilty Limit States Tables Importance factors for Importance factors for Importance factors for snow loads, ly wind loads, ly earthquake loads, |e Importance Ultimate Serviceability Ultimate_-—«‘Servicaabilty Ultimate —_—Serviceabilty category limit state limit state limit state limit state limit stato limit state tow 08 09) o8 075 os NAY Nome 10) 08 0 075 1.0 NA, High 1.15 os 115 075 13 NAA Post-disaster 1.25 09) 125 075 15 NIA Importance Categories for buildings are based on intended use and occupancy as follows: * Low ~ Buildings that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure + Normal - All buildings except those listed as low, high or post-cdisaster * High ~ Buildings that are likely to be used as post-disaster shelters, including schools and community centres + Post-disaster — Buildings that are essential to provide services in the event of a disaster Case Principal loads’ ‘Companion loads i 14D. 2 (1250 oF 0.90) + 1.5L" 05S or 04W 3 (OL? or 0.4 4 OL 5 1.00 + 1.0E OSL? + 0.255 _ Notes: 1. Refer to the NBCC for; = dead load, D, for soil = guidance on combining snow load, S, and live load, L, on exterior areas, = loads due to lateral earth pressure, H, prestress, P, and imposed deformation, T. 2, The principal load factor of 1.5 fora lve load, L, may be reduced to 1.25 for liquids in tanks. 3. The companion load factor of 0.5 for a live load, L, shall be increased to 1.0 for storage occupancies, equipment areas and service rooms, case Principal loads ‘Companion loads i 1.00) 2 1.00 + 1.0L 05S" or 0.4W 3 1.00 + 7.08 O51? or 0.4W a 10D + 1.0W OsL or 05S Notes: 1. Dead loads include permanent loads due to lateral earth pressure, H, and prestress, P. 2. Refer to the NBCC for guidance on combining snow load, S, and lve load, L, on exterior areas.TABLE 3.4 ‘Specified uniformly distributed live loads (on an area of floor or roof from NBCC Table 4.1.5.3) Use of area of floor ‘Assembly areas or root, (@) Except for those areas listed under (b) and (0), assembly areas with or without fixed seats including ‘Arenas, Aucitoria, Churches, Dance floors, Dining areas, Foyers and entrance halls, Grandstands, reviewing stands and bleachers, Gymnasia, Museums, Promenades, Rinks, Stadia, Stages, Theatres, and other areas with similar use Minimum specified load, kPa “4B (for dining areas, see NEGO) (@) Assembly areas with fixed seats that have backs overat—-2.4 least 80% of the assembly area for the folowing uses: Churches, Courtrooms, Lecture halls, Theatres (© Classrooms with or without fixed seats 2a Aitios ‘Accessible by a stairway in residential occupancies only 14 Having limited accessibility so that there is no storage of 05 ‘equipment or material Balconies exterior 48 interior and mezzanines that could be used for the assembly 4.8 of people as a viewing area (see NBCC Appendix A) interior other than above see NBCG Mazzanines ‘other than above ‘see NBCG Corridors, lobbies other than those listed below 48 ari alates: ‘not more than 1200 mm in width and all upper floor corridors see NBCC Of residential areas only of apartments, hotels and motels (that cannot be used for the assembly of people as viewing area) (see NBCC Appendix A) Equipment including Generator rooms, Mechanical equipment 3 (see NBCO) areas and exclusive of elevators, Machine rooms, Pump rooms, service rooms __Transformer vaults, Ventilating or air-conditioning equipment Exits and fire escapes a8 Factories, 6.0 (S00 NBOO) Footbridges 48 Garages for Passenger cars 24 Unloaded buses and light trucks 60 Loaded buses and trucks and all other trucking spaces 720 iKitchens (other than residential) 48 Ubraries Stack rooms. 72 Reading and study rooms 29) Office areas in office buildings and other buildings (not including record a8 storage and computer rooms) located in basement and frst storey located in floors above first storey 24 Operating rooms and laboratories 36 Patients’ bedrooms 19 Recreation areas that cannot be used for assembly purposes including: 36 Billiard rooms, Bowling alleys, Pool rooms. Residential areas (within the scope of NBCC Subsection 2.1.2.) Sleeping and living 19 quarters in apartments, hotels, motels, boarding schools and colleges Residential areas (within the scope of NBCC Subsection 2.1.3.) 19 Retail and wholesale areas 48 Roots 1.0 (see NBCC) Sidewalks and driveways over areaways and basements 12.0 Storage areas: _ 4.8 (see NBCO) Toilet areas 24 Underground slabs with earth cover see NBCC Warehouses 48 (see NBCO)TABLE 35 Design data for ‘major Canadian locations (from ‘Appendix C NBC) TABLE 36 Values of F, as a Funetion of Sito Class and §,(0.2) (from NBCC Table 41.8.4) TABLE 3.7 Values of F, as a Function of Site Class and §,(4.0) (from NBCC'Table 4.1.8.4.c) Location Ground | Hourly Wind| Seismic Data ‘Snow Pressures, Load, kPa | kPa 1/50 150 s,§, $,(0.2) 80.5) $,(1.0) $2.0) PGA Halifax 79 06] 058 | 023 O13 0.069 0.018 12 Montrearest | 27 04 | 040 | 0.68 0.34 od 0.047 O42 Toronto a9 04 | 052 | 026 01 0.055 0.015 0.17 RichmondHil [1.5 04 | 053 | 022 on 0.053 0.014 0.13 Winnipeg 19 02 | 045 ‘| 012 (0.056 0.023 0.006 0.088 Calgary 1104 050 | 0.15 (084 ‘oat 0.023 0.088 Vancouver Ta 02 | 048 | 094 064 0.33 0.17 0.46 Values of F, Site Class sjo2)=025 | s,o2)-050 | soz so.2)=1.00 | s0.2)=1.25 a 7, or 08 08 08 B 08 08 09) 1.0 1.0) c 1.0 10) 1.0 1.0 1.0) D 13 02 14 A 10) E 2a Ta) 11 09) 09) F w Tr a 7 77 Notes (1) See NBOC Values of F, Site Ml Class sci<01 | s0.9=02 | s.9=03 | si.g=04 | si.q=05 K os oS os O68 5 O68 o7, 7, 08 c 10 10) 1.0 10 D 14 13) 12 1 E 2A 20 19 17 F Tr 7 a W Notes.