;.:.;.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.;.:.:.;.;.;.;.:.:.;.:.:.;.:.:.

;. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.: .:.:.: .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:. :.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.;.:.:.:.;.:.:.;.:.:.;.:.:.

THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

SCIENCE B,U LLETIN

Vo l. 55, No. 10, p p. 329-376

1J

HA \t

".J

ur

IVE.k~1

Se pte mber 20. 1995

Amphibians and Reptiles from Northern Departamento Loreto,

P e ru: Taxonomy and Bioge ography

W11.LlA" 1 E. D UELLMA.i\! AND J OSEI'll R . ME NDELSON 111 1

TAB U : O F CO NT ENTS
Abslract

R"
a ", .. "
~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

In troduc tion . .... ... ....... ... . .. . .. . ... .... . . .. . ... . . . ... ... .. .. . . . ....
Adm o wlcri gm e llLs ...... . ...... . .. . ... . .... . . . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . . . ... .
Mate rials and l\kthods ........... . ...... . ...... . ...... . ..... .. ..... .. ......... .

Species Accounts ....................................... . .. .. ......... . ...... .

Pla te I .. . .. .. ......................... . ..... .. ..... . ....................... .
l~iogeog l~l ph r ........... . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . ... . . . . ... . .. . ... . . . ... .
Literature Cited ...... . .. . . . . .... . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . .. . ... . . .. ... . . . ....

329
330
:330
330
33 1
335
340

364
373

ABST RACf
ColieClions ofatllphibialls and re ptiles from the vicinities ofSan J acilllo and T eniente l..opeL ill th e nonhe rn part of
De panam en lO I.oreto in Amazonian Per u incl ude 68 species of amphibian s and 46 of re p ' il es. Among fil 'c nell' species
are two Elnilherorill(/)'III$, one Ar/'>/o/)}II)'III', one Phyllomed /lsa. and one microhylid not assig ned to a recognized genus. lIy/a
mbrerai Cochran and Goin. 1970. and OS/f!Ocephul lls /)Iunice/,s Cope. 1874. arc resurrected fro m the synollpnies of 0 5/eoCl'phahts b!leM!'yi and Os/eocepJw/us tau nil !/J, respc Cli,d y. H yhl afOO/)lIne/ula/a and Ph),f/omed llsa coefts/is are rcdesuibed , 1-1)'1(/
albop" 11 (/!II(I/a. OS/f!Of"tj,lwlus mbrt''Tai. ElI'!I /lU'l"(xfa r/),/u s qU(lIJ!IfIlIt'HU S. Adelo/)h 1)' 111' ad;(I slota, and L.i'/JidoM'p h o 111 ~ Iwoglll(){'r/ i are
reported for the first time from Pe ril , and a notable northern range exte n sion is re poned for lIy/a koerh/ini. Co mparison s o f th ree sites show co nsiderabl e diffe re n ce in spec ies co mposition and reflec t pa tch in ess of the rainforest. Comparisons of compositio n . abu nda n ce, did aClivit)'. m icrohabi tat. and masses of <tnurans and lizards fr0111 two study zon es
also revea ls co nsiderable differe n ces. The taxonomi c composition of [he anur<m s and lilards at the sites in nonhern
Loreto is more like that at S:u lIa Cecilia , Ecuador. than those at Coc ha Cash u and Cuzco Amazonico, Peru .
KEYWOROS: Am p h ib ia. Re p tilia, Amazonian Peru. taxonomy. ncw species. biogeogra phy.

1 OI\,ISIO~ Of II ERPlTO I.OCI. N,\ I'l'ML H 1:>1ORI' ~ 1LSH2 ~1 . ,,""D O I',\R 1 Ml:"l'l OF S\STI:l>lA I'tu, A"I) ECOI.Q(,\. 'I'll f. Uloo IVlRSn'o O f ""'""MS. LA" RfJo-CE. K ",,,>.AS
66015-24 5 1. USA

330

TIl E UNIVt RSITY Of KANSAS S( ;I ENO: B UI .l.t:T1N

RESU MEN
Cokciolles de a ll fibios y repiles efectllados e n los a lreded ores d el San J acinto y Teniente Lo pez en la parte nort e del
Departalncnto d e LorelO en b regi()n amazon ica del Pe rll incluye 68 especies d e anfi b ios y 46 especies d e reptiles. En tre
cin co especies nuevas estan dos es pec ies d e Eleulher(){/rlC/),lus. una Ade/o/JIII)"Il f'. u na Ph),lIolllf'dlisa. y un micro hflido no asignad o a un genero reconocid o. 1I)'1(J mbremi Coch ran y Goin. 1970, y OS/f'Oce-plwlus /Iulll icf/J.\ Cope, 1874 , se resucitan d e
las sinoni m ias dc Os/eorl'/Jhalus buckl1,)'i y OS/I'Q(I'/Jlwlus lalllllluS, respeCli vamellte. ' -I),la (J/OO/mllf/u/a/a y Ph)'llollledu w corlRslis
se d escrihen n uev;lI nen te. 1-1),10 a/OO/Jllllc/llla/a, OS/f'OfI'pha{uJ ({jlm'mi, Ell'u/lwr(){/(I(/), /us fjIU/(j!WVlUUS. Adelo/,hl)"11' adia,I/O{(I.
)' Llpidob/lj)lw/1/,\ hool:flllOl'di se registran para p ri mel':\ vez del Pe n l. }' se amplia n o tab1cm e n te a l norte e1 Ea rea de di strib ucion de 1I)'1t1 koechli ll i hacia a l none. Las com p araciones de la composicion . abundancia. aClividad diaria, mi crohabi tal. y b io mass de los an uros y los saurios d e las dos zonas de eSllldio ta mbi cll re \'e lan dife re n ci:lS consi{krabks. La
com posicion taxonomi ca en anuros y sau rios de los localid ad e s d el norte de Loreto es m as simi lar a 1a d e Santa Cecil ia,
Ecuador, que a las d e Coch a Cashu y CUI.CO Arnazo n ico, Perl!.
PAJAUKAS CLAVf"S Am p hi bia , Repti lia , Region Amazonica d e l Peru , taxonornia. especies nUCV<IS, biogeog rafia.
INTRO DUCT ION
The last IWO decades llave witll essed Il um e rous studies Oi l
the h er pctofauna of the Amazon l~as in . M :~or fa u li al studies c mbrace all\1raJlS a nd lizards n ear lk lbn . BraJ;il (Crump.
197 1). the he rpelOfaun :l of S:ln ta Cecil ia , ECU:I(lor (D ue ll.
m an. 1978). an uJ"ans al Pan guana, Peru (T oft and Due ll m:lll,
1979 ; Sch lll tt.T , 1984); the reptiles in the Iguitos region. Pe ru
(D ixon and Soini, 1986 ) : the lizards at Cuzco AmazOnico.
Pe ru (Duellilian. 1987 ), the herpe LOfa un a at Cocha Cash u,
Pe ril (Rochigllez and Cadle. 1990): lhe h e rpctofauna at th e
IN PA Reserves IW:lr Mamll IS, Brazil (Zi mm er m an and Rod rig ues. 1990).liz:lHlsal Bal bina. lkuil (~brti n s. 1991) : Ihe
h e rpe tofaulla a( C uzco Amaz(Jn ico. Peru (D liellm:ln and
Salas. 199 1): the anllrans at Coc ha Cash u . Peru (Rodriguez.
1992): sna kes fro m a site in Rond on ia , Hrazil (Silva. 1993),
a n d li zards of Am azonian Brazil (Avila-Pires, 199 ~). COlllpa rison s o f h e rpe tofalln a l communit ies we re p rovided by
Due llm an ( 1989 , 1990). Neotropi cal anl 1ran diversity was
summarized by Duc ll m an ( 1988). a n d anura n b iogeograp hy of cis-Andean tropical lowlands was a nalyzed by H eyer
( 1988).
Despit e lhi s see m ing ly int e n sc effort. ou r knowledge of
the AIlI:lzo n ian herpelofau n a is far frOll1 com p lete. 11 is becom ing in cre :lsing ly ob\~ o us that the Amazon rainforesl is
h ig hl y h eterogeneous (Gemry, 1988) a nd th :lt e11viron m e n tal dive rsity is refl ected in patte rns of dive rsity a nd dis-

u-ibution among the an imals in ha b iting th e r:lin foresl. Conseque ntl y. visits to pre\~ou s l }' unstudi ed a reas invariably res111 1 in tIl e d ocUllle lltation of signifi cant ra nge exte nsions
a nd the di scovel), of n ew sp ecies. Likewise. previously unkno wn species c01l1111onlya re foulld ill areas thaI have been
swdied previousl}'. As an example oflh e ral e of discol'(:l)'.
18% of the 256 s pecies of amp hi b ian s in th e Ama,wn Basin
have be e n n a me d since 1980.
This re port is based 0 11 col1cCliollS o f am phi b ians and re pt.iles mad e as p:lrt ofa b iological su rve), at two previousl}' un studi(.""{\ localities ill e "Lreme non he m De pan :unel1 10 Loreto,
Pe ru . T h e localities arc wit hin all oil concession cu rrentl y
be ing o pe rated by O ccid e lHal Pcrua na [nc. (fornw rl r Occide ntal Pe troleum Company) in tlte regio n dis puted by
Ecuador and Peru b Ul controlled as a W I /(/ mili/flr b y Peru
sin ce 194 1. [11 19i4 th e O ccid e ntal Pe troleum Compau )'
of Penl began ex pl o ral ion ill a cOllcession (P.lock- I AB): this
ope ration was e" panded and now co n sists of 1lI:1 1l)' cam ps
conn ecte d by roads to the m ,~or facilit y atAnd oas (Fig. I).
Our purpose he rein is to p rovide: ( 1) acco unts of the 114
s pecies ofarnphibian s and re p tiles fOllnd at sites in non he nl Loreto. Peru . (2) cOlllpare Ihe salnples from Ih ese siles.
a nd (3) compare the herpcto fa llna of this region with those
li t other region s in the ce ntra l and u p per Amazon Basin.

The fidd sllldics il1llonhern Pl:rtl were made possibk by dIe

gcnerous support of Occidental I'erua na Inc. \\'e arc gn~atl y indebted 10 Carlos Dclius. President:J oaqllin Rod rigucz. Vice President for Opcrations: and espccially Clark Iluli . Enl'ironmClllal
"'Ianager. \\ork in mock-IAn was f.lcililaled brJo$i: Luis Adli anzell ,
Rene: [ ~1. RoSo'. Roherl Palrllt:r .Joso.:ph Pine. Charles Schwab. <Iud
Aubry C. Sudduth. Our COlleClions be nefited from m:ue ri,11fo und
hyour coworkers in tht: fiel d-CCsar Ascorra. COnstallti llO AUCGI.
Richard A. I.l:schen, Romel "'Ionl de ,\guila, Alfonso Mirancb .
Richard O . Pnlln. Rol~n M. Timm . David M. Webb. and Nt:al
Woodman. We arc gr,llefulto Robin FOSler ror botanica l data. to
Diane ~l . Dcbinski lind Paul Rich for physical O:Il\1ronmenlal data.
and to Gi lberto PCI.O for installing traps and dri fl fences and maintaining trails. Field wo rk was ~ upporl e d in pan by a grant (DEH

931 J 799) rrom the National Science Foundat ion (W. E. Duellm:llI .
Prin cipal IlwesligalOr) and the Neotropical Biological Di"ersitr
Vu nd of the Nalural I-Iistory ,\ IUSCUfll , Uni"crsity of Kallsas. Arr.U1g(.~
mo:n t~ with Occidental Pel"ll,lIla In. and for l'enJ\1an permits
were handled by the Asociacioll de Ecologia r Consen 'acion
(ECCO): we are grateful to H. Anthony l.usco mbe. Presidelll of
ECCO. fo r his efforts in o ur be half. Permi ts were issued by Ing.
Absaloll Vasqllel. Vilh11111cl'a. Minislcrio de Agricu1tu ra. For the
loan of specimens or provision of worki ng space in lhei r respcc
lj\'t;~ insti tutions. we arc gratefulLO Alice G. C. Grandison (Hritis h
Museum). ""hrinus S. Hoogmoed (RUksnlllscum van Nalulirl Uke
I liSloric). Edmond Malnale (Acadellly or Nal.Un.1 Sciences of
Phi b delphia). Roy W. l\lc DialTnid (National MUSCll lll ofNalliral
I-IiSIOI"\'), and Tere!>.1. Cristina Saller (k t\ vila-Pires (MllSCli l'aracnsc

H FRJ'lTOFAl' ,,',\ OF ~ O RTlIFIt" L ORllO, P ~_Rl

~3 1

76'

Teniente Lopez
Capahuari
Norte

">;.
o

~mbo
,,===,',;:__,2,'===530
Kilometers

76'

Fig. I.

~ l ap

or northern Departamento Lore lo. Peru, sh owing

Emiliu Gocldi ). \ \'e th ank Dal'id A, KiLirian fu r 'I~,istance ,,;th

Ihe ir\cnlifiC;lli,m of~m n o plhihaim id lil.'lrds, \ \,illiam \\', I ~. mar
fo r pellni ~sio n to include some dal a recurded bl him. Ann Lalhrop fo r failhfulll' execuliug dr;n,'ing~ of~p... ci men~, J ohn E. Simmons for hi~ _kill fH I wo rk in till' dnrkruom, Linda Tllwh for aid
with tile graphics, Ja!1l e~ DiiTe ml u rfc r :\l ld Erik R, Wil{1 for a,si,t;mcl' \\ilh some ofille stalistical ana ll'st,s. William \\', Lam;u' alld
10hn D. Lynch for conSI ruC(i\(' comnwnt> on Ihc m;lIluscript, and
1911acio <Ie 101 Ri l':1 for a~siqa ncl' wilh Ihe R e~ume n , All phologl<lphs WCf(" takell bl \\'i 11 iam E. Dud Iman; CO,1of Ihe colol pl;lle
"'<IS funded bl' Ihe Ilel'j)clulobT\ R e~;lrch Fund , Natllral II blOt"'.
~ III _l'lun. The L'1l il'el',i I\' of h..'nS;:IS,

i\tATERIALS A..'W 1\1ETIIO I)S

A pilol projeci 10 a, 'e" the hiodilcr~ill at ~ito: , in Block- IAU in
Ihe nonhcrn pan ufDepartamento Lore10. Pcnl, was pLullll'd ,mel
;Ipprol'cd in Decelllbel 1992, Th e pruject "~l~ a couper ,Ill\(' ef~
fOri bl the CClllcr of NCOIropical HiologicaJ I)ilenill of Ihe 1'\al11 n il 11 iSIOl) 1\1u.;eum a l The L' n il er,i II of h..111SaS, Ihc ,.\.>oci,IC;')[(
d l' Ecologia I Con'~'n'a ciOll uf L;ma. Pe ril. and O ccidenu.1 Penlalla Inc,
IllJalluan; 1993 st udl siles were ~clccted [)\ William E, I) ucll-

m~or

ri"ers and

loca1ilj e~

mentioned III tex t.

man aud ~I,lnill Timana, and logelhcrl,ilh T6ma~ I_ulla C. IhcI

,un Clcd the ~IH(I\ Jones and laid OUI ~;-1 2U X 20 mctcr qu,tdrau;
diSlriblllcd throughoul c,tch swcll 10llC ,0 .1' 10 intol poral" Ill('
d i\'cr,i\1 of h,lbil.llS, Thll~, at S<Ul J.ICi1l1O qu;t(lrat~ I,ea- plac('d
,llong Ihl' bordcl of a black-waler ,wamp and ill <econdan .uHI priman forc~l. AI Te nicnle Lopel. qu,ulr;Hs we re placed ,dOllg ~m,tll
'Iream~, Oil ~I" pe~ .. unl on ridgc lOP' irl primM\ 101e,1. In r\pril
1993 ph"icai t'lniromlleilial d,H,l IIl'l'(' collc('led 1)1 Oi,mc.\ 1. Deoin,ki and I'. nll ~ 1. Rich: (luting the ";II11C time Tom,[> LUll.1 C. ~ur
I'cled clevalion, 01 Ihc quadr'I!.!>, Geograpllic cooldillate~ l\l'rl'
(lclCnnined b\ ml',l11~ uf ,I G,1nU;1I CPS is I'er,onal :\a\'igalOl lll
lllJuh 19931)1 William L l)udlm,lll.
The local ion alld de~cri p tion of (',Iell uf the places lrolll "llich
" pecimcn~ "erc oOI<lil)(,([ arc ( Figs. 2 ;md 3):
San Jacin to Cam p.-02 18'12.R-S, 7,-, !} I '5 i.9"\\', 1SO III ('(Jwh
hclipadl, Ll rgc dearing "ith grass: m:l111 building~. C/)lIO'Cle
~ide"'alJ.s, aml dirt ro;t(k
San J acint o Sludr1.ollc.-02 18'.].4..'1""5, i5 51 '-16.0"\\', IHO m (entr,mct; of trail frolll road), Partialh rii'lllrhcd r;linforc'l 01110\\
rolling Il' n~l in "ith a "~ICln of~5 ~(l X 20 III qu,ldra!.!> in ,111 ,Ilea
n.lending from Ihe 1It:~t ('d ge ofa bI;ICk"<lI('1 ".goon ( 175 m ell'\,llion) for 2tW m I" Ihe ll<)rthc.I~1 and 160 m to Ihe nortlllle'l
,uld eucomp;ls~illg C1C\:ltioIIS of 175-190 m ,

"'I'>
..
7251, 1

Study
Zone

Fores!
clearing

.'

San Jacinto Camp

S-G---G--S
,
,,

,,0-B--G}-G--G
,,
,,
Trail - . ,
,,
,

- 0219'

02' 19' -

GJ-G--G-G--@-G
,
,

0--EJ--CJ-fJ
'tJ--8-8,
,

"l'{

GJ --Q
Study Zone

500 meters
72 51'
I

Fig. 2. \I.q) ollhe S.1I1J.llill!O .Irot.[ ~ l wwil1g rO ~l d ~ and ~ite, nWlltiolled in the leX I. The ,luck lOlle i~ ~how n in d t::t:lil ill
the in -.ct. DOh are ,i(e~ of 1Cotdi Ilg~ II i 1II ,\ ~(' og-raphir po~irion tug del'ice.

333

H UH'!' r OF,\L' NA OF ;o\OR rllFR N l .oRETO. P ISRI '

76'07'

1-------,---- .

,,
-

Forest pond ~

Study
Zone

- - ------

G---G----EJ--B:
,
,,
,

- 02"35'

02"35'

G---G--G--E}--G
i
,
,
,,

,I

G---G--E)--G--0!
,

,
,
,,

N -~_

G---0 --E]--O --Eli

,,

GJ---~--G--EJ -- 8,

Study Zone

Oxbow lake

,,
,
,
,

Temporary pond ~ " " ' "

Teniente
Lopez
Camp

Floodplain

- 0236'

02 36' 500 meters

76"07'
I

Fig, 3. i\ lap of the Teniente Lopcz area showing roads and sitcs mentione d in Ihe lex t. Th e
detai I in the inse t. DOLS arc sites of readings wit h a gcogr;lph ic position i ng de\'icc.

~tll d y

i'one

i~

;,howll ill

331

Fig, 4, Lagoon at San J acinto, Quadrat.'> I. 3, and 6 in the

Fig. 5. Swamp to th e cast o f the

~tLt d \'zonc are at the border of the laguon on the left. Jull

Jacinto Camp, Jull' 1993.

roadju ~t

somh of the Sa n

1993,
San Jacinto lagoon.---02 1W+-I.2"S, 75 51'1-I.H~ \\'. 175!H (-.outh
nlgt:) , ,-\ bl,lc!..wat('l' lagOOll (applOxilll31eh 150 XIO Ill) to the
nonh oflhe rOM1 <II Kml7 ,I, bordclTd on the 'owh bl 1I1,lr<11I
clearing .lIIeI el~ldlt~ro:: h' I~linf()n"t (Fig:, I),
San Jacinto Swalllp.---02 1\1' 11,0"5, 75 52'O~,:~~, 175 m (,I( cuI
It'll), !\ ,ite "bOlul 0,5 !..1Il ,outh uf the S.Ul j,Killtu ClIllp 011 1110::
rO<ld 10 Wdl Site~ 16, 17, <llId ~O, T he load (LIm, ,\ brg:e IX)f1d
(appru:l..imateh 80 m diamettr) l(J Ihe he,t and" gr".!>" ~"<lmp to
the t ,ISt: btHh Me ~urroulLded bl rel,ltill'l, undi'lllrl~d rain lor
t"1 ( Fig, 5),
San Jacinto Foresl Clearing,---02 Ifl'45.0"5. 75 52'O~,2", I~O III
(i n CClller), . \ IIndl cle'ln;d ( ~LII 1993) area I\lt h in 1~\J IIfore', (al)proxim,lleh 120 X 80 Ill) to Ihe north of the m.ld we,1 ofS,II1Jac
illlo CUll]>,
T e nienle Lope7. Camp,-02 3[,'10,1"5, 7() Ou'5(l,R"W, 200 III
(parking 101 in frvnt ohtaffdining: hall), Lug(', ck,lled I idge top

\\;lh m,1!11 buildil1g~, gr'I~~. and dirt I'oach.

TenicnlC Lopez Slrcall1.-02 35' 10,0"5, 760G'55,O"\\" 190 til
(pu mp hOll,ej , A '''ift, (lem tribut<1n of the Rio Conk-Ille '. 3----5
III wide wilh s.llldl hOl\OIll (ompktch ,haded h\ panialh di.
turhed raillforesl.
Tcnicnte LOpcz foloo dplain.---02 3Y4-I. H"S, 7G 07'!5,O~\\', 185
nl (eas t edge ), Dbturbed r.tmfol'c"t Oil floudptjin uf Rio Coni
l'nll, I\(,t ofth(' Tenicnle 1.('I)C1 Clillp.
Tcn iellle LOpe7. Temporary Pond.-02 35' 40,H"S, 76 0730,:r',
185 III (midellej, An irn~g\ll,u' \\'lIel'filleel depre,sioll (a ppru:l..imate!> 70 X 20 Ill ) in di<;turlx,d raillf()re~t 011 lIle floodptlin \\'e~l
ofTenlelltl' I.6I'el,
Teniente LOpez Oxbow L'lke.---02 -3:J '3iU"S, 7607'4L7"\\"
185 III (-.oUlhc.lst ,h(,ro::), All uxl)(}\\ oflhe Rio Corl'icnte, in Ihe
flooelplalll "C~t o f the TCllll'lllO:: LOpt:l Calllp (Fig. 6),
1.5 kill N T e ni e nle Lopez .' oreSI P ond.-02 :\1'[, 2,:,"5,

Fig. 6. Oxbow lake on floodplain of the Rio Corr icnte.'>

\le<;1 of the Teniellh,' Lopcl Camp . .l ull 1993.

."ig. 7 . Forc.'>t pond to the west of Ihe

Tenicntc I.opel, Jull 1993,

~Itld" lone 1.5

kin N

II~RI'~ I O f\l , \ 0 1' NORTlIER' LOR~ 10. PI Rl

i6 Oilt.6'\\,. :UU III (middld . t\ penn,ment or '('lllipe11lI<lllcnt

pond ~llppunillg I-IdmJllIfl in a dcpn"jOIl ill r,liIlI OI<:'1 10 thl'
IH"t of the 'tudl 10lle (Fig. i).
1.5 kill N Tcn iCIl IC Lopez Stu d ,. Zonc. -O~ IS' n2"S.
i5 51 '5$. 1"\ \'. :~:tJ !II (trail al road J .:) km ~ T Crli('nte 1."Il('J l. 5t ll(1I
,one ofa ~"Iem of~5 qu.lclrat,; ~() X ~O III e"l'nd, \\e,t from 11f!
tu 365 111 from the roMI "long ,'lr~,il ,1t.1 hc.lring nf2t"H ,1fl(1 ......1IHh
fur.1 di,t.lllce of 180 Ill. Roll in g Icn,Jin (3\0-310 m) I\lth ,lcep
slope< ,wd ,nulL ",Illch bottomnl ~11(',tnl~ in primd" r:lillfon"1.
Througholillhe In.l, S.IIlJ.lcinto i~ ahbn'II"tnl SJ. renieilic
I.('pet. rL. and 1.5 km n01(h "fTenit'IHt' L('pef NTL
Olle soil ".Imple ".I~ colll:cl('(1 ,1\ th e (elHer plllnl of each
(ItLol(lr;,t in both "tIlC" zone" u,ing an align' 8.iS ( I l l in di,mll't .. r:
the auger ".1" l\lrtwd illlO the ,oil tl> a (kpth of L', un. 'I1lrl'~lm
pic. were ,e,tied in p],l"tic b<lg'. S,nnpk, "ere all.,lwl(1 .It Soil.
PI,II11. ,md \\' ,Iler I'e'li 11 g L'horator\. Color.lclo '>talc I' 1I1\('I',i II .
Fl. Cc Jilt Ib, Colorado. Soil ";1111 pk' \\ ('1"(" ,111,1" le(1 for cl!cium, mag
ne,ium, ,(\di\lm . pot.t",llllll. pcr~elll organic 1Il.IUIr. Totdl Ol,<.'n
pho~ph.Il<~. total organic cal lxlIl. nitrogen. carbon nl!, OW'!1 ralio.
p II. c h lori ne .md cal ion exch,l\ Ige CI p.lt it\ . I IHlnJIIl('let re "ding~ IH'II' u<;ed to estimate Ihe pelc("lllage 01 ,.mcl. ,ilt. :lllr\ d,l\.
T..-Xl\.11"l' w;,~ nOled ,I, ;,aneh clal loam . dal 1(I,m\' "md, IO.IIll, clal,
01 cumbinalioll thercof.
All Iree<; > 10 Clll in diametcr at bre"'1 height {OBI I) in the 25
qll"r\I";H' in each ,tlld\ ,ill' IIcrc Illea'llred .Illd 1:lggeri wllh a
llni(jllt, nllmbel. All ~lIch tree. were idenlified to 'pcci ... ~ in the
neld or, ifidelllifica(ion \\,1' IIOt I)< J"il>l.- in 1h(' fidd. '.llllpk, "ere
co lll'tted for future i{knlific,'lioll.
San Ipli ng of ,\11, ph ibian, ami 1'1']11 il\'~ \\ ,I~ done h, pcr'lJ1l nel w;.Ilk
ing lrail, in the "tuel> lOlle~ and ill oth\'1 areas bUlh b\ d.11 :Uld
lIight. ,.\1,0 livc alTaI, of drift felice, wilh pileI\! t,-ap' ,,'ere cslabli~hed ill each {luMIt-a! "~tl'lll: each arral con~hled of ~O lIIeI("I"~ of alum ilium fcncing and fhe pitfall tr;,p~ (Fig. Hl. Thl ......' II ,IP'
were c\wck ... d ,hon" .Ifler fir"l light e,l("h lllOrning. 'Igain ,honh
Iklun; dar k, and 1l~\I"ll\ ,'gain al night. In thi, w;]\ diel ~IUilil\
II,,~ ,,-.(ert,lin ... d . All indi\idU,II~ "ere reclJrded wilh re"pl(t 10
fjll.ldr ,It II lllll be I' llll d date: e).:c\ u,i IC of 'pccillle n. f')llIld III pll f;tll
trap'. all indilidu.ll, ub"en cd aho "("I e rc(orded with rC'I)elt to
time. height aboit' !(IOlllld. and aClil'itl. l"II,,11I withill .1 1<:11
hou r, afte I' capt II re. 'ped mens" ere wt'ig h t'{1 ll,i ng Pe") 1.1 '>C~lle,;
aftt'l 'lX'dlnen< were anolheil/ed, ti~,ue, (ll'lI.tlh '11"i;lted IllII'cI e .lJld IiV("I") II ere p re~en ed in liq II id IIlll OgCll. SIX'cinll'n~ Wl"!"l"
Ihen pre,ened ill 10'4; fUlm.din alld ~Uh'l'qlll'nlh trilll,ferrcd to
iO% ('th,mul.
UII k,~ n oled olh l'rwi '>C in 'I)('ci fic ,KCOU n \.'S. Ihe t;,XOIIOllll \ I'nl
herein follow, Duellll"'ll (199:\) fUI ;illtlr,111' .llld Peler> and
Doll o,,)-ltlrros ( 1970) and Peters ,md ()rej.I~Mir ,lIld.1 (19iO) for
'fj llama t<.:' . e).:ce pt that for ig-uall i,1I1' \I e 10110"" FI"IJ,t .uld EIIIl 'ridge
( 1989) 'Iud Fro't ( 1992 ). and fOI pillipcn Campbell ami Lima,
( 1989). In til(" .l("COllIllS of the ,PCr1C,. all Ille<l~UIClIlent' .In in
m m ,Int! 1Il.l ,.;cs (" dgh 1-') in grams. :'0 kasurelll(" Ill> ot ,III u rall< follow Dud Imall (19iO); <nOli t-I Cn t lengt h is .Ihhrn;atcd S\'L. .\ Ie ,1_
~urellle Il L, of ~q(\al1l:lle, arc givell a~ S\ ' r. + 1,lil!englh. \fchhing
fnrmul.le fur alii Iran, arc b,lsed un S:I\~lgc and l/clt'l (1967) a~
motll fied b\ " " er" and \) lldlm,1I1 (198~). Stomach, of ,til "l""l'~
"erl' examined for Ihe pre-ICnce uf pI el Ilelll'. rhe ,pt'cimen\ lien'
dilided Iktweell Ihl" :\'alUl,ti H i~(On ;\Iu'ellm .11 The L' ui\cr,itl
OfK.Ill'.b ( Kl ' ) and lh" .\Iu~eo de Il i<w ri~I.'\.ltllral. l'nl\("f~jdMI
RicardlJ Palm;l. l.i nld. Pel'll. Cal:tlogul' nllllllk .. , 11,11 e , ... 110 be .Icr
,iglled tu the la1l("l" 'll('cillleIlS, StJ thel .Ire referred to hI L' RP-\\,ED
11ei{1 Ill! llll)er~. Ot he r 11111'1'11 III codc' <If l': t\..-':Sl' Acad"11lI of N <II
IIral Science~. Phi\'lde1phi~l: B:'ol Natllr,!!1 II,ton ;\III'>(WII. LOlldoll:
1111 $ .\Iu ......o La Salk. 5"111,, Fe {Ie Bogota, C"lomhi<l: ;\1PFC
1I111SCll Par.,ell '-C EIll ilio Corldi . Iklllll. I\T-alil: \{.\ 1:\'1 I RU"-'mU'>l'IIIlI

Fig. 8. Aluminum drift fenn:s and pilfalllraps in Quadrat

:'\Q. 6 in tht' ~I\ldl lOne at SanJacinlO. Jull 1993.
l-an :\'.ttuurlii"e 111 .. t0I1(. I..elden, I\'etherbmh; L'S\:~[ ;\'aU01l.l1 ;\Iu'('11m of :\',HUI~,I Ili,ton, \\'a~hinglon: \\'Cr\ [) \\'crnn C. A nolerm;IIl11. Sao 1"1\110. Br'lli\'

SPEC] ES ACCOl'\'TS
Familie ... ge nera. atld 'pecie~ arc arral Iged alphabcticall\
I\'ilhin ordt, ,.

Bllfo malillllS (LinnaeLls)

At SJ. fi\ e jlll"l:~nilc, and ,u hadulL, II ere found in lht' camp
clearing. an d (JIlt' gt<l\'id female having a S\,L of I + 1.0 ,md
a ma~~ of 240 wa!> in a pitfallirap in the fo r e'l a h ollt 5 III
fl om the edge of the bgoon alld a\)olJ\ 50 III from the e d gt'
of the fore~t. A ~LlIMduh male hal'ing a SVL of80.0 and a
ma,~ at 4-1.0 \\'a~ on Ihe r ilcr bank. al night
at TL
c

Bufo tY/J"olliIlS Complex

The '\,I('Ill<ltic ,t,Utl, of th ... fore~t-dll dling \Oad~ gene r<IIII' referred 10 Hllfv Il/J/wlliIl5 i, uncit.:r slUeil ]w \bl'illus S.
J-I oogmoed, II ho I ecogniJe, :It ka~t ,el'en S\'mpatric s pecie~
in the cumplex in ca~leln Ecuador a nd northe r n Peru
( I loogll locd. 19f!6). Th rt'e ,pecic, were identified among
th ... material collected :11 lire ~Iudl ,itt'~ in northern Loreto.
P(ru. All three ha\e thc fil,t and 't'cond finger~ equal in
length. bler;,1 fringt'~ on the finger' and loes. and the digitaltip' lei mill.'ling ill di,tinct. rOllnd. pad,. ru~ignmcnt
of n,HTH~' to thc,c ~pt'cie, <lwait, the completion of Il ooglll()ed'~ ~tudie,. In the me~l!llirue. eac h taxon i~ di .. clI,~ed
hercin Utlder ,dph,lbclical dc~igll,llion,. Thc character~
ll<l:'d to dcrltH each ~pcc ic' are gi\cn ill the ,a me numcric;,1 order in each a,courl[.

Spec ies A
J Ill' '1)('(;1(" r ,1ll be ddi m 'll .' tollow, ( /I 9 00, 9 QQ. ~O J uH' ni k ' ): ( 1) S\, L 00 015 ,9-67, 1 (.\
:,7 7) . QQ 48.0---76,u (_l"
.;~ . , G): C! ) t1l.I,~00 9 ,O-:l6 ,~ (X
1':'.1).99 1:1.f>-3 7.5 (X '" 18.6) :
(3) ,no "II poi III ed iJl dl " ',,ll vitow. !ol:' <:,11 II prol n HI ing hq o nd 111,1 1'Wtl "I lip . '-ollndl,d ;ll)on'. ;md r llr\l'd PU,I(' lu l c nlfall} ill prnlik:
e l) n",o'il_ prolul)eranl do r 'n1.H~ I ,llh .1 1 p"illt a bo\'(: allte rior
1II.ll'g III ,)1 10\\\'1' j,I" ': (5) CoUll h,1 I. ' II pI .II ,.-h' I.\I .. mel ~ upnll I III P , IIII{
{ Ie'l <; {nnll ll llOIl ': ' u pra ll') np.1Il K r .-e,1 g It' 111 hvpn ro ph it::d dlld
(""I)'Ullkd dnr .... blCI-alh in fcmak,. (6 ) m np.lllum round. d isl iliCl .
:.:)-(;or:: <i i,uni' lef of el e : (7 ) ho m pr"lru~iol1 ;11 'Illgle " f J'"''
'nl.lll m 111.1le,. 1.Irge in fell l.lle~: (!l) nl III .11 n l"~ of \ ertd)I~le h lreh
p l'l 'lrt ldln g 111 m ,.ks. greatll 1)I"l ll llll l1 g ill ft: lll.I1c~: (9 ) p<ll'ol OLd
g l" 1I11- Iri.mg llla r. p r() ll'IIding I.Hel .llI l , llleorp" r.:Hed ililo 1 ;lI e l~11
nm ,,1 11I 1:... rcle' : ( 10) laleLl1 1'0 " o f Illhercle ~ rOli llded i,l 1Il.lk,
.1I,t! l'lI,g, lubcrcles (onic..1 in fel ll.lll': ( II ) ,kil' 'Ill d OI'>1I111SIIHH.lh
in m.dl''', III bl' l cU],l r ill fe ill,lks: ( I :l ) ,kin U II dor":ll ,urf;1tes o rJ in, 1)'\
"''''' ' Ih ii, Illak.,. 'piI IOlI' ill f, m .d,, ; ( 1 :~) pal mar lube n:k 1.IIW,
'jl , .id. ~\ l i m ~~ Sil~ of Mlblri' IIl!o;II1.11' Ihl.: ll.lr Iub~ rel e: ( I -I ) in lie r
m(' l.lI.lr .....1 III he re Ie d Ii plic,.I . I" ICl' ,in ' " f 0\ o id outer m t'l.tl.l f~" I
IlIhl' l(' k ; ( 15) moda l " e b bin!: U ti 100 1 I 1- 2 11 1-3 111 I !-3!
JV :i ! - I ! V: ( 16 ) ~ lIpc' ntllmt' I . Il,\ I lIh,.: rr k~ Lu ge . round. 11c.\l1I
'"l' <If 'Uh.L rt lc ul;u- lut)Crcie,: ( 17) 1\",' ,11 , I i ~ ,mel lIuplial c "cr~ ....
e,' II('e' pre.-elll ill I1Mles.
[n lift', lilt' d orsum 1~lrio: .. 1'1'0111 ro:d di ~h b rO\I'n to rellowi,h t,U] with or without ,n.lrl.. ing ' cOl hi~ t i n g of sm a ll d ark
b ro'l lI 10 black ~ pot;, . la rge b lack m a r l.. in '>C<lpllb r reg io ll .
0 1 h lac l.. ' llOl lt ( Fig. 9 ). T Ill.: Ilall ks :' I'e colored like , o r a l e
da r k'.' l Ih :llI. tll C do rSIIIIl , T Il e 1:tlc.:ral \'(III' Ofl llbe r dc s (al ld
p rn tnl d ill).\: n e u ra l sp in e s ill fc.: mall;s) ;ll'e p ale tan to rc1 lowish
or;mgt:. The \'o: n t(' r is o rangc.:-tan wi t h \o;:uy in g a rn ounu of
d ,trk gr,l \' mo tt li n g o r gra v wit h crea m ~ pots p o ste r iorh .
Thi ~ ~ p('c i (', \\'a ~ fo u nd a t 5J. T L. ~\l ld NT L. 1I l o~ t imli\'idua l ~ \,er e e ill,e r ac tive OIl t he fo ri'~ 1 fl oor bl' d a l' o r f0l1 11d
ill pitf, l lI l n l p~ b\ d a\': six a d u lt , a nd o m: jmen ile we n : ~ 1eep
ill /-: () II veg e tation 0.2-05 III a bm e g ro u nd at n ig ht. T WCIl1 \
jll\ c nik' h a\'c SVLs of 16.0-1 0 .0 a n d llI a ~S<'s o rO. I- I ,6 .

Species B
r h i. 'pec ie' can Iw d d i IIl'{l ,I' f, III, Jln ( " - :l 00): ( I ) 5VI. 00
5~ . :!-''' .Y (.I '" 53.6 ): (:!) m a~s 00 H.0-9.n (T '" 8.8 ): (:\ ) ' 1i (),,1
P'"I IICd III elu \'S;11 " iew. g re,ul l p r~' l nt(II Il A I."-'I ond m'lrg ili uflip,
POIII II,{1 .lhOl(', a nd illc1 illed 1)O'te lolI' l lI l~. lI ' in plofi le: (4 ) 11< 1.,.
In h ph.11 1h('1: 111 1 IJoOj;lcrodOI'<,1111 ,Lt pni 1,1.ul le r io!' 10 a n [crior m;u gin o t Imler ja,,: (5) ( a ilihal cr~'~ 1 n' ,l elel.lled : MlpnlOrbital .md
'l' p I,.t\ln p,ln .e e re~~ co n l.I. 1I0 11'; " ' p ra ll mp,lIlic c rt'sl nOI 11\ IX'11 n 'Ilh 11'(1 .m{\ ('''p;u l(kd; (6) 1\'mlu llll1l1 Io ll1ld, d is.d ncl, 5::.-60%
lli.une le l 0 1 CIl': ( 7) bo m prOl1'u, ,, m .11 .mg k of j:tIl'S ~lIIall : ( R)
Ill' 111 .11 c r~" I ' o f, e rtebr.le b.1I e ll p ro l rlld IIlg: (9 ) pa roloid gl.lIld ~
11 .11 I,m II d It pi ie .1. liOl pml 1'1111 mg 1,1\ e l~ . lI \. inco'l)(.nned in IU 1.11
1I. tI rUI' 0 1 Illben..lc' : ( 10) 1,lt('l":,11 0 l\' oflollg, n micall lll)('rcl",
p r",c I1I : ( II ) skill O il d",",Ulllllllwft 111.11'; ( I:! ) ,kin o n dfJr~al '1 11 1.1{"~ III li lllh, 'pln O Il ~: ( 13) IMhl l. lr Illhl' l cle Llrge, round. fOll r t.illle~
~ IN' 01 ,uhnlll i( ,III Ill'na.- II1 hen Ito : ( I I ) illl1l'r l1lel,' la r .... t1 IU I)('lde
O\'>ld, I"Lce 'Ill' "fro u nd \)1 11('1' 1l 1l'1.11.11-, .l llIhcn k: ( 15) mod .11
IH'h],m g Olt f" " 1 I I -:! II 1- :\- III r -3- IV 3--r V: ( Ill) ~II
pCI Illimel .11'\ t II hc r( k~ 1nod l" ... te. '1I hc< .111C,\1..bou l Olll' It ,.If " Ie
"I 'lIh.lnu ILI.II IlIocrdcs: ( 17) '"Gil , il L- Plt'''''' l1 l an d nup II1 C:loI 1"t'O;C"nn ' , .lh...l1\ III lIMle'

In life . th e do r sum is d .ll k h rown with (i iffu ,e , Iigh th

p .lk r b lotc h e s an d cream bte,O;: II tllbe rcles ( Fig . 9 ). T he I 0:11Ie I' i, 1 11 11 cre a m "i th a gl~w ,um l, io ll un lhe lhroat a n d chc ,\.
O n e ind i\1 t1u a J was un t h t.' lo rt' , 1 fl oo r by dav at ~.I , and
onc was sleeping at n i~ 111 U I I ~' I'l l\(' ~ ill above lh e e d g e of
;1 ~t n; a lll a t n ig h l a t TL

Species C
I h i~ ' l)Ccies ca n Ix defi ned .I~ 1 1 .11(1" ~ ( /I ~ 6 00, ] 0 QQ. 1I J\1\ ('l1 lk ,) : ( I ) 5\ ' L OO <10.6-5:\.7 (.\
46,7). QQ 46.0---56.7 (.t" '"
5 1.:1); (2 ) m a~~ 00 3.fl-l :W (.t" 7,k ). QQ 6.0- 14.0 (X '" 10,3):
(:J) ,nOlll poinlcd in dor .... ,1 11<.'\\. gu .tll p ro lfud ing lx'l oud 111 .11'-

:tbOl e. ;lIl d IIldi n ed p()~l e rOIC nll'a l ll in p.-onk:

(.1) IHhl f ils proluoc ra lll 1)O~ ! erudvr.'>.l lh .11 point ant erior 10 ,11\ leI iOi 111 .rgin of lo\\'e r j;,w: (1'.) c.\1 11 h,,1 Cl e'! n Ul elel, lled : " lp r;l,II hi 1.11 .111 d ~ll p r:tlym 1';1n ic (TC't.' c. m Ii 11 111 '1I~; \\1 p l-aI Ylll pan ic C\'l'SI
IlI'penrllp hieel a nd slighll\ fl are d ];).lcLlll r ill bOlh M::x e': ( f.) I\ mp.llllIt1IIOllllel . indi~tillcl pU~ le riurI\ . 75-80% diallll.:lerofel'e: ( 7)
hom Plfl1rIlSio n a l angle o f j aw~ ,Ih'e ll l: (8 ) ne ura l crn lS uf\ erIt'hr;\(;' " 0 1 p rolrud ing: (9 ) pa ro loid gl:\llIl .. na 'To ,,1\ elli pllCll.
1101 prot rudi llg b ler.ll h . in c\.I1-P(" .uN I in to laler.11 row o f I U 1)(:'1'de': ( 10) laleral rOl\ of eonic. Lllul)Crcle, p l'e"'-' I1I: ( 11) ,I..ill o n d o r'U IIl 1IIIx' lc ul a r; ( 12) ~kin on d n l";1 ' " rfaee , of limbs 'PI Il UU~:
( 13) p;11m.ll' tulx'fck laf~e. 0\ Old. t11ft'I' tim\." ~ile of dlipuc d Ihe ll,\I
III 1)t' fCk: ( I,]) i11 ncr 1I1e t:tt.lr<;;11 ll1b,: rdt' ovo id. ha lf ag;ti 11 , il(' , If
(1I<)ld OUlt'r llIe l ala r~. ll ll bcrck: ( 1:;) mod al w~bbing 0 11 f,)O\
I 1- 2 II I- r III 1 -3~ TV 3 ~ - l V: ( I 6) .'I lIpenIU1I1er.ln IlIbe r
I I.., 1.1 r!ol: (. 'II heo n ica I. Ile;. I II' ,i I.e (If "I bill I ieular lulx' rc le,: \ , 1(,11
,Iih ;\ml lll1 p tial CX(TCM'{'n cc, .lh"':11 1 ill ma les,
The d o r sum \'arie~ frum gra }'i ~ h ta n to r e ddi sh tan wilh
d a r ker b rown mar k in g s. u ~ l1 a ll r in th e 1'0 1'111 of a b road midd orsal m a r k \\1th irr egul a r cd ge ~ : oth er in d i\ iduals h al'{' on I\'
a fe w dar k b row n s p o ts 0 11 the do r~ lItll ( Fig. 9) . A midd o r~al cream s tl; p e is prese nl ill ~ m e sp e c ime n s. The , pine s
ill 111(' la te ral 1'0 \\' a re la n , T h e \'c n tcr \~Irie s frOIll g r.I\' wit h
n ea ln spots to o ra n ge-tan wi th gra \ lIIoltl in g.
Thi , spe cies was fou nd a t 5J. T L a n d NTL On e j un: ni le
and I I adu lts we re s lee p in g on \,q.;e t;ni on 0.2- 1.0 III a bove
gro und a t lI ighl; t ht: O1h e rs were on th e foresl floor o r ill
p ilfa llt r a p s b y d ay. T wu re ccntly 1lI C' I:lmo r p hosc d young
frotll TL h arc 5 VLs o f 5,!'! ;11 Id 6 , 7 . a nd m <lsse s o f < 0. 1.

!o;1Il

ort ip. I)Oi lll~d

Dendropllr),IIisnls minI/fIlS (Melin)

Of !l int' ad ul ts a nd I hree j \l\'eJ\ i l~ ~. :111 were foun d am id

leaf Iii IeI' Oil the grou nd I)\' d :w in th e fl oodplain fo r e't at
T I .. except o n e ma le \\'a~ O il Ih e , h ore of the ox bow lake at
n ig h t . Thrce m ales h a\'e SVL. o f 15.3- I 7. 7 (X = 16.8) a nd
ma"e, 01' 0 .4-0.5 (.t" '" 0 .4 3): , ix g r a\'id f{;lll a1es ha ve 5VI ..:.
o f I 7 .3- 19.4 (X '= 18.4), a nd rn ~I!>~C" o f 0.3--0. 7 (Y '" 0.<1 5 ).
T Il I t ( jll\'e n i[es h ave SV I ~~ (If 7 .8- 10.2 (X '" 8.8) a nd 111 ;1,~e~
of < 0. 1. T he \'e nter is rc.: ddi sh p u r ple : all e x ce pl 0 11 0: ma leh :l\'e o r a n ge Sp 01.S o n t h e bel h' ,

D ~ ,\,1)11.011.\ lIn u
Co/QSfefllll$ lrilim:all/$ ( Bolllcngcr )

Se\'en indi l1du a ls ,,'e r e .Ie t ile ill Ih ic kl eaf liue r in fl ood -

II I RI' I- rO F,\l

'\ \ O~ ~() R I I I ~R.,\ LORI' 1'0 . p ~ Rl '

,,
,

,.

,
le rl-Spe ci e~ A. KU 22 1794. adlill IHalt..'. 53.5 111111 S\ ' L. Top righI-S pecies A.
Ho I10111 lerl-Sp('ci t~ B. KLl 221 HI(j. adll 11 male. 5~.2 III III $\ 'I.. I\OIlIJIll r-ighl-Spec i..:., C.

Fig. 9. BI10 'J/'/lOlIiIH complex. To p

I\L' 221793.

adult female . 58 ..., nllll SV L.

adu lt female . 55.0 mm SVL.

KL'

~'l'l:1'l6.

n n

C'\ 1\ ERSrn

OF 1(,\;\...," '" Sf 1~ '\( t B ll U 11'\

pl'lin fore,I.11 T\. on 2~ ,\1Id 2:lJuh . On(' 1l1.l1e ha~ as\'\.

01 13.9 .uld ,I 1lI,1" u f 0 . 15. ,mel tin ( t' kUlak, have S\'Ls of
I :>.8- 16. I (. \
I ~J.9 ) ,1\ HI 111.1 ~~e , uf O.2- 0 .:l (X = 0.25): two
jll\eJli1e~ h,I\<' S\ 'b of HI.;) ,Iml II .i ,111(1111,1''>('' ufO. I eac h .
III life, the d01'UlII i, bro\\11 wilh ,I bro,ld Ian dorsolateral
~Iripe. belm\ I\hidllhe fl,lI1k ~ ,Ire bb.ck: Ihe b.bial and "eJlIrobtel';ll ' tripe ' .If(' 1\ hile: the [III oal ,md helh , I n : pale ,d10\1 . The Iln(\el ~ide ~ Ilf the hilld limb, .IIT pale gral . and
there h ,I pillki'h 1,1\1 diagon" II1Mrk 011 the proximal po!>"'
terO\L'111r,11 ,lIrf,I((" of c,lch Ih igh . The iri .. b dee p b ronze
heal'ih' flecked I\j lb bLlck.
The,e ,pecinIL'lI~ aIL' lelll,lIile \\ a"iglled 10 thi~ spec ie"
\\'h ic h II'; L' recogn iIcd , h d i,ti nCI from C. 111(1 rc/u,;io II!I~ (~Ie Iin)
hI 1I 101";11e, (1 991 ) . Upon t:xalnining Ihl' hololl"pe of C. 111hlll'(l/111 ( B ~ I 1917 . ~ . 1 1.20 ). ~ l ul,lk, ( IY91: IOI) obsen'ed
..... 1:1 pre"'lIci:! d l' 1111,1 lil1l"a It:lllrol;i1LTal. ulla linea I'e rteb ral fi n a. \In a lil1l',1 lahi;t\ , \Ina g,lrgal1 la oiJ,cura v lin tercer dedo manllal dd tli,ICh u diLll ado." ~ I ora\cs ( 1994)
Ilotnl lhal C. I/IOr, IIf'I/fl/nll L1c k~ a le rte bral line ;ll1 d males
do nOII,:II C ,I rlark thnl.ll : Iht:,t: ,IIC Ihe 0 1111 characte rs lhal
he g,1I l" for d i, I i lIl-{lI i, II iIIg: I hc 1wo 'pt:cie~. m:i lher of wll ic h
h e compan'd \\ilh hi~ nt:\I' ~pecic ~ . C. jl u/IIII. from ~kl;l .
Colombi,l. I iollele!". in the cl i ;l gno~ i ~ o f C. j!/(lIIii. il is m enlioned thaI a elo r,nl. l lel~ lllil\e i, ,lb,el1l. ;m ll ma1c~ d o not
halc a diblc d Ihird finger. Among Ihe 42 'pecimem of C.
1111t1l('(/ 11I ~ Ihal ~ I ol .11e, li'll'd fl 0111 Alnaloni.ln Pe ru arc KL'
205270-82 ,IIHI 207517-19 from ClIlCO AmaiCmico. Departamcl1lo ;\1,I(iI t: de Dio~. Pel u . A~qllnillg lhose sp('cimen ~ 10 rep re'L'11I C. 111/1/I1'{//1I\. lIe pre pa red a full diagno,i~
wilh numh('1 c\MI';lrle r, fo lluwing Ihe formal o f Duellman
,llIel Sim m on, ( 19~S ).
DiagTlosis.- .\ '"1.111 '1)<"Lll" uf Co/ullrlll//) (h,i\-;u; lnil.eci bl ( I )
)111,111 "lit. ~\ 'I 11I1Il,11t, l."d - l i .2 (X
16.0. u - 6). III fe m,llc ~
156-111.5 (T
Irl. ~ . " 10 ); ( :! ) (11,r'>111hinl fill ger~1ighth I,'icier
I h,1I1 di:1I11el el of Ii IIW'\ ~ ( j ) II 1',1 fi Il g .. r 1I11IC h langl'" I h;1Il seco nd;
(1) frillAl' ,lil"<' 111 "1 ' " (,,nd "I IW'r; (:,) di-.c 011 f' Hlrth \Ol' milc h
IIlder I h .1I1 (li,lIlll'ln "I II>l'; (i ) '>lIIt:r 1,11,.11 told ,Ih,em; (8) I"e~
llI]\\'ehlx'{1; (9 ) dt I f ... ,\'IIl"l ,II 'I ripe pn",.:11I : ( 10) \lhl i'lue lateral q ril)("
shu! l, {Iiflll'~' ,.111(\ ;llrli,till(l ( " I :\) tor .lINnl ( /I = 3) : ( II ) \t:I1t,."I.I(e]";1I '(0 i[l" [II I,o.:nl , '011l11l1l01l' willt I,Ibi.1I 'tripe: (12) dark
1ll,lrking' ,I])" ,' I II ,n1 , hl"'l : ( I :\) dal \.. 111,11 king' ah'l'lll on belli': ( 14 )
LhIU,1I 1-\"1:11 ill !II.tlt,. ( 1'1 ' ,1011 \11 1e1ll.ij",: ( IS) th;l"(i tinge I arm,lle,
1101 dilalcd .
II i, el';(\"\\1 th,11 Ihne spL'cilllt:I I' Ihal were a~sig n ed 10
C. In/'llmlu l hi :-" 1 (J1. l k ~ ( 1991) du 11,11 agree in :111 re'pcci.'>
with the ch,w;u It'r, Iha l h e li'led 101 Ihe ho lo\l")le from
Yurinl;ig ua,. I'Lrll. Ollll 't:lt.'n o f (11(' 16 ,pecinH:'th han.' a
naITO\\ . p,de ILtld)I,;d li"L. ,md none of Ihe male~ exh ibit,
.1<;1\ o llc n IIt i I d Ii n}.(c t . I.i kc\\;'C . the preQ;'l\ce of a n o bI iq l IC
latera l ,II ipt.' i, I,ll i.lble .
Tht' , pecill1t.'l1~ from 1'1. clo,eh re'c llIbk thc ~pcc im en s
f'Olil ClI/CO .\ma/(lIl;cu. r\ pale leI It.'bl~ll l inc is diffusc in
one indi \i(\II.11 .lIld ,Ih~' nt ill 11lL" mha,. The o b liq ue lalcral ~t ri pt' i, , IHlrt ,Ind diffll'L' ill Ih ree individua ls and
longer ,md d i'l;nct III 111I"L'(' olher,. rh e 01111 male i, <I
~ \lh'ldllh . ",I 1111 o at ('0101 .m(\ ( olldj lion of lhe third fingt'.'r
C<lnnoll)(." dL" tL"rm illcd .

Dt'fu/roiw/es l't'fltrimacu/allls Shre\'e

Thi, ,111.111, diu rn.11 ' pL'cic' wa, found on Ihe fornt fl oor
a llll(' SJ ,llleI ~T I . ' lll dl /(lIle, ,llIel o n the Iloudplaill al TL.
Ollt: klll.lie lI ilh ,\1\,111 ol,lri,\I1 egg~ h,I' a S\'L of 1.":>.7 and
a ma~~ of 0 .2: fOllr 1ll.l ln h,lle S\'b of I :\.0- 15.5 (x = 1'1.5)
.Ind nl.l ~"c' 0 1 O . I -O . ~ (1 = 0 . 18) . All ~ pecilllen~ have a di . . .
tinc l inlier 1l1(\alar,aI 1llIwtck . In life. thL' Ihroat i~ bbck
wilh a pale .. ,)til: th e bellI a nd 1(n lt. 11 surfaces of the l il1l b~
;u'c bl ue \\'l lh large black 'pOlS. and llw othcr ~tlrfa cc~ o f
Ihe lim b .. ; \I' C bt.lCk \Iil h bhlL' n : ticul atiom. T he dor~al
~ I ri pe , ,\l Id 'POI 011 the chill ,lit: pale goldc n vd lo\\' in lhe
]t:m:11e and brighl ol'a ngL' in 1\I,t\e<;. The po,terior t:xte nt
of t h,' middor,al ~I ripe i .. va ria hI e-to II,e scapu \;Ir rcgion
in ()I I(. 10 Ihe ,acrUIII ill IWO. :Ind nearl), 10 Ihe posterior end
uf lite hodl il l IWO. III une uf Ih e ~ pec im e n s in which th e
'Iript: l'x tl'nd, 10 111(" ~ac rlllll . Ihe dorsu m pos l ~acrall l' has
fine hllie rcticu lal i()1I': ill tilt: 0 1Il e r ~peciml'lI S reticulations
a rc ab't:lll on Ihe dor~ulll 0 1 Ihe bod l'.
/)1'1II/m/).fIII'I 1'1'11/17111(/(11/0/1/\ ha, o1l1\' re.elltlv been resurrecled from Ih e 'VI I0 1"11'11\1 of /). If!llllfllll'l li//(/Iu:. Stt:i lI(bch ncr
and rtro!.,\"lIi/eil :1' ,I po"i h k COlil p leX ofspt:cit:s (Ca ldwell
an d ~ II t:r,. 1990). TI le p rc,el ll ~ pec i mens agree with tho~e
de<;cribed ,md ill u'II-;lled ( ;I ~ /). Iflllllqll (7.!ll/aIIH) by;\leede
( 1980) fro m 1'.mgll,lII a. Pl'I \I , :lnd Ihe fou r m ales agree
\\'it h the colnr p h otograph of all ind ividua l from Ecuador
(I..olle r .. , 1988). Furthermore. the\ :Igree with a specim e n
(KL' 220S70) from Ih e ju nct ion of Ihe Rio Yanal11o no and
Rio AlIlalnna,. De partam t:n!o Loreto. Peru. in color palte rn and in ha\'ill~ orang(, ~ I ripe' on the dorsum . Howel'er,
thel dine r from "peciIlIL'n, (rt:poned a~ J). (1IIIIIqU(7. " I/(lIl1~)
from La!.,\"o Agrio. Ectl.lelor. \\ hich have vdlol\' relicu laliom
on Iht: titnb~ (Duellm:lI1 . 1971'1) .
t.pipedoba/es jell//)ra/is (Boule nger )

Onc adlli l m ale h aving as\' 1. of2i.3 and a mas, of 1.5

\\'a ~ Oil thc for c'l fl uor Ill' day in 111(" , w d} lone at S.J. Fo ur
jIll t: n i k~ hal'il ' l-{ SV1 .s uf I ~ . Fr 18.2 (X = 14 .9 ) and m asses of
O . I -O .~ (X
0 . 17) and Olle adlllt malt: h;lI"illl-{ a SVL of29.9
and a rn a,s of2.4 wcre ", I Ih t: furesl floor h }' d ay in the SI lid )'
10lle ;11 NTI .. Thc lalIL'''' fOUIlri on 23 J IIII'. was carrl'ing eighl
ladpok, in Slage 2H ('.'Nlt.'r, 19(0). Thl' "Idpoles h;lI'e w I}'
length, of '1.011111\ ,mel IOI;l l le n g lh ~ 0 1 II ..::' Illln : lhe second
100\er ,11\(1 th ird lo\\'t.'r luOl h rUII', arc part.ialll' developed.
II ht:reas the Olht'l 1"0""> arc I\ dl dt.'vcloped . T he bodl' i ~ black.
a nd 1111.' tai l CIl":11111 t;llllI'ilh ~ lI\al l hrown spOb.
"-pipt>dobfl/es 1IlI/IIIeli (Bo ulc llger )

One jlllcn ile 111,111' h aling.1 S\,L of 19 .5 and a mass of 0.5

II," ,tet.'pillgon ,11e.11 1111 ,Ibl.llt: the g round atllighl in Ihe
)tmil 101lt: al Sj. We fu \lOl1 I laddad and ~ I a rlin s ( 1991) in
IccoglliJing Ihi, ' pecie' ,I~ di'linCI from EfJII)fdolx"f'~ PIC/liS.
EPipetlob(l/t'S ":.LI/Xlro (Silversto ne)

III the '11I(iI 1\lI!L' ~ ,II ~I and NTt. 12 indil'idua fs were on

IIIRJ'I-I(W.\1 '\ \()F

NORrll~R .'\

Ihe fOrL'S1 floor ;u'ul ill pitEdllrap~ Iw d av;llld ,ix I,'e n.: ,ke ping"nl'lII' I't'gl'lalion (0. 1-0.7111 ) ailligili. Six male, 11:I\ e
S\, I ~ of 20 .7--22.3 (x ,,2 1.'1 ) and m;I~~c!'> of 0.6--0.9 (x '"
0.7); len lelll;lk, have S\'Ls of 23.1--:n.l (x '" 2~, . I ) and
ma!'>~e~ 010.7-- 1.2 (X '" 1.08). I n life. 11i(: dor,uln i, dar k
n:d . and the renter i~ b lile ;l1ld black,
Th e~e speci IIll'n!'> reprc't.'n t the 'l'COll d :, lid Ih ird reci!rded
IOClliti(:, of [he ~peeies in Pt:ru and Ihe fir!'>[ locali[ies Ollt~i d e ilw Rio 1':I!>tala d rainage. I knit: (1992) rt:portt:d i[ from
C. .apahllari Sur in the Rio Past:ua c\!-;:Iinage, the ,;lIne dl-;:Iinage
a, all EClladuri;ul loealitin fur thL' ,pee ie, (Si l\'l: r~wl1l',
1976). Capahllari Sur i~ approxilll:tldy 40 kin SSW ofTelIien[c I.lIPC/ an d 80 kill SW of San Jaci nto. Schlll[e'~
( 1987 ) n 'cord of I~. :;,a 1)(1 ro frum Depa rt a In e n t (J Sa n r-. !:I rti n .
Peru, was l)a!>cd on 'peci mens sll b~equen th n;l lll ed 1~,)/IJtdQ
ba/f., millaJ"(lfhi (Sc hulte. 1989) and 1:"jJlI)('(lo"a/f') (In/('//~
(lullgfer.1989).
I-I \1J D.-U
flJ /a albopIlJlc/Il/a/a Boule nger

One malt: ha\'ing a ma ~s of 1.3 W,h un Ihe top panel of a

mi~[ Ill'! (2111 abuve the ground ) Oil the night of I J ull- in
tht: Slud \' /onl' at SJ. Comparison uf thi, specimen I"itb
BOIl1enger's (1882) c1escripl iOll and dctaikd nOI es on, <lnd
pholOgl~ lph s of. the I}'I)C ~rie~ indie<lle Ihal the p rt:~en[ 'peeimen ( KU 22 18-19 ) rt:pre~cnL~ [he redi~cO\'c ry of this 'l)Ccies.
Tht; S\'1lt\,pt;~ art: B ~ ! 80 . I 25. I :,9-162 Ii-om "Ecuador" and
80. I 2.5.230 from "S;nayac u ": all wcre collected by Buckle\'.
\\'IIt: l1 the wllty pes wc re t:xarnilled OIl 16 .l ul1e 1969. ;111
"'crt: in the sallIe j;lr: In l 80.12.5.159 and 230 had lags attac hed: the other three ~ pcci l1le n s ,,'ere unt<lgged. ;\11 of
[he .~p(' cillwns were ~on and sornewh<l[ bdt'd. Three nule~
( B~ 1 80.12.5.159. 210. and an untagged ~pecimell) ha\'ing
manv sma ll wh ite spol$ on Ihe dorsum h;I\'e SVLs of 32.2,
35.6. a11(13 1.0, respccti\"cI\'. Because th is 'rx'c i c~ ha, nOl bt.. en
identified with populatiom in tI lt: ArnaLon Ba~in. a rcdescription i~ provided,
Dcscrip tion.-n" I male. nod\' m(Jderall'11 <!endcr, 1101 a~
wide a' head: <nOll! long. roundcd in (I<)rsal vic\\'. <lightl) illc1inc([
po~terO\t;lltrall) ill pn)file: callthus ro't'~lli, ell ned. !"OulI(kd ill
s(.'(tior1; 10lt'allcgiol1 b,lre h COI1Gl\'e; lip~ thill.lI1"d<:r;lll"lv ([aled
anl(Ti"r I" orbi[~: top Orhe.ld fbI: interT1adal region dcpre~scd:
Ilosuib prot ube'~m I. dirt:Clc(J dor" ,lalera]]\,;11 level of ,m IClior margin of lol\\erjaw: e'e direcled anlerol.ltl'ralh (:15 to IOl1giludinal
axh): ,upr.u\'mpanif fold difTuc. ob-.curillg lIPIX:1 onl' Ihird uf
tYl11panl!m; 1\111pank an nlllu~ \\o:ak; 1\I11P,llll ll11 dilTcled dorso
Imcralh. cparaLcd from orbil b\'diq;lIlec 15X I\'mp.mum.
Foreann moderale I\' robu'l "'itll lIlll,U' I.eel con ti Il [lOU ~ wi Ih II ilrrow rringe on oUler cdge of Finger IV: finger' long" ith lound Il'l"minal discs: diameler of tli...:: on Ihird fingcr Cf)lIallO three fl)Unhs
dialllClCrofll'mpanum: relalilc 1ellglh~offlngo:r,] < II < 1\' < III :
J1 ngns wo:bbe(] b.l~llI\ alld beari IIg 11.111 ow l,lIl"! .t 1! rillg<:': \\ l' bhin g
formula for fingn~ 11 2+-3 II I 3-:!! rv : ,uhani, 1II.Ir luho:rck,
modO: I~Ho:h Lll-ge. mum\. dn~lIcd: dL'Ial lubt:rdt: Oil Fillgcr [\' bifid:
slIl)\" I !1 \I Illera ". tube rdo:s ,lb'Cll I: p.ll Ill<lr Iu ho: rclo: '111<111. rowu 1:
Ihellar luhcrck brg\. 1('CI;Hl~ulal: rrupli,d C)<.fn~'OI1Cl" ,lb<l'nl.
I [ind limb ,ll"lldcr: calcar' al1d hco:l luherclc, ah'CI11; in nt: r lar,.ll
fold Ihin. extending full kllglh oflar,us; outer rlIel,uar,al lubo:r-

i .oRFT(l ,

P~Rt

ell' abSt:lll: iunO:I llllt.II.U"dlllbcT I t . : " , oid. ",iblt' fro '111 ,Ih."o:: toc'
1<lng. bt'arint: (Ii,\ , ,Iig-hlh 'Ill.tlkr Ihall Iho,,' on lillf(el , : Id.lIl1l'
knglh, of[\I(', [ < II < III < \ ' < IV: IUO:' about Ihreo:-fifth, ""hlwd:
"l'bbing formula I ~--~+ II 1-2 + III 1~3-]V 2""-1 v: 'llharIiCllbr Iu bere k~ large. I 01 Inrl. dCI .11<:(1; 'u pc I n umci <In 1111)1' I( k<
,Ib~t'llt.

Skin on dOl ,um 'l11oolh: ~\'ill oil ]lClh and \(ntr.,1 ,urbcc, of
Illig-h, gl~mul.,r: .)Iher ,urf.ILc~ '1110.'lh: do,teal opcning dlrecto:d
p'''I<:I'('H'ntr;llh .11 midkwl of Illigll'; dO.lt,d ,ht'illh ,h"n: IlodGil f"ld, .md lullClLin ah...::nl. I)I'nll1,:crou" PIIKl'''e' "I loml'r~
long. Il;UTOI, II ,,-,p;u:lIl'd Illt,dialll, indi lIed P' )~tcn ,lat" ralII h('IW~TII
po,1 ~-rio r ma rgi n, (,I eh, ,all ae. e .le h beari Ilg 11 inl' leCI h. (:h ".In.le
brgo:. cli iptiC<ll: !OllgUt' hi na(1 II cu rdif( ,n I\. <11.\11, '" I\ IH ,IC hcd po>;Icriurl}. bart:!\ fret' hchiJld. \'"c;,l ,lit dong;lll' 11011> 1Ilid1.lIlI.11
h;I.~ t "f I"lI g \ II' In ant: Ie "fj:m: I Of;'] ~.!(" ,i ngk. III cd ian. '" hglll ,I r,
Colnl in l)I"c,,-, rial i\'e; Dor'al 'II rfac\" 01 head. hi ,(1\ .llld Ii 111 h,
purpli,h brown (under IOX m:tgll iflC<1t ion crt' ,lin wi Ih dt:1I ~c eh roo
m:uophores on head .1Ilt! b, .(1) ,md ,cltlered chromatophorc, <>n
limh\): disC!> un digil,. margin of IIppCI lip. Icnln. and hidden
,urfan:s oflimb~ pale cro:,ullI while.
Color in life: At night. pale purple: hi da\. palt: dull grecll
changing 10 dull 1,111 011 do p,um: p,Lie purple on 'O:llter .lI1d
hiddell ,urt:tCt'~ of limb<: periIOIlI'I!!" 1,llile: irh ~,]\'~'n hl"nzo:
( 1'1. I ).

.\kaslll"("ll1('rH,: 5\'1. ~) 1.6, Lihi.l 1cng-th 15.8. fOOl kngth 12.1. he3d
100llglh 11 ..':\. hcad widlh 11.0. intl'rorhilal di"lallcl' 3.0. uppcr c\<,
lid 2.4, illlt'rnarial dislallce 1.9. t'\'t'no~tril 3. i. e\e 2.8. 1"IlIIMIllIIll
1.5,
Re m arks.-The p re~nl ~pec i l11('n is Ihe fir~t rcrord oflhe
.~pt::ci('s from PCI'll: the onl )' other definite localitic, :-1ft:
S<lt"~l.\'acu. P rm'incia Pa!>tan (In I 80. 12.:'1. I 59-162), and San
Pablo Ka ntesria. Provincia :\'apo (KL' 22(637), Ecuador. The
lauer ~pt:cimen is an adult female ha ving- a S\,L of 30.2
mm. T he apparen I r;U'ilV of th i~ spccitS ha\'ing a di'lrihulioll eneoillpas<;ing about 300 km ill la t itude in the upper
Ama zon Itlsin m:w indic:tle that i[ is an inhabitant 01 Ihe
Gli lOpr and p~rhap ~ breed s in brom eliad). Th e on I\' rd~
erence, other I h ~m in cht:ckli~[s. 10 this ,])Ccies i, b\' Cochran
and Goin ( 1970). A, pointe d Ollt br ?-I !l"Io'l"S and D ucllm;ln
( 1982) . Cochran and Coin ( 1970 ) erroneou sly placed 11)/0
/m/merj Bou1engcr 1908. in the synonl'll1\' of 1-1),/(( a{bo/JUllf/lda/a and ba~ed th ei r de~criplioll 01 the lal tel' ~pecie~ Oil a
specimen of the fonner. FrO\1 ( 19K.?) comnwll[ed th;!!
11)'1(( (l1""IJI/II(/II{(I/o que'lionably is in th e 11)'1(( bogQ/(,II ,\i~
group. Alter examining Ihe pre,ent specimen. lhi, ~Llg
gt:~tion lacks merit: tht: rclatioll,hip~ of II. o/bolm W/II/0W arc
unclear. but. i [ don nol '~Tlll 10 bc ;1~~OC i ;ill'd wil h the 11\-/((
bogo/ell~H gruup, adult lIIa1e~ of II hieh h:1Ie a nlental g-l:tn d
a nel proporiiona[t'ly 1II0re robtl~[ boelie, anellimb~. Onl~'
one of I he "pecimcn, in Ihe lIve st:rie~ of II. albollll IIf/u/flla
ha!> sl11<111 whilc 'pot~ on [he dor~LlITl. Bou1enger', ( 1882)
dberipliull do e~ not agTl'.'e in all rt:~pl'ct~ with hi~ illll~lra
tion ( Plale XX I\" Fig.1) 0 1 \Iith tilL' ~ pe cimel1 (ullhlbelkd,
hIli with while ~pOh) Ihal he de,erihed and illtt~ l ratt:d. l ie
qaled Ihal Ihe head i, wider than long: m\' mea:,>un::menb
of the 'pccimell' indicate Ihc oppo,itc. Boukngcr,ta[cd
that the oUler fing-en werc otlc-halfln::bbed and the toe,
fully webbed: hi, iIlLl ~tr<llio n ,h(I\\', [he lingen to be 110
more [h<ln olH'-t hird \\'t:hbed and thttoc~ no more Ihall tll'O-

PLATE I

HI {" ul/Jdf',mull/aw. K U 11 I 8.t9. male. 3 1 6 mm SV L.

I'lu/lom,''{,,,,, /",111. URP-\\ ED 60198. male. 37. 1 Inm SVL

OS"'ocrplw/w, bmMrl'. KU 221926. female. 50.0 mm SVL.

Os/eocepltllill. culm:tw. K U 221927. femal<-. .t 10 mm SV t .

Elellllll'md{lcr\{u, del", . URI'- WED 59957. female. 30.9 mm SVL,

EII'III/wmd(I{/I/". ills('()m/J('i, KU 222002. fcmak. 26.1 mm SVL.

Ade/ophntll' [ric/UN),/", KL 221992. female. 115 mm SVL

'\ l lcroh)lid . KU 212108. female. 17.8111111 SVL.

I fI' RI'~ rOF\l , \ OF ~OR IIIF R" LOR F 1'0. Pf Rl

third:-. webbed: the degree of webbing wa , co nllr111e d 10 he

correct in the illu:-.tration .
H)'fa boons (Linnac us)

A gral'id femalL' h;lIi ng a S\'L of 106.3 a lld a rn a, s of67.0

wal> 011 Iht: ground in the GUllp ck;Lring;\I SJ .11 061 .::' h o n
3J L11 \'. OIL tlw 11 ig h t of 18 J llll' :1t T I. ~el eral m :[ In l\l're calliLlg from bOll ld e rs in. and U'Ct;:l> a long. a clc ar ,Ircam with
sam\\' hanks. Thc Olll.: male colkoed ha, a S\' L of 113.:-,
and a rnal>S of 31.0 g .
H)'la bn~ifnms Ducllman and C rump

Th rt:t: males were callin g from ellll.: rgc ll! w::get;ni o n

1.0-1.'::' m abol'e the surface of tht' \(;mpor;wl' pond a t TL
on the night of 22 July. Th c~c spc cirnc lI \ haw:: 5\ ' Ls of
16.0-16,3 ( x == 16. 1) and L11as~(' s o f 0.2- 0 .3 (X ,, 0.27): the l'
agree in color ;ll1d e x[ e rn al mor p holo),,'y with th e d e'lcrip[ion of Dllcllm:1n a nd Crump ( 1971).
H)'fa cttfcttm/a Trosehe!

Wi[ h Iht;: ('xrq )t ion o f:1 ~i LLg le IL Lale hal'ing a 5\,L o f :~-1. 7
a nd a mass of 2.2 on :1 b ranch of a bll~h 0 .5 m abOH> [he
ed ge of I he oxbow bke:11 TL on 21J IIII'. :111 inc\il'idllall> II'cre
fOllnd al Ihe edge ofa black-waler b goon at ~J on Ih e ni g hL~
of 30 J UlLe-5 Jul y. I ndil'idual~ were perc h ed pt:rpendi cularlron lines o r branches of busht:, 0.1 - 2 .0 til ahove Ihe edge
of the lagoon, ]\'0 call~ were he ard. Of t he spt:cime ns from
5J. two gr;wid fCnl ales hal'e S\'Ls o f 19 ,6 and 54.3 :l1ld m :1S~('l>
of 4, 3 and 4.8: 17 nw!es haw: S\'Ls 0 1' 3.::'.4-40.5 (X '" 38.4 )
and mas~es of 1.9- 2.8 ( x == 2.38 ).
Hy fa fascia/a Giinther

One male lI'a ~ p e rch ed on a vinl; 0 .2 m a bo\'e a sma 1!

stream in the slud ), zone a t NTI , on th e nigh I of 23.J uly: I I
males were on ree d s and bush es in the ~\\'amp al ~J on th e
nigh (s of 7- ll.1 uly. Th ese 12 males ha,'e S\'Ls of 30. 1- 33.5
(.r '" 31.4) and masses of 1.2-2.0 ( X == 1.36),
Hyla gcogmpltica Spi;.;

With the exccption of on e nongrayid fe mak having a 5VL

01' 55.5 and a ]])ass of6.2 on a limb ofa tree 3 III a bove Ih e
ground in primal]' foresl al NTL on t11(' nigh I of ! 6July a nd
a gravid fe male on the limb of a bush 1.5 m a bo\'{: the
stream at TL on the nigh t of22 J ulr. all i ndil1duals were on
low \'cgetation (0.5-0.7 m ) al the edge of p e rman e n t water
at night-one lI1ale in the sw;.un p at SJ 0 11 7 J llly and o ne
female and sen::n males at lh e o xbow lake at TL on 24 a nd
25 J uly. Eight males hal'e 5\'Ls of 40,9-5 1.0 ( .f' == 41.8) :md
masse s of2.3-5.5 (X == 3.68); two gr;:\\1d fe ma les ha\'e 5\'Ls
of 65.2 and 68.7 and masse s of 13.5 and 19.5 .
Color notes o n a nongr,nid fema le (KU 22 1870): Do rSlLm
tan with dark b rown a n d pale cre am marks: flanks and hidden su rfa ces of thighs bluish grar with blac k I'ertica lmarks;

n ;nte r d eep l e llo\\' " 'ilh bro w!! ~ pOh on bclh; iril> o ra ng-eb rown : palpeblllill rltiCll l:L1 c . 111 CO lllra,1, a nMk ( KL'
22 1869) had Ihe he ll \' a nd un de r~ide , of the l i lLib~ orange.
and Ihe fbnb orang-e with b rOll'11 ba r, . All hUllh ree indilidua ls h:ll e pale l>pOi.'> on the do r, ulll. O ne ft: male (KL'
221 871 ) h as fOllr la rgt: and (WO ,ma ll SpOt, OI Lth t: d or'Llm
a nd whit e ht:c b : 1\\'0 f(" lli a k ~ and fi\'1.:' male, h;,,-e 1-8 ~ 111all
white 'pob 011 Ih , ' d or~Llm ; Ihree 01 Ih e ~e h a\'(' whit e IH:'C ,,"
a nd in o n (' 'IH_'c im e n Ihe while i\ re.~ u-ic t e d 10 Lh e cak ar, .
TIl(' colora tio n :md ,trll ctLl re o f Ihe ' e spe cimen\ agrn ',
with the d e tailed de~cription s gil'en bl' Dll e llma n ( 197:h.
1978) .
A la rge sc hool of tadpoles was \)h,t:n 'ed i II the (.xbo\, lake
a t TL 01) 23 J Itl}. A s:lIl1p1c of 2:') i ndi l~ dual \ agrn" wit It Ih e
d.,-,scriplion provided 1)1' He ru (1990) . The ~a llLpl e COlltain s 'pe cim e n, in Slage~ ~l- :n ( Go ~ ncr . 1960) h al'iugbo cll- kng lh' of 13.8- 16.5 (x == 1--1 .9) and total l e n gt h ~ o f
34.9-'11 .5 (_f' = 3 7.8). Th e~e tadpoles arc uniform black and
h an : a labial tooth ro w formula o f 3/ 5: th e fi r~t upptT ro w
is j ust ill~id e the fringi Ilg papillae, is l11ade liP o f ,mall tce t h .
and i, interr upt ed Illedialh , ;[" i ~ IIII' th ird Ilpp('r row, Tht:
I1r5t lower roll' i ~ ,horlt: r Ih a n Ihe oth e rs. a nd Ihe fillh roll'
is incomplete a nd uude up of smal1lecth.
Hyla gnlllosa Boulengc r

wen: r:11! i Ilg frOIlL !e;tI t::-. 3- I 0 Clll a hoW' tIL e I,'a Il'r
al the edge oflh"lagoon a nd in Ih e 5wa mp a l 5J nea rll' e\'en'
nig hl be lwee n ~ O "lay and 11 J llh. Fo ur mal e~ h al e 5\,L~
of 33.6-36. 1 (X == 31.9 ) and masst:' of 2 .0-2. 5 (x = 2. 18 ) .
A melamorphosing I'Qung- hal'ing a SVL of 12.0 wa ~ on a n
emergent ree d in th e o pe n pond on 9Jllil', [n life. Ih e do rsum and \'entcr of th e I'oung iud i\'idual ,,'c re pale grecn :
fain t reddi sh brown r:lIlt ha l and p0510rbiiai ~Iripl" \\'('re 1;;1ide m. Th e d i g il~ I\'(' re palc Idl ow. and Lhe ir i5 was cre amy
Idlm\'.
~ 1a le~

H)'la koechlillj DIIc1lman and Trueb

.\ Ia les were calling fro m loll' Icgelation 1.0 m) ;l! Ih t:

t:d ge ofa pond in primal"" fore't ;H ~'TL o n the n i g h l~ of
20 and 24Jlllv. Ano the r In ale wa, al l the leaf of a liTe 2 111
abo ve thc grollnd nea r th e ~;llnt: p o nd o n Ih e n ight 01 22
J lll)'. and a gravid fellL:1k w a ~ on loll' \'t:ge tatio n al tht:: ed ge
of the pond on 20J ulv. The gravid fe male has a 5\,L 01'25.4
a nd a mass of 1.3: ei g hlmalc ~ haw 5\ 'Ls o f 19.'::'-22 .0 (X ==
20.8) and ll1a~.'>('~ o f 0.'1-0.6 ( x "" 0.53). The female has black
Ih ighs and anter ior and po ~ [ e rior ~llrf.'1CeS 01 Ihe I h igh ~,
\\'herea~ Ih e flank!; in th e lTl a le~ are browil . One male has
IWO pale spots on th e anterio r sllrfaces o f the thig h s. a nd IWO
oth t: r~ each hal'e on e 'IXH. Tht:sc l>pcc im e n ~ agree " 'ith th e
large Iype series descr ibed Iw Duellill all and T rueb ( 1989 )
:1 lld prOl'ide a range eX l e 1L ~ ion of abOlll 1250 kill 10 lh e
~~\\' of the prel'iolls!l re po ned northernmOSI specill, 10Glfitl'. Cacha Cashu . .\Iac!t'e d e Dios. Pt;:rll (Rodriguez. 1992).
althoug h Ro driguez a nd Dudlman ( 1994) included th e
species in a guide to the fi'og~ of the [q uilOS region o f Peru,

Tm l ' ,\,I\ l~IT\

Of K.\:-:~

flyla (all6/0l"1II is (Co pe)

Th i, large u-ccfrog "~l~ COlllmOn :tllhe Illargin, o f1l1e la
goon a nd in Ihe ,wamp :t l SJ where l11ak ~ were callin g
from bu~he, a nd lrtT~ 0 ,5- 1,0 111 abll\'t' Ih e g round or W;,ttT
nea r l" c\'e l)' nighl herwt:t:1I 30 i\ lav and II juh'. '1'11'0 males
we re foulld more Ihan Ion m awa r from wattT: ont: W;l' Oil
lh e k a f a n A f'rhlllf'(f at night. a nd till' otluer wa~ ca ughl ill a
Slwrman li\'c u"apon a branch 15111 ;lbo\,e lilt." gr01llld. T wo
individu;ll~ werc perc h ed on lo\\' In.. t'~ in lhe fore ~ t al TL.
and 0111.." wa~ 011 a ~lit' k I III a bov(, Iht: ground;1I night a t NT L.
Three ;ldull fe m;tks haw SVI ..;. 01'71.0-78.4 (x '" 73.7) and
m;t'~~ 0 1 1 9 .5-~3 .0 (x '" ~1.5 ): [ 3 adult males havc SVLs
of S~, 9-7 1 .2 (x '" ()2.~) and m;h SCS or R9-20.0 (X '" 13.2 ).
Two 'll badult fem ale, ;md onc subadull male h;wt: SVL~ of
!'i6. 1. 53.4. ;m d '16.3 and mas~I.." ' uf 10.0, 7.0, and 4.6, n
~pcClin~ [ r. T h rce juveniks frOIll Sj ha\'e SV I .~ 0124 .6-3ft 7
( x '" ?-0.6 ) and nlaSse~ 01'0.6-3.1 (X ", 1.5). T\\'o l adpol{~~
in Stage:H (;o'llt: r , 10(0 ). ha vi ng bnd y le ngl h s of R. 7 and
~.O ;md IOlal l("flg-Ihs 01 ~6.0 and 27.4. were in the ,walllp
al ~ on I I Jill \'. [n lift:. Ihe\' we re p:llt: t;l1ll\'ilh brown 'POL'
Oil Ihe lail : Iht:)' ag-ree with Ihe descri p tiull provided bv Du
t:llnun ( 1978). Two metamorph,)~illg you ng. hal'ing: 5V I ,~
of [4.0 and tail s tu b~ of I .5. were on recd~ ill tht: ~am e
pond on 9 July. T he p resenct: of Gillilig Ill ; lle ~, gra\'id !t'.
males, tadpoles. mel;HllOrpho~ illg rO IUI g'. alldjll\'t:nil e~ of
a wide l~lllgt' i II ~ilt, S llggt' ~u. III at lilt' breedi ng ~ea:-oon i ~ [Ollg.

Hy la (el/ wpllylfata ( Be rcis )

One remale wa~ on it kaf 1.0 111 ;lhove 1he ground al Ilighl
at TL. and all otller illdi\'i du al~ ;lrt: from SllId\' l o ne al 5J.
who.: rt' ;1 femaiL' \\'as on ;1 leaf 3 III ahlwt: Ill e grollnd al nig h l
alld 1l1;t1t:, \\'C1"t: cilling from !t:m't:s and bntnches ofhushe'
0.5-2.0 III a bol"o.: Ihe edge o f thc lagoon on rh e nig- hLH lf2-11
j ul v. Tt'll male:-o ha\'e SVLs of 22. 9-~ ::;. [ (X'" 23.9 ) and
nla'se~ of 0.6--1 . 1 (X", K8) . and 111'0 ,({r,wid felll; , It: ~ ha\'c
SVLs or 3 1.7 and 3 1.9 an d rna~~o.:, or 2 ..! and 2.9 g.

Nyla lIIamlOra/a (Laure /1li)

1\ g ravid fe m a lf' ha\'ing a SVL of 46.1 and a ma~~ of 3.9
wa~

perched 011 ;1 fern at the cdgl.." orlhc fore 't at NT L on

18Jul v.

Hyla pan1i ceps Bo ulcl1gcr

On 20 Juh. thlTe male, were obsc)"1;ed lea ping frUIII le;lf
lO k aftow;lrd the fore,l pl>l1(1 a t NT L ;11 2230 h: th('re h ad
bet: 1l a lighl rain ill,l heforc dll'k . ;'\'0 calling rlla1t: ~ W\'f(
ob,e ncd thaI nigh t. but. on 2 1--2IJu[r. males were calling
from low \'eg-t:lation ill. and around Iht: pond. On ~2Juh'.
111<111::' were call ing from emc rgclll \'cgl::t:ttioll ill Ih e tt'lllporan pond al TL. One g:r;wid female was ;It the fonner
pond Oil ~I j llh . ;111<1 olle spell I km,tk wa~ o n a branc h of
a tree" III abo\e groun d :\wa\ from Ihe pond. Two ft:m a!c ..
ha\e SVLsof21.4 alld 22. 1 and a ma"e~ o rO. 7 (g:ral"id ) and
0.5 (~pelll ). rc'pcc ti \"ch: I 0 mak~ ha\e SVL~ of 15 ..!-- 17 .9

\."" St

I~.:\( ~

BL'I L~. I"I '\'

(X '" 16.7) and 11la~SL"S of 0.2-0.3 (x " 0.2?-). In life, rhe

spot.'> Oil thc ve l ll1~ 1 1 sur[;lce.:s or the.: all11~ and ~hallks arc bright
or;lllge ; 111C po~ter i or pa rt oflhe bl.:111' al1(1 \'elltral s Ulfaces
of Ihe 1h ig lls are pal e h i, Ie \\~ III black Illarki Ilg'. ;1 n( I 1he ~ pOI~
on Ihl' flanks arc while.

I-Iyla rhodopeplc/ Giinthcr

i\ 1a les we re calling fru m t:1llerge n t I'cg-ctation in Ihe for
est pond al NTL on 20 J ul y. Thi rl ecn males h al"e SVLs or
19 .4--2 1.8 (.1'" "" 20.8 ) and masses 01' 0 5-0.7 (.1'" '" 6.~8 ) . In
prcscn'atil'e.:. fuur ~ peCil1l C lh havc rl.:ddis h browll spotS' on
lhl.: dursal s urfac e.:~ oftbe head. hody. and sh a n ks: lh e olh
ers ;lrt: ullifonn c realll}' yel low.

I-IJ la riveroi Cochran and Goin

" ' ;llcs we rt' Gillilig frolllle;WeS of b ushes ;In(! tre t:s 0.5-1 ,.I)
111 abow the \\~ ller in Iht: SW;UIlP a l 5j on 7 ;lI1d 9 j lliv and
frOll1 leal'e s 01 hllsll es al lilt: ed gt, of lilt, tt" lnpora I1' pond at
TL Oil 22 and 24 J lll }'. SC\'e n m aks hal'e SVL~ of 15.6-[ 75
(x" 16.7) and m asses 01'0.2- 0 .3 (x '" 0 .26): 11m fcmale s
ha\'c SVLs of 17.8 and 18.0 an d mass 01' 0 .3. L i\~ng individ
ual~ at nig h t WL"rc pale redd ish b rown \\~ t h a d;tr k browll dorsolatt:ral stri pe ;md r dlow \'o G,1 sac: by da r, the dors ulll was
c ream l' tan with or wit ho ut brown mar k ing~ and a c re;tlll
su borbital spo t. [ n p rc ~e r"a l ive. a ll speci lli ens have dark
browil call thai ;u ](1 pO~ lorhi t ;tl 51ripes I hal ~:xlt: l ld 10 t[w mid
Hank and a crcam labial sl ript" (fragme n ted in IWO s peciIllen ~). A (brk brown inl e ro rbilal b:l r is prese nt in six
speri lllen s. and fou r h a \'e a middorsa l dark s tripc extending 10 Ih e ~acrum: rhi s stripc is continuom wilh the inle rorbital bar in three s pec imen s. One fnnale (U RP-WED
601.'S1) (icpmitcd a clutch ,)1'34 unpigi ll eilled cggs in a sin
gle brcr of clear gelatin 011 tht: insidt: 01' ;1 plas lic bag.

Hyla S(lr(lyo<.1H.'7!sil' Shrc \'e

Excepl for one male on the lea f of a b ush 0.5 III above
th e p;round at ill the st ud l' lone al T L. all illd ividuals we re
found :trlhe tcmporar\' pond al :'\TL. O n e male was on:l
leaf br da v. :uld all 01 h(' r~ were calling from leal'es of b u s h l::~
0.5- 1.0 In a hol'e Ilw t:dgt: of the pond on th e nig:ht~ 01"20
and 24 julv, Oll e poSlpartulll fcmalc has a SVL oLmd a In:LS1>
(of V~: 2~~ mal c .~ h ;n'e SVLs of 24 .4- 28.7 (X"" 25.9 ) an d
l1la ~ses of O. 7- 1.2 (.i. . '" 0.91).

Os/t'oceplwills Sicindac h ner

Cent:rall y four s pecie s u f Oslf'orrphalll s- blirlde)'i
( Boulenger). Irj)limrii ( D unH~ 1"il and 13ibron ) , wbtili~ Martin' and Cardoso.:H Id IfIIl/il/K\ Sleind ac h nt:r- are recognil.ed
10 o ccur in Illt, uppt: r Ama/on Ba~in. and three addiliona l
'l:Jecit,S-O tlkrjllllgill~n"(lf' ( Hcnle) .j!('(Jrsolli (Gaige). and WI~
I1l(ig,'r ( \ \'e rner)-are rccognil.cd 011 the A11la/on ian slopes
of rhe Andes ( Duelllll;m , 1~9 ~{ ). Cluse examination of the
material collectt:d ill no rt lwrn Pe r u rcvcals the exiSlenCt:
of six specit's in Ihf' Ama/on lowla nd, ill Depart ;lI nelllo

I II, RI'~ rOF\C :\',\ or NOR 11I~, Rl\ LOR~. I O. I' I' Rl

Lon:lo. III :Idditiol1 to thc thn.:o.: ~pccic~ lI .. ualiv rccogni/cd

there. thcn: a rc 1.11'0 otht: r~ for which n:nlles placed in tht:
!>}"non r mies of 0. bllrkhJl and O. 1(11/111110 bv Trllt:b and Due llman (197 1) art: ;!vai1:tb le . Another ~m:tll ~ pt'ck~ Ihal
brc('ds ill h rotneliads re mains unnamed. An e\e n smaller
specil:~. 0. rodrigl1r:i (Rivero) from tht: Guiana I lighlamb
(D uell man and I loo gmocd. 199~ ) i~ !lOW pl~tct: d Kith fi\'e
Olhcr small species from Lhe Guiana H igh 1:11 ld .. ill tilL' gellLl~
Tl1J11ihyia (Ay:lrzagllena ct a l. . 1991 ).

Ostl/OCCPlllllus bllcldeyi (8oulc nger )

Dnc felllale ( K U~:! 1 9~6 ) with fbccid. c m p lv ol'idllClS ha~
a SVL of 50. and a rna ~s 01 5.4: it wa., on :t branch 01 :1 bllsh
abo tt t I HI ahove Ihe g round at night on 17 J llh in Ihc studv
'lone a l i\ TL. I n life, the d o r~lIm II~IS tan with brown blolChc~
on t.he body and brown tranSI't.T se ban on Ihe limb~ ; the
shanks wc re pale brown with di,Linct dark brown har~. :llld
the anterior and postcrior slllfacL's of IIIe Illigh~ wcn: brown
(PI. I). Th e throat :1I1d hl'll)' IH'rc crC:lln with ,mal! hrown
spOts. :llld the I'clltral ~lIrf:tces 01 thc hind limhs were tan .
The margin oftlw llpper lip was h rOlllt:-tan. and the iris was
b rontc with rad iat ing black line~ and a broad. mcdian, horizonta l rcddi~h brown ~trcak. T he nle:t'llreIllC I II~ ;\lld p ro ponion s, as wcll liS the gt:llcr:11 f'c :nllrc, uf ~Lrll c tLlrt.: :llid
color;uion. agrce wcll wi th Ih e II'PC series (~t:L' Trllcb and
Duclhn:tll. 197 1) . Th e skin 011 thl' :tnl erior IXtrt of the
flallk is dislillCtl), art:o b te. and 111t' axillary memb r~lJle I!> short
and lhi,k. The we bbi ng fo rmula for thc hand is 11 I ~- I ~
111 2+- 2+ IV and for Ihc 1'001 I I- I II 1-2~ 111 I-l ~ rv
I~ -I V .
-

OSleoceplraflls cabrt'nli (Cochran and Coin )

New combin;Ition
III thei r dcsc riplioll of 11)'10 wb,n'(U. Cochran alld Goin
( 1970) !>Iatcd that thc ~p(c i ,,-,~ was IIIOSI closely rdated to II')'Ia
(-'" O\I"or"I!lralu~) bllrkllJi. Thc " 'Pc loca litr -Cailo CuaGI)~\. t.ributary o f Ihe lower Rio Apa pori~. Dt:partalllL'nto AI11:1lon:ls. Colombia-i~ in lhc Allllll.on Ba~ill ,,-,a~t of llon Iwnl
PCI'll. Th is nalllC was synonymizcd wit h 0. b!lrJdI'Y by T rueb
alld Dllel lmall ( 1971 ). A ~i ng1c f('mak ( KU ~:l1927 ) with
small ovariall cggs atld a mass of :l l wa~ perched on :t bll~h
ill the ;,IValllp at SJ all t.hc night of 10Juh. Thi s indil'idllal
i!> su fficientII' diffe rcnl. cspeciallr ill thc coloration of the
eye. to distingui~h it from 0. bllck//Ji. Com p; ll'i~on of thi!>
specimell wiLh data on, :md photograph s of. Ih c holotl'pe,
of the ~ I)cc ie~ Sl'nOll\'nli/
..d wil h 0. l!!Icklt'yi
,
. b\', Trueb ;lnd
Dudl m:tn ( 19 71 ). rCI'e aled a ~ Irikin g !>illlilaritv '\'ilh tht.:
holotrpe of 11)'1(/ wbwmi (U SN~ I I ~2i~9.:1 fcrn :IIc) .
Fulli Iwing arc the c h af<ICtcli sti c.. i.f KU 221 927 with c harac te ri .~t ics of t h l' ItOli) type i n pa n 'nl hcscs: SVL 11 .0 (52. i) .
tibia leng th 2 15 (~ 1.0 ), h ead length [1.1 ( 18.3). head width
14 .7 ( 19.2). eye 1.6 (5.2) . Iympanum 1.0 (4.0). webbing on
hand II T -3~ JU '1~-2 + rv (II 1 ~-2+ 111 2+-1 ~ IV ) . wcb- 2 1V ~- I V (i 1- 1+ II
b ingull 1'001 1 1-2-11 1-2 111 11 - 1 ~ 111 1 -2~ IV T-I V ): \omcrinet t'L'th9~8(9~ 1 0). In

313

hoth indilicln,ll, Ihe "IOlit i, InlliClic in dor~al view. Ihc no~

tril ~ pnHrudc clor!>olate ralh. the "upratllllp,lIlic fold i~ tllherOllar. :111 axilbrv m e mbran e ex tc nd .. to a bOllt the
Illidlengt h of I h e upper arm . thc digital di ..c .. arC:' largc and
rOllnd (diametcr of disc on third fi tlger:1 bOUI 1.1\0 Ih ird, di;Imcler of lymp;lnum ). and row .. of tllbercle ~ are pre ~l'llt on
the \'cllt rol:lIer,11 edge' 01 th. fort'anll~ and taf',i .
Structur~lll r. the two .. pt'cim c n ~ exhibit few difre n nce~ .
T he dor~af ~ki ll i~ more tubc rculalc in thc hololl'PC, which
h<t ~ a weak inner ta r ~al fold that i~ lacking in KL' 22192i.
T h e d i ~t;II ,u banicular tube rclc i .. bifid in Ihe hnlnlVpl' and
nOI in Ihe other !>pecimcll. Th e nature of thc dor~al ,kin
and t;lr ..al fold In:lI he art iElcls of pre~ .. r"at ion. Tllc holoIvpe t:1'identll' wa:. droPlwd inlo pre~t.:n-::ltil'c. II'lll:l'c a, KU
2~ 1927 was bid out in a pan ; lhc lalt er method lends 10 ob"Cllre tar~af fnl d :.. The nat.llrc of t 1](: di ~ lal subani cubr 111bcrcle on the fourth fin gn i .. v;u'iable in ~ pc c it.: s of
Oslco(l>J!hal!l ~ (Trueb a nd Duclllllal l. 1971 ). Thc Ilololvpc
i.. largcr and h;ts ~Iightly more we hbing Ihan KU 2219~7. bllt
wcbbillg is kllown 10 illcn:a~l' with ~i/e ( Dlldlnun. 1970) .
The color p:lIt('rn of the pn:!>c IYcd !>pecimcn .. is ne arly
identical. (',olor:nion in lifc of thc holollVe i.. llnkno\l11: color
notcs Oll KU 221927 when il was ali\'e arc: dorSUll1 dark grecll
I\'ith (brk browll marking'. vi'l" irregular interorb ital bar.
paired diagullalmarks on OCCipllL tr;lllsverse !>pot ill CL'n'icd region. longitudinal m a rks on tnllik. paired Irian g llbr
marb in ~;lCral n'giu n , Ir:lllwenL' b:l r ~ Oll limb!>. and ~ m all
labial .~pots ( PI. I); flank s an d I'clltral surfaces of limbs purp lish hrown: I'e n ItT pi n kish grar: po.. terior SLllf;lCb of thigh!>
d ark brown: tympanum copper: iri s creaml' orange.
Cochran and Coill ( 1970 ) dnign:tlcd twO p: l rat l'pe~:
\\'CAB I 328-1 frolll AJll:lp~i. Hrazil and C J. Coin 231 i from
V:nlpes, Colombia. T he fonller i~ an cxampl e of 0. bllck",)'i: the bltt'f was 1I0t cxamilled bl' Trucb and Duc llman
( 1971 ). William \\'. l.amar colle cted onc indi\'idual (nOl
'L'xed ) in Vaupes. Colombia: he compared il wilh the holoIrpe o f 0. rabwmia nd found thcm to be identical. I-k pro\'ided (\\'. W. Lamar: ill lit.) Ih e fol1(1win g field nOlc':
"Collected ~6 Apri I 1979. along Cailo Yapui (== 1\ lonsc rcro).
a tri b lltary 01 C':allO Ti. which feed~ thc \ ':nlpc' Riwr frolll
the ~Ollth. Collccled by dal' 0 11 a twig next 10 \I'el ballk uI'er
waler. Color in lifc : whcn col1cctt'd bl' d:tl il W:l~ pale ch artreu~e and pale g rey-beige wh ic h . comhined with the wart\,
!>kill gaH,thc illlprnsion of lichcn . HI' night the chartl'eu!>e
an-as hccamc ric h lime-grecll and all beige rcgioll" changed
10 dt:t: p maroon-brown. Iri~ broll/\ -gold: cl'c1id with finc
rt:d-gold reticlliatioll ~. T Vllllxlllll1ll coppe r colored: di g iL~
:11'0. Dorsa l p:ltteni complex. retinllale. Lcg~ and Ihig hs
\I'itlt Ihretl);u.. eac!l. I' ink i ~h whitc anal and heeltubcrc le~
and tar~a! rid gc. Ventrally dirt v whilC, Ill'avil} ,potted Oil
up per c he~t a lld below 1!lalldible \I'ith lllaroollbrOIl'Il hec()ll1ing MIfTII'\ed clolldl' Ian fl Oil! lowl'r ahdom e n to thig h s
:lIld I t g~. Wartl' tubercles along- OllieI' edg-e of hand and fore:trm to clbow. Bonc .. g-rccn . S\ 'L == 62 .-1 llllTl. "
The 1l1ajor d i rference Ix:twee ll the ~pe c i lllen frolll SJ ,uld
I he one from CHlo Yap"i i, ill the :tpp:trt.:llt coli II' 01 t lit' it i~.
which can c h:lIlg-cwith light inltn~it \'. Th e prirlLipal a'peel

1 11 ~

l " 1\ rK."rn m- K.\ ",\" S I l l "

Ih

I LI: ] I '

11'11111 ~,lltl.l , De panall1ento Lon'lo. Peru, TIll' following di,\gn."i ~ u"e' the IHllUefical ch,lr:lCI('I' (qui\';Ilt.:nt 10 Ih.he
hI r rlll'b ;lI1d ])llellman (197 1): ( I ) Silt" 1:t rgc. sl'xu:l1 di111I)lplli~111 111(,der:llc; rnaxillllllli ilh'IT\l"d 5VI, in rnak'
/):,.9. ill 1l"lll:lll'~ 85.9: (2 ) ,kill un dur~Ll!l\ ill 1I'Ia1c ~ Iwaring
1l1l1 11 l'li'Il~ , "piIlOll' lLlbt'nk ~, ,dl aholl! c qllil ~ Ik:11t in ,ill':
e l ) , ].. ill (Ill llallb gr:lIll lbl : ( I) weh " xt,,"di ng to ba,c u l
,llIlr]ll'l1llli illl,lIe pha lan x 0 1 Fingel" III; () ) do rs um b rown.
OS/efX-"f!plw/IIS /t'prif'llrii (DlIlIleril :lIld Bibron )
""II,dh Ilith d,lrk,;r lran'lt'r,e 1II.lr]..inj.{s: (6) lentl'r dull
Om' 1Il,11e i, flol11 Ihe ~ 1U(h l OII(' ,II ~I : 11\0 fe mak, and oe,llII with or withoUl ,mall. dilf",(. b rown :.pots Ull che~t :
eigh t l1uk, .11'(' from the ~ llI (h 101l1'.1t ~TI .. All IH:re fuulld
(7) 11,111"0\\ p"k 1:tbial ~tript' lim/luc'IH wi lh b road , diago..
11 11 Ig hI : 0 1II' 1I1.lle "';:I~ 011 1he I(II t"1 l1\Jor: ,Ill olher II1di\~d \Lal" nal ~ul)l )cu b r ma rk: na ITOI\ , II ,11 1'1 cr~. pall' 'Iripe o n heck
II l'rl' I III ,I \' III~ (If ",Ipli IIg~ c\lld bll~llt', i II i 'II hl-;:ll1cht', 01 IrCl'''. 11.11'1'0\\ p,llt' 'Iripe abOle, ,m d lalel~ llltl , cloaca l upcning-:
() .:......~ .;1 r1I .1 hUI e tl)(' grolL nel. ;\' i 11t' 1Il,11. '~ , ,I II 11'11 h ]..eral! 11 i/ed
(8 ) l1. ul b 1,1Il wit h ~llla ll h rOl\l1 'p"I',
nllpli,lllxll e'It'I1.n, hal'l;" 5VI ~ u l 11.~-:,O . 1 (,I '" 17.0) and
(lIlf'(}ff'jl//(/hl ' 11101li(l1)1 i, likc O. /I'III1 ('1l17i in ha\'ing Inu l' 1ll ; 1'~I'~ or 1. :~6..t ( X = ). 3): I\\U gr:lIid Il' IIL,d .. ~ h ave S\,L~
11'1"1' \II,lrk~ 011 lIlt:: dor~I'm and d i'l il" t labial. hee l. :tlld !>l lpr..
ul 6~.ti and 67,(J , :1I1d ma,~l:' 01 11.0 aile! 17,li, rc~peCli\'dy, ,ldoacL1 ~ I ri pl' " bill il differ, hI' havillg dark SpolS 011 Ihe
Coiol null" (111111'0 lil'ing illr!il'id ll:lh ( KU :!:! I 9:!9. d , :\II d
flall]..~. 1.1I"gl'r and kwer tubt' r! Ie~ (III Iht" donlllll in males.
2~IY ~~O , 9) .111': l1o r~ LlIIl olil('-1a 11 Ililh hroll'n II-;\Ilwe r,c
,111 d 'III, tlk r .. ill.'. O~ leofl'j)}Ulhl I IflllI711 II Ii, I, ,rg,'r, h a-:. d isti IICI
m ,1I k, HII bodl .lI1d lim b, ; fl,lIlk, C,-,:.\l 11 1IIIh cxtelhiull 01 d.lrk ~I)t 'b or m Ollling on Ihe 1l~ l lI e r . ,wd lac]..~ labial. heel.
dOr~, IIII-;II"ll' l'e bruwll 1Il ,1I\...~: .lIIlel i, ,, al ld pO:'I('rior ~ur
and ~lIp l~ ld oac al 'tripe ~ . T hl'l l' i, ,I Mlh ll .. d iffercnce in Ih(,
facl" 01 thig h, brcml1 : narrow Cll',11I1 lillt.' .lhuIl' cloaca l Lulul" .. llhe iri,: ill 0. ((/limo n il i'grl't"lIi,h hrOlllc \Iith hl';I"
op('ning ,Ilid on lwei : lenter p,lk t.1Il : I.lbi,11 'Iript" ('rt"am : h1.lc k \,ldi,lling line:., "herl',I' ill O . /)/fl lliff'/)1 it i:. coppen
b ... II Ill' wi Ih Ii lie 1~ld iating black Ii 1It" ~. Flirt h ermol"e. IIll" lihia
iri ~ I n ",111lI t.1I1 wilh hlack fleck,: hOI I(" !-\-rt'.'n . Tilt" "'PI-;:Iclo,lc ll ,,,-ipl' i, ,llhent in ont' indil'idll,11 ,HId in lcrru pted .\l ld lH'ad ,Irt' pt"tll)t)rtion:Ilc1) lungcI alld th(' lllllpan u m p ro..
nlltt i; L1 11 in t l\t I 'l)Cci III I.' 11:', Th e n ' III t' I ~ ,I fI' i III m ~1(' 1I b Ie, ex- jJillli<'II,lI cll' ];u'ger ill O. ,)/(IIl i (I'I)1 Ih,111 in 0. 1011171/10 (,ec
cept in UII\' Illale th;1\ ha, bnlwll Ikek, ,orl lilt' thro;H :Hld
IlH '.I'l lrcrlle l II:. Iwlol\' and Trul' h a lld l111d l l11an, 1971 :Table
;tnuthl'r 111,11 Ila~ hrown fkc].., Oil Iht" d u: -t . Th e webbill g :!) . {J" l'IJrl'phfllll' bIUk/I,)'1 ami 0. mbll'mi :11"1' small er. hal't'
fOlllllll" fo,r Ihe IWO OllIeI' fing(' r~ i, III :! ~- (2-2~) [V alid mi xl'd I.lrg. an d ,rna II tubl'lck~ 011 thl' dorsllm in 1ll:l1e~,
alel /I ,lle Ilallk,. Il1orl'lI'l"bhin!-\ ,)11 tlll'l l:tl ld, and lack bhbl .
fOI Ihl' 1011/ th Itle . I ~ -'t-.
The "l' "p.. cinl('I I' ;;gl ee Ill'll wi th tIl. (\tot.likd e!e..cripI ion hl't'l. ,HId 'll p rilcluacal ~ t ril)C~: 0. I/lbld/I i.. ,nl.llkr. hal>:I pH ....
orlhi, ' IW{ i t" ~ pn lI'ickd bl T rlleb ,111(1 1111t"1I11l.111 ( 197 1) and P{,1"1 i. II 1,IIeil 'ma11("1" 11"1 n pall II Ill, ,lIld hro.ld . tJ~II IS\'er-.( mark':>
Duelllll,1Il ( 197t'l) ()l.cepl for 'UlIll' lilt ,1'111 1'111. 'Il b and pro 1Jt.l'tl'rioril till tll(' d or~1I11l (;\ I,lrtill' ,md Clrdo-.u. 1987). Thc
por1ion ~. 011(' f, 'lIlale (KL' ~219 :~O) 1I,II'inl-;.1 ~\ ' L of67.0 i,
11llll,llIHd . ' 1ll.111. bromeliad-bltTdillg- ~pCCi6 aho lalb
brg{'1 Ih, III Ill(" pI "I'ioll ,h rep"l Ild 111.1''' i llllllil ,i Ie or 6 ,I.O. 'II- ipl' ~ ,111<1 ' 1Jt. 'r.. on Ihe fl.lllk ~ ,111(1 h,l~ mo re w(,bbing un
,lIld 01 Ii ' In,III ' (KL' 221931 ) havin~ ,I S\' I . II !'to. I i" br!{e r lh;1I1 Ihl" h,llld .
III li fe. II Ie (I. ,r~.al g roulld (' ,1<)1' I ,Iril" frt 1m duilla n 10 rl'dIlw plt"I'ioll,11 lepol'lt'd lIIa"il1lUIIl ,ill' 01 I~J.O (Ducl hn,llI .
197M) . Tibi,1 ll'ng-t h SVI. of nine 1ll : l k~ i~ O.:,'tI;....O.~97 ( X = di,h broll'l l: in 12 indilldllab. d' II'",1 Ill :tr k i n g-~co ll sisl 01 d :lrk
(l ':I):~ ) ill (UllIl",1 100.5 14--057 1 (X
1). :, :1~ ) IOII":!I rn:lles
n lilc j.(ri" -Il In d:lrk 1m 1\\11 IrOlI1WL'ISI' m:lrk, 011 Ih e hlad.
gil'-II 1)1 Tnleb and DlIdlm:ln ( 1971 ). 'I'll(' r~ lllg(' ofl~ lri a 1)<1(11 , :11111 lilllb,. II' h c rca~ rOll I" km:I[(" ha\'e a middnr':11
linn ul hc,ld I\idlh 5\'Lfall,wilhi n Ih(' 1,111!-\"" ~i \t'11 hI Trueb hI. It ch :1111 e rio rh ~II Id Ira n wt'r'(' Iria rks p. ,,! ('ri nr II'. :lIld 0111'
;lIld DII('l1l1l;11l ( 19 7 1) . bUI h e,ld kllglh i, pli 'po nionateh
'llh,ldll It klllak has an illdi:.1inC! hlotc h in the ..capular I eI-\"ll'.Il(T ill , t11111 .1ll',--O.3-1 9-0 .~nO ( \ = O,:l ,-,S, II ... 8 ) ill ((111- l-\"iOl1 ,\lui ~ 111 : 11l dark ~po l ~ 011 thl' ft" 1 ofl h c bu{h' (Fig. 10).
U-a, t I.. O .:~()'~) .~:G 7 ( f" == o .~ns. /I = ~ I) c r lllt"h .1IIe! l) u(l1- The 1I,1IIk~ an' dull 10 cr(',\l11\ 1.111 \\"ilh "mall. rOllll(1 (Lu-]..
m.lll, 197 1). rh(" I11 . llk~ 1 n!.llt, (L'RI'-\\'[1l 601 19 ) "ilh ,IS\ 'I, bro\\ll 01 hlac k ~I)Ob , The allll'rlOr ,lI ld pO~ll'rior ,"rraCe,
or II .:! 11,1" ,1 PI" I)t)llillll.ll(h I.lrge ht".ld-he ,ld k llglh 5\ 'L 'lfl ll" ll lig h,are brOI\n. Tht' I.lhi,l l. hee l. ,\lld " lpracluaC:11
0 , II I. IW,ld II'idth S\,L 0 .391. Aho. 0111 ~1)('("illl "I h have a , I ripe' .I re Cre,I11I\ white . .llul lh(' Il'll1el i ~ Ilhi le 10 crl';\llI .
j.{ll'.'llT t\ III p,1I111111 ell' 1-;ltil-o .,"!~O-O .~' II) ( I : 0.862. /I '" TILl' iri, i, (tlpper\' b rollll' Ilith tilll' hl,tek radiatjllg- l i'Il"~.

9 dd) ,Illel (j,t'l:I:-,- O.87:, (x == O.H\I:; , II = ~ Q9) ,md III COIIII~ I ~1

Fill' "I' II fl'ma1e, ha\"l' '11I:11!. dilf ll 'c g-mri~h bro wn :'P""
10 1J , (i:, ~-O . HHI ( \ '" 0 .777 . /I '" ~I dd ) ami 0.698-0,909 Oil lilt" c1H~ 1.
(. \ (J.7W,. II ~I Q9) (TrLlt"b:lnd Dll lllman.1971 ),
Tit .. lollowillg" rHl'asurelllenl' ~l lId propurtions ;11'(' lUI"
IhnT maI n ( the fi l"~t bei ll.'; Ih . , holul'Ilt' ) follo wed bl litc
Olilf'oceP/llifus Plclllio.pli Cope
I-:m gl' (1lilh IlIt~al1 in pal"t'nthc'c' ) fu~' eig-hl female,: S\' L
r hi, 1l,1I 11t" i~ re ~ u rrec l t' d hUIll II \(' "1lt " "IIH of 01(1'(!- ~-,IL~I , ti L(), 6:-,,9. 605-85.9 (7IB) ; l i hl~l kllglh S\'L 0.5 19.
Irl)/w/II I Ifllm /I II' !o.k'i II el ~l( h 111'1. I H (i~ (,I IH>111'111\ fick Tn u: h {ur,,"!, 0 ..-,$9 , 0 .569-0.676 (O.t; II ); lu: ,ld knglh S\'L O .~~-1 5.
,ll1d [)lId llll.II1 , 197 11. COpl' ( IHi I) h.t"'-'d the de ..crlplion O,j) 1, 0 .:\ 13. 0 .33-I-Wl9 I ( O ,~~ IH): h.,,((1 "idth 5\'1, 0 3 20.
l,r O llmu1!hll/1l \ /I/a II/ff'/IS 0 11 ,I .. iII /-: k "pc:ci1111' 11 (. \:,\Sp I I 399) O.:\~H , tJ.;H M, 0,3 15-0.365 (0 .3'1 7 ): hlllp.tl1Illll ! cl e 0.8 16 .

01 (olol .Hion uf Ih(' il i~ in O. ((/ I,,-,'w l i~ Iht' .Ib~ n c e of r.ldi .l lLn~ (\.11 k Il n e~ . ~lo~1 (Ither OI(l'f/rrp lwll/l h .I\( a hroil/e
01 ~ 1 (' \ ' lli"h Idl(", ili~ with r,leli,lIill g b1.ll k [irll'~. (j~lro
(rl)"O{,1 1 I'lIlfjl ll lf.,'1 I1f.,.'1>m r from the 101",:1' "I"pe".-.f the Anele,
111 Pelll h. l ~ ,I dllllied iri". bUI it i~ Ll rj.(I'r ,ltld h:1" dinic'rl' ll!
COlOI,llioll Ih.1I1 0. ((I bl('l/ll (I kllil' . lH~":!) .

I I ~RI'~lm '\L",\O~ NURllllR.' LORI' 10. P ~_RL

---

O.flOG. 0 .S8j. 0 .:S22-O.90 I (0.870) . T ht: wcbbing Ion IIlIb for

Ih e ,Huer lill g~'r~ is III ( ~~--3 ) -(2~-3-) IV . and the lo unh
loe h ; ,~ I ~-~ ph:,lang:c' Irce (.1' we b bi liP;. The holol\Vc and
12 uflhe 17 n ell' :'>lwciml'll~ h ;l\ e a hifid di,tal subanicular
lube rcle ou Fingt:r IV. The fOllr largesl females 1I;I\e S\'Ls
8~' ."
0( ." '" '9')
, [""
' 00
o '"
/ . .J-~:
I .f ;In( , n1a""t.:'0
_ ."- .
. (x "' ',_:->. "_ ) :
I"'''
" "dull males halT SVu, uf61 .6-6:-1.Y <-V '" li-).3) and Illa."e~

345

"I 1 ~.7- I S.5 (X ", 14 . 1)

rudi \' idll;ll ~

lIere lound at nig hl in the ,I\lcll' 10\l e~ ,II SJ

and NTI. a nd in Ihe Iloodplain fore ,1 al T 1.; mOSI were 011
Ircc I r \luk ~ ur brancht:, 1-:1 m a lx)\'e th e g round. Ollt: female ,,-.:,' ,m a 1;,lkn palm SlC Ill 0.'1 m abol'c th c waler iu
illl' lagooll. an d llnee km:lks wcrt: <lIon bushes al lhe
ed ge of lhe lagoon :11 5J.

' . I
~

Osteocephall,s flIurillus 5 1e indaciUlcr

Thi~

1:11':::<" lrl .. frog is rc p r~sen1(:d bl' twu individual, from

the si udl l o ne al SJ :Hld Ihn'e 1'1'0111 T 1.. TlI'u fen,;)ks wcfe
on lfec, 2-2.:-, In alx)\'c Ihe ground;ll lIig ht. '1'1\0 m;)k~ Were
pnched o n poks in camp al night. ami ont: mak w:t!> 011
Ihe ground in camp in opcn sunlight afler a showe r.
Thr~ e main hal'e SVI.s 0 1'66.0-7'2.7 (x '" 70. 1) and
m :,~~( ~ 01 I ~.O-~ 1.0 ( .V '" I 7.0). and 111"0 female s havc 5VL,
of 7~. 7 :tnd 90.0. and lHa S~l'S I ,r 28.0 and 4:t5. respectiveh'.
[n m e;h UrCm e n1.,. and propo n iolls, llw~ e 'pecimen s fall
within lht: ranges of\~lrialion of .e.9 mal,-s a nd 49 fl'm;)1c~
rqx)I"[t.:d bl Trllcb and Dut.:ll m an ( 197 1). All specim e n~ hal't:
darkll' nit m1t:d \'cnlcrs and lack white supl-,:,cloacal. heel. and
lahi:,1 'Irip~": Ihrci:' individuals han~ (la rk ~pots on pale
flanb. "h~rea~ Ihe o lhc r two h;,,"e ullitollnh' dark flanks (Fig.
10). T he we hbing lormu la !" ,I' Ihe OHler Ii "ger, is III (~+-~
~ )-('2-'2 +) IV: 15 ph :,b nge!i oflh~' fOllrth 11"- :1fI:.' frn ' 01
,,ebbing. T i,e di slal ~uh;lrti C lllar luhc rclt: on th e fourth ringn is bifid in four s pccimells.

...,

OsleQC(~phallls

,'
-

" ,

",

..

I,
\

Fig, I 0, O~II'{Jr"fJ'/(/ {II' , Top-o.l)lrllli("I)~, KL' ~21936. adull

malc. 65.9111111 SVL. ~ r iddle -o. Ifil1/71/1I1. KI. ' ~~r~I-1 r , :KIlll\
kltl,dc. 90.0 I11Ill S\ 'L B<lH~'111-0. ~ p .. !-i.L ~~r9 1 ~. ad ult
m;,Ie. '13. 1 111m SVL.

s pecies

Tht: t:X i ~ lCI1 CC of a Slmlll bromcliad-breeding OS/f'orf'{,ha{II'

rCS\" 1Il b ling 0. /(/I1/7//1B has ocell recogni/ed in cen LI~ 11 J\maJ(lI1i:l tor lIlore Il lal' ;1 d ccadl' (Zi'Il!llo:n 'I:l". I!J83: ZimITl crm;m and Hogan . IDR!: H o dl. 1990): Ihis ~pecie .. wa~
dc,cribt.:d a.. 0. OO/lhab.1'l/' frOIn celHral Amazona... Hralil b\
Junger :md Sehinari ( 1995). \\'hal "';" at fir'l thought to
b~' lhe .;;ono: 'l)CeiL's abo h:" bo:clI ob~en'ed ;lIthejun cl iuli
,,{ til e Rio Yall:lliiono ;md Rio Aliia/olla~ :Iliff al lli c AmaIon Cenler lor Em'ironillental Educalion a nd Research
1I L':!r Ihc .iullClinn of Rio SllCllsari and Rio :-";lpO. Loreto. Pe l'll
(\rED. pn,. ob,.) . T ho: ~peci L" Il"il~ heard al InO,1 nigh Ih in
Ihe ~ 11l (1I 101IC,;11 5J and \'T I.. ,I",ell a~ inlhL' fore~l :!lung
Ilw ~ lr( >alll:1I TI .. hill 1110 ,1 of Ille,al1~() ri g' ill a l c d from h igh
in the lret.:'; one callin g' m:lk was colkcll'd from a le rrcstri:ll hrulll~1i:l d ilt 2120 h ill TL on 17Juil'.
H al'ing a nla,s of 1..1. thi~ Illalt: ha' lht: fo llowing lTlL'a'llreinelll.': S\ '\. 43.1. libia kng-lh '2'2.5. head length 16.0. hcad
Il"id th I:). L t.:le :1. 1. 1llIlp:llllllti ~.(). TIll' w,hbi,lg fonnub
for the oUln Ii nger' is III ~ ~ -2- IV ; slig h I hie" 1h:m 1\\0
digil" are InT Olfweb bingoll Ih c fo urth IOc. Thc d i~tal ,ub;'l'I ic(1 I;1I luhercle 0 11 Ihe fUlirth fillg'er i, di~lillct!I' bifid .

~16

Crnl'> Oil the I,neral ma rgin:. of t he froll top'l ridal s ~Ire di~
linCl, Pale 'I ripe~ arc ab'ent un the lip,. IWI'h, :lIld abon:
the cloacal opclling": (brk~ 'pots an~ ah,('nt on the flanks.
,md thc \entci i, illllll:lCU1:ttc. Coloralion in life: dor,um
hrol\!l lIiLh fainLh dar\..cr b rown 'POb: fldnk~ Lan; :tmerior
and po,terior 'lirfacc~ of thigh:. bruwn: ,hall k, pale brown
with indi,tinct brown hal',; tllro;u and 1)('lh crt:>alll : \t' 11 1 1~1 1
:.urfacl" o f hind lilllb, 1;111: margin ofuppt'r lip hron/e-tan;
iri~ bronl(" with radiating b lack [ille" and h road . median.
h01i/(lIHallcddi,h brown ,tll'ak ( Fig. 10) : boncs whi tt:.
The combi nal ion o f ,mall .. i,e ,Ind wh ite bones immcdiatch di .. tingui .. h thi s ~ pe cin from other ()sl('Oc('/)hrllrl~. The
color of the iri, and ab~ellce oran axiflar\' lllembralle d islillg"ui,h il frull! O. ((/u/{'/(I/: Ihl' 'lllO)Olh do r:'lllll and rlanks
d i,lingui .. h it frOIH O. Imrklryi. an d Ihe ah,ence of pale
stl ipc~ on Ihe lip~. hecl.. and around the cloacal opening
diningui,h il from 0. ll'/nil'ullI and O. /'/lIl11 rl'p.l. It difft:r,
from 0. OQ/!Iwgl/~ b, ha \'ing more webbing" on the hand, and
fect, l..]litc. in,tl'ad 01grecn . bonc:.. and a dilfe rcnl call. ~ lale,
characteri,ticall\' call fi'um waler-ladcn bru!llcliad s: lhc c;1 1I
i, il !!lllitipha~ic :'(' rie, of nOle, resocmblillg a laugh, Thi~
spf'(ics. which i., knOllll from ,eH'rallu ca[ilic~ in DepartamelllO [ .01'('10. Peril. :'pp;u'(' lllh i~ unnamed.

PhJ llolIICdlfSlI Wagler

The colk c liull ~ cOlllain Ihrc .... of Ihe five 'pecie, of thi~
ge nu:. expocclcd in Iht' region: P. /Jirolorand P. pallillM II ere
not found. I [IIl\l'I'I;r. <l ,ingle indiddual is ["{Itrred 10 V
(()I'!t'~/I~. formerh reported on Iv fro111lhe holot\'pe. and one
specimcn repre ,en,-,> a new specie~ in Ihe Ph)'l/oll1ffli, ,(/ ullck/0'i g roup. forme ri \' unrecorded from the AmalOIl Ha,in.

Phyllomedllsa codes/is (Cope )

An adult male ( KL' ~2 1 911 ) oblained at :\,T L on 20Julv
1993 b\' Allun'o ~Ii l":tll(b and Jo:.cp h R. ~lcndel,on III arr
parently i, the fir:.1 ~pccimen reco rded ~ince Cope', (1874)
dncriplion oflhe 'pecic" whic h was b<l;.cd un a ' ingle lllale
from ~ 10' obal)) ba . Pt'rLL. Tilt, 11<.'\\' 'pt'dmen \\'a, compared
with the holollpe (A:-':SP 11 ~~84). Ikcause thi~ 'Iwcit:~ ha;.
n ot hee n idt;;ntifi('d fonneril' ill Ih e Am ll~onian anllrall
fauna. a full diagnmi .. and de:.cripLion are prm'id ed.
Diagn osis.-A member of I he genu .. l~h_\l/olllf(lu VI (~/,II~ II
,1I7rlo. Crul 1990) defined by the following combinatiun uf
chara Cle rs ( numbered character.. follow Duelll11:1I1, 197/ ):
( I ) ,noul trunc al e :lbuH... inclincd :tnlerOH'nlr:llI v in profile : (2) parotoid glands c\ifTlI~c or ele\aled. rOllnded, nOI
protruding dOl ,olal<: rall\'. ex tt'mli ng to midlengl h of bod,:
(3) dor:.al .. kin .. hagrc en with or wi tholll lubercle:. on limb,:
o~tt'oderm .. ab,cllt; ( I) fir,t finger ~hon<.:r than. and uppo,ahk 10, 'ccolld; (5) fir't loe longer Ihan. and oppo~a h k
to . ..ccoml: (6) di'C~ all fin ge r'> .. m all: (7) forearm much more
robu'l tlMn up per arm: (S) calcar ah'ent: (9 ) cloac al opening dirl'((t'd po~tcro,elltralh at midle\'cl of thigh:.: (10)
dOI ..al ,urbce , and ..ide (,I' head gn'en: ( II ) flanks green
,,-ilh ue;mn I\hite. Il'rtical (' lli p~oi(k ( 12) anterior and
p(hlerior '\lrCKe~ of I high, colored Ii ke flan 1,. ,: ( I ~) IhrO;1I
and che~t gl.i\i~h bro\\n ; belh p.de or;mge ; ( I -I) ulnar,

"llpracl(laCal ,ui pcs and margin, of uppt:r e\clid :l rld

[O\\e r jaw Crean1\' while: ( 15 ) iri~ b lack with cappen' reticulations: ( Hi) palpehrum clear : ( 17 ) S\ 'L GG 53_3-6'1.8.
Oflhe other 10 nOllli n;rl ' pec it;:" of Ph)'''ol/l('(lu~a in the
Amazun Ba"in. fi\'C :.pecit', difter from P. roi'ln/is bl' hal'i ng
a creal)) or \\'hile iris: of Ihne. P. (I/f/o/)OideJ is a s maller,
blU\\'n, II'rre'lrial ~ pt:cie:.. P. hulll i~ a ~mallcr :.pecie, lacki ng parotoid gl:lIld, and lIl;n'king,> on I he (Ian ks and lim bs.
V /OIllO/,/l'rlitt ha" ca lcar., and hrighl o r:1Ilge-I'cllow flan k;, and
hidden ~urface, of the limh~ with I'el tiral b ro\\'n or la\'end l'r bar,. 1'. vail/rlllli h"" elevated. angubr parolOid giand"
('xtending 10 tilt: ~acru lll and a longitudinal row of while granuks alullg the allgle uftlle gland . and V bir%ris IllllCh larger
wilh paroloid ghlld~ elev;ned do r,oble rally ;lIul ~m all
crt:anw wh i t(' spots bonk re d b v black on the f Ian k:. and ;Ulterior and posterior ~llrfaCt: ~ oflhe thig h:., Ph)lIolIIl'rluvl bolh,iwIU and an unnamed ~pccies re:.t'mhling V bofi.,i(lll(l han.'
a pale labial ,u-ipc extcnding onto Ihe rlan k,:I fainl[\' reticulated I'Clltcr. and b lack i ri~ with gold or c opper;' re l ic ulalion, (iii:. black in un named ~ pecic~ ) . III I'./mlliala the ve n te r
and fl ank, ,Ire cream wilh browll fleck, and t he iri~ i~ brOlHl'
with fine b l:tck reticul;l l iolh: lilt' iris i, s imilarl\' colored in
P. Inl'oro llfhio/i,. which ha .. Ihe flank, and hidden ,ulface~
of the th igh .. omnge \\'ith hlack b:lrs a nd Ihe vClller while with
hlac k fleck:. on the che~1. Ph),lIollltdllv,/oniio j, InuSI like P.
roeln/is. but in P. lanil/I males are muc h larger (SVL RI-90 ,
x == 8 -1.1. /I == 20 ) . Ihe pattern on the fl ank, consists of smal l,
irregula r pale llI;uks. and Illale~ lack \'oeill ~Iits ..
Oc~cripli on.- " = 2 00 ( Llla fur II' .h>l''Pe. if dit1~renl. in pan'l'Ihc,c,)_ Bodl 10hu'l: hc,jd ,Iholli a~ wide a, IOIl~: ~nOlll ulOdcr.lIdl ,hoI I. nearh IlllnGllc in dor .. ,Ll I'k\\. rUllll(k(f ahm'" all(f
,Iig hlll' in~linel l .ullerul e nlralh in prolllc: n,,,lrih pmlllhcrani.
direCied tlleralh. ,tl le\'el of .Ulterior margin uf lu"er lip: inlI'rna1'i,l l regi"n ,Iig-hlh deprc"ed : cunhu, ruSirali, .. lraigln.
IOlluded ,lI1(1 ~Ii !; hlh dCI'llnl in '('(Iiun: 101 ~';d rq{ion bard\ lOll I .!\l: lip, rOllll(kd. nO! flared: lOp of head fiat. .. Iig hlh dcpn.""l'd
h{'lo" k w i "I' camhi: inlcrorhil.ll (li"lanlc gl caler 'kill wi{hh of
uppe r c,clid ; C'C large. prullll:oel~lIl1: pupil ,enilall) ~'lIipliLll;
P.rllx:brurn clear: p;u ,(o id gblld d i~l ir1(1. elel~\l ld. round,'d in .....( I i, ><I, cx Icndi np; from II I'l'l '\' clt'l i(1 10 .lbow m idknp;1 h of 11o(h (diffu ..e ) , (;)110" cd PO,IC riurh hI four large. rUll 11 d plN uk, ('lb"e Ill ) :
"Il pr: ltl'lll pan ic fo ld .ll"'~ lll: 1\'11\ pan Hill d i~ti ll(l. round ...cpa I~lled
frulll e' e b, distance "bout OIW half diamClel o f II mp.1Il1Im .
A~ill"n Illcrnlll.lIle alr .. enl: uPlx' l .,,-m ~lcll(kr : forearm modcra leh robll .. l: n,w of 10 \\ Illbcrc1e .. (til l e lllro!aleral edge uf fore.11111 I rum l'1bo" to" ri"l: fing~r~ long. trcki ng "ebbing ,lIld laleral
lrin).;e .. : di .. c~ 'iIl,ll!. round: di:.< Oil Fins I'! III ,tl.l<HlI olle h,llf' ,i/('
ofllmp.l1ll1m: rd"lil!; kllglh .. of fing .. r .. I < II < IV < 111 : fir~1 finge r oppo ..ahk 10 "e(OIHI: "llh.lni(ul,u- Illhe rc1~< l.'rg~. round. cI~,.rtcd : <ul:oen 'Ullle l~ln IlliX'rc1e .. pIT ....'lll Ull h on pI o\.i In,tI .....:gl1ll'1l IS
uf Fi Il ge r~ II ~[\'. (lea I'll' tCJ ua [ iIt sile ,Ind <ll;IP" 10 "I han i.u lar 11IhCI(ie .. : p,dl1l,ll lubc! ck ditlu<c. bard' dc,.lIed: Ihen.lr lube rck
1.1I-ge. ell ipi ical. ele'':!led. l:oe:lri ng pigllle nled. bu I nOI [.. c I;l! in ou'.
Ilupti;tI excr~-.c~rrc~ Ull illl1CI alld d,,,-,al ,I ,rEIn', ( Fig. II ).
I Imd limb ,Jemler: nlkal .md llllwr.k .. on heel al)seuI: trail';'
Iel' .... dermal fold on heel ( OI11iml<)u, ",ilh row ofllLbcrflc .. U11 Oilier
ed ge "fl:rr'u .. : inner lar,.rl 1"ld ;lbelH: 10" uf 10\\ 1ll1wrck .. on
, e lllr;, 1 ~ lL rfdCt ,If I" 1'1I~: 011 lL"- Incla\,( /'~.tI Illl)erclc ,11) .. el1 l: i 1111er
lIll'lala r .. al 1111:oerc1e .. mall. 01 oid. nul d,i ble frun 1,ll)U, (': lOt'" II' ng.
l.'c!..iug " eb bing ,mel 1;l1~1711 frin~e<: di,n round ... liglllh ,mailer
lh,1II lho'e Ull fingcn: n:I,'lilc lenglh~ofloe .. [I < I < 111 < V < IV;
lar~a I.

1-I FRnTOn{"\\ OF ;'\'OKTH~_R.' L aKE 1"0. P tKL

,,
,

...........

Fig. II . H ;\ll d a ll d foot of Phyllom.('d ll~a (QI'/rI/iJ . KU 221 ~H..j.

Scale bar ", I m m.
fir~t

tuc oPI)(Jsable to '<Ccoml: suhanicular 1Ubcrcl c~ large. roulld:

SUI"l.:rlllltllcran tube rck, prese nt onl\ on proximal ~('gnlellt:>.
large. nearl>' equal 10 ~lLbarticular !ub('rcl~'~ (Fig. II ).
Cloacal open illg d irecwd pO~ll'fOI'(,!I 11';111> .11 111 i(lIc\'el of t.h i gh~:
cloacal sheath ~hor!. ullmodified : c1u~ler' of IMI~hlll,,1 tubercle~
ah~.' nl. Skin on dor!>al ~lIrf.\Ce~ ofhead .I)(J(h, and lilllb~ , hagreen
wilh rollnd 11Ib('l'c1e~ o n thighs :lIld shan 1..s mall on t.high,. air
~IH on ~han1..s): <kin on flan 1..~ ;\l co btc with (Ilithuut) ~cat!ered
low tubercles: s1..ill o n Ihroat. ch e!>!. belli. and l't'mr,,1 'lilface~ of
forearlll ~ and t h il( h~ coar,eI\' gran ular: 01 he r ~lllfa(l, < '111001 h : 0<;te(){l el'l ll~ abse il!: rOIl o f lull'. \\'11 i Ie lubercles on 1 e lll.ral ~u rbec,
of Ihig hs -5 on ri ght. 4 o n !ton (., on each): proxilllallUbercie
on cach thigh Imlch larger than Olhc r~ ('2nd on righllarge~t): rOil'
of low, II hile t\lbl'rcle, VII \'clltral ~ ulfac e' of \..'1I"i-1 on righl. 2
Oil left ( ill{li~tin ct). T ongue bro ad II bnceoiate, ~hallO\I II notched
po~teriorl\', rr~e bchilHl ror aboul 10% ot its lenglh. Delltigel'Olh
procC S~l'~ of I'omc r~ beari 11 g teel h-!l 0 11 rig hI . " on left (4--4 ). ,III_
gled lJO$teronl('d iall). located be tween lIlo(leraleh larg(,. I'('cldllg uldfchoall :le. Illod n aleh ~l'PMall:d mcdia1l1 . \ 'oeal '<ac _ingk.
med ian. ~11~>1.llar: 1 tICal <Ii LS short, ('xle nd ing a n ICI01 nedial II Irum
angle of jail'.
Color ill IHeSelyatil'e: Dor'U!II dull blue. parutoid g1a lld~ d.lrke<1 (no di,tinclioll ): ~el'en creallll Ilhil(', l'lTtical e llipsoid, (iI'regubrll' (IUadraHgular) on each flank cre<lllll II hill'. It'nic,,1
dlip.;ui(l, ( irregular m ar b ) 011 hiddell ~urf:ICC ' of lilllb_'2 ( I )
on upper ann~. 4 each o n fon.;arm, (d btal one< (O),lIe,c1) ,md
tarsi.:i e;u-h on ;ul1erior (4 lI'ith d istal O ll e~ coak~n: d ) ,U1d P"~
t(' rior ~U1facc s of th igh s and inrlt"r and ou tc r ~U1i"ce, of <han 1..,:
dor.a l ,urf'lce~ of Finger' III and 1\ ' ;lnd Toe' Ill-\' dull blue, of
Finger' I and II and Ton [ a nd ][ cl'(':l1l1l1'it h brOll'lli~h hlu(' 1)';111'\"el'~ l11.1rks: disc, on Finger. ! ,lIId II ;1111 on Toe, 1- ][ [ primarill

cream. 011 Fi11 g('r~ [II ,m d 1\' ,III dOli ["( >1:' 1\' .111(1 \ . pi i tlId ri 11 1,11'1..
blu~ . Thru.u ,md chc~1 dar1.. blOll1l 111\1\ '111.111 Ilhile '/XII nwdialII all Ihroat (ab' l:lIl) ,md 1.1rge Ilhil(' 'POI (lIIU 'pOI~ ) medi,,11I
on (' h e'l: bel II ( I ('am 1-\1 h HC I.llera III, brown i,h W~l I ,Ui1 CI iurl,,\\'lth th ree ,m.dl II hi Ie 'IJOb nwdiall\ (ab-.ellt). {lull OI~lllg" (er('.I1l! )
1)(J~lcriorll: lent!~11 sU1f.lce~ of ani]' ,Ind h;lIld, U'l'.un. wilh gral
~lIrrll~i()n on fingers: \ellll~IJ surf:lces o f lhigh, crcam ,IIHl:riorll
:md gr:1\ PO'llliorll. of 1,II',i an d fe CI gral. Cream\ II hl((' ,lllpe,
0 11 11I.lrgi n of II pper elTlid ,Ill d 011 1I1'lrg"i II of lower j:1II C x IC nd 1n g
PO'lcriorh 10. or n earll IU. fi 1'<1 .::Ilipl-Old m flai l].., (villi II uou, with
fi hi I ('rt ical Illa r ].., ): Irail SI cr,c creaml IIh ite <tl'i]X'~ "h<JI e cloacdl
opening ,md on heeh: cre:l1nl Ia n slri pe~ 011 ITllIl'olat('I';I1 cdgc~
o f forc;lrm , ,lIld tar<i.
Color in life: Do rsum greell wilh pale (l('a!lll wllile c1Iip,oid,
on f ian J...., <111(\ h idden ~\ Ir[l (e~ of lim b~: throat amf Chl"1 d",. ]", I(ral i ~h brown: belli pal.. dull (" -,mge: iri, bl.I(1.. \lith copp"n retl<ulation~ (Fig. l'l ).
~lc a~urem ell ts: S\ 'L 64.8 (53.3) , libia le ngth 31.4 (25.5) . fOOl
lenglh 22.G ( 17.S) . heacllengt.h. 23.0 ( IS.'2). hl\l(f\lldlll 2:!.8
( l i .G). illl('rOl'bil~11 flblancc S.4 (6.i). internarial dblan('(' :), 1
(4.i ) . cldid width 6.4 ( 5. ~' ) . elc-nO~lriI6,J (4.8), ell' 6.9 ( 3. ~).
In11lMIlUIIl -1.0 (3.5 ) .
Rc marks.-The h olotvpc is in reaso na bk good condition
:l lthollgh il i~ ~oft. and the ski n i, l oo~e. \ l o~1 of Ihe di ~
crepan c il:' belween the holotl'pe and the llew~pec imen arf'
i 11 ckrmal chara('1e r~ ( p llslularitv alld parotoid g land ~), th e
d islin Clness of wh ich can be due 10 pre~en'ation. I lo\\,c\cl'.
Cope ( 1974: 121) Slated: ..... no 1race of parotid gbnd or
line o f crypts." T he dis tin c tness of the parotuid gl an d~ i,
I'ariable in 'Ollie ~pecic~ of Ph \'lIom('dll~(l : a~ Ilo ted 1)1' Du('timan ( 19i4 ) ill ~orlle ~ pec imt.:m of P. /(tI'li,o Iht.: gblld~
arc d iffuse and bMt'h nOliceable. II'hc rea~ in othcr~ that an:
distinCl and el eva ted.
Cop e' s ( 1874 : 121 ) dc~c riplio l l of coloratioll-"Superior
surfaces b lut'. sides I'ellow. wilh Ic rti cal purple bar~" Conc ealed ~ llrfaces ligh I maro on. \I'ith r ello\\' Sp01S: on l Ilt' po,
lc r ior face of Ihe femur in IWO ~t'ri es. Bdll' and throat
se a-green. 1l 1l ~ pOII(' d . I .ower li p I clioII' b o rdered : upper lip
wi t houl1llilrkings. Cpper cldid, \(:'11011' bordt"re d ."-i , at
sollle \71 ri a n ce \I"i t h th e ho lotype ~l1Id wi I11 til e 1l { '1I' ~ peci IIltll .
A p air of di~tinct wh ite ~ poLS arc present o n tll(' che~l. The

Fig. 12. l.Jh)l/o/l/('dusa meieslil, KU 22 1911, adult male. 64.8

1Il1ll

S\'L.

31H
"\ca-g-I e<-'11" I CIUI dl colOl atiOIl h.I' hCt:ll ob~t:nf'rI ill ' Olllt:
P l'(/If/rlllii. but in the ne.:II 'IX'( iult'u, the thloat and chl'\(
1\I:'i'e hI (jlllli,h g'1~I\, .\lld the bclh 11,1\ dull 1)l,I1lg:e, Elidcnth
tht' ~l ripl;" and .,POh lh.11 "<-'fe.: crcamy "hite in the Ill''' ,pel'im<-'II ,I lid ,Ill' 11011 IIhill' in Ill(> holollpe IIerelt:llolI ill IllI'
holotl pt' "hell Cope e\..llllilled Iht, 'Iwcilllen. Cope', '\ e ftit,11 purple.: b,u," <lIT the intl'l'pact" (nmtiIlII Oll' lIith (he
d(u,.11 (OI(W.llil)ll) betllL'ell the lenical p,III' m;lrk, on tht::
t hill b,
["he Ile\\ 'peCillll'lI, h;l\illg ,I m;I" of 13.0, w", p erched
011 Ihe limb 0 1 ,1 tree 3 m ahOl l ' gloUlld ill [Ilt' ,[u{h fOlll'
;'\'TL .It Ilig:ht (202S hr). Other ~pecie, of Ph,IIOlllrdlllrl
1(lund ,H I he ',I1IIl' Ioell iII' arc P. IHI Iii. Iti ni 1/ '. 1011101)/1'1'1111. anrl
1'(li!!OIlII. Th l , Ilpt'lnca1il\ 01 I', (orlr~IB i, ~ r()lob'lmba. 8:10
m .tt tht:: b;I'e 01 (he r\lldL'~ <11)0\11 165 kltl SS\\' ofT l..
Col'hr;1Il and (;oln (1970) repol (t'(\ ,I 'I)l'cillle ll (~ I LS 62.
'1~\. unkllm,n. S\'L 62.6 mill) Iroml.a I' rO\i([l;'l1( i.l. Dcpar1.lIl1ell1\) Caqllel:i. Colombia. Ihal thel Il;'fl;'fil'd (0 jJ. bollI,inl/(/ Boult-nger. Photogr.lph, ofthi, ~pecilllcll (Cochran
ilnd Goin. 1'1. 10) ~holl ,11,lteral color pdlltTn like Ihal of P.
(or/r5//I. It i~ likt'l\ IIt.1I thi~ ~ PL'litllen repre,enb;1 third locality fOI P. (()('{('I/i\r:llhef Iklll ,111 .\IllMoni;11l record fill' P.
/Jolll'lf/l/(/. which Olht'I\I'i,t, h,I" Iwt'll r e p orted onh from
'1;'111i<lrid regioll~ of Bolil'ia. P;lragual .. 11 1(\ Ilonhl:'fll Argenlil1;1.
Phyllomer/llsa hulti new species

60 19.'1. an ad lilt Iliait-, fi um fon',]

pond ;\1 I.;) kill;'\' Telliellte L()pe/. I'lovinda 1.1) 1l'10. DeP;lI tallWIl(O 1.01'1;'[0. Pl;'ru (02 :1:, ~~S.!J"S. 76 OTO'2.0"\\,. 3 1(J
Ill). oblained 011 19 .1 1111 199:1 bl JO'l'ph R . .\ Iendehon III
and AJion,o \liLln(LI.
Diagnosis.-A Illt'lll be I (,f I h e I~h-, !foil/I'd/I \(/ llU eli "'-' / g:rou p
,l~ ddillL'd bl Cmnatdla (1980 ) wi(\1 the follolling l umbin;l\i')11 of dl,lr<l(tLT': (I) IOOillchbing II ~ +-3.5 IV ~+-~
V: (~) Cilctr~th,ell l : 'IlOW ,loping-in plofik: (-I) p:Il'a-anal
III bCl{ Il'\ pI l" e Ill; (:;') OU 1IT llll' tal,II-,a I III hI.' I cI e .dhe Ill: (6)
1\ hi te dor'<l1 PI1<;(IIlt-, pi 1;"l'llt: (7) qLlaclr~ltojllg-al pI (" ~l'lll : (R)
',lcro-cocCll-\"t'al ,II (ind.lIiol! bitonch lar.
In lomp,ll i,on with Ol lwr Illemht"-, 01 the PIi)'!fOllll'duI(j
bur/(/I'II gflllip (C<lnIMll' ll.l. I\lHO, p iLI' I'. dallirll prm'i,ionalh pl,ttl;'d ill lhe gruup bl Rlli/-Cm,lllf.1 1:'1 ,II. 19K5 ). f>.
Iwlli i, unicj\ll;' ill haling- coar,l;'h gmnlll.1 1 ,kin lHl Ihl:' dor,11m. The dor,al ~kin i~ find\ g: rdllular in IJ, IJI/(liIM.'i;l!ld I '.
1I1('(IIIWi (!!Illlooth in [he olher ~pecil"); the fonner Il<l~ ,L
,m,llkr tlrllP,Il1111ll (t\mp,11Ium ell' '" 0.329-0.37.-). x O.~:)2. /I '" 10) 1h.u i, b;ll'ell ('I idt1l1. II hl'rl;',l~ Ihe larg-cr 1\ 111pdlllllll (tlmp_lIlum clt: = O.IS9) i~di~liIlCl in/J.III//{i. FurthenntJI e. P. bu ddl'\ I difTer, frolll P. hl/lh 1)1 having' 'lIIall cll(ar
and 1I~ll<llh hali11g
, ,I ~nl.111 oute.:r met,lt;u',al Illhl;'rc!e: V
?11I"1)1,l.,rirlll ha, a Luge cal( .11'. 110 p;ll~hl!l.tl LuberLlt:'. ,md ,I
lIUnCd!!> "lOlit (al,o trullr<l h- ill V /l-II/UI"). I'lnl!omrtiuI{/
ria IIii'll i~ .1 dOlI hl1111 I) II;' In Ix' r of 1h e group boo'GII I!>l' (Jf iI, b i'ge
\i/l' (HOmlll l . lun h,l\,tlh IIeb bed . ,md \t'lIo\1 iri,,: lite olher
~Pt'til" ki\c ,\ "hitt' il i,. to("; lbuul one-fOUllh tt)olwlhird
\I\'bbcd . <l1Id 111<1 .... illllllll 'IHHII-\(' Ill 1('I!'fth, in malc~ of
Ho l ol)'pe. - l'l~ P-WED

3I.i-lI.S .

"

Descr iplion.-II = I. J leild h.mol> "IdeI' 1h.1Il boch: '"0\11 ,tHIn"

1).11'1'01.1\ n'lInded in {I01",1 I It'll. ~Iopillg .111tcriorll fmlll kll"1 (If
no'l' Ii, 10 1Il.1rgin 01 lip iu profik: uo'iril, I1lodl'l~lIeh prulUher.1111, (Iin'( It'd d",,,,l.lIl'rall\. ;\l kId po~tt'rif>l 10 ,1I1Ierior nurgi n
<)1 I"'H..-ym: illl"1 U:II 1.11 I('giun ~Iighlh {Iq>re "..ed, canlhus rO~lt-ali"
'11~liglll, dClIIt'1I l"IlllllCkel in 'ct lion: I,)n'" I regiun ,I iglllil cone,,, l":
lip, (1Iin, Ilot tidied: lOp 01 head /1:11; inlcl()1 hil.11 di~LIIl(C gn~alcr
Ih;lIl width "f IIPI>t.,. nt'lid: l"l" !.Irgc. prolI1b"I,!1lI: pllpil 1t'l'liGtlll elliptical: palpchru1)) clear: p"roloid gl;lI1d, nOl dilfcrenli.IIt"(I:
SUP'~Il\' lIlp.lI\ic lold Ihin.l')"tllding Iu p,)im dbol!' .mgll' ofj:m',
II(.t ob\cllri Ilg II ppCf l'dgl' " f I\'Ill pan UIll: 1\ 1)) P,I n IJ III roUI ,d. (I i".
Iinet wi t h ,Ilg h Ih c It'l~tled ,II IIlulu '. 'l'jlar:ued fn HlI C\T bl di '''!lICe
ctlu;111O I"" Ihinhdi;'llIctct oftlll\p'lIlum.
A.xill'lfl lue mbr.l!l!' ;Ib,t'nl; l'pIlI"' ,"1'1 ,1!'I,dcr; f"re'li'm mll{ler,lIt'h ]"(lilll'l: dl'rnl<ll fold from elholl 10 h;I~(' of (li~( Orl Finger
1\' n ,II I 011. ,lig-llIl\ (i"l'lltti ,Ill': fi 11 gel'S 1Il11(lnatt'iI 'hort, f1:t II enett
in 'l'ction , I:KJ...lIlg l\l'bbillg but 1r.1'lllg II.!I'rol' l.ul'fal Iri n ge Ull
c.](h ,ide " j 1'.lch digil: di,c, roun d : di,uncll'r of di-.c on Finger
[II equ;til() di.lI!lcler Ollymp,mll1n; ,'c!a1ilt' length, of fillgcr~ I <
II < 1\' < Ill ; di~l,ll ~ulunic\ll.l r lullerdc, conkal : proxi!n;,1 ,uIMr11< ubI' luberelc, lound. h,lrdl de,.lled; ~llpe rnUlll l' ral'\ tlll)('r
dc, {liffu,l'. plT'l'nt onll on proxim.d \cgIllCII~ of digi~: palmar
luberlil' cliITu-e: thenar 111lwrcic elliptl,al. poor!, dillcrel'li,tll'd:
111111. 1.. l'r:l1 inou, nllpLi;11 ext rc..;c(,IKC 4HI dor",1'til fa((' of h.t ....tl part
ofthuillb (Fig. l~~).
I li nd limh ,lcnell'! . long: c;,icotr MHlluberelc, on hed :lb' CllI:
OUicr 1.(1"):11 fold di'1I111t. (I (,IlIl1.tle. CXICI](l l11g fn1111 hccllo b:-.se
.,f di-..: on I He \': i nller \;\1',,11 fold a h'>l' Ill: outer llWlaldl "al 1\ Ibl'fell'
ah,cll1: i lIIH'f 11\CI,lIar,'] I UJ lx'rele 1,,11'. e llipl ical. I'i,ihlc from .llx.w:
I,W' Inode r ,ltd I lOll!: I, iIII di ,Ii 1)( Llall;'l~tl fril lge,..,bOlll oue-four! h
"ebhed: "chhi ng forrnllia II I 2+-3.5 IV 3+- 2 V; rd.ILi, e !eng-Ih_,
"lloc, I < II < JI I < \ ' < 1\': di,.-, round. ,lbOIIi equ,d ill ,itt, 10 Iho-.c
(\1\ fillgl'r~; tli 'l.ti ~llb.lni(lliar Illl;r.crcie, (onkal: pro,im;tl ,\Ib""
IlL U],,, t llll<'rtll'~ I01111 d. ele\ ,lIed; ,\I pcru II Iller.ln III herck~ indi <tlll<1 (Fig. 13).

-,

~-

,
'-. A

';

.;

,I
Fig. 13. Il and anrl foot of
GOI 9S. Seait' 1):11' == I 111111 .

l'h)llolII('(llI~a

l/lllli. L' RP-WE D

Clo,tCal open i1If,' d iIeoed I'CI1 IralII "I 1011('1' kl'd I)f Ih ig h~: clo<l("ti ~hc,llh long: p:u,;\anal IUbl' I'( k~ pre'cllI. Skin ~>Il dor,al ~lIr
facc', cxcepl upper :tnns ;111(1 digits cO,lr.;el, gramli,lr: ,kin 011
bell, weakh grallut:.r: ,kin 011 other ~lIrr.lCCs ~nloolh: olle wl,ile,
t"iel'aled wan on bodl: "~Icodt;rm~ ab~t;IH , TongllC Ianc('ol.lIc.
Ilcarll Ihn:c timc. as lOll!;: as wide, di.tinctll Ilotched pu.teriorh .
free Ixh ilid fur about 01 H' t..li r 01 it" lengl h, Dcmigef'Uu, procc,<.e'
of \'Olne l'~ eaeit hcaring Ihn.T leclh. angled po.tt"ronwdiallv be
t\\c,'n larg" rcniform choanac. 1110cleralch scpar:ucd mcdialh ,
\' ocal sac si nglc. media 11. su bgul.lr: \'oc.t! ,lit ex tendi I1g frolll 111 id~
lateral ba~c of longut' neal h' 10 angle of j:'w.
Color in pre,('I'\,alil'c: I Ic:,d and dorslm] of bod I '. limb, (exccpt
uppe r arms). ami proximal pans ofF'inger IV and Toes 1\ ' .mel \'
dark. dull blut' ,,; t.h <catt ere([ pale blue flct' ks: upper anl1~. fI.1Il b.
bdh, :111d otllt'r ,urfaces of limbs and digit, creall) : th,o:,t. mar~
gin of up pel' lip. ulnar :1I1d larsal stripes. para.anal tubercles, :111(\
lower ('(Ige or cloacal sheath white .
Color ill life: At night dorsum d,lrk greell " 'illl small. p:lIe green
flecks. B\ el;" dorsum pale green: flanks and hidden sm1aces of
limh, OI~UlgC: chin. belli. and labi:ll. \llnar. tar.;!!. and inrradoa
cal ~tripes while: iri5 cr<;am (PI. I ).
~1easun:menl~: S\'L 37.1. tihia length 18.6, foot le ngth 135. head
length 24.0, h~:td width 14.1, i!1!!;'rorbilal distanc!;' S.2, illlcrnar
!al d i,tance 3.0. CI did "~(h h ".2. C\ t'no~{ri1 3.9, c,'C " .S, 1V!l1 pan 11 111
2,2: mass 15 g,
Etymo logy.- T hc specific namc is a palrom'm for Dr.
Clark H ull, [ mironmcntal ~1'Ulagcr. Occidetltal Petroleum
Compatw ofPcru: his broad outlook on elwironmctltal isslles sets an outstanding exalll p le.
Rcmarks.-Th e holot)'pe was perched on a leaf of a I'in e
" m abOI'e the grollnd: Ih e vine was al tac hed to a t rct:! al Ih e
ed ge o f Ihe forest pond ~T L . The frog was collected al
2225 hr. T his pond was I'isited nigh tl y fo r nine nigh I S
( 16-24 J ul}'); no other individuals were ob~cr\'nl nor was
any unknown phyllotl1edusine call heard. Du ring th is Ii me
four male Ph),1I0lllfduJfI Iflniuswere fou lld ill Irees IlL'ar Ihe
pond and four species of /")' {lI ( H. kOt'rldilli.j){/l"IIirf/)s. dlCit/o/1f/,/a. sa/"{/)'flrueIHis) wcre calling rrom bushes and loll' herb~
in , and a ro und. the pond.
Th i~ is the on 11' species of Ihe Ph),lIolnf'llllsa bllrk/I!)'i group
known from the AmaLon Basin. The other species arc
tllostl\', confined to cooic r 1110nt:\I1C forests, bUI P. burkle.,.i
.
range. rrom 400- 1870 m on lhe Amalonia ll slopes of Ille
Andes in Ecuador. and P. ,,~i/Q"Jl,"iQ'n occurs at del-at.ion s or
100-300 m on the.- Pacific lowlands of Colombia (Cannaldla.
1980).
Ph),llomcdusa lan-ius (Cope)

Fil'c ad ult males hal'i ng wtll-developed. dark b rown nup(ial excrescences have SVLs or 82.2-88. i ( x = 85.6) and
masses 01'20.0-30.0 (X = 27.4). Thc paroloid gla nds arc
dirfuse in Ihree indil'iduals and ek-valed. round. an d extendi ng to midicnglh orlhe b(1(h' in (\\,0 individuals. One
was perc hed on a tree limb 1.5 m above I he grolllid al nig h t
in the study zone al SJ. FOllr were on limbs orlrees 1.5-4.0
III above Ihe ground ncar thL' forest pon d NTL.
f'll),llomcdusa lom oplcnlll Cope

OtI C adult m ale wil.h well-developed nllptial cxcresC<'nces

and h~l\';ng a SVL or 'IS.O and ma.,s of 3.5 \I":t~ in a bu~h al

the.- L'dge of Ill L' fore,1 dearing al SJ al nighl. or 1110 indiI;dual, from Ih e s1ltd} lone NTL. 011~ gra"id remale hal'ing a SV I. or 56.6 and mas~ of 9.5 ",a~ on a palm frund 1.2
III a bove the ground at nighl un 2IJ ull': till" uthel indi\idual. ajuvcnile having a SVL of 28.4 and mas, ofO.911'1S 011
a leaf 1.5 III abuye the ground al night 011 17 Jul\'.
Ph),llomerillsa vailfullli Boulcngcr

With the.- exception of one adul! male haling a SVL or59.9

and:1 ma,s of9.6 round 011 a lear 1.2 111 abovc Ihe ground
m nighl al NTI .. all a(litlLS arc rrom SJ. where mO~1 " '('re roulld
'1 (~aC el11 10 the lagoon at the edge or the sllIdv 101lL' , Three
small males (SVL = 48.'l. 48.8. '19.4: ma,>~ = 3. 1. j.6. j.O) with
weaklv d e"eloped nu p lial excrescen,es were ca lling: from
bushes an d treL'S 0.5-1 .5 Tn abol'e tlw ed ge of Ihe water on
Ihe nig h 1 orS J uh'. A large adult male (S\ 'L = 53.3. 111:\SS :
8.0 g) was on a bllsh al Ihe edge o r the lagoon 011 8 Jul \'.
Onl~' IWO rcmale~ we re found: a gravid individual having a
$VL of 81.5 and a mass or 31.0 was walking on Ihe ground
near the lagoon on 2July. A sma ll fcmale (SVL = 48.2. mass
= 4.8 g) containing small ov:a rian eg-gs was in a b ush about
200 III frorn Ihe lagool1 on 10Juh-. Ajul'eni1e ha"ing a S\'L
or 3.::'.0 and a weigh I or 1.7 grn a l ~o was roulld on 10Jul l'.
-' Iany metamorph osing and recendv Illd:ltnorpho\ed
voung wcre obsen.'ed on the ground a nd on ,'ege lation up
to 3 III above the ground ncar the lago o n at~ J on thc nights
of30 JUl1c-5 J uly; 1" indil'i d u,ll ~ with part.iallail~ ha,'e S\,Ls
of 20.3-23.6 ( ;V = 21.6). tail1cngths of 1.2- 16.6 (x = 7.1 ) .
and masses or 0 .8- 1. i (X = 1.3), wlH:reas l1in~ individuals
withoul lails oblained on 10 Jul\' ha\'e S\' l.~ or 22.8-26.3
(x = 24,S). Ten reet'ndy me l~' rllorph o~ed I'oung round al
the oxbow lake al T L on 16-21 J uk ha"e S\,L~ or2R.2-37. 7
(x ,,30.1 ) and weights of 1.0-2.7 (.i" ,, 1.4). hen the
smallest o flhe se.- hayc the distinClilT d or~olatcra! row oftubcrcks. \\'h ich ill ~Tl1all indil'iduals are rU'I\' orange i tI~lead
of white. as the" arL' in larger indi\'idll;)ls. In Ihe nlL'Tarnorpho~ing yOl tng tile dorSltlll i~ dark gre.-en. I.ht \'en ler gm\ ish while with paic green spots on the chest. and t.he iris ,ill'el".
Th c presence of small calling males. large calli ng male,.
a gr:lIid adult remale, a <;ub:,duIt male and remale . .Itld
lUling of "ariOll~ ~izes ~llgge~ 1 a long repl UdllCI iI'(' ~ea,on
in Ihis species.
&illax CIlIt'II/omma (Duellman )

Of four indi"iduah rrom T L. onc adult male ( S\ 1~ 21.0.

mass 0.3) was on emergent l'egetatiOll in a temporary pOl1d
al night. one.- gra,'id remale (S\'L 27.7. rna s~ 1.0) was on a
kafO.5 III abo"c ground in Ihe flood p lain forest al night.
o n e subadtdl male (S\,L 19.9. mass 0.2) wa~ 011 a lcar2 III
above t he edge or thc oxbow lake at nigh\' and UlH.' subadu It
(('mak (S\'L 23.0. ma~s 0.7) wa~ under a board in ,I clearing bv tla'. In lire. tile.- adulb were greetl ",ilh d arkcrgrt't'll
,tripes. and tlte posterior surfaces or the Ihigh. were dark
b row n : Ihe vcnter wa~ crcanll'white, and the iri~ wa~ bron/e
wilh a horilo11lal red 'tfeak.

350
Scill axfilllt'1'ea (Cope)

Two gr:wid females having SVLs of 39 .9 and ~ 7 .6 and

masses of 3.4 and 3.8 were perch ed on branches 5 and 3 m
above the ground at night in the sUlclyzonc at SJ and in the
flood plain forest a! T L. n::s pecti,d r A! nigh! at the fore st
pond XT L a spe nt fe ma le hming;l SVL of37 .7 a nd a mass
of 2.5 was o b~er';e d r unnin g lip the trunk of a sapling.
Color 110tes on gravid females in life arc: KU 22 I960-Dorsum p:1l e olive gree n wit h d a rk o live gree n m'lrkings; flanks
cre:1mr rc llow with black markings; iris coppel)' bronze.
KU 22 1961 - Dorsum mottled reddish b ra wl 1 alld dar k
brown ; flan ks rellol" wilh dark brO\\'11 spots: anterior and posterior surfaces of t highs d ark brown with pale green streaks:
rh roat and be ll }' dirty cn :am: ventral surfaces of limbs pale
green: iris b ronze.
Scillax garbei (M iranda-Ribeiro)

from Satlta Cecilia. Ecuador-29.4-33.8 ( X ,. 32.1) ; all of

these ~pecime tl, h<l\"e dorsolatera l stripes. Only 12 (52%)
of the spe cilllen~ from SJ a nd TL have d orsolateral stripes.
Th e dorS\lm in th e othc rs is olin: brow11 to brown wi th tan
to pale grav mottling. Th e ye llow spots O t! the postclior surfaces of the th ighs are d iffuse in nine ~peci rn ens. fuur of
wh ich have dorsolateral stripes. Thus, th c specimens from
SJ and TL hal'e combinations of feature s. individual on es
of which a re c haracteristic of pop u lation s of S. "!lbm to the
north. west. and sottthwest.
I .EPTOOAc nl .tOAF

Adeloplll)'lIe

Th e ge n us ArMo/"II}1I1' was proposed bv Hoogmoed and

Lescure ( 1984) for two new species of min lIt e le ptod act),1id
frogs haling fl atten ed digits. as\'lnmetrically pointed discs
with late ral grooves on the toes. fou rth fIn ge r reduced in
si l t: wi th only two or three phalanges a nd one su barlicular
llibercle. Three ;l(lditional species were narl"led from northeastern 1~"lIil by Hoogmoed et a1. ( 1994) . The present specimen s. whic h ex hibit g reater digi t:'!1 red\tefion and have
only three fu nctional digits on the hand a n d fool. olwi ously represe nt a n undesc ribed spccies that is tcntati,c1y
placed in Adeio/,!i')'J/c. For case of comparison. the following diagnosi ~ and d escri pti o n folloll' th e forma t of Hoogmoed and Lescure ( 1984 ) .

1\ lales were calling from vi n es a nd le;wes o f b ushes at th e

edge o f the lagoon at S./ on 1-5J uly; some ca lled from a horizontal po~itiotl. and others wefe head down . Seven males
have SVLs 01'32.8-3'1.9 CF = 33.7) and masses of 1.4-2.0
(X = 1. 76). A single fema le from the sanw lagoon has a
SVL of 38.5 and a mass of 2.6. Th e bars on the lim bs arc
pale orange in life, and the snout has a pro nou nced tuocrd e:
in these ch aracters they are like specimens from Santa Cecilia, Ecuador. but ther a re sli g htlv smaller (Duell man ,
1978). Th ey arc q uite diO-erent from spe ciruem frOlll the
j Ull ction o f the Rio Vanamono and Rio Alll~vonas, Loreto.
Pent. which hm'e less w be rClllm e skin, no pro minent tu bercle
Adelophl)'lIe hidact),fa new species
on the snout, and red bars on the limbs (Due llm an and
Ho lolype,-U RP-WED 59953, atl ad \lh male, from San
Wien s. 1993) . Furthermore, these spe cimens (KU 220342J acinto. 190 lll . Departa me nto Loreto. Peru. o b tained on i
45.220-132-33) arc larger; 3 ma1c~ hal'c SVLs of 34.9-39.2
J uly 1993 by Richard A. Lesch e n.
(X - 37.2) all d three female s havc SVLs of 45.0-49. 1
Referred specime n.-K L' 22 1992. an adul t female. from
(X ,. 46.7).
1.5 km N T eni ente Lopez. (02 3539 .O""S. 76"0659.0W,
340 111 ), P ro'~ncia Loreto. Departamento Loreto . Pe ru , obScillax nlbm (Laurcnti)
tained on Ii July 1993 by ./oseph R. )\'\endelson Ill.
Diagnosis.-A minute frog (nl:lxi mllm SVL 12.4) with FinTh i~ species was abu ndant in clearings at the cam ps at SJ
an d T L; indil'id uals wl;:re found by day un(kr cover and at ger 1 not evident externally. Fingers II and IV greatly reduced:
night on b uildings and in grass,' areas, where ma les cal1ed Toe I not L'\~dent externally. Toe II reduced to tubercle; T oes
from sticks and vege tation abOl'e shallow water. One male III and IV g rc'ltly reduced: tips of di gits asymmetrica ll y
with a mass of 1.6 g in grass at night had it dragonflv in its pointed ; skin 011 do rsum finely sh agrecn , Hanks and bdly
mou th . On c gravid female \,<lS at the edge of th e oxbow bl ack lI'ith cream spots.
lake at TL at night. Thirteen adult male ... haH. SVLs of
Adl'lo/)III)"11' In(larty /a diffe rs from iLS congeners by havi n g
25.4-35.0 (x = 30.3) and masses o f 1.3-1.8 (x = 1.56): eight on I)' th ree externally visible digiLS on the hand ~uld foot , presgrmid females have SVl..<; o f 34.5-40 .7 (X = 37.9) and masses cnce of elliptical tubercle o n p roximal outer edge of tars us
and lat eral fringes O t! toes. p ro portionately large r lpnpao f 2. 1-3.3 (-v '" 2.8 ).
Dudlman a nd Wi e n s ( 1993:39) noted ..... specimen s 11U rn. a tl d i11 colora tion. Adelo/JIII)' III' ad imlola. ba rlilli lensis.
from the lower Rio Pasta7a drainage. Ecuador. are sma ll er a nd g!lll!lm~alack pale S pOL~ o n the flanks. whereas A./)(I(hythan t\pical S. I1Ibra in the u ppe r Ama70n Basi n. Also. some da r /lkl has white flecks on th e do rsum and A . mmwl{J!w/Jf'I1
~pccinlC n ~ from the lI'e~tcrn edge o f th e Amazon Basin in
SH I ;;l~ a d ark hou rg b ss-.. haped or X-sha ped mark on the
Departamento San 1\ larlin LPend are larger, lack dorsolateral dorsum .
Description.-I! = I 9 . 1 CJ. SVL 10 12.4 111m ; h ead slighth' lI'id<:r
suipes. and have diffu~e r ellol" spots on the posterior surfaces of th e thighs. The speci m e n~ from SJ and TL are vari- than long. nOI a~ "'ide as bo(h . Snollt long: c\t'-nostril distan ce
able in ~ i/e and color pattern . The r;mge and me an in SVL It,s Ihan diarncto:r of eyc; S UO It! blunlll' rouudcd in dorsal Iiew.
of these ~ pecit1le n s i ~ greater than in a series of 17 males lollll(led "bol'e and il1clil1ed posll':roYl':lllrall1' in profile: canth115
rO~lralis inclhtinci . stnlight. clIr'ed in scction: loreal region flat .

j-I FRPETOFAll:-J,\ OF NORT! IERN LORFro, P~RL'

35 1

Fig. 14. Adelo/)h l)'I1(,/I1'dM/),/(i. KU 221992. adlll! female. 11 .5 mm SV\.. A Velller. B. Sick of head, C. P!anlaniewoffoo1.
O. Pa lm ar view of hand. Scak bars: A =c 2 mm: B-O = I m111 .
in con lin uou, plane " 'iIh lips. Nuslri I.; IJot: 10'" lev('1 uf caul h lI';. 1101
prol uoc r.ml. rl irCCled \al 0.: (';I! 11 a1 Ir'\'d of an lerior 111:1 rgi n of 10W('I'
jiM; i ulen larb I aro.::1. l1ul (it- presscd. Top of head ,I igh II\' eonl''-'x:
i11lerorbilal diqanee more dlal1 I 5 X Iliddl 01 uppe r ('\'d id; C"t' largt'.
IlUl gr,,;rt !)' prol1lberanl : plipillrorilon la\l) elliptical . TCll1po nl \
regiull "cnie:ll: t\1111)Clllic al1ml \rl' di'linct except pU"lcrodor'<.:ll h
whe re ob<C\lrcd bl' ditTu,c suprall'mp:lIlic fold: di:llllt'(t'r 0111111pan L11ll abow 111'0-1 h irds 1h:lI of <.:w. ,ep;rral cd from e)'l' b) (I iSlal1ec
ahou1 011 e-Ih i rd dialllCler of 1\,111 p:tIllllll (f ig . 14 ).
Oeilligo.:roll< proce'scs of l'011I<:r< each bearing [, o r 6 [('ell I.

Mr.rig"hl. bare!> -.cp,rra[('d Illcdialh'.localed .11 IeI'd bel"'een orbiLS

,md well pO~It.:rior to ,mall. ovoid r!lo:rn,ll'. T ongue limn'otllc.
n 01 l10te hed po>terior\). <tll:lehed on I) alll",riorh, \ 'oe;rl ,I iLS long,
t.:)' IClldillg aillt.:romedialh from angle ofj:m'.
Skin on d01'<wn finch ,hagrco.:n: thaI 011 f\;l1Iks dnd ,enter
.mOOlh : d iscoicbl fold a b", III: rolds on wrisi.:> and he(' h. :lnd 1)(, low
[}'Ill pallllln a bSt.:ll I. Cloacal ,I pen u rc :1 pueko.: red open inl; di reeled
po~(eliorll al upper k\'t:1 uf Ihiglr~.
I bond wi t h la rge. radliko.: P" 1III (oml)QS('d of d iffuSt.: Iu b('rTlc~:
1wo indi,tinct ~ubanicular luberclc_ on Finger [II : Finger, [I .tnd

TII~ L" l\ I 1t.'i[T\ 0 .. K.\'".\~ $( It'. F BI;I L~ II '

111 t'qll.tI m length. ~h"'I. hhlllLeumpll'll'1I hl'l'll \"Ih Fingl'r III ;

FiIl)!;t'I' 1 1101 t',id"lll ,xI,rtld lll, Fi!l!{ci III "lilt 1.'!t'I.ll frillgl',
pOIllI"d 1t'1111111;\11I. ,,'ilho\l! ,II" ( Fig. I", ). i'\UplI,rI CX(TCSCt' nct"
.11l.....II I, I'hal.m gt'al fOI III 11]" 1-1-:'_1: lern1l n.tI ph .Il.mgl's l)Oi !lIt(\.
F Ihpllc.11 Il.Iocrck 011 1'1 ' ," 111.,1 outer I'dgc uf I.!r,u, (01 1\('111 i!>(',
1.11'11' 'lI1oulh); lillIe. mt'I,u.II',,;!llUh.'rdc ,rn,tl1. dllf!l~ : OUicr
IIWI,lt,1I ',II Iuix-rdc ,lb-":' !lI: '!lIMn Icubr I ub.:rd .', ImiL ,unCI: b,l "II
pl.lnl.,r ~111-r,lce p<ldl1l...,. Tip' of loe!> (I1Lul'd m." ,m,IH, ;!~Im,
II1I'trll.11 d l.;.c~. "lig h III l>ttl"r Ih.11I loe'. 1.rc:l..ul g I irU1111 fel elll i.II
g I, " " t' ~: I, 't" de prc'~c{1. 1111 '\l' hbl'd, bill wil II 1.11 t' r ,II fl i"gc': rd.l111 " kl1glh~ ufloeS II < \' < 111 < I V, Ph,tI,mgt'.rllunl1l1la {I'ie"'t'd
111 I .,d lOg l~lph,) I_ I _~I-:!: l...-min,11 pI1.lI.mg<" I)(OIIued {Fig. II ).
\r! WIl hi lid hll1b~ Ik:>.<:d .ll righl ,mglt:' 10 IOllgill1dlll,tI plane of
l>u(l\. hed~ touch hl1l d" 1101 er I..p; tibia 1c1lglh I I _4:V{ ofS\' L.
\ le,I'llIl'llll'lIts: I lol"l\p<:, Kl' ~~19<)~ ; " \ '1. 1'1, 1. 11.5: 1I11i,1
kllglh ,-, 1.5.0: fOOI1cngth I I. I.~: hc"d lenglh 3.(,. :1.6: head widlh
1.1). 1.1: mlc rorhu;!1 dl'I,mCI' 1.6. 1.6: ('\('Iid U.U. 1.1): llHl'rn;lri;rl
d i'l,llIU' 1.0 . I,ll: CIl~II U~Lrill.:!, 1.1:el'<' di,llllClcr I .ti. 15: 1I1npanl1l11
d i;lI1l<'1 t'l 1,fI , (1.9: c, C-I' it11',llllllll n, :~. 0.3.
( '.t ,I,,, .11 i011 iII pre,,1'\ . 1ii,': 11 \'r~ll III of hea(l , hod" and Ii 111 b s
hro" 11 "i Ih P" Ie (,m ' 1)0" .md flecl..~: llal"[(,I\ c re ,1111\ 1.111 can (h.ll
~Iripc e'lt'mling along "lllcr edge of IIpper l',,'lld ,Illd conlinu011' 1\lIh llrl'guiar cre,llll' I.n dor'iO l ,l1cl~11 ~lrrp(_', 1)()rder-ed b,
d,ll I.. hI 0\\'11. ,'xlel1Clillg fn ",I p. '~I('rior ~dge ,If l'l ,hd 10 groin: flan ls
.mt! hdh d.lfl.. hrolll1 II lilt l,trgl' hllli~h Ilhll(' '1)< '1.'> ( Fig. 8): Up pl"
lip. 1111'0,11. lelllral '!llf."," .,1 11mb, .. md ,mlcn,,, .md 1)O~t('rior
'II 1'1.11 e" of I II ig h~ bl tl"'ll "i Ih (' n ' ,I m flee I.. ~.
COIOI.lIiOI1 in life: KL' ~:2ID~''l-1)ors lllll "I 1W,Id, bn rll, .mel
hmh, d.lrk brown willt n ,',Im tkcls :1I1{[ lun 011 rrC. lI n (.IIHh.11 ,md
dur ... ,J.llcl~11 ~lripc~: t1.ml..~ .md l~ 111 bldcl..l1 u It cr,' .Im '1)01..'>: Ih 1'0,11
.mll \ l'IIII,11 'lIrf.,o" 01 Illnl" hn ,WII 11'11 h neal n Ikcls; ,ulterior ,md
p'Nt'n,,, 'llrf;J.ce~ of upper ,mn OI;J.nge-l:m: In, red (PI. I J.
E tym o logy.- T he ' Iw e iric Cp itlll:t i, all ;1(Uecliw d erind
hotll Ihe Gree k dokl)'/ol' IlH.:anin g fillgt' r (II loe an d lhe
(;11'l' \'" prerlx 111- Ill t'a nill g thn:e: lhe ll;l1lll' Icl ers LO t h e
prl"ellCr (, ro llh Ihlt'l' fllnctiOllal d igi t, nn Ihe h an d an d
foot.
Eco logy. - Iwth individuals we r e in primal' rorest. The
hoI. III pl' II,\.'> ina P,III of pn':'l'n'al il e bdoll .111 in "('Cl-f1 ig h t
il1ll.'l(ept trap earh ill Ihe morning. and tlw ulher ind i\'id 11:11 \\,1" in a pilralllrap al 222 ~) h . I~th ~Pl'C il1H ' I1 ~ h avc "mall
a llf ~ ill Iheir ,\(tl11:t ( h ~.
RC1llllrk ..,-Six ~pec i nH'II~ ( ~ I PEG ."' ~O I-(G. 5637: R.\IN I I
26.'1 I 2-1 ") Irom T a b;u i 11f,f.I. l'~ I, ldo Am:UOII ,I', Ill~ui I. ;ue Ii \...e
. \. /nflfl {'I,/a in halin,l.( reduced digits on the h,I1Ub and teCI.
re nding lunher SWell. IlInl' "pecirnell' ,Irl.: It' 1I 1a[ilcl\ reft.n ld 10 I. Im/tu/l/u , I'.lh. ll inga i!> oIl)()1I1 700 \...Ill ES E of
,5,,111 J.lci II \I .
Cu III P:1Il "un of t he t WH 'peci tll e 11) o f t\ . /11f/(I {'lyla wi Ih 111'0
<II , \. fldl(lI/rHfI ( KU 2'10 1 7~I , 220S6-1) Irom QI l\,: brad,1 V:'Isqll e~,
11(,nh "id e of lowe r Ril l T .llll la\'o . De part.1Il1e llll) Lu rl.'IO, Penl
(t i r"t Pen 1\i.1Il recol d) I t '\'cal, th at the la Iter .11'(' ,ligh lh largl'r
(~\'1. ILl. 14.4 ), h.\\l 1I10rc g'~ll1lll. lr ~\"' i l l 011 t h e d or~uJJl,
\Ihitll j" Iw,uh IIllifortll d, lr\... brol\ n wilh no p ale canlh;11
<lnd dor,o l,Heral 'tri p (', ,"Id h,l11d" a n d feet .1' de..crilx:d for
the t' l)(' "eries 01 , \. "dunlvftl by H oogliloed .111(1 Le~l1 r e
( I (IBI ).
EX;11I1in,llion of r.1di,,!-\r,lph, of Ihe tIP" 'I.'rie.'> or A. 11';d(ll/,/" ,Inel the 1\\0 ~P('{ imell" of, \. fIlilmlu/u "howed Ihe phaI.lIlg(',11 I eduction de,cI ibed in . \. /nti(lch/(I and the
ph"bng(' ,11 fonnul ,\ ill \ . (l(IUII/Oitl 10 hI' 2-2- ~~2 in the

,II

in lhc foot. TIIlI ~. t lt e"e two !>pecimelh

til A. (ldi{/:j/o/a h:Wt' pll:rbllgc al red uLt.i, J)1 ill lhl' foul. a ~ COIIIp.tred ,,ith the 1\'1)<' ' e rin. in whi c h lh e ph:l!allgeal furmula
i" 2-2-3-4-3 ( 1looAmocd ,md Le~c1l1 e, 19tH). Accordingto l loogllloed ct ,II. ( 19lJ I). the ph:llaIIAl',11 fo rmulae ror I he
han d" of A. bm11117/1"'\I~ ,,11d . \. 1I/(/f(/II~'1/{/IH'ml~ are 2-2-3-3.
1, 111." C<1.\> lhaLor .1.I)(IrJndac/Y/1l is like thaI of 1\ . ariul5tola. The
ph:llanf.leal rOnllllbl.' fOl t h e feet of the Ihn.:e ~pedc~ in easlern Hr;lIil is 'l-2-~~-4-~. In c0111 p a r i,tlll wilh II . at/laSlo/a.
the number of clrpal ~ i~ reduced i II II, IIl'dar/V/fI, wh ic h h ;h
OIiC 1:lrge d ismll.arp,tl an d tll'O (? three) 'Illaller p ro xi m :l1
carp,lh. The g re,1t digilal redu ction in A. /rida{'lyla slIggc'Is
Ihal Ihi ~ s pecie, lIlight bl.:' placed in ,1 dilTerClI I genus, hilI
until ~ lIm cie nl malt'fI,11 i, availa ble lu makl' oSlcological
p rq )araLio n s for :Idl'qualc com p a ri.'>O ll , IIIC ~pecies i.'> plac o:d
ill II ddolJhrl'l'I',
h :ll1d and

2~2-3-4-2

Adell/JIIWHI

IIyla eda ctyla C ope

Thi!> 'nlall. terre'trial !>pecies was com mon in the .'>t1l(1\

It)ne~ ,II 5J and NTL,lnd in Ihe floodp1.lin fo re ~ I:l 1 TL: Ililll'
l)f2 1 ~peci men" "ere t"\...('11 in pitfal l tl-:lp'. Tell i ndi \'i dll :l l ~
W('J"l' found at nighl; nill l.' wc r e aC lile 011 till: gruulld bl dm .
,\lId I WO ,,c re bellt',lIh cO\er by da)". 5ix 11l : lk ~ h ;r\'e S\,L\ of
IRR-24. 1 ( .'f : 21.1 ) :llId llIasse s ofO,;\- 1.I (X '" 0.72). al1 <1
I ~ (r m ;1les ha w S\,I s of 23.3-27.8 (. - 2::', I ): 10 grmid fe1l1;r1c~ h, I\e 111 a"~{' ~ o f I .O- I .S (X '" 1, 17) ;md twO ~pen l f('1l1 ;llc ~. 0 .7 and 1.2. The '\>1l1allesljl1\cni le ha~ a 5\' L of 7 .2
,md ,( lI1a.\>s of < 0 . I. [n life, I h e dor!>LLIlI 1~l rie ~ frolll pale Ian
,,'il h brown s po ~ tu dllll gr:l\. The \'l'ntl'r is crtam ) while.
Of21 'pecimerb. I S haw a shon.narrull" middorS<'l1 qript:
po~t cri or LO th e ,;\CJ"1 IJIl : u n e has a b ro:ld c r t:am d orsolaleral
-cripe. an d fOllr ha\'e dull rnl. g r<ln\llar dor'o la te l, 11 slripn.
I le\er ( 1973: pen. comm .) d is t inglli~ht:d A. "J/(/('d(/{'/I'/fl
frolll A . (m(/ rr(ll' hI' the shape of Ihc tip' of (he di g ih r(lllllded in .'>eG ion in t\ . " .I/(ud(l{'IY/(la nd n ,lll t' IICd in II. (1/1 ("{'(II', Examination ur 'ptc"cimens from IhrulIghoLlt ea,tern
l'et II and Ecuador n: leal~ both lIl)O:' ufdigila l discs. btll Ihe
di~c~ of 1Il ,111} il1di\'idllal~ are inlellllediat c in st r uClu r e.
Thc di"l.inClioll bl'tll't'C II these tWO l101111na l sp t: c ie s i~ II"t
cOlwincing. and the oldnt avai labl e name i, med h cre .

Q-ra/op"1)'S ronmta (Linrmcus )

Thi" terreslrial ,pecic, i.'> rcprc,cllled OIl h bl a large ~ I..III I
110m TL. T lw "klill (complelc except for the prelnaxilhle )
Il.l' a widlh of ~, I .~t U~i llg Ihe stat i,tic , for hl.'ad width ;lI1d
5VI . rl.'lalionshilh in Illi s specie!> giwl1 h v [) ll c llman :111d
!.i/. L1 la ( 199-1 ), Ihe 1)I"tc"'Cn t ' p ecilllt: Il 111U!>t ha\'e had:r S\'1.
0 1 .Ibout 135 nUll .

Edalorllilla I}{~ i Jimencz dc la Espada

Fou r ind il'id ll:ll, \\t:rr cullec le d in pi l f;' ll l.rap~ ( twO <I I 5J
,Illd 1\\'0 a l N T L ). Two adlllt m ale, hal l ' S\,I ~~ of 3 l .6 :Illd
:11 ,7 :Il ld llla~Se, o f2 ,1) :Il ld ~.7, \\'Ilt'rea~ l"u j U\'cllik ~ hal'c
S\'l s 01'23.5 ,11](1 21i3 a nd 11lasse ~
7 .md 1. 1, Th e~e I~lllr
'l)Ccimens h ale T \'pt' 2 dorsal s\"'ill lexture a11d Tll)e 2 \'e llIr,t! (olor p a w.:rn ick ll1ified b\ D udl ll1,l11 a nd \ lor;lk"

oro.

1-I ~~ITIIW'l '-, o r ~()~TlI~~' Lu lU 10, PI'RL

( 199 0 ) : Ihne pallCt'll' ag-n.:e with their ;1Il;\h,i~ of f:'eugraphic \';lri;l\iull ill Ih a l all ' p e ci mell' from tilt: dr<l inagl' ~
oflhe Riu Pa~ ' a/a :111(\ Rio ~a pu h :\\l' T I 'lw 2 lelilral color
pall t.:l'll, whc r l'a~ :'1,9% of 'Pl'('illll'll ~ trom Ihe Rio ~;lpO
drainage ami 3 I. ':-' ~f: of t he 'pl'cimclI' from ,In' Rio l'a'I.II:1
draillagl' han: l \"j)l' 2 flnr:-al ,kin I l'Xlun:,

EleUlhf'/'odactyllls anl/llinatus Sh re ve

Illale h;I\'illg a S\ ' L of 16.9 \\';1:- 011 ,I leaf U! :I bll,h I

m <thOll' grolilld a l llH' l'dg l' uf Ihe forl'" at SJ.
OIW

Elelliherodaclyllls

al/allla:::Q" icll~'

Barbo ur a nd Dunn

'libadult kmal e hal'i n g;1 SVL o f I 7.6 and a ma~~ of

0,3 was on Lill' lea ! of all h e rb al nig hl al TL [ 11 life. lhe
groin and h idden ~ur fa ce, of Ihe 'h ig h' II Cfe re d wilh brad,
Oll t.:

Illarking~,

leut!le,.OllactJ /,U' deli,U' ne w s pecies

H o lot),pc.- L' RP-W ED 59957. an adu lt ft:male. !rom Ihc
SllI(h' 'lOIIl:' al SaliJacinlo, (02 ltr4-I. S"S. 75 3 1' 16,O"\\,. 183
m ). l'rol'incia 1.0relO, Dt'p:tn:tllllClllo Lorelu. Peru, obl,lim:d
on 7 J u1v 1993 bl' Allol1\o ,\ lir:mrla,
Diagnos is.- Scheme !ollo\\ing LIll c h and [)u e ][m ;1I1
( 19flO) l o r ea,l' of c Olllpari~on , A nlt'mbel of I he I'Jl'lIl1wI'ljd{/r/)'III~ IIl1i)/nga/uI grollp a ~ d efi llcd bl Ll'nch and 0111,11m:ln ( 1995) \\'it l l Ille followil l ~ cOlnbillalion nfch;lractl'r,:
( I ) ,ki n of clOr"lI111 'mOOt h: ~].. i II of \'(' liter gra n ilia r: (2) I I 111 pall ic annul U~ and II mpan ic melll b r:UIC di~t i ncl. dia meter
ofannll lll:- '10% di a lllel l' 1 Uf('I'l', s('parall'd ! rOIll e\'t 11\ di~
la ncc eCju;lllO diameler of I\lTIpallum: (3) ,nOIlI aculeh
rounded ill do r~a ll'il'\\' , round in p rofik: ca nthll' 1'0'11 a li,
a n gular: (,I) u p p,'r c \ c lid 73.7'l ufillierorbiial di,tance,lac ]..ing luhe rclc,; cra ni:11 c re~h : I b~elll: (5) l 'olllerillL' odontophore~ a b~Cll t: (6 ) mal e~ u 11]..11 011'11: ( 7 ) fi r't Ii Ilge I' ,II uner
Ihall ,eco n d : loepac\- large, ,ublrUIlCa l(: 10l 'IXId 011 Fillgle r
[[I leq u al l o k ngth ofl\'lTl p anum: (8) fillger, with bleral ]..eek
(9) uln a r IlIhl 'l cks prl" CIlI: ( 10 ) til bcrck, 011 hed prc~en t:
a u ter cdg-c I)f t:lr'I" I uIX'rClII: I k: i II lie r edge of 1:1 rM I' '1ll00LlI:
( II ) t\\'o m da lar~al lubcrck': illll('l elliplic l !' fil'(~ tillll'\
~i,e of round allier luhercle; ~1I1)t'rnlimcrar.. planl,l r 111berde~ a b~l'lll: ( I 2) lOb wi t h ]a I e 1';11 kt.:c h: we b bi n ~ .1 h~(' III :
loc pad' 'Inalkr Ihall I h o,e on fin ge r~: T o e \' much longcr
1Il<ln Toe III : ( 13) rlo r 'lIIIII;li'I Willi t hrt.:e i"llgitlidinal b r oll'l !
~tli pe~: pO~le rior s\lrf:tcc~ o! lltigh' hI 1)11'11 : \ Clllel cream: ( I I)
adlll1 klll;lle
Imll S\'L.
Elflllhl'f/)dflrty/u~ dflull d iffer, frolll <III otht.:r Amaloni all
1Tlt.:lllbcr, o f th e ge l I\!' b\ Llc]..ing l'oll1el-ine odonluphore,
:tnd h aving a dor~al pa1lerll COII<i~lillg of d :u].. bro\\'n [on gillidinal ~lri pCl> on a tan g-l'oLlnci color.
D L'Seriplion.-u = I 9, I kdd 1101 ,,'idt.:,~ bo,J{I\,I'>llger Ih,m wid\;;
hc, leI widlh 519,8'1 ofS\' I.: III',I(! knwh 1::!,7'l "f 5\'1.: ~l" >UI IOllg.
, light!. pllllrllding bt;I<>I1d m argin ufli p , ,lCli ldl 101illdnl In dor"II 11t:W, I ullndcd 'II pn ,f! Ie: CI L~I H"u'i I di,t,1I Kc I::! ,6'1 of 0.;\ 'I.: I Ippo. T
l'l'd it! 1,Icki Ilg III berdl " : nd id II i(1 I h i:~. 7IJi (>f i 11 In (>rbiul rl i'I,lIlCe,
TI.p (,f Ilt.:' ld f I ,H: cr :111 ial ere, I, "b'l '11 I: Gill I !Ill, 1'0 "I r " I i, 'I, "ig hi>
,lllgll!.11' ill 'ITli ",, : 1,)(c,<I Il'gion n<>tin',lbl, tt>nldll': lip ~Iig-hll\

:m,9

,":),"

n.lrnl,lI1lcriur I,> orbit; intent,IlI,<I ;Ill'd ,Iighll, dqJr('~,ed: 11<1"

Iri\ pl( ' I((I"'I,(1ll1.H~'r,dll, Clirl'lle{1 {1\'1''''!,lI('I,I!t.. ,I[ p"illl ,Iighlh
1)("II'ri, ,1 10 ,111 h' rio, Il !,'fgul 01 II '" er FI'" ~Upl-,IlI'm p,m I{ fl .ld Ill( >( 1l'r'II(', (lilTing po'll'n ,I ('Ill,-"It.. fl mil P("Il'1iur lurller I>f Ilrhll. Ilh_
-.eU ri Ilg pO'len .dl .r',11 pan I'! I \ I n pall I( :111111 II I I'; 1\'1 tlp.II' I lin rOl 11le!.
d i ,\1 11 ((. ,ep.lr,lll'd I rum," t.: bl d i'I,m U' <'q 11.11 I I> d 1;1IlWtl'1' of I I 111p,lni, ,IIIIIII!II', \I hich i\ 10.'-'('( "f el l' di,lmell'I, ( :h".IllM' '1ll,,1!.
fOUlld, 1101 ,.b" llred h\ p,I!,lIa! ,hdrot 'II,'I"II!,\]'\ <In II: H\ll\eriIlC
udot\tophor t.:' .Ih.;c Ill, I ,)ug-lIt; hn .,\(!II d Ii P(l(;1I, h'lI et.. 11< ,tl hl'(1
P','ll" 101 h . frcl' heh'l,d for ,1!)(1ll1 HJ'k: n/ iI' knglh,
51..111 on {I, ,r'lI III uf hl',ld, ho(h, ,I" d Ii 1\1 h, ,moul h wi 1h v ,Ill ('I .. d
minule PII'lllk,: d('rlll,1I /i)ld, "h'l'lll 011 d'>I"llm: ,]..ill o Il fl,utl..,
"'l',,]..11 !-\1~ll>ub r : belli ,lIId \<'1111',,1 '111/;" ( " 01 thigh, !!:1'UIIII,I1:
Ot her .. cnll .11 'ud ;l{ c~ "moulh: di-..cuid,tI f, ,Id pn,,,"III: u 111,11 I ubI 'I ( Il'~
1011, 1;11 gl"1 (It 'l,'! II '; p,'" of ,(]I;,] I hed \\I hen Ie, prt.:'l' Ill: n m ,,/ 11m
III be I'd .. , 011 (JIHel' edge of I,ll-"l', (;10,'( "II "lx'flU 114 pUl ]..Ired, II irClled poo;lerolclllfall\ ,II uppel- kH'1 of Ihigh"
Fon 'J,rm ,I, 'Ilckr: Ii n).\I'''' 111< ,del~tleh IOllg: lIilh h1'o.t{1 blel~tI I..n'l,
and 1.11 g;'" '1lhlnll 'ah' c]",>: (],'c ('''I FinAl'r I di'linuh ,m"lkr Ih,lll
Ihn't' on olher fi nger,; lTblll\' lellgl ll' I>! hllg"I' I < II < 1\
lIt.
'II b,l I IIC I I bl III bert Ib I.lrgt, 'I 11K nn ical: ,I I perllllllli 'I ,'('\ I u! "'I ( ie,
,I h" '" I : p,III<1,1I III hcrde hi fl d. ele\ ,II cd: I hell ,I I' I U hert Ie ('II i pi I( a!,
t;kl,llt'd, I ! itHl limb, 1I1od,T,IIe!, 'knder: heel, hro.tdh IlIert"I)ping 1,]'<'11 hind timh, fI ,'''I'(1 ,I( ng lll ,lIlgl(', 10 .I"i~ (>! hu(h: lihi,l
1"I1).\lh:) I. ,I"'! ,,! S\'L; Ino! lenglh l/'i{)c;: Ilf~n , T Ill(].. 1<11 "d fold
Ull (!I'I,1l (HI,' 1!lild "fl.lr,u,: illlll'r mel,II,lr';I! luh,'nit- I.I<,g'I" d!iplica! : 0111" 1" ml'I"IIM'dllubl 'n ie '111.111. r()lm{L Ii'''' mnder,tll'll
long, Iwari ng !alt'l al ]....d, ,m(1 ,II btl IInGI It di '>( , 11<)\ icc,Ihl, ,m<llllT
Ih,1Il I ho"-l' " n finger,; rd,lIi,,' !engl h, of ton r < !! < II r < \ < 1\:
I\)c III 1"'lellding to dl'I,11 edge 01 ]lCIHIItIllMh' 'lIil,IIi1UI!,1I tllbl'l'ck 0111 Ol ' IV: T(,l' \ ' c'-ll'llCling 10 poinl ,]ig1t!iI di,t.11 10 til"
I,ll <ub,lni, lI!.tI 11Ihnck on -I '\l' 1\'. ~ub'lnicul.lr lub"lell" !.Irg.,
'lIbcollical: 'llpl'rlHlm"LII, tlll)('r.-k, "h'nlt,
Co!,,!' in prc-.en,uiH: ])<)r,ulII Cl'l'.tllll I,m "ilh lI,trlm" h!,I( I..
callth,II,'lId "IP"'1111Ip.llli( 'IrlIR": t\mp,llllIllI h!.lcJ..: pn,mill.'nt
d ,I rl.. brown b,l r (,,"len d Illl:!; ,I !lIen" ell I 1',,111 I rom 01 hi I I, > 111,1 rgi n
(.1I Ipp": I' lip. II h i, h 01 he ",-i", 1)< .r(h 'I ,'d hI h, Oil I I 'I}/ 'I, l\n >.1(1 (Lu]..
b, oll'n 11< iddor',11 ( " I Ih 1I,I1T"" H(, ,1111 III i{ldor"l r ! Ill!') ,111 d do, "JI.,t er,ll 'Iripp l"':Il'()(ll!lg ! rom Il 'le! of l'\e1i(i- to P' "I('rior elld o!
h, HI\': f,li Ill. lI,m 01" 'I hI 01111 pM ,II n I d)r,d 'II i P"'~ l',-Iell ding! n >I n
'I](III 1 I" ;"ICrlll11; f.,i 111 bHllI1l I ran 'I .. r,1' h,l! , o() I (]nb,; ~ b" I ~ ,',(( h
O!l 1">1'1'.11111. Ihigh. ,It,III].., and 1:11-'11', 1'1.1111.., rI(';<ll1lllllt !)'()\\II
fkch ;ml('lI0rk: ,,,lie, lor ,,](d po,,,'riol ,urLi( I', 01 Ihig-II' pall'
br<)Wll: c1oactil"('gi,,11 .111(1 Ullin ('(Igl' flll,(]'lI~ d;"],, I.>rollll; 1t'1IIl'r CIl'.II1' willI millu\t' h1.l.-k ft.-I]..' nil Ihl,\;lt, (hl'''I, ,U\ll 1"1111<11
~1I1 r.1(t'~ of lund Inli1h.
Co!"1' ill Ilk: !)OI,IIl!l Id!,)\",III.111 "<lh p.dl hrolll1 ,tripe,oll
I ... ,{h .lIld I I~III~\ er,,' IXII" 011 Ii Illh,: I n I, ;1< <I'll! 1<11 'I'g Ion (LIl-].. I)] ,)II 11;
I I III p;u' 1'111 ,11 I d ~I I pi ,usn lp<ll1 ic ,m II 'Ill >t lrhi I,I! b" I h!.1( J..: PO,I, 'I iOt
'lIl-f,ln" of Ihigh, hn)l"I; \I'lllr,tI ,ur/,IU" ,l! limh, 1,lIt'lld .. r: l:wlh
ere,lIll1 II hlll': IhH',11 p,lk lallllilh 111','](1 'POI': it'" gold "'lilt 1Ill'(h,1ll 1\,.rill)ll1.11 J'cddi,1\ bro"n 'Ir",I].. ( PI. !)
iI k;I~1I1't 'll\l'1l1S: S\ 1 ' :-J.I),9 , lihl.1 lellg! h I h,R fn!)1 lellgl h I L:!, 11<' ,I{I
II I (It It I 2 ,:~. 11<' ,Ie! kngt h I :I. :!, in 1I 'IIn bn;ti di '\,III( <' T~. (( pPl' I elt'lid wi(lth ~,M, C\'e-IH"1rI1 ~_!), .''', dianll'!1'1 ~,i, tlmp;lIlll<1l rh,II11l'Il'l ! .~) , ('\l'-llllll);!!l\U11 I.:'.
Ecology.-TIt e 0111\ knOlI'lJ 'pet i me 11, " ){l d\'id flo ll1,tle wi I h
:1 ma~~ of 2, 1 \1,1' 011 1";lf lilll'l ill pi illl,II' fon't .It 06:t-, h.
E tym o l ogy.-The ' Iwcific n,lIl1C h;1 IlUIUI ill 'lppo~ilioll
arid ,I P:II1'<lIlIl1lll)r (;<11'1 0 ' Delill', I'l e,idl'lll of Oi(\I'IlLII
Pt'UO ll'lIlll Cornp,lI1\ of Peril, II I' Il,HlIl' i, ""oci;lled lIith
Ihi, di,tilH lill' 'Ih( il' ill gr,tleflll dppnTi,llioll lor the l':\-

ten,>i\C~

logi,ti( ,upport pru\"idl'll hI hi, ("0111p.U1\,

Re marks.-The de'CI iption of .1 lIell 'p..:ci..:, of El"'lihl'f()d(If/,It/1 Il.Iwd on.1 ,inglt: 'pl"Ci111ell \\uuld 1)(' unthinkable
to m;lIlI herpetologi,,,. Ilo\\eHT, Ih i~ ~p(;'cimen i.. -.0 di,lim tileh differl'1iI from .HlI othel \m,l/onian specie,> that
it i, inculileil,lble [h,11 it i'.1 I,uialll of ,I kllOI\n '>pecic,>.
lell/lleroollct),llls diadt'III(lills (Jimenez d e la Espada)

Thi, ,petit"~ 11,\' found ill \Il(" 'llI{h Ion..:, at SJ .mel ~T L

.md ill Iltt: floudp1.lin forl"1 at rI .. FUlir "ere on H.:"gelaI ion O. ~~ 2,0 111 .t bOI e !{I ,IUlld .11 II ig h 1: I h ree II erl' on I he fort"1 !lOot -1110 ,L\ 11 igh t ,lIal olle bl d.lI . Ollt adult male ha,
a S\,L ()f3~.5 ,I tid ,I tn.I'~ 01 1.9: (I,te ;1111111 female has a S\'L
of 10.9 ,Inel.t In;,,~ of :l.0, ,lIld.\ ,uh,ldull f..:male ha~ a S\ 'L
of 3 1.6 .1Ilfl ;t ma'~ uf 1.2. Fou r ill\et1i!e~ haw SVLs of
17,5-21.7 (X
:!O.fi) alld IIW"":' of 0.1-1.0 (X " 0.65),
All ~pecirnen' h;l\e {brk d iag')Il,tI h.ln 1111 Ihe !lanks. [nlife
Ihedor~a l groulld cnl. '1 I,ll in froll1 c\;n I.. b'Oll'n 10 tan, and
Ihen: ,n:l11' to be olltogelle lil lhang..: in colonllion. For
t.:xamplt:, Ihe (010r,1I ioll 01 ,ljlllt:llile having a SVL of 17.;;
W.I'>: DOI,um ])1"111111 : l1l;:d~ uI,lngt.-: po'>tl"rior ,>urfaCt'.',> of
thigh~ hrolln : fbl l k~ wilh d,lrk brown and pale green diagona[ IXII~: groin pil1k: \t'IHt.'l" \\hile mull led with gr:lI: iri,
bron/(, abO\(' ,md gl-.I\ 1}('lulI . In cvnlr;:\,>I, ,III ,uiult femak
ha\'ing a S\'Lof IU .~ lIltn II.!'>: ])or~ll lU Ian irregu lar brown
~pot'>: f] ;111 "" (re.lm wilh brOil II di.lgon,11 b.lr,: groin and anlerior ~urf.l(e' of Ihigh' hl.rck 311d 1('1101\: poslerior surfact.<; oflhigh, hl.\Ck: It'l1ll'l [ll'am wilh dark brOI\ll mottJing:
iris fl:'ririi,h COPPt.'I ,
1('IIIII('1"O(/(I(t),111S /mllJumilel Lplch

tlw ~llld\ 10lle ,It SJ. 1\\0 !-\"r,II'id female, haling S\ 'l~
of39.3 and :18.9 .md 111,1'~e' of ~U) ,md 3.3 wcrt.' 0'1 the for('q lIoor :\I 0630 h, ,1I1d ,I ,ub,ldult fCl11 :11e h:ll'i n g a SVL of
23.:-1 and ,I 111;1" ,)f O. fj g , \\~ I' i I\ ,I pi I fa 11 Ifap . 1t 0700 h. Color
1101e~ Ul1 Ihe ,"b,ldult kmale ill Jik ;ta': D o r ~um d ark
brown: 1I"IIt.:r crealll\ lellO\I: 1'('1 lit ,II ~urface' of limbs orallge: p H'I I'rinr 'III [Ill: ~ u flhi!-\"h' ctal k brown: throa t latera II I' m";l ngt.:-lan. [II pre'crl~11 iI t.., ,III 'peci Illl'lb It .IIT allIed i,III
cream \Ir ipe 011 ,I ~rav Il\ro,H.
[II

lell/ll (!ro(/lICi),/IlS Illscvmbei n ew species

Holol}1Jc.- L' RI'-WED (iO [ I~ , ,m ,Idult male from Ihe

stu(h lonc ,II 1.:1 km ~ Tenil'llll' 1.(11)(,/ . (023S '39.6"S.
76 OG'5:J.()"\\" 312 11\). i'11)\in ci,1 Lm elO, Dl"partamcmo
Lorelo. Pt.:ru , ohl,lined on 23 Juh 1993 h\ D;:l\id:\ 1. \\'ebb.
Referred specim cns.- Kl' ~22002, ,Ill .Idult female. from
the p.. pe loc.llil\, KL' 2~~Oill. ,III ,Idul! 111,1lt-. Irorn the t\'pe
loralill . Kl' 2'l'lUOfi, .1I1 .Idllh 1ll,11t.- It om T ('uk"tit.' l.opel, C RP,
\\'lD :,986:) and L' RI'\\'EO ()OO 10 (jUI e nile') from San Jacinto, Dep,lrt,lIllel1lo 1..o1"t'IO, Pnu : Kl' 222003:lIld CRP-\\'ED
60113 (j ulcn ik,)' KL' 22~OO:l ('L1b,lduh 1ll,1[e) from Ihe
t\ pe localil\: L RP-\rJ.]) G(n~() .Iml KL' ~~2007 (jll\cnilc.',
L'RP-\\"FD ()03 l9 b uh.ldult IIl.1ld fl0111 r t.:niente Lopez.
Diagnosis. -~thcl1ll' foll'lIIing I.\nch .i nd Duellm,\ll
( 1980 ) fur e~I'" 01 ( u mp,1I i'l)II , \ llll'm llt'r of III(" Flpllllwl"{J-

group ,I.'> ddlned bl LI'IlCh and Dudlman ( 199;;) wilh t hl" folkm'ing cOlllbi nation of chanlctcr,>:
( I) ,kin (,f dor'UlIl 'h,lgn:cn lI'il h .'>(".11 tcn'd PUSIlI!e<; and Wor \, -'> h,lped (ienn,11 ridge, i" '-C.lpu l.lr , egi011: ski n of\enI('r gr:mul,'r: (2 ) tl Inp,ll11c ,ll1nu lu, .mel l11embr:mt.: di~lincl.
dianWlt'1 of .U11lulu, about ont.: third diameler of cvc, '>C"panlled fn'lII l'\ l" bl <li,t.lnc(' :Ibolll eqLlallo diamt:ler of IVTllp,lIlum: (3) ,nOLI! round in dor~,tl lit" and in rroflle-:
c.m th u'> ro,> t I, ll i, ;ICIlI (' II rou ndeti : (.. ) wid I h of 1I ppcr c\ elid 70--92C( .lfi,'It.,orbil,11 di,I,I'1(e : \lilhollllUberclc,>: cra, I i a 1 crt.:~" ah'e Il l: (:, ) I om t.: title oclo IlLOp h orc, prom i 11 l"n t,
d entigerom; m.llt.:, lacking IOLil ,Ii", 1'0(";11 ~ac, and llL1I>lial exc rl",>ct:'nce,: (7) fir't finge r ... hurt e r than seco nd :
10": P:I(I- found: t~'cp.IC1 011 Fing..:r II I ,Iightl\' ~111:1lle r thai I
di;1111l:ler "rt\mp,llIllIn: (8) finger~ wi lh latcnl! keek (9)
uln,lr tllbc rtic, ; ib~c'll : ( 10) luhl" ck ' on heel :tbsent: outer
ed gl' 01 tar'II' '1IIoolh: illller \'lIgt, 01 larsu,> wilh row of low
Illherdt" di-rally: ( I I) 0111: mel;ltar';;ll tubcrc!t.:: illller lubercle
b rgt.'. (' II i pt ical: IIlller II dwrd..: a lh..: Ill: 'u pCTn Ullle!";\]""\' pI a 11tar luberck, ,mall. round: (12) lu(', \\'ilh lateral keel ,: wel>bing: ba"tI: toep,ld, ,lbOIl! equal In ~i/c 10 IhoR' on fingen:
Toe \' llHlch IUllger lir,11l Toe [II : ( 13) do r~um b rO\\'n I\ith
LOp of hcad and ,1I0UI (or 0111\' '1IOUI) cream or tan: po,teriOf ~lIrface, of Ihigh, d .ifk brown: lenter cream. finch
w ht'a\'ih flecked wilh blac k: ( I I ) adult.'> small: 3 male,
19. 1- 19.9 (.t.
I g.:,) $\'1.: I fem :11e 26. 1 SVL.
[n Ihe middle ,md upper AmMon Ba ~ill Ihere are 21
known 'I)('cie~ of Ihe Ell'lIllil'r(J(/a r lyho 'mis/riga/us group:
the'\(' are ~pccie' lI'ilh gr.ll wl.1l ,kin 011 the vcnter and expan(kd [oep.t(h ( I.H ICI! , 19iG). Oflhe"t.:, h\'c (E. ali/Jilts,
/xar';l'i, duull'l///l/ll\, IlI/m/l/l, and l'l'"tnmlll1l1orGIU.5) arc much
largt.'1 Ih.111 I,:, hB roll/bPi; !h rec other, (E. lIC11lf1il1a/us, /HlIIIItf,ll, .lmi/)ll'lId()(lrllII1I1W/III) Me grcen in life. Four specie.'>
( Eo ((Illl(lllwl, rmff'O lllb1'1111111, (of!al', ,md "(//1(/blll5) difTer Irom
E. 11I'lombl'i b\ h;l\'i lig I.lq{..: \'ClioI\' or orange spots in t.hc
groin. Orlhe fell1;iilling,pcci..:~, f , (I/(olll(l;Ollirllsand E. 1111 ilnln\; d iff..:!' b\ Ilal'itl!; I111)t;1 Cllble ~ kin on Ihe do r~ L1tTl . E /I](/I~
lilli' by h:lI'i lll; d or~() lal l'ral fold~ a11(1 a partialll' concealed
Ivrn panUI1l, 1:', OIl)hll()/r1ll1l1/1 1)1' h;II'ing tllbcrclt-s 011 Ihc erc,
lid, :llld \110111, :tnd E. q,uu/"mlt'llII bl' hal'ing calcars and a
conce:tlt.:d l\tI1pallllll1. Olhl'r 'pecic' diO'e r main Iv in colOl";niOIl-/~'. ItlrllllWllII bl' haling a pale dor,ulll with d ark
marking' but 110 I.lbi,d bars. E, I)'I/llwll's bl' hal'ing a black
dur~llm and h1.iCk :lnd , .: d lenlt.:1". E. ;lIl1l11l'mU/I1(/f' b\' lack,
ingv011leril1e odoll lophort.:" and I:'. ddlll~hl lacking l'OIll..:rille odolilophorc, ,md ha\ i ng da rk longiwdi nal "tripe,> on
a pak dor'l1ll1 . The n :m,lining: t\IO ~pecie" are n1O'>t '>imilar 10 E. III Iwmilri; E, orkrlU/PlII i~ ~ Iighlh larger and lacks pale
culoration fill the ~1l01l1 .1I1d lOp of the head, II hereas. E.
(frlrh,b/'1JIIfIl1I1 h ,mallei, h:I' :t p,\rti.l lh cOllccaled 1\'mlx lIlllm , !.tek,> btcr,11 kecl~ on the digil' .Ind dermal fold,> on
the dor.'>ull1 ( but 1Il,1I h,I\I' \\"-'h"]led dark mark in "'Carlllal region ), .Illd ha, \\\0 m('l.I I,II';IlllIbt:'rcJe,.
Description. -II. :100, I Q. I k,ld ,ISWldl' ,IS bo<h,longerlh,l!l
wirk: he.ld I"dlh J~ . i-3Yt'! '1 ( "f" =. :19,:1) of 5\ '1.; IH~ad kngdl
.. ~ 7~17. 1 '1 (X
11.~I ) q( ~\ 'L: '110W m,){1c,~ueh long. barch
p,.",nldmg b.:I "l1d m.lrglll olhp, round III dvr,.!1 lie\\ an d in pn::>file; l'w-nu,u'il cll,t,lIlcl' 12.6--1 :l.ti'1 (T " 1:1.l ) of5\'L: uppn

(/(1((,,1,11 111111117gti/lO

J-IlRI'f 1OF.\L , \ O~ NOR IlllR' LOIU: 10. P ERL

Clclid "mouth; wi(lth of lip per cldid iO.4-91 .7'1 (X _ in .O ) 01

iI\ lerorbi 1.11 (I; ,1;1 nce . Top (,f I(cad fl.n; cl~m ial cn:,1 ~ a b,e n I: [;1111h \ I' rO,1 ra!h shallo" h c 1I n <:(1, acu I11 I r011l1 elccl III ",:(1 iOI I; loft'al
rq;:-i()Il nu(ic<::ll)h COllC.He: lip ~lighth II.Ir<:<I ,1I11("I"iol I" orbl1: in
ICln.lrial .n-e.l b:llch depre"ed: 110'lril ,Iighlh protrllding, direeled I.llcndll':11 pni n Ij IN bch Ind kl'c1 of ,II) Ic rior lll.lrgi II of ],)" er
j:m. Su pral \'111 pa 11 ic f(>ld di Ifu 'c. ob'ol ri ng PO'IC rodor,.11 pan of
11'I11p:llli( .IIIIIUlus: 11'mpanllm eli'lino. 'qMralcd from cve 1)1' {l i,1.1I)ce ~lighlh 1c,~ Ih.ln (lia!1lClerofll'mpallic memhranc, which i,
:)33-~'I7.1 % (x = ~\''i.R) diameler "fcH'. Choanae ~1tl:IIL oloid.
not ob,cllr~'d b, p.II.llal ,hdf of tn.L"illap. arch: lom<:rin<' o<lonIi>phore~ ,mall. prolllillCIII. moderatch ,ep.w:l1cd medblh. cach
1:)(::1ring 2 or 3 I"clh in male,. J in f"malt:. Tonglle conli!t>f111. ~hal
lowll' nOlr h .. d pu~1 "rioril', fr("(" bc hi nd for a b01l1 .1Ot'f of i15 I("ngth:
10GIl ,liLSalHI ,(lcal ~.I[ :ll"Clll.
S"in of dor'lIm of he'\{l. but!,. aJl(lli!1lb~ ,h.lgrcell wilh W- or
\ / ,h apcd de rm al f( >lel ~ in '<C:lP" b I I egi( >II folloll'ed po ~teriorh b,
pair of IlIhcrde~: ~kin on Ilanh ~hagT(Tn: skin on bt'lll .lnd po,
te ro, e nl 1~ll 'U rface, c)f th igh, c. ,:u-.;e k gran IliaI': 01 her I"'n Ir:11 ~llr
f.lces ~lllUOt.h; di ,coicbl fold b:lrcll' c"idell t: u Illar lube rcl..:, abscn I:
hed 1\11)l"]"rle~ absenl: no lubertles Oil oUler edgc of tar~us, Cloacal ol)Cning pllckered. din'cll:d I)()-t"ro\'enll~d" .lll1ppel lewlof
lhigh~.

rort'ann ~knder: fi IIger~ l!1odcr:uch ~ h on, bearing narrow bt

enll kecl- :llld rollnd di ~cs: di,c 011 Finger I ~m.llIc r th:ln tho,e Oil
olhn finger,: rebtin, lenglh' of fingers I < II < IV < Ill : ,ubarlic
1I1:!!- lubercle, model~lleh large, round. dCI'illed: ~upemllmel':1 I'"
Iuberc1e, ~mall. rOll1ld. OIl h OIl proximal .;cgmcn 15: palmar Itlberde

355

bifid, d"\":It("{I: Ihcn,u' lubl'lde dhpliGll. ~lighlh dCI.llnl: m.llo:,

bc"ing n ulHial excre,cCIIC<:~ (!--ig-. I:; ). II inti IiJ n b mo<lel~lld\ ,1t'11dcr: heel, broadh (lwrl,lppillg "hcn hmd limh~ flexed ;llllghl ,\11gle, 1(1 .I;...i, ofboch: libl" il-ngth 52.0-57 .6 % ( x - :,1.9) of 5\'1,;
filOI !ellgth -I 1.3-48.i % ( X .., 16.1 ) ofS\'1.. ROil "I Ihree of four
,Iighlh elliplical lubelTlc, on di'I.1I IhiI'd of 11l1l{"]" edge of 1.lr~u~:
,n n\'" me 1,11.1 I '.I I Il,berdc I'll ipi iGII ; ou Icr mCI:lla,.~a I lllhc Ide .llr
'CI1l: IOl'~ modn:lleh long. hearing I.l1el ,d kl'd~ ,md round di'<C~
,ubequ.11 ill ,izc 10 tllO~e on Finger, II-I\': Il'ialil'c \cngth~ of 10e~
I < II < III < \ ' < 1\': Toe III eX1t'nding 10 middle ofpcnuitim.ll("
'llhaniclli;tr wll"1 ck on Toe J\ ': Trl(' \ ' e'tcmling ttl middle \~f {Ii .....
lal SlIiJanicllla r Iliherclo: 011 roc TV: b,,~alllcbbilig belll'cen all lOt"
CXCCpl fir~1 ant! 'ccond: ,uhaniCIll:ir llllwrrl,;, ,m,dl. 10u!1cl: ~u
pCrnUllll'l~lr\' lubcrcl..: .. minlllc (Fig. 15) .
Color in p!e'CI"\~llil'e : j)or'lIm d.lr" brc>lln lI'ilh bl.lc" d n mal
ridge' :lIId 'ca pllbr lU l:){"rek~, d iffll '>C d.lr" b,own d i;lgUIl:l1 b.Jl" cxICll di 11 g po,term Cl1 trall\ from ~:1C rllm 01110 t Ifill k . md cI.Jfk bn>ll n
b:I1'~ 011 limh,----onc b ro.ld bar Oil forearm .md fOllr narroll har,
c:lch on Ihigh. ~hank. ,111<1 1;11 ~U'. F1:Hl"~ brown \l'Ith diITu,<: cn'am
(lec"': lip~ barrnl wilh dark browTl, }\nll'rior .lI\d po,lerior Hlrface~ of thigh, d.lrk bro\\11: heclserc,lml tan in 1"0 1Il,lk~: 11<11TO"
cream supr:lClo:!cal ~l1ipe in t.hree male<. Top of head .md ~nOlll
pall' I:m ill KL' 222006; ollh 'IIOLII 1.111 in Kt..: 222002 :llId L' RP-WE O
604 I:?: lOp of he.ld :1l1d '''OUI nOI paler ill KL' 2:!200-1. \'clller of
boch pale crcam "ilh brown f1eck~ on Ihroal .lilt! chc~b in In"ll"
.mel morc dell'c tlecks Olcr elllirc \entcr in female . Top orht':1d
:lnd snoullM]e ill Ihree nf cighljll\Tnill": oneju\'cnik wilh onl\
snow palo-,
Color in life: Dor<lIm d ark brown \I il h bl.l("k IIlbcrc1cs in 3Capu1:1.r region. darker brown lI":1n"'cr~ hars on limb~, al1(t in(li~linCI
diagol\.llllwr"s on fian ks: poslerior ~lIrbce' of t.high' dark brown;
1'<: n leI' d Ih h cre;"11 wi Ih or "i thou I brown fl Cl ks: 11 ppel' lip tan or
cream wilh dar" brown b'IP< iri, urange-(oppeL In tilo, ... ,pceimens h.lI'ing a pale <n OIlI .111d lOp orhead. Ihi, area i, cream\ !.Ul
10 palc "l'{ldi~h 1.111 (PI. I).
/I k-;N! n'l11(>l1 b: 011 (> fe 1t).11(" followed b, ran ge (l11e.111 in p.IITIIthcses) ofllHce m:1ln: S\ 'L 26.1.19. 1- 19,9 ( 19.5): libia length
13.7, 10.2-1 1.4 (10.9): fOOl length I OJ!. 9.2-9.5 (9,3): he;](1 Io:nlh
11.5.8.5-9.3 (8.8): head width 10.3, i.5-i.8 (i.i): inte rorbilal dl~
I,Ulce 3.0. 2. +-2.7 (2.5); e\ did wid tl! 2.7. I .9-2.2 (2.0): l'l'c-no'tril
diSlance :3.~). 2.5-2.7 (2,ti): t'\e di.nnclCI 3.5.2.8-3.0 (2.9): 11"111pan lim d iamc1 er 1.2, 1.0-1 . I ( I ,0.1), ("I e-I\ III panuill di ~lallC(, 1,2.
0.9-1.0 (0.97 ).
Ecology.-All illdi\'iduals \,'o.::n:: on !e;I\'es of hl'rb~ amI
bllSh~s 0 . 1- 1.0 III :1bo\'o.:: lht' g round ill p limal)' fore~1 al n ig ht
El)1nology.- Th c ~pecific name is:1 palronl'l1l for B. AnIhony (T ony) Lu,com be, Prc~idclll, rbociacion de Ecologi:1
\' Conservacion . Lima, Pcru. in reCO~nilion of his m,lIl\'
\ ca I-S of p e r~i ~1 e II I e fTOrt S 10 i 11 It!gra [l' bio logic:lI i nn'n writ',
;md con.,efv:alion progm1ll~ in 1\'f1I. ;\'0\ coincidcnlalh, 1he
clearly demarcated co loration of th e lOp of the ho.::ad of
rll:lIH SPl'Ci llH:'n , of Ihi~ ~pecie, i~ parallel to that of TOll\'
l .ll~colll be ,

Rcmarks,-Th e one gnwid female ha~:t 11l:t~s of 1.3. and

th rct: adu It male, ha"c mass<:s o f 0..-1- 0.6 (X = 0 .5) . T hc 111'0
~lllalle~tju\'eni1e, han: SVLs of9.0 and lOA and ma~~c~ of
< 0. 1.
E/ellthe1"Ol/actY/lIs lIIall1;lI; Lynch

Fig. 15. I bnd :1nd rON 01 F:J(,lItlirmducty/n .1 /1I~CQIllIx'I, URP\\' E D 60-112 . Scale bar == I mill.

One mall' \\"a, on a f:ll1en palm frond I 111 al>o\'(' Iht.:

ground al ni g ht and oncjun:nile was on Ihe forcSI flam br

da\" in the ~tu(k IOIlt' a t NTL; all othc..:r ~pCCilTlerh are from
T L. where five were un rO()l~ 0. 2-0.4 111 dbo\'t:' Ihe gro und
:11 the t:dgt:' ofa ~lrt'all1 at nighL 1\\'0 IH'rc on lhe fore sl fl oor
on the floodplain hI elm'. and three Ilc re o n 101\" It'gc latioll
at tht;: edg-t.: orthe oxbow lake at night. Six ,[dull rnale~ have

51 "...."

( "_ . 0-''"
_.3 1'...' " =
2.2): t h fCC adu h fcmale~ have S\'Ls of 3~.9-n . 9 (X =- -1::\.6 )
:urd ll1a'~eS of -1.9-7.4 ( x -- 6..1 ) . In lid ng ad ulh Ihe d OI0 (9-~_
_I. ~ '><}.') ~~.I 1 , I-

_ <)1 ) .iIlC
' I

- ,'> _.

'

tll,l~~l:'

0 .2-2.0 m a bovc Ihe ground at night. Th\' ft~ m3 k~ hal c S\'b

of27 . 7-31.~ ( .f" = 29.8) and ma~l>C' of 1.6- 1. 7 (x '" 1.63).
III li fe th", dor~ ll l1l i, t:1I 1 at nig h t and brOIl'll b\ clal: the rbnb
arc tim. and the pO~leri 01 ~u rfact:~ of th t' thig hl> arc dar!..
brown .

~ll1n i~

pale orange Lan \\'it h ,mall. d a rk b r O\\,11 -'>pOL\, and

lhe posterior ,urfan:-,> of the th ighs an: black \,-jlh grccni~h
\dlo\\' flec k,: the throat i ~ while. and the rnt or th e \"CnttT
i'lello\\". T he iri, is b ro n/e with a median. horilo illal red
sireak. Th c1>c ' pcc ime.: lh ma tch wdl the d e.:,criplion oflhi,
~pec i t:~ b\' L~nch ( 1980 ) ;U'l{1 prO\'ide Ihe ri r ~1 d e \c riplioll
01 coloralion in life .

Eleuilieroriactyilis martiae Lynch

O ne fema le ,\'a\ o n a leaf 0 ..) m abme thc g round al
n ig ht in the \wd,' lonc al 5J: in the ~ lLl d} zone at NTL 0111:'
Illalt: and olle fema ll:' WtTC on the fore,t floor b\' dal', and
011(: female ;md t\\'o Illalc~ we.:re.: on lea\'{~~ of he.:rbs 0.1-0 .7
III :tbO\c groulld a t night. Thr<::' e m ale\ han' S\' L~ of
12. 7-1 ."1.0 (x '" I :1. 7) a n d tn a~Sf:~ of 0.1-0. :\ ( x - 0 . 17): olle
fcmalt: \\'il h m inute O\'arian c gg\ has a 5\'1. of 1::'.9 and a
mass of 0 .3. whcrea , 111'0 gnl\'id fe m alt:~ ha\l;' 5\,L~ of~O. 1
an d 21 .8 n1111 a n d ma~~e.:~ of O.S and 0,7. Structurall\' Ihese
~pecilllens com pare (a,'orably \\'il h par~lI\'Pes from SalHa
Cecilia. Ecuador, except thaI votlH.::rinc odolHophore~ itre
not e\id e.:1H ill :ul\' o fl hc p resen t ~ peC i nlClh. '\ I o~t w po1\-pic
~ p('ci m ell~ h:wc dcn~t: d ark ncck~ on Ih e I'Clllcr, lI' hcrea~
fOllr of Ihe pre~cnl ~pc ci men ~ IUl\'e onh scal\er<::'d f1 <::, c !..~ on
thc \'I:' nter. In life. the dor~Llrn is d ark broll'l1 10 rcddi,h
brOIl'll. and Ihe fl anks arc tan lI'i th brown diago nal mar ks:
Ihe pO~le rior ~urface.:, of Ih...: thig hl> a rc dark brown to b lac k.
and Iht' iri~ i, brollle \\'ith a med ian, 110rilo nlal red 'Ir...:ak.
One m:tlt: h;I(1 a b rOIl'n dor'1l1111l'ilh pa ll' gree ll ~ I rea!..l> a nd
a dark gr:n lent...:!' lI'ilh crl'amv \\'hile fl t"c !..s

Elelltlil'1'oriactylus lIigm vilt(lllfs Andersson

Six ~pec i mem :11'( ' from Ihe 'Iwh lone al SJ (2 ill pitfall
trap' bl d;l\. 2 on Ihe fore" floor 1)1' dal and 2 1)1' nig h l )
and 1\\'0 arc from the studl', lone at :-':TL ( fore~1 floor b\'dal ).
Fou r lll ; tle~ h;1\'e S\' L ~ of IS.'l- 17.S (x '" 16.6 and ma~ses
010.4-0.5 (0 .17 ) , and Ih ree fe111all:', (2 gravid ) h a\'e SVLs
of 19.1-20 .8 ( x '" 1\).8 ) and lna .w: ~ 01 0 .6-0.9 (.f" '" 0.73 ).
All individuab hale a bbc!.. :1.nal palch and b lack diagorl:1.1
mark ill the groin: thc bar, a ll lhe limb~ are di,tincL and
in life Ihe fon::1.rm, itn: orange. Six indi\'i d u al~ hal'c a faint.
nanOII. middor':1.llilll' pO~I(: rior 10 the.: ,;tCnllll.

Elellllw1"Odact),/us ocHellde"i (Boulcngcr )

Individual, \\...:re lound in lilt' \IUr!I' IOlW, al SJ and NTI.
and in Iht: noodpl.lin fore'ta t T L AjUle n ile Ihat \\'a~ a mid
Icafliue r bl (by, aud a minute jun::nilc (S\,L S.7. lll a~l> <0 .1 )
in;1 rotting log al nigh!. On e adull !!late (S\'L 18.6. mal>S
0.5 ) ,Ind Ihrl'(' gr,l\1d femak, \\'CI(' 011 !eme, uf hll,he~

EleutJIf.'1"fx/act)'/us penlllim/lls

( ~-Ie1in )

Both ad ull'> andjUlenilc~ were ;Icli\e on Ihl' fon:'1 floor

bl d,I\' and perc hcd o n lo ll' \egelation ( u p to 0 ..1) Ill ) al
night in the Ilo(,dpbin fares! at T I. an d in the ,w(h lone
,II :'\TI .. AI l\'TL on :!2Jull'. a mall' with a ImN of 1.7 wa~
in amplexu, wilh a femak hal'ing a Ina,s of3.8 on thc fo re5t rloor al 0 740 h . Six !!l3l e , h:lH' SVI.:. of22.3-28.9 ( .f" '"
26.'l ) and m ;I'~el> ofO.CJ- 2.0 ( x _ 1.5). and o ne gr;I\~d femall' h a~ a S\ 'L of ,11.4 and a m a ~~ o f 5.8. T he 'm :l lI<::'~1 of
eigh l jU\'e n ilt:, ha, a S\ rL of 6.0 111m and a ma,~ of < O. I. In
lif{'lhe d or~1I1ll \~ II' il'l> from uniform dull red to oli\'(: tan in
'malljU\enilf'~. In Iaq;t'rjlll'l' rlik~ ,Ind in adul ts, the dar,
,um i, r...:ddi~h Ian lI'ilh b rOil rl c h e \ ro n, eXll'nding latcl-alh
onto the rla nb and c ro,shar, on Ihc limb,: the pO~ll'rio r
,wface, of the thigh, are dark b rown 1111h min lite red lIec!..".
The face ma'\" and po,wrbital 'tri pt' arc d ar!.. b rOil n: Ihc
1('llI l'r i, crt:;ullv wh itc with or without brml'll flcc k, o n Ih c
che~l. The iri, i~ braille lI'ilh a medidn. horilom;11 red
~ ! reak. T ile alllpkcla lll paira'ld ollejll\cllilt: Ila\'(: a b road
creaml while labial ~Iripe \ha\ i~ (Olllill110U' lIilh Ihe 'a11lt
color on the upper arm. In pn"e r\'all\l', adult~ h,nc a \, \ri
ablc inten,it\' ofgra\' mouling a ll th e throat. In Olle male
the mo u ling i~ nt'<lrl\' blac k, and in o nc male and lhe ad ult
femalc Ihe lllOHling i~ dark and extend, onto Ihe ;mt...:rior
p:1.rt of Ihe belh .
Eleuthel'ocIUt'f),/lfs quuquaver')'lls L)11Ch

T wo ~ubadu lt fel1lak'~ (one frOltllhe 1100 dplain for('~t;1[

T I. and one flom Ihe ~llI(h lone 31 :'\TI.) Inll' on loll' \l'gelalion al night. Tlw'~ haw S\'L~ of 17.9 a nd I8.Rand 111:1.5'C'
of 0.2 and 0.5. rc 'pecli\cl\'. In co ntra,1 10 adults fr om
Ecuador . Ihe wb...:rclc on Ihe ht:c1 i, barc h' c \iclcnt. but the
ILlbercll" on the margin of thc u p pe r e\'did are pre~enl: fur11wrmor(. the Ve ntl'r i, more hca\'ill' flt'c!..l' d wilh hl;lck
Illall in Enl:ldoria ll S pt:ci l ll t ll~. Tlw~e ~pl'cim " n ' appare nt]\,
arc the I1r~1 reco rd, from l'cru. According 10 L\nch',
( I 980) re\'1<:w of Amat on ian {(,II' hemd (J " )' { lB. t hi, 'pee ie,
i, known from c lcv:ltioll ' of 320-IS30 III i II the u pper AIII:I'
lOll Ba~ill and on the Am alollian ,lo ptC ~ of lilt Ande, ill
Ec uador: the cl o ~e~1 rl'c o rd 10 Ihe pI e\enl loe a litic ~ i~
Cu,ui mc, Provincia .\ Ioron a-Santiag-o, Ecuador.

Eleullwl"Odact)'/lIs sulcatus (Cope )

T wo indi\idllal, are frolll the ,tuch lone <II .\'TI .. A jll'
w'n iIe h,l\i ng a SVL of I 7. I ,md ,\ Ill;l.~~ ofO.S 1I',h 01 I I II<::' forl'~1 floor bl d;l\ . The dor'llrll wa, Illoltlcd b rown and tan
wit h gnwi,h 1\ hil e mar king,- nanoll' lllid dor,al line, be tI,.
and diagonal b:u' bt:loll the orbit. T hc po~terior 'llrf ;lI'e'
oftht: thighs liTre blac k lI'i l h a longiludillal IIhil(' line: the
belli \\.", ",hilt' wilh bb c!.. flee!..,. and the 1r1' wa, gravi~h

I-IERPETOF\C' \ or ;-.iOKTHER.' LOKEI"O. PrKL

bronze Ifith fine black reticulation. An adult f('male h;I\'ing a S\'L of -14.5 ;uld a JllaSS of 10.0 wa~ in a !'<nap trap in
the morning: the dors u m I,'as dull tan. and the venter wa~
crea m.

357

females han:: SVLs of 43.8---17.2 (X - Ei.2) ,md Illa'~n of

3.4-6.2 (X ,, 4..1 i ) . and two fC1l1aln Kith ,mall o\,::l ri ~1l1 egg~
hal'e SVL... of 37.7 ;'Ind 39.8 and l1\a~ ,e, of 3.1 and 3.2. respeclil'Ch . The three ~ma!leq jllvenile~ h;\\e S\, L ~ o f
].1.9-1 5.6 ( _V = 15.3) and ma'~e~ 01'0.2- 0.4 (X _ 0.3) .

/Sc/IIIQCllema qlliXt'1lSis (Jimcnez de la Espada)

Found in the stud\' Lones at SJ and ;'\!TL and in the floodplain forest al TL, most indi"iduals were taken at nig-hl. but
fl\'( were foun d bv da\'. Four males hal'e SVLs of3i.2--"10.9
(x ,, 38.9 ) and masses of2.9-7.0 (X = 5.-1): nine gr,l\1d females h;]ve S\'Ls of 41.2-S:t i (X" 48.2) and ma~ses of
4.4-17.0 (X ' 10. 7). The smalle~t of seven jUl'en i k s has a
SVL of 16.9 and a mass of 0.2 g.
Leplodact),/us peniadaet),/lls (Laurellti)

A nongral'id femak ha"ing a SVL of 14 8.2 and a ma~s of

2iO was i.H Ihe side of a road at night al SJ. and two jU\'(~
niles ha"ing S\ 'Ls 01'61.8 and 66.9 and masse~ of 19.0 and
2i.6 wert:: in p itf.111 traps at 0650 h near the lagoon at ~I.
Two other individua ls are from the oxbow lake at TL. and
another is from the forest pond at NT L The first of these
is ajm'enile having a SVL of 79.7 and a mass of 43.0: the
others are ajuvenile ha'1ng SVL of 4 7.3 and mass of 6..-1 g.
and a subaduh male ha,ing a SVL of 102.9 and a mas~ of
126 g.
Leplodact),lllS rf!Qdoll!),sla.1; Boulenger

Three JUI'cniles foun d on the fo n~ ~1 (loor al nighl in the

study lOne at NT I. h;we S\'Ls of 265-39.6 P" = 33.6) and
masses o f 1 .3--~.9 ( x ,, 2.9). In life . the dorsum and I!ank~
are orange-ta n "ith dark brown spots 011 the fonner: the hind
limbs are black with cn.:am rd low spo~o n Ihe hidden surfaces of the thigh~. Th e belly i~ Ol,mge-tan with crean1\' while
S pOL~. and thc prOlllinent labial stripe i~ pinkish white: Ihe
iris is dull red.

PII)'salaelllll~'

pel(rsi (Jimcnez d e la Espada )

Of6-1 individuals from Iht: ,tLl{iI lone:lt SJ. 5~ line in

pitfall trap~alilight or at dal\n. On 10 Junl" three maIn
,,'ere calling from the ed ge of hlgoon at S:/. and 18 indi\'iduab we re remOl'ed from p itfall traps wilh i n 10m of t h e
lagoon. One indil'idllal wa~ removed from a pitfall trap
in the stud\' zone at ,'\!TL. an d six were found in the floodplain fO rDtat TL. Of all 7i ~ pecimens. se,'cn were found
on the fore'l floor bv da\' and five at night: one of the latIe I' was eatillg lermites. Tweke adult males hal e SVLs of
21.0- 24.4 ( x = 22.5) a lld ma~se s of 0.i-I.2 (x = 0.94 ): 15
adu It femain have SVI.s 01'26.0--30.4 (x '" 28.7) and ma~~es
of 1.-1-3.3 ( x = 1.86). The two !'!omallesljul't::nik, were found
on I and 'I Jul" al SJ and ha\'e SVI.s of 15.5 and 16.0 and
masses of 0.3 each .
Vanz.o/illius discodactJ /us (Bou!cnger )

Three indi"iduals are from TL and Ol!\~ from :'\TL: Ihe

latter and one oflhe former were on the forest floor b, d a\'.
The olllt:rs were at the edge of a lem porary POll(\. a female
bl' day and a calling Illale al nigh!. Th e call i~ a serie~ (usualiI', 1) of \\'h i:.t lelike note~. An adul 1 male ha~ a SVL of28.5
and a ma~s of 1.9. and all adult female has a SVL of 33. 6
and ;1 mass of 2.4: two juveniles have S\'Ls of 18.9 and 2'1.2
and masses of 0.7 and 1.3. In life, color~tion of an adult
male ( KU 2221 00) was: D or~um brown wilh dark brown
markings: throal gnll' with black flecb: bell\' creaml' white
wilh grav fl ech: tint of \,el],,,,, ill groin: iri~ bronzc with
b lack fleck!'<.

Leplodact),/Ils w agm.'1i (Pe lers )

This name is u ...ed in the reslricled S(:llse of Hc\'er ( 199-1).

Five indil1duals were al Ihe margin ... of the forest pond at
night a t NTL. and one jU"eniie was at the edge of a ~l1lall
strealll by day al NTL One adult maic I\'ith thumb spines
has a SVL of 56.5 and mass of 18.8, and a subadu II male has
a SVL of 40.9 and mass 01'7.0. Olle g r:\\'id female has a SVL
01'775 and a mass of 58.0. and;l :.ubaduh femak has a S\ 'L
01'65 nun and a mass of33.8. Twojun.:niles h,wt: S\,L... 14.0
and 26.0 and maSSeS of 0.1 and 1.6.
Lilhod)'les lineallis (Schneider)

Of the two specimens tj'Otll NTL aild II from SJ. all were
on the forest (1001' 1)1' dar or rCllIoled from pitfall Irap:. bl'
da\'. exce p t I wojll\'enile~ taken at night. one on Ihe fort:~ t
floor and OIiC sleeping on a dead vITo/Jia leafO.l III ;l bm'e
the ground. Three adult males 11:\\.. SVLs of 33.1-37.5
( ;V = 35.9) and masses of 2.9-4.9 (X ,, ~.7): tllll::e gradd

;\ \ I( ROIIH ID\F

Chiasmocleis

bas~'/eri

Duml

Ten indi"iduah fell into pitfall trap~ at nig ht in th e '11Idl'

lone at ;-.iTL. FOLir \llale~ have SVL, of 16.8-20. 3 ( X =
18.7 ) and ma~~es 01'0.5- 1. 0 (.1" " 0.(5): ~ix female, 1\1th
~nl:l.1I ovarian egg:. hale SVLs of 19.5-21.6 (x " 20.3) and
ma~se, of 0 . 7-1.0 (x . 0.9 ). Coloration in life ( KL'
222103--05): DorSllllI dull brown: Gill thaI ~tript.' prominenT.
cre;:lrn: po~torbital ~tripe creallll' o l~ lnge : forearm and ~uipc
on ;'Interior ~\lrface of hind limb pale or:lllge: throat and
chest g1<1\, wiLh ,,,h ite flecks: belli and I'en lml ~llrfac('\ of hi lId
limbs white with pale blL1i~h tint and large bbd. ~pot~: iri~
reddish bronlt~ \11th minute hlack flecks. All indil1duah h,\\'e
a black inguin;]1 ~pot. bllt thl::1 lack the indi,tinci pink ~pots
on the flanb and a nlerior ~urf:Jce~ of the Ihigh~ ill ~pl::ci111en~ frolll Santa Cecilia. Ecuador (Duellman . 1978).

358
Microhylidac illceria scdis
A ~ingk female (KL' 222108) Ihat wa, in a pitfall trap at
U950 on 20july in the ~ I lldr 10lle at NTL due~ not fit illlo
am 01 the gener<l of Iwotropical microhvlid , as cha r~\cter
ind bv Zweitcl (1986) and modified by de S:I <l nd T n,,:b
(199 I). A l\"Illpanlllll i~ present. and the occipilal de rmal
fold is ;lb~erH. There arL' Ih rn: funClional dig it.s 011 the hand
:H1d fOllr on the fool. [n life. the dorsum wa~ brO\"n with
minute cream flecks. the \cllk r gray with white llecks. and
the iri, reddis h bron7e with hlack fleck, ( PI. I). 1-. IeasuremenLS: S\,L 17.8. tibia lengt.h 7.5. foot length 7.1, hcad
kngth 5.2. head wid th 5.5. diam ete r of e\e I .S. diameter of
t\"lllp:IIl\111l 0.8.
Radiog ra ph ~ re\ealed the exi~tencc of cigh t pre .... lcral vertebrae. coccvgea l proce<;sclo. small cl:nicles abOllt one half
length of coracoid :., and <]u:ldratojllgal sep ara te from lIlaxilia. The alar... processes 01 the prcmaxillae loeem~ to be inclin ed anteriorl\'. and Ihere doe~ not 'eem to he a notch in
the -"helf of I.he premaxillac.-. Th e skull :I ppcars 10 be completclv roofed . The n alUre of thc vomers and ncopabt.ines
could not he d etermin ed. T he ph:llangcal formul a for the
hand is 1-2-~2 and fo r the fOOl. ;'-2-3-1-3 (fi rst digit could
not be d Clcrmined): tht te rlllin~11 phabnges a re pointtd.
Thc on I\' gcnn:l of :\ew World microhvlids ha\illg the
occipital fold absent. clm'ick reduced. and qlladratoj llgal
"e paratc frOIl) maxilla (;111 cleri,'ed character stales according 10 Z\\t~i fel. 1986) arc A"covolIIl'I". ChilWllodri.... and Sol/cope.
A"collolII('fdilTtr~ from the prc'K'll t specimen bl" lacking a trmpan um and coccygeal processes and bv h;wing a normal phalangeal formula and T -~hapcd terminal phalanges.
Chiaslllor/pis diffe rs by lacki ng a lympanUlll and bl' h;1\ing;1
normal ph~lbnge:tI formula: howe\"er. ~ollle exte rnal digital reduction has bt:en noted in occasion:II spccimclls o f Chi(/5/llOdei\ (Ncl,on, 1975).
Externa lly. the ~pcci 111"'11 resembles SJIlCO/JI'. but il is Illllch
largcr than Lhe two knOlm species-SVL in S. (llIll'IlOnlO 13.2
ill females (Walker. 1973) . to 11.7 in fernalesofS. ((I lwllllol
(Nel~on. 1975). S)"IICO/Jf' ([1111'1101"; h<l' a tpnpanuill. ,,'hereas
S. {(/11If1/hoi d ocs not. Externalh. S. ([nlPliOri has fOl Ir finger~
and fOllr toes, and S. rrlllla{lwi h a~ Lhree flllgers and four toes.
Th e phalangtal formula of S. (l1I/('//O,.i is 2-2-3-3 and
1-2-3-4-3; the ph<llangeal formula of S. ((111m/hoi is u nknowll. Howe\'er. .~\"Ilro/Je has only ~even presacral vertebrae.
as opposed to eight in the pre~entlopecirnen .
Thus. the p rescllllopecimen cx h i b iL~ ch ar:Ktc rs of Chifl\lIIor/pi~ (eight presacra l \crtebrae ) and SJI/(()/IP (red uced
phal:tngcal formula). Furthermore. it sharc~ Lhc prcsencc
of all external t}'mpan um wit h S. (1IIIpllon: the t"mpanu m i~
ab~el l t ill Ch'(l.'.lIIodf'isand S. (II/l!(lllwi. T he spccirncII cou ld
be allocalcd to ~)I/co/Je by amen d i ng t hc ddi nit ion of that
gcnm to include eight pre~acral \ertebr-;Jc. The combination uf state, of Chi(l\lIIodl'i~ and S)"II ( O/)(' might justifv the
recognition of o n ll' one ge nu ~. I-Iowe\"er, no such ta;,;ollomic
deci .. ion .. ~holiid be forth coming until more material i,
,\\~\ibbk on \\hich to base a formal de~cripLio n o f the speci e~
and 10 provid e adequale o'teologiC:li pre pa rati o n ~ so that
~ome of the o steologi cal c haracters call be \erilied.

Raila pa/m ipes Spi;.;

Onc adull \\'a, Ob'e lYed at thc lagoon at Sj and two adult
m;)lelo h;willg S\,Ls of93. 1 and 98.0 . and masses of79 each
were Oil the shore of th e oxbow lake at TL at nigh t.
P l .F n

tOl)O:o-.Tt n I f

Bofilogfossa pClllVialla ( Bo ule n gcr )

T\\"o fcmalcs having S\'u. of3 1.2 and 36.4 W(Te on lea"es
ofbushe~ ;l bOUI 1.5 m above grollnd at the edgc oflhe forClot pond al NTL o n the nightof20 j ul}". At night th e d orsum was pale tan: by day it was redd ish brown I,ith d arker
brown markings, ;\1 ld tile , e m er was black. These spedrncns
agree wel l with the definition of the species provided by
Crump ( 1977) . exce p t that th e}" ha\"e darker venters.
C..u:O I.l.AIDAE
Caed/ia lel/taeu fa ta Linnae us

aile female ha\~ ng a 10lal lenglll of 6 15 a nd 124 primary

an n uli \\";:1S 1110\111g on th e fores t floo r during a h ea\"}' rain

al 2215 h r o n 23 j u Iv i11 the slUdy zon e at NT!.. Two o t her
indi\'iduals, an adult a nd ajun~nile. were obsen 'ed on thc
same night.
G ~. ""O:\ IDAL

GOlia /odes col/eill/wtlls (O 'Sh a ug hnessy )

One adult female ha\'ing a lengt h of 44 + 34 (tail tip apparenlly regenerated) and a mass o f2.0 was actjve on a fallen
log at nigh t at SJ. Color nOleson fcmak (h U 2221 38): do r~UI11 tan and brown : throa t b luish whi te wi th chocolate
brown streaks: bellI' d ull yellow wil11 brown streaks.
GOlia/od es hUI/w/"(//is (G uich e nol )

One ju\"enile hadng a length of 32 + 22 and 111ass of 0. 13

was found on a wall of a buildi ng in ca illp at TL bv clay.
U emida ctY/lIs m(lbouia (Mo reau d e J o nncs)

An ad u lt male having a leng th of62 + 71 and a mass of

3.7 wa.~ on a building in camp at SJ by night and ajuveni le
h;\\ing:' length of25 + 27 was on a bui ld ing lhere bv day.
OIlC j uvcll ilc havin g a length o f 23 + 26 and a mass of 0 .1
was in~ide a huilding at T L by d a\'.
Lepidob/eph allts hoogmoedi Avila-Pires

T \\'o gravid fe m:lks each havi ng SVI.s of27 a nd on(" " 'ith
a complcte taillcllgl h of 2':1 were collect ed 011 . an d under.
palm lill..:r ncar Lhe 1":l11pOr,lI)' pond al T L: t.hei I' masses werc
0 .43 alld 0.40. !"especli\(I\". An adult l11ale having a SVL o f
26. <In incomplete tai l, and a mass of O.3was ill a pitfall tra p
bl' d av in the slLldr "l.o ne a t :,\TL. These speci mcns match

I I ~ Itl '~ lor \l

, \

Of

~ O lt lll~ It.,

\..()ltt I 0 , Pr Rl
11<11'1 I){

clo~..:h

III{" d..:,CI ipt ion a n d phol ('gr,lph provided bl Alil.lPirn ( 1995) in (it:la ils oflxlIh ,cutell.ttion and coloratiol1 ,
lIilh thl.' I.'xu.:p tio n th at the 10\\('1 PO'lll""d 1:' about t'qll,11
ill ,i/e In lho: upper po~tn;bal ill th o: mak' ( KC 22210.11 ) ,
C(llor 1101 0: ' Oil the male ( KL' ~~21 '1~ ) , ill life: chin p ill \...i~h tall Wi lh d ar k brown 'tri pe!>, Color 1I01t:' o n ~allle ' pe eimcn I:. kell from color trall'p,lr": IlC\': limb, d ark brown :
dor!>u lll dark bruwll wi t h two longi Illd i 11,11 I o\\'~ of iII-defi nt~d
p<lk b ro\\'11 blotc h (: ~: top of h ead d,lr!... hI 01\ n Ili lh d ifTu .. e
blul'-gr;1\ W-~haped mark OCI\\ C('11 ,Ind l Olering ('\'('Iid:.:
)nOllt pak brown with dark b rown 'I)I)L" (\c111arClto.:d bl thin
c rcarn tr.lII ~ICr1>C ba r: cream hOI'ot:,hoe-,IMJkd collar exten d ing frOln po~tcrio r margin of 01 bil ~ (111.' 1- occiput : dor,01,lIl'I-;11 p;\k b ro" 'II s tripe~ extend ing fl 0111 ol. ci pital collar
po~lt'rio rh 01lto allterior o ne fourth 01 tai l: la il pale b rO\\'n.
d i ,t i n c t Iv pOl 1c::r t han a II 0 th 0: r ,u rf, l c,,: ~: ,111l->11 rfa ce~ ~pec k I(:d
wit h b luo:-gra\' scale ... tho~ e U11 Iimlh fo rm ing di,c rete spots:
tho~o: on t:lil fo rming dillll"e ~lri pl' lall.)-;,lIv 011 p roximal pari
of lail : tll'O e re,un poswrbi l:l[ har' exto:nding from orbit
onto ""oal: iri, dull brown , unmal h (1.
1n pl'(:,e r\,:\li\ e , the Ihroat of KL' 2221 0.1 1 i:. c ro:a m with a
co mpkx -.erie.. of bold U<lIlwer..e ,Ind longitmlinal gr.1I Iii It:,
t h:l t 0: X tt.' nd latera 111' to become in fl-;\I:Ibi.t I bar,: the \ '( ' 11 I1';11
:'C:IIe ~ are gral, becomillg darl.. (' r periph('fa[ 11' and the
,cale, lI'hieh co mpri~e I he e~ClHcheon .Ire II hile with d :lr\...
ed ge,. In p rese rl'<I 1il'e, th o.: female' ( L' PRWE D 6033:>.
U P R-WE D 60438) are uniform dark brown with cream
throa ts thai h al'C bold. 01' indi,tinc(' linear m a rkings, re!>pect iv..:h.
Dixon ,llld Soini ( 1986) lis ted I.I'/ )ldoblp/,h(lnlsfi's/(I(' as pan
uf tIlt: ht:rpo:tofau na of Ihe Iql lilO' I ('giml . Their color note,
fo r t. Je~/(I(' a re ..imilar to the patte rn in the orig in al de~cri p ti on and that o f specimen, o f L hooj.,'1Jw(v, re poned
here . willI the exception tha t their 'peci m en<; from near
Iquito, hal'O: additional dors.,1 and laleralline:.. Inas much
:t~ ~ I il'atil ( 1985) qU('s tiolled th(' .lpplic,lbi lil l L Je,~/(U' fo r
po pll bti u n ~ in Ihe Am:votl ba ~irl a nd gil en th at onlv fi\'e
~pedlllen' h;tl'e been re pon ed (2 bl AIilaPire,. 1995. p Ili!>
the 3 reported h ere in ) , it i~ po , sible that wh c n IO;: lrial.iol1
in L hf)OglllOl',li is more compk H~ 11' kn own. the populalion
in Ihe I quilo~ reg io n will be found to b(' refl.'ra bl e 10 lhi,
,pectt: ~,

f\(,lldogOlia /ooes g ll ialU'1lsis

Parke r

One gral'id fe male haling a S\'L of26 11,15 in a pitfalltl.lp

bl dav in the .. tmh lone at SJ A g.-' I\'id fo:male having a S\'I,
of26 and a mass of 0 .2 was in a pitfailira p in the s tud\' lone
a l NT!.: e,lc h contained one egg.
Tflf.'Cadad)'llls rap ica uda (1-I o uttu YII )

All adu lt ft: m a le h;wing a [englh of [ II + 65 lI'a~ found

on a palrn trullk 1.5 III <Il)()\'e the ground ,II night in the :.1Ll(h
lOne ~II S:I- An adult male h ;wing a length of 103 + 66 and
a m a ~, of26.0 II';lS found on tree Irunk ,It night in the slmh
lone at ~TL.

t 11.( lI) U

EIIJalioides rofim orlllll 1)1Ic Uman

01 1(' ,Idull mal e ha\'ing- ,I kn!{th "r 2 1:-, + I 10 a nd a 111;1 \ ,
0[(,0 W,IS ~ I o.:..:ping (head lip) Ilil ,I 'Ill,dl t.rn~ trun\... ,It nig hl
ill I h..: ,tudv LOlIC at SJ Col, II ,lliull ill Iik of KU 2 2~ 163 t I Olll
colliI' Iral1,p, l rellci e ~: 1)01 ,llIn dlllll.lIl with irregula r d :11k
blOl\ ll In,lrking' tend ing- to form tr,Ill'ler<;e ba r~: thro,\I
hlui 'h gl-;w: iIi ~ brO\\ll m..:d ialll . O I~ Il1/-l 1.--t,1ll JXriphlO' l~IIl I. Th i,
indi\ idll,11 i, "Omewhat dulllO'r in ( oIOl".\tio n than the IIVO:
, o: ril" from Santa Ceci l:. , Enl.ld,)r ( Dlldlnl.lll , 19 73 b ) ,

EIlJalioides IlI /ieeps (Guic hcnot )

OtW .l(luli female ha ving .11t'llglh of 135 + 236 and a rn,I'~
0185,0 \\ ; l~ 0 11 a In;:c trunk ~ 111 , I bm ~' the g round hI dal in
th e ,tllch lone at SJ . A jlll'ellile h,tlilll-\" a length of80 + 127
and :\ m a,~ of 17.5 lI'a .. sln:ping- 'III the /-lruli lid lItld('r a :'111,111
ht:rh ,\I night in the ,w(1I 101)(' ,II ~T L Color 1I 0t {~~ 011 I hl'
.lduh fem, lk ( KL' 222161) : d o r'llln grt'en : chill g reeni"'l I d IIIW: Ih roal ru:.t: I'cnl e r(re,llll\ tall : i ,i ~ cre;llll . Color nOl e~
Oil theju\('nile (CRP-WED (0 106): d o rs um brig ht g rlO'en
wilh d,lI\... nl ~ l\ brown m a rk ing': throat buffwilh rus tl red
,tr('.tk,; re~t of l e lller cr..:am ,I illl IU"!\ red flecks; iri ~ dull
rnldi,h copper lIith cn',lIll ring pt:ripho:ralh .
PIll YU IROrlDH

Allolis bOlllbict,ps Cope

T I\t1 .Hl u lt femaln ha\'ing [e ll g lh ~ 01 :>8 + 108 and 1')8 +
117 ,li e IIlIm Ihe studl' zOl le ,It :-\TI.: the form e r femal e h.ld
a In ,t'~ of1.9 and was ,1o:eping on ,I leafO.S III alx J\ e the
ground .lIld tho: latlcr II~ I ~ \"'ille cl bl .1111, in:t pitfall a l nig h!.
TIIO ,Idul! maks fro m the ~ lU(h 101ll' :'\'1'1. having leng th ,
of 51 + 100 and 60 + 118 and m ,,,~(" o f 2 .8 a nd 3.3, rL''pee l il ell , \I e re ,leepinA" on leal I." , \I nig ht 0 .3-0 .5 III al)(l\ l'
the ground. Color notes on f('l11 ,tk ( KL: 2221 15): lining
ofbllc(;11 cal'it\, a nd ckwl;IP d,11 k blllO: .
Th o: d i,u'ibulion of fl IIO/1I "()/I/ birp/" i ~ en compa.. , eel compklo:l}' willlill the lI'e~lenl IX\] t ot lh(' range of A . lIiten~. Thne
1110 SPI.c ie, 't:elll 10 he e co[og icil (; q llil~llclll!> ; ooth a re le r!'f.- "ui,11 a nd ~cem to falor log , .mel lOll bllH re ~!>e~. I\olh
'pec ic' h.t\e been rlO' porto:d fro m Rio [1.1\ ,1 (\'an/ol ini a nd
Willi,llm. 19i O) a nd Ccntro L'ni()ll ( D i~on,lIld Soin i. 1986 )
ill Do:p.lrtame nto Lorelo, Pe ru , I.C<oC urc and Ga ..c ( 1986 )
e l rOll e ous h reponed , \. bomilirf'/" from Sa nta Cec il i,l,
Ecuador. \I hero: A . III/em i:. co mlllOl1 ( D ud[lIl a n , 19iR ) ,
AllO/is / lIs('Oa ll l'O/lIs
Thi~

O'O rhign)'

'peci c' wa .. rebtil'c h' common in tho.: ~lUdl I.on..: ~ ,II

SJ. :md ~T L. along IhL' :.trO::lIl1 ;l1 TL. and in the floodpl.lin
fot'lO'-t at T L Indi\1du.,I, IIl'rl' itl.lCli\ e on ~ aplin g~ a nd
k ,IIO: ~ 0 .j-2 .0 m aoo\'e Ihe g round .11 n ight. One ind ivid11,11 \\.1" ,J,le ep OIl n ight 0 11 elll("gO:llt I cgetation in the fo re 't SII ,tmp ,tt SJ T Cll fem a ln h ,I\(' Io:ng lh' or 1 ~-1 8 (. \
1 1.8) + 8 1- 9 7 ( x "" 86. [ ) and 1ll , 1"0: ~ o f 0.8- 1.5 ( X
1.2) ,

360

Six tnak~ h:1\'c kngths of 38-18 (x '" '135) + 74-87 ( x '"

82.5) ,md ma~~c~ of 0.9-1.~ (X _ 1.1 ) . T \\"o juYcni lcs Ilave
lengths of34 + 67 and 2~ + inc. and mas'(.'~ ofO.~ and 0.2.
re~pectilelv. Color note~ on mak (KU 22214'J): dewlap d ull
ro,1:' with pale crca m scakl>. Color note~ on male ( KC
622152): dcwlap pinki~h 1"0<;<: with cream scaks. In alcohol.
tl\O adul t femak, ( KL' 222155. LTRP-WE D 60-116) arl:' dark
brown dor~allv 'I'ith a hroad copper dor~:tl stripc. extending: from lhe occiput well OlllO the tail and bordered bterall\' bv thin hlack stripes.
Lnlike as in most anole~. tlw dewlap color seems to be
highln' lriable. In ~ pe citJle n ~ from Santa Cecilia. Ecuad or.
the de.:wb p is rose-p ink \\'it h white ~cak~ ( Dudltllan. 1978).
whercal> in lhe lqui[o, region of Peru. thl:' dewlap is pale
lemon I'ellow 10 pale green (Dixon and Saini. 1986). Accardi IIg to AI'ila-Pircs ( 1995 ) the d ell'lap has been reported
as red in specimens frolll ;\ la natl~. Brazil. and gra}' in specimClb from Benjamin Con~tanl. AIll:lIonas. Brazil. 1-1 0\\'cver. in all ~peci11)clls the scales in the d ewlap are whitl:' or
pale cream"
III her re\'iew of the h abiL~ of thi~ species. A\'ila-Pires
( 1995:63) not ed that ... iL /!ls("(Ja!l millS is tliai IIII' found on
\ege ta [ion. up to 2 m, in fore,1. occa,ion:llh' abo on the
ground or higher up (at lea~tllp 105 tlI)." She Illelllioned
that Beebe (19-1'1) re ported two ~pecilnen~ in the top ofa
90-foot trce \\'ithin 15 minutes after it had been cut do\\'n
and Mlggested ... lha[ the species also mal bt: pre~ellt in tile
canopv." Hee be '~ report and AI"ila-Pirel>'s ,ugge~tion h:we
been corrobomted bl o bsclTations or mallV indi\'i d ual~ of
A. /1l\(O(I1I/"{tluS on br:anche~ and limbs at heights or 30 m
abol'e the ground .tlong the canop\" lI'alkwal' at the Ama/.on
Center orEn\"iron\l1(.' ntal i::dllcalion and R e~earch Ilcar thc
jUllc tion of thc Rio S\lCll~ari and Rio ~a po . Depa rtamento
Loreto. Peru (\\'E D. pers. o bs.).
AI/olis lIilL'IIS (Wagler )

All adult Illak hal"ing a length of71 + 155 \I,\S at the ed ge

of the rorest at SJ Iw d al and an adult fe.:l1l;tle hal-ing a
length or83 + 171 and a tTlaS~ of 16.0 was skq)ing on a branch
0 .." m abOle the.: ground at night at SJ. T he male ( KL'
222 147) emitted an audible squeak while it was being re~trailled for a photograph _ \'ocali]3[ion ha~ been reported
in ~cH. ral species of . \ lIo/i~ (Greene. 1988 ). but nc\"c r ha,
it been re ported in this ~peciel>.
Pre\iousil'. populatio n s of this taxon in Am,lIonian
Ec uador and Peru haye been kno\\'n as tlnofi5 ril,)jo/r/)i.,
(sub\pecie, srJphl'lIo5) (D uell man. 1978: Dixon and Soini.
1986)_ Alila-Pires ( 1995) placed all subspecies of II. dllJsoll'jNS
as sllb'p~'cie~ ot A. III/rll\. Geographicalh separate pop ulation~ of Allolis dll)wlepll' (= lIilf'nS) were studied bl \'a nlolini and \\' illiam~ ( 1970). togethcrwith A_ oolilbirI'IJ~. which
is sl"Iupatric wilh A. lIill'lIo5 in \'a\lpcs. Colom hia. and Lo reto.
Pel"ll: the\ regarded the 'epamte populations as subspecic~.
but. a, poi nted out b} Avila-Pires ( 1995). areas of illte rgrada 1ion .Ire nut known between ,01110.:: ofthe~e POPlll:t[ions.
Thll ~. the "mb~pedn" of , \. 11111'111 lIla\ be d i~tinct spec i e~.

in which case the lizards in Amal.onia n Pe ru and Ecuad or

II'oltld be recognized as AI/olis J0/)hclil' Cope.
A/IO/is tracily dl.'1ma Cop e

An adult male from tilt." ~tud\' I.Olle at SJ hal"ing a length

of 49 + 101 and a In ass or 1.6 a nd an adu lt male from th e
smdv Lone a l ~ TL having a length of5' + inc. and a mass
of2.3 \\'ere caught in a p itfall trap~ by day. A ju\"ellile having a length of3 1 + 55 and a lll;tssofO.2 lI'as fO\lnd on the
fon:l>t floor bl', dal', in the st udv 10lle at NT!. and aJ'uvenile
haling a length 01"3-1 + 60 and a masso! 0.9 was found climb-ing up the base or a ~tilt palm by day in the floodplain rorest at T L. Color notes on ajuI"cnile (U RP-WE D 60 183): belly
I"ellow; throat o range. All indi,iduals h<l\"e ~moo th ventral
scale~ (O/llra Dixon and Soini. 1986).
AI/olis Iranfl'I.'1"$alis Dumc ril

All individuals orthil> ~peciel> were in tile study 101lt: or

rorel>[ swamp at SJ. T wo aduh males havi ng le n gths of 77
+ 150 and 76 + 142 ;mel masses of4.1 and 7.9, respectively
were sleeping on hori/olHal \'illes 1.5- 2.5 m abm"c the
ground at night. Aju\'eni1c ha\'ing a length of38 + 71 and
a tTla~s orO.8 was in a pit rail tra p bv da\" and anotherju,'c\lilc havi n g a length of 57 + 77 was sleeping on the tip of
a \"enical ~tem 2.5 m abm-e the ground a[ nigh!. Ducllman
( 1978) and Dixon and Suini ( 1986) mentioned tha t this
I> pecies tvpical ly seetll~ to inhabit the high canopl' lcl'el of
large trce'-pcrh :lps on Iv leaving these trees to lav eggs
(Dixon and Soi ni. 1986). Ou r disco\'en' of adu It malcs and
mode ratcl" -si/cd jm'e niles a t heights of 1.5-2.5 III sugge~ts that Ihis ~pecie~ mar be slightlv \\lore catholic in its
choice of habitat. Color notes on aju\'e ll ile ( KU 222161 ) :
iris blue; de wla p rellow-ora nge wit It d a rk brown markings:
dorsum green wi th p akr gree n and black diagonal Ill.trkingl>. Color notes 011 all ad ult male ( KU 222162): ca p ab le
of changing from brigh t green wit h nearl\' b lack transverse
tllarking~ to pale brown with less inte n <;(' markings: iris
blue.
T ROI'IDL'Rl l)A
Tropidunls plica (Linnacus)

AJt adult female h al-ing a length 122 + 146 (tail tip rege n erated ) and ma."s of81.0 was on a lree trunk 5 III above
[he groun d b} day in the ~tud\' lone at KTL.
Tmpidll nls umbra (Lin nac us)

All indiliduals were ~lceping. head up or hori70 lll all".

on vegel:ttiotl at Il ight 0.5-5 m abovc the ground at night
in the st ud\' 10lles at SJ and ;-.JT L. along the stream ilt T L.
and in flood p lain ro rcst at TL. except one. whic h was in ,t
p i[fall b\' da y in the stud" lone at ~J . Four adu lt males have
len gths of i9-85 ( x '" 8.'\.3) + 186-190 (x '" 188.3) and
masses of 15. 1- 18.5 (x '" 16.7). A jU\'enile has a length of

1IIIInHHII '\01 :'\011.111111.' I .ORI10 . I' ~_ RL

69 + 1;.:'1.111<1 1lI.1" of8.7 . . \11 .Idull Io:n1.lI, h.I'

I'l l + 1'80 7 .lIId .1 lila" o f I:t.;).

,1

leng lh of

Afol)oglosslIs atr11Il'llir;s Ducllman

rllil 1.III,dc, h,iIillg II:'nglh, of:11 + fi7 .1lU[ 19 + 7 II ere

ill lilt' , t U{l\ 101l(' .n SJ. The fort ncr 11.1' fOlLlld in Ihe Ie.lf
lilll1 bl d.1I .\1ul h.ld ,I m3', of \';j . nit: l.llIcr II.I~ kilkd bl
alll' II1 .1 pi l f,llIlI"";lp. and 111 . 1" lI.h 1101 Illc .I'Url'd. One i1ld ilid u.11 (l ' R P-WED 600~6 ) h.t., hi.lc k Oil Iht' 1.11('1"";11 ~urbcc,.
1-I1I"n.:,1' Ihc o llll'l (I"'C 222167) h.I' 1111" \'111'1,,1 ,urfan"
CIII l\ ,liglllh d.1I ker h i 01\ n I han I h c dOl 'LIm : fC lI1al c, of I h i,
'plcil' Il picalil h.lI(' \;tlcral 'UII.ICC' llw '.lInc color <I~ Ihl'
dor,1111l ( nIl< 111 na n 1973b). nOI h 'I}ti i Illl'II ' h;l\'c crcal 11 1('11Icr,. ,I' i, II pied for fell1 a le ~ of Ihi, ' Ix-tin.
Alopogfosslfs bllckl,;'),; (O'Shaughnessy)

T ilt) 1ll,lk" h.wi ng le ng lh' (.1 17 + 79 ,md '1:--1 + 69 ami

1Il.1'~C' of2. 1.lI1d I.S, re'fw l l ilch. IIl' rc OIl Ihe fort'~ 1 floor
bl d .1I in Iht" ,wch .fone a l :\'1'1..

Alopaglosslls cop;; Boulcngcr

All ,Idliit 111;111- h ,lI"i ng a I C Il ~lh Il r:"J ~ + 103 :111(\ a llla,:<~or
CI.O 11.1' .lnilc.lI nighl in \ea f lil1cl illlltl l'l",e(\ .lllhc edgc of
Ihc f( ,rc,1 l}t .. IrI :11 NT L. II i, 1)( ,,,j I )1. 111.1 I Ille Ii/;1 rd w;:t, ~ lcc p
illg ;lI1d di'lurhed bl fool'>lcp' , Colllr 1l00n ull ;Idult 1l1 ale
( I"' l ' :!221t19 ): lop of hcad I<.:d rli,h hrtlllll ; (\urMI lll dull
hrolllli~ h hlac k: IC lller r r(';Lr11l 1.ln ( Fig. Ill) . Th i~ 'per il'
i~ klll)111l fnlll1 o llh . 1 fell (lthl1 'pc("i!nell~ fro m Iht;: ,\maIOll i.1Il ,lop", nf Ihe .\ndc' in [clI.ldor ( Ru ib.ll. 19:.2: PeleI' .In ([ Oaj.h-:\ Iira n da. 19'8oG ) ( bul 'll' helow). The
~ pcci ! ne !1 I ,-pOllcd hcrc 11.1' lhe fiJ II 11 illg: -.c.llc counl' (Cor111.11 I \J \10\1 i ng I{ II iba l. I 952 ): III id buill I H; II .1ml't'r~t:' clol ,a I
rOIl ~ :!:\: U ,III '", C!"'<C \"t~ llu,,1 rOil") 19: ,g:u1.lr, R Therc . I n~ 16 16
fnlUII,d p rc,. Ihc t\\'o 1l1 0~ll1Wdi.ll1 pOll ' .1 ... prt;:,m al in
PU'I !lIJIl. I'll. color p:lltl"l"n .111 Ihi, ~ I ll'rirncn 1l1:llch c,
clo'c" Ih.11 (k,rrilwd bl' Ruib.ll ( 1\):12) . IX<.c pl l hal:l ft:'1\'
ICIIII,II ,r.II., 1,llk browlI f1e c kil lg ,.11 Illc .llllcrior portiOl1
of I Ill' '("<lk .

36 1

\ '.lIllOlill i ( 1986) li,led I (O!)//.I'.I" 11011\"111 of LrIJO~om(f

10 111111 ( lid, L' l.fell .md B.t1TI. I ~Ji I ). I I I f. t( I. L'.f Ie II .ll ld Itln"\
( 1971) did IJ(JI ,,'nOlllllli.fe 1110.:'( 11111 lax~ l : ralhe r Ihl;"l It'kncel II,() 'p ('ci lllcn ~ reported ,r" . 1. (0/)11 bl Boukngcr
( l \jU) 10 1. 10 111111. L(" ClII"C .lllrl G.N ( 1986) rcponcd I.
rojJII lnJln Col o ni a. De p:1I t.IIIIl" I1II' I.OIC I(l. Pcru. 1-I olelo.: r .
il i, nul de.lf Ihal Ihcir 'l)('cilllclI' h.llt:' been idlnli lk d
, VI rel l il . ill, l ~nlllc h '" thcI .II" , li'lefll ll,lllrial rc p01"l('d ,I'
I . (film frum S,lI1la Cecili.l, [ cII.ul m . h\ Ducll man ( IY78).
All ' l)('cimen' (of .. : \. ropit II orn S.llll.I CeCili,\ slIb-.eqUCIIII,
h.lIl ht: cn Ident ified .1:0 . 1. flllgufflllll b\ T . C. S.. \\;];I-I'ir(',.

A,1hrosollra reticllia/a (O 'Shaughnessy)

Onc .Idull m.lle hal ing a 1c1lg:1 h of 17 + 60 a nd a m.I'~ (If
!C\ II .. ' in ,I pilfal1 tra p bl d.ll in lhe ,111(11 .fone al S:J. A juICl1ill:' h.l villg:r lenglh or~ ?i + illc .m rl ma" of 0. 1 W;I' ill
le.tI lilll! hI d a\" ill lh c ~ ll1( h .fUIII,.:l 1 :\TL and anolh e r j llIlnile having: a lenglh uf ~~ I + iuc. .IIHI .1 1l1.1~~ of 0.4 W;t ~ ill
Ie.lflillcr ,11 l1 ighl Ilear Ihe Ilm por. ll"\ pond al TL. Color
1I01C' on ,Iell! It IIl.1le ( KL" 222170) : I en ler orange-buff.
LePOSQlI/tI pmil'/ale

(Cope )

Thi, 'peci t:' , \\,,~ felalil ('h C01l111lon in Ill(' ~l lldl 1011e' al
~I ,m d :\ n ,: n o ne wa, ob,o:r\"cd in lhc floodplain f01I':'I.1I
TL. .\ lo'll1 ere in pitfal1l rap, hI d .tl:.1 fCII IITIT in kaflilIt"!" bl tim . and on(' \\'I~ on Iloaliug: IC,IICS al nigh t <II the cd ge
(II Ih t' lore" ~1I;llnp al SJ . Thll"(' ad ult ll1:tle ~ h:ld kng-Ih,
o f :12-:17 ( i '" 3-1.6), all wi lh inl ')1I1plel(I'li ls. and m .I"{"
of O . l~O . H ( X '" 0 .7 ). Fil e adliit 1i.: ln,lln \\'il h comp1elt' 1,li"
3().2 ) + 11 -:-)1 ( or
'19 .8 ) and
h;Id lellgl h ~ of 3 1-38 ( X
1Il,1'X"' of 0 .:\-0.9 (x - 0.6:'): olle klll,11c lI"il h a n incompkll'
1.lil h '!(l ;! S\ 'L of I-I and .1 111.1" 01 I .;). Color llOle~ 011 ,\11
.lrlUIt k l11.1 k ( I"'L' 222 17-1 ): \c nhr dull crl'.lIn .

Nellst;cl/I,/u

('CfJ/I'OPIl~

or

O n t' ,Idlil l 1I1all:' h."'ing ,r lenglh

[to + HO drOlln cd in
,I tio(l(\l"d pi tfa l1 trap al Ihe ld ~l' 01 Ihe 1.Igoon al ni~hl ill
Iht' '1IIdl .fOll e;1I SJ. An .1(\ U!t fClllak h.lling a lenglh 01 17
+ 69 ,111(1 a tna~~ of2.::! wa, .Iclilt:' till Ihuling It:.'ale ~ . 11 Iht:'
cdge ,,1 ,I ,m.llI lIr1uol//(/ ;,\1.trIlP ,II nighl ill Ihe ~ l lIdl .fom
,II :,\ T1 .. TlI'ojlllenik~ h,l \"illg kn~lh~ uf27 + 10 ( Iaillegt'Ill'I.Ilillg) .Ind 2-1 + :~2 ,lIld m.I~'c~ of 0.3 ,l1Id 0 . 1. re,pc<.l ilelt. \\er, in le;lfliucr alld ,tlong.1 ,lre.lIn b\ da, in Ihe
~ lUdl .folnt' al ~ TL. In alco h ol. OIlC jlllcnill' ( L' RP-\\,tD
(01 0 1) h,,~ a \\ h ilC 1t:'llh:r .Illel Ihe !>Iher j t1lcnile ( KL
2:!2179) IM,.I bl ack \( IlIC1. Th e d Of'"1l1 ofjmt"l1ilt:', i,
p.11e 1.111 : lh i, ("olor e XlelHh 01110 1111" 1.lil . The d Ol"'l11ll 01
adll ih i, u nifor m d a rk b rollli.
1+-;OIWd0cf)IIIS Qslllll'l,,'Iten),;

Fig. 16. , I /0lJogloHu5 (Olm. I"'L' 22211)9 .. Idul l m ,I\<.'. 58 mill

S\'1..

Cope

no IIle nger

I" \U .Id ull 1ll.lle, h,wi ng lenglh, uf ~9 + ill L and -10 + 9:\
;lIl flum lilt:" ' Illdl .for Ie ,II ~J : I)nc 1\.1' in 1e,lf li llel hI d.11
,\Ild lhe olher Ott;1 log- 0.2 1ll .lhuH 111(" g round bl d .lI. \
jllleni ll' h ,ll ing .. Ic n g lh of21 + ill c .lI1d it m3':<.'>ofO.3 'I."
( 1-,11\ li llg up a !><.pling I.S III .. hOlt' thl' 1-;1 ou nd b\ d .1\ ill 1Ill'

,wdv zon~ at SJ. Ajuw~ nile haling a lenglh 01'24 + 16 wa~

Oil tht' forl' ~1 floor 1)1' ria\' in the 'Iudl' zonc al 7\"TL Color
1l0tf' ~ 011 a jll\'cnile ( LJR P~\\'ED 59883): tail red. T hc~('
,pccime m malch c1osc1r thc di;lg-nosi~ for 1hi, ~pt'cit:., gil e n
hI A\'ila- l' in~ ' ( 199:' ), but lI'e COllcur wilh her commcnt
tIl a t the ,talUS of t h i~ ~pt'cin wi 1h r('~pcc t 10 1-'. (11gll /11" (Petcr,) net:d~ fllrtlw r al1enti un.
SU"Ul)U

Mabll),CI lIigropIII/{:lala (S pix )

Two jllvcnik~ having length, of 132 + 39 and 50 + inc.

and ma~~e s of2.6 and 0.5 were on th o: grollnd in Ihe camp
at T L b\' day. T he~c 'pecit11l'n~ mat.h closeh' AI'i1a-Pircs'~
( 199:') aCC01Ill( for the :.pecies. whic h she recognized asseparate from .H. bi~lli(lla (Spix ) . J 1011'ele l". the p;l1c ~tripo:s bordering Ihe dark lalt:ral balld~ arc more prominem than she
pre~ell1ed as typical for the specie~. Also, these specimt:lls
lack keels on the ~ca1es, a~ seelns 10 be characteristic of M.
lIigro/JlIllr/a/a from westc rn Arn;lIonia. but these specime n:.
areju\'cniles, alld '(lch orllamenlm ion sim pII' rna)' not have
developed . Color not es on jll\'cnilc ( 1.] RP-WED 60 102): head
alld <1or,olale ral slripe~ pale bronzc-rello w: tail b rowll. According 10 AI'ib-Pires ( 1995 ) , Ihe tail is blue in thi, specie~.
T t_lll)\1:.

KenhOp),x peiviCl:ps Cope

T h is s peci c~ was rclati\'clv com]))on: indil'iduals were o b,en'cd al SJ. NT L, alIt! all areas nearT L. ,\ l o~ t Ilere on Ille
f()re~l floor Iw da\', bill one was ,Ieeping on a 1caJO.S rn al)(we
the grolilld al night. Fi\'e ad ult ft::malc~ had lengths of
92- 117 ( x
10--1.4 ) + 94-236 ( _r '" 160.8) and m a~ses of
22-:~7.6 (.1" '" 28.7) . Five adul1ma1cs h;ld kngth~of 100116 (X'" 106.4) + 1::,0-259 (,r '" 197.7) and masscwf275 --t6
(X -" 32,9). Two ju\'enile~ had lengths of60 + 137 a nd 75
+ 155: th~ fonllcr had a rna,s of8.0.
Tllpillambis legllixill (Linnacus)

One male haling a length of 20'1 + 395 and a rnas~of250

wa!> in a clearing cre ated hy a treeLll1 at SJ Another indiI'iciual was ohscn'ed in the forc.;~t al :,\T L
A.\1PII (SB \t"':1 [) \1.

Amphis/uuma fuligi nosa Linnacus

Icmaln hal'ing: ICl1gth~ (lf286 + 45 and 322 + 19 and
ma;.~e, or 17.1 and 21.5. rt'spt~c li \el). were crawling acro~~
a road and Ihrollgh grass in camp by cia\' at SJ.
1'11'0

the :'lI'amp al SJ. An adult fem,llt has a length 01 1:, 10 +

366, a mas, of 650 . 285 \'entral~, and 122 su bcau(bls. An
;Iduh male has lenglh of 1'180 + 29'1. a mass of375. 28'1 venI rals, and I 12 Sl.lhcandal~. T wo jlll 'enik~ han:: It~ ngt h ~ o f 591
+ 1'12 and 509 + 120 and Illasse~ of 125 and 20.1, re~pec
til'clv: each ha~ 284 ve llwals . and they have 119 and 117 subcaudal~, re:.pccti\'e1v. HOIh ;ldu hs were in hUll ling pos1l1res
Ott \'illes 0.--1-0510 above the grollnd ,11 night. One ju\,cnile was crawling acro;,s a road alnigll\. Color I!ot es Olljll\t::nile ( KU 222190): dor~lIm gra\'i~h - brown with faint
b lOlches: venter sa lmon : iris cream.
COl L I\RID \1:.

Olil'UllillS Sell/TII IIIS (Wagler )

An adull female \I'ith a length of 1690 + 7'10. a llla~s of

1334, 157 \'\'ntrals, and 108 sllbcalldals lI~h ~k.: ping ;H Ilight
ill ~Illai llrec 1.5 In aoo\e the w:tter at tllC edgc ofl lle swa lnp
at SJ . D i~~ccrioll revealerl no food items or dew-loping ova.
bnl the bodv cal'i!\' contain ed malH' n t:matod e~. Color
notes ( KU 222 192): d orsum reddi sh brown: bellI' dull
salmon with \ellowi~h lint 011 c h in: iri, dark brown.
D ipsas cate~'b)'i (Senlzen )

An adult fcmale con tain ing four well-d cveloped ~ggs and
ha\'ing a length of 550 + 203. a mass or 36.6, 186 ventrals.
and 100 subcaudal' was crawling on the ground at l1 ight in
thc stud l' 100le at SJ . All adult mal e h al'ing a kllgth of" 70
+ 184, a Illa ~s of 1.::'.5. 192 I'entral~, and 10--1 subcaud als was
crawling up a sapling 0 .3 m abOI'C the ground at night in
lhe ~tu d v 70ne at NTL.
DI) '1IIUI'CiJOIi coruis (Bo ie)

A large adult (length + 2.5 Ill) was obsen'cd moving

rapid '" acros~ the fort:st floor b\' day in th(' studl'ZOllC at SJ,
'",u" lod{~

Clmc/lQu (Linnacus)

Eight individual~ lI'Cre collccted in lhe stud\' lonc~ at SJ

and NTL. the sll<lmp at SJ. ;Hld the Iloodpbin foresl at T L
Four ]llak~ havc lengths of 744-798 (x '" 779) + 322-365
( x '" 339). :'d ales haH' 263-28S (x '" 273) \'cntrals and
162-1 80 ( x _ 1(9 ) subcauda ls. T wo adult fClllales h;)I'e
lengths of 70:) + 284 and 776 + 321. 259 and '167 \'entrals.
incomp1t:te and 160 mbcaudals. and mas~s of2 1.5 and 24.0,
rcspectilcl>. One female cOlllai lIS tIm well-dcveloped eggs.
Of 1\\'0 jll\enik~. one was alive and the orh.:r s ll1a ~hed on
a traiL Wilh the exception of rhe bileI'. ;11 1 wcre aClive on
I'cgelation 0.3-3.0 m abOl'c the ground al night. T wo adu lL~
each contained twO A no/isI"S(I)UII mill, in Iheir stomach s and
olle contained olle II . fU5(,0(lIImIU).

BOIlHE

IIIIUll lo<I e5 /eIl1ift'11IS (Cope )

Coral/lis clI),dris (Linnaeus )

Thi:. ~ p~ c ies wa, encoun te red on I}

at ound

Ihe margin of

One adult male ha\'ing a length of 611 + 289 , '135 ventrals. and 142 ~u bcaudal~ was ('uiled ill a tree bl' d a\' at ~J .

Ih

Itl ' ~ !( I ~ \L' \ O~ ~()II.IIIIIl.'

A W:lvid f~'III,dL' h, II'ilil-' ,IIt- II Alh of fi I ~, + ~K:; , ,, 1II,I.. ~ul 15.5,

2 :\1 le n l r ,lh, ,\\ld 117 '1l1){,llul.ll, 11,1' ,\I ri\(' o il H'gt I,lIion
<lllliJ.{hl in tl u' ,111(h l'IIlL'.1I ~ n ,; Ihi~ 'II, I ~" n,lIlained 1\10
\I e lI-dcH.' lupl,.. d ').:!-!. ' .

u ,ptfH/l';"(I (I",," I(1UI ( l in na c lIs)

Tllo .u llll! 111,11\" h,lling 1L'lIgl lh ,If 101 + 1 19 and :;11 +
187 ( 111,1" ,,11,111\'1 1lI,lk : ~~I ,;"'I ) l\l' rt' .Klile at ni g ht 011 IcgCI.IIi011 ,11\ ' Il).: I h ,' eelg C I ,I 1.1).:\ 't II I ,t I ~I" II i k frug:.. wcrt' ( 110n l,il lg, rh c,,' illdi,idu.lh h,lle IH9 ICl1lr,lh ,lI ld 9 3----9-1
'u h(";llId,1"- 0 II t' ill d il id lI, t lu III 1.1 i 11 ed III " I ...:11 h di g .. ,I "d.
ll11icklltifinII Il IA' ill IIIC dig,"' l iq' 11 .1("1.
O,\)'dIOPIl.~ 11('101(1

(Rc llss)

OUt' :I{hllt 11I :lk 11:" ill).\'.1 k lll-' Ih ll l ti i 1 + l iK. a 1TIa'l> of

22.U. 2 1i I't' lI ll .11-, ,m!! 12:1" IJ" .Hubl, lI'a~ found in thL' 'Iudl'
tU IlL' :tl NT !.. An"tlll' l" ;1( 1111 1 rtule having- a kngth of 6 -19
+ 2411, :1 111,1" {,I () 1.0. 21 :. \ "1111 ,d,. :lll d 12:\ l>ubcalldab 11':1'
: tl lht~ l"lnl pOIH I .II NTI .. All :tdllh klll.dL' 11:lI'illga 1" llgth
0 1 ~e.-, + ~5:1,:1 111.1'~ " I [22.1),2 1:1 IL'll1rak alld 100 'libG IUd .ll, 11,1' ill Ilr l, II ""dpl.lilll"lnl ,II TL. rlw dOI'''LlIll of
tht: lu nn L'1 111.1[" i, hl. l c~ with h ,UHk .111 h:tnct- arc immac111,11,' r e d .':-"Cl'pl Ihe IIIIC,' .lllll'l it" Illthl b a lld,. whic h .In.'
wh ile , III tl l('1.111,' r m. lit' .1 11 p.ll.. h.uuh ,Ill' imm,ICul,HL' r('d
( Fig. I i). TI ll.; fe rn,11e h ,I' ,I hl.1t t.. d nr,u rn with rL'd ha ll d~
th, ll ,Ire he, l\'ih tI "t~l'd lIil h h1.tc ~ . , \11 'Pl'Ci lll ,'n~ h.IH 14
h,IIl(\.;; un Ih l' bud, 1\r,11 ,II,' II.trfUIIL'1 liMn Ih t" bl:td.. inler,,).Ice,. The '1..'IIt,'", 01 ,llllhrl..'l..' 'lll' tim"I" :11",' .rcam. A ll
i nel i\-id H. II, II t"1t' .Iet i1 C till 1 l'g"I.ll il " I 0 , ;"'. ---:1.5 III :1h(1I e I h e
g ro u lld :tl n ig h t.

L{ Iltl

I {I ,

I'. Itt

T(lf:II;op lwf/us b n '1I;/"Osl/';s

( I~c t c rs)

~hc" ,mil

c'ldll'" (19'::.11 ) ,I,..ig-nml..'nl uf b-ll/ Ilflll tlWI(I ( _ Uhfl(/lIlfI('a) Im'1'lIo l/n\ 10 Ihl' genII:.. T a('l/w/Jlwl110 CUpl'. On, ,{(Iul! 1Il.lle h,t\lng .1 length of ~ 8:! + l'tt .1
1'1.1" 01 I~ , t'i . I ti~ It' lltl.lh . ,llld Ii 1 '1IbC\IId.ll, 'I'aS actile (III
thL' 1,)1",1 11",,1 h, d.1\ illlh l' 'lll(h 1t)llt' ,lt ~TL Colornotl"
'
__ . : 1I11 ".11 , .lIlh' nOI
P,II I 01 1,.. lller lemon-I clio" .
( ""L' 9__' J'J')(I'I)
I t',1 ' If lt'l lter II II ill',
WI..' I<JlIolI

U mbrillflg(/ 11):1,'I' /(/('(I (Cope)

O n e f,'m,tlt- h .llillg ,I It-n!;lh of I'::l~ + 12 wa:.. dl'a d 0 11 ,I

din n,.ld ill Ih " 1II. 1IIIill)..\.1I SJ. Thi, 'pL'cimell h." 1~6It'I I
t";lh ,111(1 :I:! 'lI b' ,llId.d~.
Xt'1/(J!,lwl;s sfflffl";.\' (W u c h e r c r )

T WIJ .Idll il k ll l:dl" h:l\'ill!-{ kng ll h uf29 5 + 47 :md 2 i 8 +

5 .1). 11I : 1',~1..', .. 1 11.."'1 a lld 11.0, 1+1 ,Ilid 11:1 n-Illrab. a n d:1 1
,llld :Ii '1I bt.l l l{I,II~. le'pel Ijl ('h . . ll" t'l l l lm th .. ~ll1dl lone ,II
NTI .: li lt' Ia II ,'r t 0 11 1.1 i I" I\1'1I 1I,., I1-<!.:1 do pl'd qm~. Hoth i 11d ividll,tI~ \\t'le .Il l ilt' . >1 1 l ilt, fore .. floor at Ilight. alld ~ ;I ch
d i,p 1.1 I l'd COli 'pi ,' \11 H" hi 1(11 f1.1 11 t: II illf{ Ix: h al'io r wll t' n 11.1 IIdied ( Fig. IK ),
EI _\I'I I)\t
M;CnlnlssjJ;x ;; (Jail )
On" ,Idllll 1ll.11e h.i\illg, .Ilenglh of 1210 + 58, .1 111,1" 0 1
~,:10 , O. 1()t.J I t' l II ra '" ,111(1 17 ,tI b el "d;1h II ," ,ICI i\'l' 011 Ilw fOl t',1 fl t H)f bl d.11 inl !t e ,11Idl lune.1I ~T L

8 011t /'0/'1> O//'()X ( Linna c us)

A j II I"L' nile h: 1\ i "A :1 It'n A"I h til ~\Y 2 + 69 .. 1 1II:t'~ 01 ~:::.. I. 196
ITnll ~ II,. :lIld 7() 'U b Ullld.tI,. :11 1( 1 all a d u[t lIIa ll' havil1g- .1
kll).\' lh 0 1 I OliO + 11'12. ;\ III,I'~ " I ~\ f)O,(J, 2 0 2 1't:ll1r;\l-, ;l11d i l
l> \I b ' :1I1 d: tI ~ :II " It ,>I 11 t h I,' ,III (h /(, Ill' :tt S Th e j II I'I.' 11 i Ie " ';1~
actin' un Iltt' h'IL',1 11,,"1.111111.' r d g-eoftht' lagoon ,II night
and tOI II,lill l, 'd Ihe r elll,lill' 01 ,III I1l1idel1\ifabk frog in Ih e
dig-t:'l ilt: Ir:lU . The adull 11.1, "11 Ihl' rlJl"t'~1 floo r b, d,lI ; it
CUlll.lilll'd rhl' 1,'III,lill' ,,1,1 ' "1.111. llilidenti fahle r o d L'llt ill
tit,' d ignlilt, Ir ;IlL ,\j\l\l,'lIik h,llillg ,I Icllglh of ,100 + 5M,
;1 111.1" uf~K . O. 201'1 IL'lItl,II,. ;t11d {i1 'Llbc;llld.tI~ ",Il> c oilt-d
01 1,11,t llell p.111 1I 1'1'.11111 ,It Ihl't'dgl..' of IIIL' hlrL',t pOlld ~II ;\"1 L
,\I night.

J.

8(JlhrojJl> bra: ;/; H ogc

Fig , 17 , o.''''nlt 0IJII~ /H'lu/Il, h. L ~~~~uu. :telul l tn ' lle. b4Y 111 111
SVI.. NOll' Ih .lllli. n,lpl' b.l11el i, lb .' ,arne c olor a~ Ihe pale
b:m d, 011 til(' hoch .

A jllll' lI ilt- h,t\'i "A .1 kllg l h 01 :19 I + 62 ..1 m~l> of 3 1.0. 1Ii
\('11 II .1 k ,lIld ~,'::I '11 1)('.111(\ .11, 11,1' cr.1II Ii n g: on lhL' fort~ t flo. II
bl d.11 in l hl,' 'I lid, II file ,II :,,\'11 . r hi, indi\'idlldllla~ 19 d,tr~
gr.1I C-:.. h.lpl, 'd lII.tr~' 011 t'ilhl'l ,idc of Ihe dorsu lII of Ihl..'
hoth : 111.111\ ,lit' '1,IAgl,' lt'eI . >1 1 ~i l llt'l ,id e and do not mt:t'!
,lllh" midline . O i'l inC! p.lk hlnlln po,rocul:tr 'tripe~ ..1ft'

36-1

,
-.4
,

""

,
"

f , ,

"

Fig. 18. Xf'lIO/JIIOI/\ ~ m/(/ 17 I, KL' 2:!2:!0-1, ad I111 fl' llla Ie, 29:':1 III III
SVL. :"\IH~ lh,u Ih~ pn"~lilli ,\\ " Ihilth vi Ih~ hod" i~
fblll'n~d ,

pre,I'll! , ,l lld Ih l'\ ,1I"l' 1.. ,1 bordl.'ll.'d 1)1.'1"w h\ ,I d arl ,>Iripe,

In alcohol. l hl' lip "I Ih~ 1,lil i, I).II~: ro lor in lift: lI'a" not
record~d .

f>orlhirl iwII hJoprom (Am aral )

All Mlull f~Ill.11e h.1\ ing .1 klLglh of 71 0 + I ~O. a nus .. o f

500,0, I :{O \l'mr,lh, ,Ind 18 'U bCLllc\,Lh W: I ~ ('( Iiled bl'lwlTII
the hl1 l1n'~,~, 01 ,I 1.1f,L,(I' ILl'I.'.1I nigh t in Ihe ~ILl(h lO,h,' a l
~I: il con l.limd I "dl'1l1 h,lil"' in lhe IUIIl'l inle'li ne, The s ubcaudal ' C:lle .. ,,'L Ihi, illlli,'i<lIl;11 Me ,illg1c , I.'XCCPL Ihe di~ l:11
thrn:, which ,L1l' P;\ill'd , Cui,,, 1lI.1l" ( KU 222208 ) : dv rsum
gravi,ll bn)Wll wilh 1l'(1(li,l, bl\l\\',L hlolche, dor,alll a nd
choct,lalt' b rOI'1I 'POI' blel,dl) : (\IILlhal ~Iri p c reddi,h
h,own; P",I,wbil,11 'Iript' d ;lr\.. h, " WI1: W'l ller gr;wish 1;11\
wi lh cn'anl ~ pl'h , Durin g c.lplllrl' a u d ",h~l'qlll'nl halldling Ihi .. illdilidll,II'e111;litled t.llm ,U1d ,ILlggish ; Ileillwr
gaping nor lail vihl.lliIL!; 1)('1\;\\'il ,,-, \\'cre ub,tTn;d, A Iluk
h;\\'ing ,I kllg-Ih of 2.'1:, + (i2, ,I Ill.!'" of26,O, 125 ITntral" al1(\
--1 9 'U hC,l1Id,lh \\';1' CI ,tiding on rll~ lorl"1 fluor ,It nighl during :l moder,lle f, Iin in llll' "W(lI IOIlt' ,II ;\'TL. The lllale
ha .. Illildl g"1 ~.II I ' r Ctfnlf;I'1 he lll ..'c n lilt' p.II,' alIt! d a r\.. areas
on the dor,>ulIl Ih,1I1 don Ihe ft'llult' (Fig , 19). Color nOle ~
on Ihe nMk ( KL' ~2:!:!09 ): dor~ IIIllI,IIlI\ith chocolale brOlln
hlolc hn hecoming b1.lCl (Ill 1,Iil : \enler p f n lolllinaleh
b1.td, II ilh cn:',1111 ,md 1'11,1\ H 'd '!)If'': Ihro,l! reddi'h brOil II
wilh \ c1l0\1 'pnl ~, Th~ 1Il,lk \\,1' much IlHlIi' "ggfl: ~,ile during h,u Hll ing- Ih ,1Itllll' f"""I, III-: il '1ILlC\.. repe.Llcdh and \ih r'ah:d lilt:' 1,Iil 1.lpidh : g,lping bdl,II'ior W;\, 1101 ob-.cl....cd .
The ..ize d ifk-a 'll ( l' b..'IIIl'I.'ll Ilre'c 1\\0 ,ldul L<. i, ~triking :
th~ ,mallei tn,lll' .Ipp ......,"h i, ,m .Idlll! ( h.I"I'd olll h.: lal"ge
elerh-d h e l11lp~II ~')' LlIlIphell ,md L lm,Ir ( 1989) notl'd
Ihallhi .. 'pet i t"~ 1\ p ic ,1111 i, fOlllld 'll"lr \\,Iler: howcvcr, bOl h

Fig. 19. I'orillidlll JII 1I)'(I!Jlvm : T( 'p-KU :!~~~UY, adull Illak,

:!8.~ IIUI1 SVI.. HOIl (I!lI- KL' ~:!~~OH, ;,du1I feltl ak , i I 0 llUt!
SV L ~o 1t , 11t';I!' ,dhcll CI' flf p:1l1t'rn (1n :mlcrior p art of
hodv of fl'llL ;lk ,
of Ihe'..' 'l)t:ci,ncll' \\CI I' il l del,lIed, wcll-drained area~
'01111' di,I.\ll(l (> 100 111 ) tro,n tlowi ng 01" ' land ing walcr.
C1I1 I III H

Pll1)'//OPS gibblls (SchwciggCT)

On .. ,Idlil l felll,lk 1\ ,I' oh'('n l'cI on Ihe road near ~I ,

Thi ~

ind ividu;lIII,I(\ ,I ,m,ltl hllk {II ilkd Ileal' the edge ofits GIl",;Ipace .tnd m.1I h.L\I' origill,II~d fro lll ,mulher area, h,"ing
bl' ~n hI oug hl ill .1' , I 1)(' 1.
Pf(/I(~"')1S

all . .' ,Idult

gO(1I\ .

pilltJeep/will (Schne ide r )

m,de 11,1' ub,t'necl ne;lr Ihe cdge oflhc

~J

1.1-

I I I KI'~ I () ~ H ' \ m :\'01{ I m

1'1 I ()\II ilL ~Jl) H

p()(/QClWlllis II l1 ifilil' Trosch cl

ThllT JUI'clliln Ill'rc h roughl illlo "l lIIp a l SJ b\' a locil
inll.lbil,tnl whu h:ld C,llIgllI Ihem .lbuIII :\
It l Ihe '011111,
in Ihc R io TigH:, Thi, ' Ix'cin Wch ,lbum\.1I1I ill Ihc UXbll11
Like al TL, whcre 111,1111 I.llge adulL' 11t:IC . ,b,cl'\'t;d .

"m

1\ 11l(,\I'ORIDU

Caill/(fll Clurodifus (Limmc us)

rhi ~ 'Ixc ie~ "PP;Il"' lllh 11.1' c omIlHIII- ,,I .I';11 indil'idlL-

.11, 't:t:n ni g hlh - in Ihe SJ 1.IgoOl1 ,lI1d Iht:

~ '11,lIl1P, Th,'

1.lrgO:'1 imlil'idual uh'crl o:d had 3 lOI.ll lcl1glh of :IIXlUI 2,S

111 . Thi, 'Ix:cit:!< 11';(' IHII olhO:ITed ill .1111 01 lilt' hodie, of
wa l"r :l ruund TL
CR(II
PllltYJ5IlrhllS

OIH HIl\l

palpebroslIs (Cll\'ie r )

One jlll 'l1ik hal'inl-(.I It:lIg[h of 2:,7 + 2 ():\ :lIld.1 Ill.I" Olf
:~OO wa~ 'illing UII [hc mllddl' bOU ull1 "I' ,I <.!t' : II' puol ill : 1
~ 11l,dl f.,rt:!<1 s [rt::ll ll:H NTI . al Ilighl. Cul!)r 11011', hascd Ull
col" r Irall'lxln' llck,: 1),.r'llm of b"dv :l1ld [ail orallg"-I;11l
wil h d :l1'k brown U~ III ~I,'r ~ h,\I" (ill-dd i nt:d 01l1)()(11'): lill1b,
and llall ks d ull brOIL 11 wi [h i Ild ilid u:II CI t: , II n ..cak, on rb nl...~.
t:' p t:ci:11 h Iloticca hit: :11 ill,... rt ion of f01 ,Ii III b,: Iup of ~nl)\ II
b ... I\\t:,n ll o~l ri h and ,.\t." occi put. ,lIld 1t'l lIpor;:11 r ...gioll
hrol\ ni,h black: \ 't:11I0:r C1 t;,111I wilh '111 ;111 h i 11\\'11 ,pol'> Iall'I,
alii' 1111 pos le rio r p:lr1 of bel'" :llld nl ~ 1 t' d ,l.\t., to scalelo 011
lliroat ; iri~ dull /)ruli/e-h"own Willi miIlIHt. brol"11 Ikck ~:
!<clt:ra 01 t'\'t; pak hili ....
I{IOCEOGRAP I IY
Dc 'pilt' Iht. inco,n pklt: 11,llllfe of the ("II" Clioll ' fro m $.111
j.1, Illl l' and Tt:lli ... lllt: I."pt'/. IltCI' rt:I't:;11 MJlllt IIl1t;rt:~lill'"
a'lll'I,ahuUI1.htllt.rpt:I.,li:llllla in Ih t., Ilppe l A II}:II.OII I\;(,il l.
I l," I' j n \\'... pro\'i de g l'1I 0: I .11 co ,m III e Ill'> U1l lIl t: h t:rp"1 Uf:1I111 ,I.
c'l1ll p: lli'()n ~of l lw [hrt't: luc alitie' (grol lp ... d ,ilnal SJ. T I .
and ~ TL), eO l1lpa ri"m~ of I he stLich 101ll" .1I ~ ,lIul :\,1'1 .),
.Hld cHlI1pari-.oll' wilh (llltt' ] rlgion' il1 Ih ,' uppt;r ,I!ld Ct:I I[ni l A'lIMtln 1~:I~ ill . ~I"'I n f lht' t'nl ph.t,i ~ i, platt'd 0 11 d,ILI
011 ,lI l1l1~ II1' and lil::llCh, 11.IIt'oioll' I.f "hilh ,lit' 1:11' m u r!'
o:xll'll ,il (. Ihall 01 1'1 h!'r gn IlIP' , SII:II... ... ~; II' 11.)]nri. IlIsI\' dil:
li lllh I., ' :lIllpk ill lowl:llld [Iupi cal rainlltr,,I: wt:ub tail lcd
IlI lh 1.~ ' pt:c ies. hili .11 1('a,1 jO ~ I)t'c i t:~ ,1 ft I" Iw expecIlt!
in lIlt rq;:ioll . No dlon " ';1' llIack lu ,.un pk ,Iq u alic habiI.U~: I hu ' . II II' dal.1 Oil III rt Ie" ,Iq lI:ttic "I,II...t". ,!lId crocndi liall'
all' 'pdr't:. The diel ,II Iii ill, lllicroh,lhil ,II, . llld ,i lt' ~ (if (lCrun t'IIU' of II :~ ' pt:cin ,11'1' gil ,n in T ,lble I .

( :lInc, I, f~ pt:cit: ,-(li" 1110:1'\ nltc, il1 di c,ll ... Ih,lIl h c bllll.l'
,II ~I .lIld :\''1'1. wt:rt: Mi llpl,(/ " Il'nil, &\"'1111 -111'" ' I)t:c i t:~ \\CI t'

K..'

L OKEro, P~ K I

'It'J;)-

" bl ,lilled ill ~{(i po:r'''II-da" .lIth l' 101 Itle r ,md T I ~pt:l i l" ill
;10 p ... lv.ll-day, ;11 Ihl' laller ( Fig-. 20). 01111 /:{ 'p ... ril' " .....,.
obldincd al T/.. "lH'ft' c ollec l ing 0:11<.111 11,1~ k,~ (2 1 p,'r",, )
11.11' ) ,Ilid Ilodl ill fl' l l\e~"nd pi ll.1l ll r.l p 'IIt'1'lI I ~t:d. C(lIIIp.1I i ~ II " of Ihe 'p... cin-(li'oCOI(T\ I~ II ... ' ,11 SJ and \ TL wi lh
Ih,l'(' .11 Sam,1 C"(ili,l . Ecuadur. \\11l1I 1i3 ( llpd,I1,d 10
177) ' Iwcit', \\t:l 0: rq)(lI'lt:d bl D Ul'llrll,LI I ( 197S). ,Inc! <:111(0
A llla/'Jn ico. I" TII, \\'her ... 1-15 'pt:ci n .11 e ""(1\\ n ( D ut:I111I,111
.Il1d Ko,'Chlili. l ~j~I ), '"'!.;Xl.:'llh :11 11'0: "bl.l in c cl :lbulll SUt>;
.. I Iii, h t' r p"'l"f.1I11 1a :11 SJ alld TI.. 0 11 1 di, co I't'rI' ufullh I:.
'I)('c i, '~ of~llak",. ill C(Jn[I~ I't 10 [11 ,111([ Ii 'peci('~ ,II S,IIII.1
( :e<.ili,1 :111(\ eli/CO Aillat/mieu. rt"p"clill'II, indiC;II... , Ih.11
1lte prind p:tl g r o u p Ihal is IIlldt:l'- r l' prt'''' !I [t:d in coll .. e110111' from 1l0n ht:ll1 l .ort:lo i, '1I,ll...e,.
C( .nlpari'nl1~ol II,, herpCIOEI1 III .I' ,lill ie Ihrl'l' ,iIO:' w,'lt;
uude lI ~i n g lIw codfic-iclil ofbil'gl" gr.lphic r('~ell1 h I.IIlCl
III 2C/ NI + N~. II' ht:r ... C = Ih c 11lIrllht' r 01 'po:ci t:~ ill COIl1 m,m an d Nl .Uld N~ = lilt' numbl' l uf 'pt:eiO:~:l1 ~il ... , Ollt:
,11](1 1110. rt"lx'c lilo:h ( D l1c ll lllan. IYYO). Thi, allah,i~ r,1,,,11, Ih a l lht 'l l' i, gle.ller loilll il,nill ill Ih, cli li fe hClpell11.11111 a" a n 111~11" "II II , .Uld Iilal'(h 011" 1:)(; 111 t'e n SJ and :\,T I.
( 10 k in apan) Illa ll bel wt:c n T I. ,llld \'TL ( 1.5 k ill .Ip.ln)
CLlhll ' 2 ) . Tht ,i111i l.lI'ilio:, hel ll'l 'C'11 ~ a lld N T!. :lre hi l-( hnl ,Itnollg lilard~ (C HI{ "" 0 .67). Arlloll~ .111UI~m ~. TI . shOll,"
,I dO~l'r rcsemhl.lIl{t, 10 SJ (C HI{ '" ( 5 2 ) 11l,11l NTL ( CHI{
= 0.'1 I ). WII <.'ft:,I', ~1 .l1 ld \ 'TL art: lII" r e IIl"Ir!1' al ik ... (CHI{
'" 0..)8), Tlw d i"Cfep.. mcit'lo in :11111 1": 111' ,11 111 llig ~i I,e s 1110~1 IiI.,. It
rdkCI differ,' I1( t:, ill .11,lilable brenlillg- ,i le,. The pa''I'IlCt;
01 [he hlack-\\ ,IICr 1,I,l.(UOIl al SJ .ll1 d Ille o:-.I}()\\ lal...,' ..11 TI.
pi " I'ided b rc('di ng ,il ,, luI' ~pccin ~llc li .I~ II)'fn ((lIm mIn ,llld
{{mlfl /)(IllIIi/)(" . "hew:!, ~uitable br('l'din~ ,iles lor Ibne
'pt:cit:~ \\,cr ... ,lh"' llI <II N T!... The Iluodplain :11 TL wa ~ ril e
011 11 Pbee wilt: ft: (;010'/1'1 It 1/' (11111/('(1 (1/ , a lid /)rlld I'o/)/i I) III '!II I
1II1II1I/11'll lre fuulld: Ihc,t: 'p,,;cit:, ,,t.llwd [0 ,hUll IllI' hil"
r'g io ll' .11 SJ and :\,TL.
III cx plic3obh. 'ome 'pt:cle~ nul do:pendt'IlI on ' pec ilic
br,t:di llg: ~ il e'IIll c ,liJllll{bnt al on ... ,i lO: ,111(1 a b~ nl a llJlhlr,. For ex;unp ll, .1111"1I1-l' Ih ... ' p~ci c , ill Ib,' f.1l'lIlhn'(J{fflrl\frll aUI ,/)irillfl /11 , gl Oil p. I~'. /till II/o /I i II" W: I ~ pre't'll1 0 II!I' :11 SJ.
w he rl.' :1 ~ H. /)('Illil/flllll' ,III d fo.'. IIW/IW/l II l'l'l' P' l"l' 1I1 a I T I md
N T I .. A III all g Ii/anh of I h e " 110111 11111'1/ I g-roLl p . A, III/I'm II~ I ~
p , ... 't'111 o nh al SJ ,ll ld . 1, bomb/(l'p Il lllh ,11 :\,TL
:\,ill,Ieen 'pl.'ci,'~ ( 12,111111, 111', ti li/,lrc\,. ,II\(\ I MI3o",') ,lIe
c< Hnl llOllloa lllllll"" II C'. Thll",.flll 'pI'ek" o nh 16.7f1
\\,'rt: found:11 .dllhrt:l' ,ill": 11It'~e incl ud e I R:?1 o flhe .. II11I1.lm. 25.0% 01 Ih,li/.lr(h, and 6.711 "fllll' 'Il:lkn. AI-(.I ill.
1111' dal a on s nal...,~ ;II,' il"uflicienll " Iw 11Ie.lllili g iul.
Tht: p:l1c h illl.''' 01 h.lhil .lI, ill Ih" IOIIl,lIld lropical 1".1111foro:q i~ ... xelllplilil'd bl d ala frum ~I ,11 1(1 \ 'T/.. Al Ih .. 1.11,
[('1 , il,, Ihe 101 e'l I}( 'nd i, onh a l}(1111 1:.0111 11t:'[ of lhe 'Iudl
111I1l. ill whic h no p. Hld 1.,>;i~lc d : 16 'p...ci," 13 ofllhilh ,II','
.11Il1l~ 1I 1 ~. \\, ... rt: found ,III IH' fo rc'l p'JIld Illil n Ul in tilt' ' Iudl
1""0:. Li" ... wi ~e , .l1lho: ''',Imp a boll1 I.:i kill SSW u fll1 C '111(11
10110; ;(1 SJ. fill' ' pt:c in wcre found lh :1I Wl'It: IH 'll'olll'(lo:d
0 1 o b, ... rl'cd in litl' '111dl I:o n t'. It i, nidt:1l1 lltal ~ In.lll
p.nc h", I .f a ppropl i.1[,' 1t,lhi I, II. t:'peci,11 h brt:ed i n l{ ,i Ie' 101
.I11l 1 1~ 1I ".,lrt:: wido:h .... <l II'l ld inlh .. f"n"I : 'Ill'l l ~ n ldl1 p<lIehl"

~66

T~l h le

1. Occurn~ncc of spt'eie~ of amphlbian~ and replllc~ m variOus ,ites al San Jacin10 :md Tenicntc Lopez. l'eru.-Dicl Activi ty: DH ==
Dilimal and hellophylic: DS == Diumal ,hade: N == Noetl/rnal. Mi crohabitat: A == Aquatic: Afo,'l == AquallC margin: B == Bllshes (<: I .S III): E == Edtficanan: F == Fossonal: G == Ground: LL == Leaf htter: TL == Tree limbs: TT == Tree trunb. Sites: CA == Camp (i ncluding fore<;( cle:lring at San
Jacin1o). FL == Floodpl:lin (including temporary pond). FP == Forest pond. LA == Lagoon. ST == Stream. S W == SW<llTlp. S2 == Study 70ne. Deulrrenee: + '" Present . - '" NOI recorded.

SPECtF.s

Anllra: Bufonidae:
/] 11/0 mart/ws
1111/0 typllomln .. A"
/]11/0 typlwlllus "B"
/]ll/o/.lpllOllius "C"
Dl'l1droph/'I',lisl'IIS 1II11111111~

DtEt.

M ICkO-

ACTt\ tTY

IlAlltTAT

OS
OS
OS
OS

G
G
G
G
1.1.

OS
OS
OS
OS
OS

1.1.
1.1.
1.1.
1.1.
1.1.

N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N

TL
TL

Sz

Sz

S"

+
+
+
+

Fe

CA

Fe

+
+

+
+

Anura: Dendrobatidac:
COIOSINII/I.I mill/emus
D('/IiI/"OI)(II(,3" 1'( 'IIII"IIII(I("u!alllJ"
t.jJlpI'dohllle Sft'll/omlts
Epipedo/)lIIcs haltneli
Eplpedol)(lIe~ ;apa/"O
Anur~;

~oedl/illl

/1.1'1(/ lancifomll~

1-1.1'/(1

+
+
+

Hylid:le:

I-Iyla alhoplIlICIII/(lW
flylil hO(lll.I'
1-1.1'/(1 IIrerifrolls
11 1'1(1 ca/caratll
l-Iyl(l/tU("/(II(1
I-Iyhl geogmplll( a
flyla gnlllQsll

1-/)'/11

+
+
+
+

+
+

/1'11('01,11.1"1/(1/(/

1-11 III IIwr/l/ort//(/

Ih III pmTiCl'p.1"
I-/y/a rhol/opt'pla
111'/(1 rhwoi
flyla sllI'(I)"aC/lI'IISis
Osrl'occplwilis hlicHew
Slt'ocl'phaills cahra{/{
O,II('o("{'phallis /epril'uril

OSle,,("('pha/lI~ "/(/IlIcel'~

OSll!oo.'phailis /aW'/IIIIS
O;Il'o("l!plwllis sp.
Phl'lIol!ledllm <'odesli.l
PJn'1I0Il!e(/IIW) 1111111
PhJII(Jmedll~'1I /{/r,~IIIS

Pin -IIOlI/e(/llsII iOlI/(J/)/el"ll(l

Phl'l/omedlislI \"(Iillallli
Scill(l.I (Tilell/(HlII/III
SCIIIII.I jimerC(1
51"111111" xarbei
51//111_1 I"lIIIra

+
+

B
B
13

+
+
+

+
+

+
+

TL
B

B. TL

BT L

+
+

+
+

TL

+
+
+

TL

TL
TL
B
B. TL
Il

+
+

+
+

TL
TL
TL
TL
TL
TL

+
+
+

B. TL
B
B
B

B. TL
B. TL

+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+
+

B. G

Anu ra: Leplodactyltdae:

Ade/ophr\"lll' Irid(/( IY/(I
Ad(,1I0!llI'f(I hlflled{/( Ivfll
Cl'rlllophrys COI"IIIlW
daforhilla IJere:1
Elelillwrod(lc/ \-IllS IIClmlllllllll~
Efelll itel"od(ll {111I., (llt(mlll;Ollicll~
Elelilherodauvills tll'IillJ

N
N
N

OS
N
N
N

G
LL

+
+

+
+

G
1.1.

TL
B
B

+
+

+
+
+

367
Tabl.' 1. (ro nl. )

SPEClE.S

DIEL

MICRO-

ACTIVITY

IIARITAT

TE'\JIENJE LoPEZ

LA

N
N
N
N
N

B
B
B
B
B

DS

LL

N
DS. N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N

B
B. G
B
G

N
N

G
G

AM

DS
DS
DS
DS

IT
E

IT

DH
DH

'1"1'
IT

DH

DS

B. T L

DI-I

DS

DH

TL

DH

1T

DH

IT

A lopo~l(Jss/l" (//1"1 \ 'eJ/lrt~

OS

A lopogl(J5s/ls IJllekle)'1
Alop0i-!lo55I1S ('opii
ArthfOSO ll1"ll rellClllat(l
Lepo~()ma pal"icw{e
NellHi('I/Uls ecp/er'l'll$
PriOllm/aCll'/lIs
(J~'lwlI~IIl's.Hi

DS
DS
DS
DS
DH

LL
LL
LL
LL
LL

M a/Jllvalllf!,mIJllI/cU/1lJ

0 11

DH

di(ldClllalllS
E! CIII her m/a ("I\' /11.1' !till I ha 1111e.I'
EfelllhNm/acl)"/i/) IIISl"om/)cl
ElelllherOllaClylll), li/O/~IIII
Efcmil('fm/arl)"llls IIW/'I/{/('
Eh'lIIi1er(J(/m ly lll ,l' IIIgfOI 'ill(IIII ,I'
[1(,ll/hNm/acldll \' ocJ"cl/del/l
Efellli1('rm/m/yIIiI PCflll'iallus
E I (' III hI' mila (" I) 'III ,~ II//aq I III I'C I'S II ~
[ICllliIcf()(/m 1.1'111.1' Ill/calliS
ISc/lllocl!c/I!a qlluclI,ns
Le,Hoilm/)"llls peilladm/yills
LeI,I (Ida CIYIlls I'ho(/011 I.\' ,~ItI, I
t Cllw(/aC/ylll.I' II'{/ gll('fi
Ullwdl"le~ !lIIt'(IIIIS
Phys%ellllls "el('nl
\ '(III ;Ollllills l/lscod a("(\,!lIs
Elfllllwrmlarl\'II' I

G
G

G
G
G
G
G

Sw

S'

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

ST

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

F,

+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

CA

+
+

+
+
+

Anu ra: Microhylidac:

Ch/{/sm{)c/('i~'

bassler;

fo.'Iicrohyltdac 'po
Anura: Ran idac:
R(//w polmlpcI

+
+
+

Caudat:t : PIClhodonlidae:
iJo/lloglo,H (I PCI'II riwU/

Gyrnnopiliona: Cacclilaidal';
C(l('(11111 lelllllcuillta

Sauda: Gckkollldac:
GOIwlode s ('IJllciI!lWIII$
GOlUllodes IIII/I!cfil/is
LcP II/ ohl C1//1(/1"11S /100WIIO(, d I
P sClu/ogo!l(l/ode.I gUII/(lIleSIS
TiICUIl/{1( tylll.\' mpi("(lIIri(l

LL
LL

+
+
+
+

+
+
+

+
+

Sauna; H opl()(-,cr('id~c:
11.\'111 ioidt's cojwwl'lml
lIy(lliol(/l'~ /(IfI({'PS

Sauria: Po lychrolidae :
A!lolls !mll/biceps
A noli.\' / 11 sc (j(1II rat II.\'
A!lo/ls 1II11'IIS
Allol is I m l'ilydcl"lIIo
AI/oils I rallJl'ersalis

+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

+
+

S:lUna: Tropidunda<!:
Tl"Opldlll'lls plica
TI"Opldll1'll5 III/Ibm

Sauna: Gymnophthall11Ldac:

OS

AM

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+

Sauria: Sculcida<!:
Sauda: TClidac;

KC/IImpy.1 pe!I'ICelll

.'-\68

Table 1. (co n !. )
D IEt.
M~'-I\

SPECIES

T llpllwmhil' le,~III\/fI

In

~'IICRO-

HABITAT

S,

Sz

Oli

DS

TL

011
N

B. G

B. T L

OH

N
N
N
N

B. TL
B. T L
B. TL

F,

Fe

S1'

CA

Arnph l ~bacnia: A rn p h l~bae!1ldac:

Amphl.5/J(IellO fldigillosa
Se rpen t e~:

BOldae:

Coral/III elll'l/ris
Serpe n lC~:

Colubridac:

C /lIrOIll liS SI ltI"rlllils

Dlp.w/S 1"1I/I'shli
DrWllarchOI1 corais
/mallfodes ('el1dwa
/malllodes /ellll/erus
LepwdelHI (1IIIIIilaw
OXl'rhopus flew/a
T aelliUflh(JI/!I~ hrel/rO~lri~
Umbl'/I'o~a pygmoe(/
Xellop/w/is sra/ari!
Serpe nl l'~:

+
+
+
+
+

+
+

+
+

G. B
G
G
G

OS

DH .N

G. B
G
G

0
0

A
A

+
+

+'

OH

,.

+
+

+
+

Elapidae:

/IIientrio spuii
Scrpcntcs: Viperidae:
lJolhrops (I/rox
BOlilrops /)/'{I:ili
POf/hit/illlll /lyo{Jrora
Te~ l u dlll e,: Cbehdae:
Phryl/Ops glblms
P{atemys pfatyceplwfa
Teslu di nes: Pc1omcdusidac:
Pot/ocnelllis Imifilis
C rocodyli:l: A ll igalondal':
CallI/ali Cfocodi/lis
C rocodyli a: Crocodylidae:
Pa/eosuc/lUs IXilpebroslis

OS

Total Species:

+
+

a re e asi lv ove r looked in qui ck ~ llIYe\'s o f lhe h erpelofa una.

Thus. man\' sp ecies can be missed easil}'. We re it n o t for
the disco ve ry o f th e sma ll foresl pond a l :\'TL. ou r tall\' for
species at th atlocal itYlm uld hal'e been 63 instead o f 79. and
nle species. includi ng a new s pc c i e ~ of P h)/{QIIICdlls(I. would
no t h m"e be en reco rd e d from nonlw rn Lore to.
C O\II',\RI50'\ O F STL' m ZO"ES

Sampling (-,ffo n an d protocol in the swd\' l ones at SJ

and ;\'T L \I e re e,sen ! iall\ eq ual . and 1ll 0~t of th e sp ecime n s
,,'ere collected or o bsened in th e sHldv
, lOlle ~. Thus. mo re
d etailed analy~es of th e an u ran s and li 7 ard~ in Ih e~e l on es
are po' sible. A lotal of 48 spec ies of a n lIra n~ was found in
the two stud\' lones. O f these, 20 (42%) were found at both
sites: 13 species (27%) were fOll n d on I\' a t SJ and 15 spe cies

+
+

+
+
55

I Rfo T ig re.

"

10

16

63

22

33

(31 %) on II' at 1'\TL. Among th e 20 spccies common to ooth

sitcs, th e re is a striking difference in lh e relati\e abund ance
(= freque nc\' o f capture and / o r o bse n 'atio n ) o f sp eci es
(Fig. 21 ). An R X C test o f independen ce (Sokol and Ro h If.
198 1) shows a sig nifi cant diffe re nce in re lative freque ncies
between ~it es (G == 149 ,47 , df == 19. P < 0.001 ) .
A total of21 ~p e c i t: s of lizards \\, \S found ill th e t,,'O study
zon es. Of Ihese, 11 (52 .3%) ,,'ere found al bOlh sites; six
~ pecies (28.6 %) were found o nl p lt SJ <and fi\'e (23.8%) onll'
at NTL. Slig ht differe nces <arc cI'id e n tin the rcla tile abund a nces o f the II spec ies common to ooth sites (Fig. 22) . An
R X C test of inde pe n d e nce (So kol and Ro hlf. 1981 ) re\'eals
no significant diffe rence between Ihe sit es (G = 6. 15. df =
10. P> 0.05).
Based on th e taxonomic compositio n and relalive abund ance of spccies. repeated sampling success can be predicted

I It 11.1'1 fOf \t , \ O~ :-':011. IIIHL' LOR~ I 0, I' ~ Rl

Tabll' 2, SpeCIC' of am plllhl:Uh <lnJ rcplllc, :11 th ree' '1Ie~ , Abbn',

\ 1~llorh In heading .. to column, corre'IXlnd to ,ltc, lf1 hN column, The
uppenno-t orthc three number' lf1 each ceil I' lhe 10lal hc~\O I ;Hln:I,
thc mlddlc numlx-r 111 CJch cel l 1'- Ihal of anur.IIl" and Ihe 10\\em1O,1
nu moc r I ' Ihal oflll:tnh l1w numbe r of 'peCIC" al c,lch 'ItC I .. ,ho\\.n
III boldfacc In the common cell: the numocT'- of 'peCIC' that arc 1I1 cOin"
Inon 10 [\10 ,IIC, arc III the uppe r right, JIW tht: cuefficient of blog~'o,
gr.Jphu: rc,cmblance I' 111 Italic<. mille lo\\.er left.

Sl n

SJ

TL

NTL

5:111 jaCinto (511

75

:!5

.w

Tel11c11le Loper (TL)

17

'0

0 .42

' .I

17

.\ .\

"7

.w

o0_-,

0.48

1.5 lm , Tentente Lopez (''Tll

0_'6
05R
067

"

04"
0",
056

,II ~T L the 1hrec Ino,1 abllUd,1Il1 'PC( i('" (I~11()/)phOlIiIl \ H, \ ",

H. /)/!hrJIIII/\ " C ", ,1IHI E/Jlj!f:dob((/I'I ~((j)(/I/JL which 1ll,llL" up
:r-l,fj '1 of th (' I(II ,d, ,IlT d ill rna II! 'HL"'I r i,1 I. " h tTl".I' ,11 ~ Iit 0:
1ll0'1 abllnd,1I11 "p~cit' ... ( PlllvllllrWI/I /)(/1'1"11, 2R.R'1) i, U ' K'
III r1l,1 [ terrc,u i,11. , lI1 d t hI.:" I1(,X I tIl 1I 1II0,t ,Ihll n d .lIlt '}:W( ito,
( l~h\'lIom('(11I 'i(f 1'111111111/1. 11.3 "t ..mel I'),itl ((//((/ mla. I O,:!( ( ) . 11 {'
11(>clllrt1<l1 ,Irb! .r~',d,
Di,cre panr i.c, ('xi'l bellll'(' 11 the 1\\0 ,tl1(h lonc, \\ilh 10:'
'1)('( t 10 did ,lrlilil1 ,lIld mi(l o it .. hit.11 ,IIHo n g li/I 1'(l,

17

80

11

6.

San Jacinto

1.5 km N Tentente Lopez

0 Temente Lopez

70

7fo

"

17

60
bl " pplic:l l.ion ofllw r;U"I.~ ta c tion :I[gnrilhm (Krebs. 19R9),
II hich extrapoI:Hl: .. tlH.' 11111l11x:r of 'Ix:cie, el<l>l:cled in a givcn
~amplc ~i'e. For .I1ILlI,tlb. Ihe CUI"e i ~ hig her for T L Ihan
SJ (Fig, 2~). Thu~ in ,I ",ulIple ..ize ofj() ' I>t;ci me n", 17 specie..
Ilouid be expecled ,11 SJ and 21 :.pecie .. ,11 :"TL. where a.., in
a ~, Irnple :.il.e of 100, 2,1 :.pecie:. \\'ou[d lx ' ex pected at SJ and
30 al :\'TL. A ~:lm p le ~ i ,e uf2.3 indilid u,ll, ofliLards front
ei th e r ~Ile would Iw e xpec led 10 contai n 12 species,
D incre nce~ in .. perics composilion :l11d relative abund ance .. a mong a nuran .. belll'ee ll the ,w{1I ,o n e~ seem!> to
be attribUlable mO'lh 10 the prc:.enc(' of Ihe lagooll at Sj.
SCleral specie:. Of ;I1HII":II1:. ( BIIJo manlllu. 1I)la alhopllnew,
Itl/a. /-I. takara/a. 1-1, gUlnOMI, Scillax ga rber. ,md Rll/W /Xllml/Jej)
nOI pn"ell l at ~n . \1'Cl e found onll in that pan of the sludl'
10ne bordering: thc laguon . The a lmnd al1ct' or olher specie,
( II) 10 Ill/If';JOI1I1 i.\, I I. leu fOjJh)1lola, l.Jhy/lolllrrhl5(1 1'0 dla /II i. Le/>/(Klne/)/lIs fenladarlyh/:j, and Ph)'sa/aPIIII/\ /)(/eni) at SJ was in,
cre,l~ed bl' their pre,encc main h' ncar the lagoon. Tillb,
the pre:.en ce ofa breeding ~ite utili,ed b\ m ; lI1\' ~ pecie:. of
rrog~ ~kell'ed not onh Ihe p resence, but ,Ilw the abun,
d ance, of ~pec i es at Sj. On the o thcr han d, thro ugho ut Ihe
h ill\' region in tht.' .. t L1(1I zone al SJ fewer :. pecie ~ of a nuran ~
(27) we re fuund than in the equa[h hilh ~lU d v LOne al
:\,TL (35 ).
The relalile abundance of .I1l\lra n ~ wi th re~peci 10 did
aClilil1 and microhabilat differs bell\(:'ell Ih(: ~tll(h- ,ont'~
(Fig, 21) , AI both ,ite', lhe percentage, or indi\'iduals lhal
are nocturnal i arboreal and nocturnal It'ITc'trial are abuul
eqll,ll . bill the~t: 1~ 1 [ll e~ ,Irc '1-1 ,6 % ,Ilid 1[ ,2% re~peclile[\
at ~I alld 26.8% and 27.5CO respecliwh :11 ~'T I " On the olhel
hand , al SJ on[}' [ ,1.2% of the indil'iduals a re diurnal te l"
re'l rial. as conlrasted 10 15.8% at ~'TL Th i:. di ~crepanc,.
Il hich al~o is re nec tcd In the different percenl.tges of nocturnal indiliduab al Ihe 1\\0 ~ites, is OIling 10 Ihe raci thai

50

"

i-

U)

1l

....

,E

p
..

'0

"

30

20

,
.

0
..

..

.0

..

10

,.

12
Person Days

Fig. 20,

S pede~ di~COlcn'

fales al three si les.

36

IIIJ San Jacinto

65

Physalaemus perersl

1.5 km N Temente lOpez

Phyllomedusa vaillanli

<{

25

--

20

-<

~
.E
0

"E

'" -
~

.E~
G
c
~
1;
~

15

"

~ ,
-
~

.!'"

0
0

>
u

!~

,fr

0
0

. .
E~

'"
O
E

Cu

gc o ~
c-<
u
0

'"

i1'

il
~

o
-<

0
0

"'

'"

e0

"8

il0

0
0

.E

.
i

"0

o
-0

-c-

--

-<
0

01:

ill

i
-~ Ci
u

-~il-

E
0

E
~
~
~ "6
."

~

Jl

t,fr

e
"E ~
g
0

" "
~
-
cu

cu
il

-<

-<

'" '"

cu
il0

-
0

C-

-<

01:

"'

-<
0

~
~

Species

-'g, 9,- ,
"
LO p C/ .

( Fig. 2.'). 'I Ili( " ,h" PI'I, ,'111,11-\" ,Ii {hurn,11 ,lrborc,llliz.l rd,
(jOf1 ,,2:-. t ;:) l 'xi,,, ,11 Sj , h ,'l1 ,1'1 Olrl]M red II ilh ;>\T L. .md
the ]WI (l'11I.11-\1' 01 ([lIlnl,l] t" 1n "11 i.d ]j/.lld~ j, gH'~It , ' r , I( ;>\TI.
( i2 .2f( ) 1h ,l11 .It !-o l ( 17 . 1/; ). J lie'o( ' {lint' l ('Il, , '~ ,II t' h, 'GUN '
011(,1:/[1\.' ,ll lIlll d,II I( I'",fIJ,l' 1110' 110111 111(111 'IW(ic,.'IIIll'
1\\ n !>i [ ( " , - t l \ ( ' Iii III 11,1 I , II' bun . 11 \ 1101/\ III I((}(II/ willS (28.9(1
of IOI,.I) a l ~,u IJ.Il i III 0 ,111(1 [11(' {I i III 11.1 1 ICI I"c'lri,.1 KrntJ"Q/'.\ \
/Jdl"(rfl ( 19. 1(:).1t :-\'11 . Ol lh (lIlI' li/,m!. 'l hr("(/(I(/(IJ/II~ 1(1/)1((/lufo. i, IIO( ' " rll .11 .1I"hon: " I: i, I' 1 l' pl ",,'ll' cd bl Ollt' i lid i
lidu.II flOlIi ,'.I( h ,,"dl l onc.
'1 Ill' 101,llm . . .... 01 ,t1IlLl ." " '" I11U\ h IIIg-hcl at S.I ( l ~~Oi.j
gJ liMn ,II "\ I [ ( G.-)~ .i g), h\l ' 210 g \)f,llI" til.!" ,II SJ i .. Olll"
811)0 mmll/ll \. I hi, ' P" I i t "~ II' lI,d h II I h.1 hi" upt'n. d i"l II 1hed
a rt'a,. " I ( h ;h rill' t.unp I k.H IliA": om' 1.ug-c' .Idult II'" ill ;1
p ilfdlllr;:lp III [1,( (jIM(II .11 \ leN.. '" III tIll' ckaring" (alld lagoon )
and plntl1l1,lhh 1I,IIHkn'd into ,h(' lorc"l or ,11.1111 acro~,

Ihe I.lgoon. II th.1t illliili(llial i, n: IIIOlt'd , I Ill' [Olallll a~ .. 101

SJ I' I06i.:1 g-, ,md thl" 1I1l".I11 11\,1" pcr inrlilidu,,1 i, 1.71 g,
()1I11 .. Ii.l-(hth highI'I" lh.11I rill' tIlc.m tIl.I"" ( 1.~3 gl for ,11111Ian .. ,\I :\ I I.. I ll(' 101.d 111.1" of 11I.mh i .. 4.'):-'.2 g ,!\ SJ and
:) 12.9 g,. 1 ~ II , ,mil Ih l , 1111',111 111,'" i .. 11.9R 10:" ;\11(1 9 .HO ![ ,
->
Il"'pt'([ill'h.
\\l ICIl llie "111-\""" IJII/Q II1lmlllO i, e,dlldcd. t he di'li ihui01l 01 01.1, ... III1UII g: d liltT ,'III d i,'1 .Iel i\ i I ie, all d III iCl"011<l boo
Il a., I <I11g-hh ,IPPI"0"111,IIC" ,h,' .. hulld,lI\lt' of inciilidu,ll,
( I hl .. :\). FOIl .. ,.lllI pk ,!l1t' ' " 0 IIlt l" (011 1111011 ,ll1l1r:II" (Blllo
IIIJlwlIl/o'" \ .... md IJ. I)/JIIIIIIIII' "( ;""") 1 :-\" 1 [ h.lle.1eomhim'd
111.1 .... 01 2:,7.llg: .md 111,11.., up :~9 . 2 ("( vllhl" 101.11 Illa"o! .I1IU1,111' ,111(1 ~li .~ ~ (( 01 lhl' 111.1 .... uf d,Urtldl 11'ITl',"i 1 . \l1\11 ,11l~
Ihel e: II, . , ", 11('1' ,i, d i. ' I"II,11 [l' , r e .. tri,.1 'plTic .. repl C'(' IIICd
hI :\ 1 'Pl'l 1IIIt'/I, I,. I \(' ,I \ \JIll hilH'd 01 " " o! on II 3.6 g .. \1 ~ .
1\lllTC I hl" g ll"ttnl .1111011111 01 1II ,I'~ i, III noelUrn.11 arhul"l" 1

I I r Il I'FTOF \ l '\.\ Or :-..: Oil I If H{ '\ LOIwro.

a,

u,

"8

15

c
0

10

"

San Jacinto
1.5 km N Teniente Lopez

-i1'

11"

.~

2, -" c
..;,
~
0>
,

c"
&
c
il.
" ~~ 00 -"I} ~
c
~ 2 ~
Q

1111

c
0c

c 11,

~ .~
0

0>

"
"
.,

"
t
"
,
g - g,c
,
, " .g 11'"" " 2 "

"- :1!

0: I"-

"& 1;
'" "

Species

Fig. 22. Rebli\'c a h undance o f ,pecit'~ of l i l.ard~ in comnlon 10 ~lll (h lonc, at San .l acinto and at I.,j km ;...; ofTetlicllle L6pe7.
atluratls, Ihe 111'0 'pecies in Ihi s Gllcgun (1/)'/0 /allrifomw
ami Ph)lIolllfdll~a "fllt/fll/ll) kl\c a comhined mas, uf + 46.3
g and make up '11.S o/, of the lOla I ma~~ of <tnuran, and
85.2% of t IlC Illass of IIOC IIIrn all a rhorea I ;11 1tI 1':111 ~ \11 Crl:"; 1111'
other 15 nOC 11lrnal / arhoreal 'pecie~ reprcM:nll'd b\ 7 1
SpC Ci ll lCll~ h:w(" a combined ma,~ ofonh 77.A g. The mO~1
COllllllon -"pecics of a n II ra n a I SJ- Ph ),.;(1/0('111 1/ \ jJ('lI'ni. i, 11< KI\lrnal/lcr rc~trial: its mass of 87 ,0 g: an.Ollnb lor on h 8. I Cf
of Ihe lot<tlllla,~ ofanllrall" al SJ.
~ Iass of 1il.:trcb wil II rc~pcC1 10 did activi \\ ;lnel III iCfI )llab;I;1.1
i ~ proport ionatt'l\" Ihe ~ame al SJ and XTL. ,\t hOlh ~iles.
A:(,I/Im/J);\' /Jf'hli(/'/J~ accounh for gre:llest :\l1101l1l1 of ma,~ 01
lil.anb. Al SJ and NT\.. it ;\cCo\I11b fur 4liA o/" and -19.3% of
tlw total ma~s of liJarck re'pct'livcl\', ami A6.(jSf and 87 .O ~
of the mass o f d iu rnal. lerrt'~1 r b l lil.ar(k re~pect i\ el\', Till'
1ll0~1 abundanl ~p<'cit', al ~ i~ the ~l11alL diurn,d al bore:ll
AI/Ot/Sfu~rOO llml!ls. which aCCOUtlLS for onh 't A 0/.. of t h e
IO t :tlllla.~ oflizard~ ;[Ild 6.0 Q of t he 111a~~ of d illrnal/arboreal
lizards tllen~. Ccrtaillh. here i~ a caw ofabllndancc nOI correlating with l1l a s~: mean lila" of other diurll:,I/,u'bore:t!
1izard~ at S.I i~ 2 LS g: thc~c include sl11all specie', ~llch a,
Allot" If(lrhJrff'l'II!(I and C Ollaloi/f'l colirinl!al!H. alld large
~pedc~. such as Ellya/iolltf's roJallor!.! III. E. tnIICl'p'. and Tm/mltl11B II ml!w. Likewise at NT!', A noli \ Jl/lrl)(l11 mliH i, t he 1110~1
abunda111 diur nal/arboreal ' pecic" hUI it aCCOIIlllS toronh
1 A % of t he 101:11 Illas~ of lilaI'd, and 4.1 o/r of 1he 11la~" of diIlrnal / arborcalliz:lI'd~ Ihere.
:-' Iosl alluran~ and lizard, ,Ire feeding generali,f1, 011 ,I \'ariet\' of arthropod". Although 1110,t Irog' inLlll(k ;111 1" in
their diels. some s pcde~ a rc a111-~ pl(jali"b . The~c inclllde
Ihe di Ilrna1j le LTc~lrial delldrohal id,. m('m he r ~ of Ihe 1311fo
l)'/!hollill \ corn pi ex. al at ~Olr\e '1Ilallle p IUd;ICI\ Iid,. ,I~ II ell a~
t he lloc l nrnal/lerre~lrial microhl lid .,. Olll' ~pl:"t- k, included
hert', Ph.\j(dafll!lI-1 /)('I('l~I, fccd~ a iIlH)1 cxclu,ilch on ler-

371

P I' III

mitn: it i" 1t.: prl."eIHed 1)\ 65 indiyirludl, (A 7 g, R. I C{ of

It. .l,Ll .Illllrdn m.l'~ ) <1t SJ but ollh Olle indi\idllal ( 1.4 g.
(J.2 '1 01 to\,Ll ;m ur,lllln:I"' ) ,11:--t1 I .. :-":im;tnt-'plTi;lli.,t,<lIT
pn',clli <II S.I .lnti :-":'1' 1.; th('1 ;u'e leprc",-'nted hI ~J .md 72
'l)Cci Il1el I', re~IA'('\ i\ dl . The.,e n i11(: 'IA:L ie~ d( (<)UIII fUl 1--1-1.5
~ ( I :L;; ~1 of lotal ,l1lllrall111;I'~ ) ,\I SJ ,Inri '!.tH.7 g (tt'!. (,f If I
IOtal.lI1l1r~ln lIla~~ ) al ;"';TI .. The d i,trt.']JdIKI 1110"lh i, owin~
tn Ihe fat 1 Ihat 1110 . )f tllc"(' ,pecic, ,11;"';"1 L ( 11I1Iol),/)/iOIlII/ I
'",.\ '" ,mel N. l),/!hollli/\ '"e") arc Ihe IWO lIl0,1 <1bund.ml 'lwcie'
ill ullr "ulIpfc,. B\ e)l.llllding- tht: eLII.1 all 1I1O. :'e 111"0 'pel. ie'
,II bOlh ~itc". tht' differen ce illlll.1" I,f ,1l11'Pt'(i.lli'I' i, Llr
morl' "irnil:tr helll"eell till' ,ill,.,- 13.H g" ( I .:~ (( 01 tOI,11 anuI.Hl 11la,~) at ~J ,mel :!6.8 g ( . I. I 'l" of 10LII ,l11urall 111<1" ) ,\I
:-":T L.
AIlIOIIg tile li/:u(!..found in Ihe 'Iu(h 10111."'. all ,lIe fe ~ 'd
i11g gClllT,l1 i'I~ , (' M ept two d ill riM I . ' a r borc,1 I "pel ie'. TI'O/Jid 11nH /)lim .1l1d T III/Ibm. which arc 'lll1-~lwci.llhh. O ne T /Aim
\\,I~ found at XT L: iI, lll,m ,)f 81.0 g i) :n.6{l 01 t.he lot,tl
liz.ln] ma,~at th.lt ,ile. OllC '/: ulllbm\\"a~ found al cacll "ilt.,:
Iht: individual froll) SJ had a lIl a,~ of I!'. ~ g ( --1.1 ({ oftht: 10\;11
1i7ard Ina,,), ,llld the one from ;\'T L had a Ina'" of 16.:-1 g
(4.Sf1 of l ht, tot:tllil.ard lila,s).
CU\II' \Rt'>O' wIn I (}n II R RI (,10' '>
Allhullgll 0111' collection, fruln lhe ~ill'~ in llOllherl1
I.o]"clo are far from compktl'. il i" po,~ihlc tu llMke ,ume
11 lean i ngflll com p<1 r i~ol1 ~ wi III t Iw herpel OEUIIl:t' fnH II otlll'r

30

"

"'-

20

"

San Jacinto
Tenlente Lopez

10

100
50
Sample Size (Individuals)

150

Fig , 23. I'rojl:"ctecl rare faclion C\lr"e~ 11)1 anlll.IIl' bd,ecl 011
'pe cic, an d Iheir ,Iblln(\,lll{'(' al Ih e 'Iud l ,ile.,. The (line
fo r li/,lrd' :11 both "il('~ appro\im;ue, Ihe b,,~. , oftl1l.' Cline
for anlll-: 11I~ .11 S.ln J adnlo.

65

Anurans-San Jacinto

..
....
... . Diurnal terrestrial
1111 Nocturnal terrestrial
~ Nocturnal arboreal

30

25

20

,u

10

u
c

-
0

20

Anurans- l .5 km N Tenlente Lopez

Diurnal terrestrial
1111 Nocturnalterrestnal

15
',~
" NOClurnal arboreal

10

10

15

20

25

30

35

Number of Species

Fig. 24. C01l1]Mr;ui\e ,lbul1cLlIlCc.: OrallLlLUl' with n : .. pcct to l11icroh:lhit.H ill t il..:
:'\ T('lIienlc 1.6pc/. Eat !! hd r fL'Pfc'l' II\' ,\ d ifT..:rclll ' pe cic'"

~l\l( h IO IH~ '

at S:lI Ij.Ki n lo.l1ld ;1I 1.:1 kill

II~ ~I'~ ro~ Il ' I ()~

:'\"ORTllI' R.' InRI ro,

Lizards-San Jacinto
R::: Dlurnallerreslnai

mn

Diurnal arboreal

~ NOClurnal arboreal

lizards-1.5 km N Teniente Lopez

5

10

15

Number of Species

Fig. 25. Comparative abundance of lil.ard, ,,'ilh re'I)('Cllo

microhahi tat ill Ihe ~I\I(h I.on e, al S,Ill J acinlo ami al 1.5
km N Te n ientc Lope / , Earll bar rt 'prt'!'-('nL~ :1 diftcrenl
S pL'CI('~_

:.iles in Ihe upper and ce nlral AmMon Ba~in. The ~ite~ are:
Santa Cecilia, Ecuad or.-A ~ite al 3,0 III UII Iht, Riu
Aguarico (00 03" N. 76 59' W): ,Ise.tsullallo\\'!al ld Iropi( a l
rainforest with a hcr pe wfaulla uf 177 ~ pcci('s (data Ilpd:lIed
fro m Duell man. 1978) ,
Cocha Cashu. PCnI. -A ,ill' at ~00-400 m on the Rio ~lanll
( II Sci S. 71 n' \\) :scasoll3.llowland u'opical rainf on.: ~t I"ith
a herpetofauna of I 46 spec ie~ (Rodriguez and Cadit:, 1990).
Cu zco Amazonico, Perll ,-A ~il e :0 220 In o n the Rio
.\ ladre de Dios ( 12"05' S. 69 OS' \\'); ,easonallow1anel IrOI}ical rainforest I"it h a herpelofallna of I 45 'pe cil'~ (Duell man
:lIld Salas. 199 1) .
1\tanallS, Brazil ,-The .\ Iinimulll Critica l Size of [co",tems ~tud\' sites (02' 20' S. 60 00 ' W) . 70-90 kill :'\" i\lanau,:
seasonal lowland Irupicd ra illforest " 'illl a herpe tofauna of
128 s pecie~ ( Zimmerman and R c )d rigll('~. 1990 ) .
A::. .) holl II in Table 4, the ~irnilarili(' .. a m ong ;Ulllran, and
lizard~ is high between nonhcrn Lorelo ;md Sarlla Cecilia
( C I~Rs == 0.67 and 0_68, re~ peCli\ eh ). T he .. e sim il.tril ies art"
exc(:eckd onh br thaI of anur;m s (CB R " 0.(1 ) 1)('lweell
Cocha Ca::.hll anrl CUI.CO Aillau-mico a nd approximate d I"
Ihal of anllrans (C BR == 0.(3 ) helwet'n Coc h a Cas h ll an d
Sanla Cecilia an d Ihal of lizard~ (C HR == 0.61 ) hell\ee n
Coch;, Cashll and ClllCO Am:uonico. The sitnibrilie, beI,\'('~' n Cocha Ca~hll ,mel CHICO ,-\l1I :l!C) 1liu) are expeucd he-

\'~ Rl

of Ihe ir clo..e prox imit\ (260 )., UI .lIMn ) in the ' ,lIlle
d ra iII.tge 'I 'ile III . l .i )"('wi, c, III<.: II urt Ilcn I 1.01 t-I0 , i te, ,tre 'L']},tr,lled frolll S,IllI;t C~ 'c ili a h\ . 1 di,l,lIl( {' 0 1 ,tholl! 2S() h n.
1)lll II leI are in dill ('fcn I d m in.tge 'i\ ,te.:n h . \ , 'it.ll the e.:)o"ceplio ll
oj I he low ,i III ibritl of Iiz.trd, (CHR "" 0.38) he tween (:uzcu
Alllazonico ,llld nurthe rn I ~ )relo. the ,i lilibritit", 0 1 both .tltllr,ln' .Hld li l.,lrd, Me l!ill('h lo \\ e r (CHR '" O .3:~-O .cl:! ) hc111'1:' ('11 ;\ lall.I\ I' .111(\ all olher 'il~ '~. A di~t a n Ct faClor Illal h(:
,i gniric;llH h e re: .\l a n;t Il" i~ ,ep:traled fro tH ,III 01 th e Oth e r
,ilc~ hI di'I:tll ce.:'iofrn o re th,tll 1':'00 km . III ( 01 nIMri~un willi
lite ollte r ,ile .. (,til in the IIppe r ,\Ill,tI.OIl B,t ~ ilt L the he rpe tof.1I 11l ,t ,tt ;\ Ia II <t 1I ~ i, dep'"l)w ra Ie. .\ 10 1eOI c r. ,i III ib ri1\
helweclI ,\ l.tll;\U' .ttld the II p pt'l .\llla/Olli.1ll ,il (''' h ~')o". tg
gerat cd neg.ltilc'h bl Ihe pre!'-(; n ce a l ~ I a n a ll' of'iele ral
:.pt'c in (e.g .. C"ia51110rl('i~ 1/1I/(lik (Jr{,lIji~. PI/JlI (lITaba /i . a nd
I.rpo)oll/(I K " WIlf'lB(,) that are princip,tlh Gui:m,lIt in cli,tributi o n .
T h~ inte n nedialL' gL'ographi c 10C:llioll of 111<' .. ih'" in
llorthL'rn Lorelo bf'I\\L'e ll SanTa Cecilia 10 Ih(" north and
Coch.1 Ca~h!l and CIlI.CO :\m;tliJilico to the ~oulh i, reflected in the cOillpo ,ition of the hL'rpc tufdUlt.I. ;\ 1,UII of
Ihe.: ~peci e~ OCCllr.11 a ll of Ihe~L' ,ite , in th e upper ..-\llId/OII
B.t,in. but other, reaLh eithL'r tliL'ir nortlwrn 01 <,oullt(' I U
lilnib uf diqribllli\)J1 ill I.Ort'lo. '1'1 10'(' real. hing IIICir 'olltht.:fli lilllib inc lud e 1-1.\'10 albupu llrl u l(/ /a, F..lrll/ /U'rod(Jc/.\ / u~
IJ u (/IJII (wrn 1/ I , (;/lI flllll or/('i~ /)(1 ~~ /n'I , :1 1101/.1 / fa 1151 '('/"1 (1 Irl . and
f ll_Hl /ioulfl (OfiIllOI'II I11 . Il"here a, " .l In k Oi'ddllll. a nd Ell'u lhen)darlyli/I lIl a /h n i rc:tc h the northern li!l1i[~ o f Iheil (\i,trihlltiol1~ in the reg ion.
Twu ~pt'( ies fou nel :t ( 7\'TI . Il,tI (' afrll1 iI ie-, II i lit 111<' A II de ,111
~lupl'~. }J/,) lIo lll((h /l(/ hI/IIi j, a mem her of Ih e /'>h.l " olllrtil/I(J
bu rkl") , grollp. which ulhenl'i,e OCClIl-' on tht' ,I o pe~ u f
Allele ... Ih e Cordillera d e l;t Cu'ta ill lIunh('1"/1 \ 'elle/llL'la.
and in Central Ameri ca (CulIMlella. 1980 ). Exce p t fo r Ih e
record from NT!.. tllo/JoglolIl/ ~ co/,ii i, ).,I1UII n onh from Ihe
Ande<lll ,Iupc" o f Ecuador (RlIibal. 19.-12: Peter, a nd 0 0110'0B:trru~. 1970), Speci 111~ 'II ~ ..."ig-n cd 10 thai 'l)Ccil'." from S,tn t,l
Cccilb inthcAllla/on ll a~ in in Ecuador (DIIClhll,HL 1978)
h.tH; hC(;11 reide nl ified ii ' I\. (l 1I[[u/ollll.
Two ~pec i (; .. Ihilt ;trt' \\icle'PIT MI in Ihc Aln:t/ o n Ih,in .
Bufo 11/(( n /I 11 I ,til d A //lei! 'fl (1II1('il'(/. Ch a r.H te ri, I ical" i II It a bi t
di~(lIrhed ,Irea~ ,md ( karillg': Ihe\ ,eldolll IL'ntu fe far
i1110 clo,ed rOt l" l. The ir prin cipa 1 ,WL'n ue , o f di~I)L r,.,1
,( 'em 10 he 111 ;~ o r riler,. which have hroad" e xpo~cd
bank, during the dn ,eaSOIl , ,\lId loa(k Bufo l//(trllIU I W ;t,
pre'ellt in the Glilip ck;lring ' al ~J a nd T I.. but . \ 111('11'0
((1111'11'(1 \\a ~ IIOt ub~(' n('{1 at ei ther ,ite, !lor \\';t~ it llb~ ..'ned
:lIong: ruad, o r at And4''''. \\ hie h h,l' ('xtell,il (, ( le;tt ing-..
alon g: a m :yo r ril e r. Ihe Rio Pa'I :!I ,1.
" Uh('

Til. L ''\,I\'tRsrn or K\i\.,\;,

s< 1.,,( .

B l'l LFT1'\,

'1';11111;' J. Perccnlage~ 01 indl\ idual, and m~I ~' (in parcnlhe,e." of anu ran" and lizards
zonr'> al San JaClIllO (S J) and at 1.5 km 1'1 Tenient<: Lopez (NTL\.

1\

Ilh respect

10

dlel aCtlvlly and Illicrollabitalill

liZARDS

A '-a.i RA "S

SJ

DIElj\11CROIIAIIHAT
DlUmal/l<:rrc,1rI:lI

(I 1.0)

..f 5.8

0.0

(0.0)

0.0

41.2
44.6

(39.9)1
(49.1 )

27.5
26.8

D l um~l/:lrboreal

Noclumal/lerre~lrial

Nocturnal/arboreal

SJ

NTL

14 .2

~tud~

(4..f.0)
(0.0)
(29.8)
(26.2)

47..1
50.0

0.0
2.6

NTL
72.2

(53.6)

-,.

,- 0
0.0

(..f0.2)
(0.0)
(6 .1 )

2.8

(56.7)
(35.7)
(0.0)
(7.6)

Table 4 . Specic" of arlllran\ and lizard, III five region, III Amazonia. Abbrevialion, III hcading~ 10 column" corre'pond 10 regions 111 fir'l
column. The upper number in e;lCh cell refcr~ 10 anurans: Ihe lo\\<,r number refer~ 10 lizards. The number of ~pecie, in each r<:gion i~ ,hown in
boldface in Ihe common cd l: the nUlllber, of ,pecle~ Ihal arc HI common 10 11\0 regIOn, ~lre in Ihe upper righL and Ihe coefficient of biogeographic rewmblance I' in ilalics mlhe IOller left.
REGIO"

SC

NL

CC

CA

:-.1A

Sanla Cecilia. Ecuador (SC)

SI
.10

49
18

51

42

0.67

66

16
JJ

11

066

24

16
37
14

26
9

0.63
0.57

0.51
0.56

,0

51
16

0.58
0.61

0.51
0.38

0.71
065

"

13

11
10
10
10

O..J2
0.33

0.39
0.38

0.3.J
O, .JO

0.38
O.J]

"24

Nonhcm LorCIO (NL)

Cocha

Ca~hu.

Peru (CC)

Cuzco AlIlaz6nico. Peru (CA)

l'\-,Ianau,. Brazil (MAl

UTER.\ Tl" IH~ f:lTED

16

G-\:\ 'An.! 1-\. D. C. 1980. t\ I("I'lel\ of III("

l~hlIl011/I'dll\1l

'/IIrllI('\I gnmp

(.\ nur.l: Ih lid.le). O cc;!.'. Pil]). 1I 1ll" . i\al. Il i,,1. L"ni, . KillS;!"
'1. C. S. 1995. l.i,.lrd, of Ikalili,1I1 AmMoliia (Reptil i,I: Sqll'l[ll,U'I). Zool. \ ' ('rll.md. 299: 1-706.
t\ \ \K/I(U., \ . .J.. J. c. S~" \RI.,.\:\ j) S. G ORII IA. I ~j92. L' n n lie, 0
gi'ncro para la, c' pe,ic~ del "grll pa OllroaplwluI l/)(h7gW"-.;
(Allli fa: ! h Iidae). II k Ill . Soc. Ciell. N ,II. 52 :213---22 1.
BH.B~. \ \'. 19~ I. Fidd IWIt:' 011 tllC It/.ard~ of K. lrI,lho, Ikil j,h ( .ll1,lIla
and (.,lripiIO . \ 'en lJll(:Lt. 1\lrt 2 . Igllani {i;t(". Zoologic:l
2V: 19:-)-21 (j.
1{.- )LLr. 'G~ K. G . A. 1882, Cala/OI[!II' oj Ihe Nalmclua SaliNil1ll }. I':flj(t
rill/a II! IIIf Co/luIW'1 oJllip Nri/"II '\/IISF'WI. [d.2. I.unrlon : T.IIlor .md Fr"nci~.
HULUV.tlt. C . A. 19 13. 011.1 collectiOll urb.ltnlChi,llls .md replile~ made hI Dr. H . G. F. Spurrel1. F. Z. S .. ill til(" Chon .
Colombia. PrOf. Zool. Soc. l .ond,>!] 191~: I 0 19-1 O~8.
G\I [)\\"rll, J. I' .. -\..'Il C. \\". IIIYfR..'. 1990. A Ilell poison frug from
AmaJ<)ni,lI1 Iha/.il. wilh funl lt-r r("vi,jofi of tile q!l!liq"F1"lIaIW,
g-rou p of J),'nd robtilrl. A Ill. ;\ itl'. ;'\u,'j [. 2988: 1- ~ I.
L-\\IPlIH.I.J. A.. \:-1) \\'. \\' . L\~L\R. 19H9. rite \ 'I 'IIOI/WIi) ilF/Ili/('} uf
1.(11111 .- Iml'rl(ll. Illia(,I. i\l'\\ York: C/Jllbloc k Publ. , \~~.c
A\'Jl _\- P IRJo~.

P,7:1~!o.

Ct)( I!RA~. LJ. III.. AS!} C. J. GOt\. 1970. Frogs o f Colomhi:l. Bull.
U. S. ~.ILI. :- 1 1I~. 28i~:1-655.
CUP!.. E. D. I 87". On '>O1ll(" I~a(rach i:l and 0:em.uogn.u h i brough I
flOIll Ihe Ilppl"!" Allla~on b, Pruf. anon. Pro(. Acad. Z"al. Sci.
Phil'I[lelphia 2:/:120-137.
CKU fl'. :-1. L. 1971. Q II,H\ Ii I,ll i\"l' ,lila Ini, of Ihe eculogic;tI d i;;Lrihillioll of ,1 11 oplcal heqwlOfalllla. Onas. Pap. II I lis. 0: ,n. ! I i'I .
Uni\. I\.;II1,as~: 1-62.
CKI \11' ..\1. L. 1977. IIILral>opll1.llioll ;tlld inll'r'p"ciflc ',lri;tli'lIl
u f ",I.m da rd" II h) rphulogira I hara,te r, " f 1'0 II r clo".. hId al('d
SOlllh AmniCII1 '\.1.bmandcn ( IM/lug/Msa) with d."Criplioll o f
hahital pn::fen:/lce ,. J lerp,elUlogka 33: ! 15--426.
CKL I. C. t\. C. I) \. 19YfJ. So b,..' ,I~ rc1;u;"es ill te rg-c IIt ri ca, de Ph, II. )]\led II 'I nat (1.1 1101'(''<[., AII:III tici (A III ph ibi :1. r\ IIunl. I I, Iidae).
R... ,. Br;l,il. BioI. 50:7-9-126.
m. S\. R. 0 .. \:\[) 1.. TRL HI. 1 ~)9 I . O'I<:ollJb'" ,J...c1et.11 (lnL"loplllelll .
,lIld chondr()(Lm ia) ,I L1. ICllilT o f /-/fl mlJloph 11' "I' /JoilFI(l 1/fl (An IIra:
II licl'(}ll\lidacl. J. ;\1",.ph,,1. 209:311-:no.

~7S

n l'\()'\,j. R .. ,,'\1) 1'. $.-)1'\1. 198ti. rh~ rt'plik~ uf Ihe IIPlwr Aw.ltOll B.t,in . lqllilo, ICgH:IIl , I't'llL 1>.l ilw;ull..ee. \\' j'I O Il'<in : ,\[ilwallktT Public ,\ I \I"'UII1.
IkH.DIA,"". \\', L 1970. II , lid frog" <If l\l iJdlc Alueric.l. ;\1oll"gr.
;\ 1u" ;\'dl. ll i,<1. Unl", K,lIl"IS 1: 1- 7;, :\.
Du :u \1 \,,-, \f, E. 197:h Fmg' of til(" lIyfa gn?:,lTfl/,li lffl grollI" Copei.1
-1-::>-::>:
-"".' .
1"""
. I. ::,
DLtLL\I,\;", W. E. 19i3b. I)(,c n p,ion 01 nt'" li/an], flom illl' lIppl'r
A lHMOi\ H.I~i 11. l ie I p<:lologka ':..19: 2:!8-~:1 1 .

. 1971. ' L IXI)1LOm ie TIOW, 011 "III I/o IIII'd 1/ V/(Alllll.l:

I h1i[Lle ) from the upper Am,II.UlI Ih"l!1 . I lerp(' lulogIGI

l) u.J I 1[,\". \\' .

~lO:I05-ll:! .

Dl fLl Il.\'\. \\', E. 1978. T helli"lo;..." of an eqU:lI<.JI"ia] hcrpctofallTl.1

in Am:von i.tIl EUla{\oL ;\ li '>('. I'll hI. j\ 1U ' . :-':.Il . J I i,e lin il . " .an,;a~
'1
()!JC.'. I -.'1-:J_.
[) LlU 11 ..\ ,\ . \ \'. E . 1987. I.i/anl, in ,III '-\In;1I01Iiali r;lin IOn:q ,om
IIHlni!l : ' '-"''llilCe urilil.ation ,md ,Ihund.mcc , l'o:atl. Ceog. Re,
~HR9-5(H) .

Dl

[U ..IL,\;';. \ \' .

phioi'H1~

E. I98K Pat te n I~ 01 "I)(!cies (I il er,i 1\ in", IU I.I II ,'111-

in the '-\111l'ritall Hupic-. Ann . 1I11"Oliri 1"\.01. G .lrd .

7:1;79-1 01.
DllUJI\A.\ . W. E. 198U. Tropit.a i l ,,~q)(!lObunal commUTlitic~: palte n IS 01 CUI n mlln it I ,trut t II re in II c(ll r('pi c;, I fore'l '. Pp 61-88
1111\ 1. L. '-I....I11e1ill-\il'ien ,111(1 F. Bo urli':'re ( E( k ). I rn'/rQ!"(l /r~ 111
Com/lfrx TrO/ll((d .' J),/r ml. N('w York: Spring-cr Verl.lg.
DU _LLlI,\:-i'. \ \'. E. I \.190. I krpc lufau lI:" in ncolropical rai n lore-ts:
COlli po.I r:nil'e c, >Ill posi Linn. h i,ton ..11 1(1 re" ,III ce U Ii liutiun . Pp.
4S5---S0S III A II . Celiin ( Ed .). Four IIMlrv/lleal fflmforl" /\. :,\'('w
11;II'(' n : Yak l ' lIilenir\ I' ll'''.
1) 1'~!J, \1,\.\ . W . E. 1\1')- 3. Am ph i hLIlI ' pec ie~ 01 t he world: :ld(1i tion'
and co rre c t ioll'. Spec. P ub1. I\ lwI. :\'a1. l-l i,1. C lIi, . K..IIl':I~
2 1:1-372.
IkFl.l \1 \\. \ \', I~ .. '\ "'[) II I. L Cltt \\1' . 1971. Speciation in frog, of
the f-I.I'/(I /H'Il!I(('jlS gruup in lhe upp"", r Am:l/on B.I,in. OCC.b.
Pap. 1\ 111', Nal. I [i,t . lInh. Kallsa, 23: 1--10.
I) l[LI 11..1;". W. E.. I.\ n Il l. S. I [ oo('.\lom. 1992. Some 1l\lid frog~
from the G u ian;1 1 [igh la n ds. nO I Ii1(';l,;1 (Tn $0\1( h A meric;l: ne w
~pecics. di,u- ihllliOllal re.:;o rcb .. In(l " generic realloc,ltion.
Occas. )',lp. 1I1 11' . Nat. [-[ i~t. L' ni,. 1\..111'." 147: 1-2 1.
1)lFl.lI1..\;.., \\'. E" \;..n J . E. KOHIII!\ . 1991 . T he Re " .. n" Cill<.O
Alll a l('lIl ico, 1'("1"11: hiologic, l inI"Dlig;Hion,. COll"el'l.llion, ,'lld
cco tollrh111. O ccas. l'"p. r. l u,. ;-";;l!. lli ,t. Uni, . K.'lI",I~ 14:!:1-]~.
1)lH.l \1,\;';. W. E.. A.\lJ r. l . 1.11.\;"'\. 1994. Biolq," of ,I ,it-,md-II,lit
prnlalOl, rhe kplOdact,li(1 fl o g C.nllolllll)'1 ((lnlu lfl . Ik 1'p(, l0logi c;l }O:S 1-61,
DL'H_L\1AN. \\'. E.. \\'I) V. R. ~ I URAU.". l~jO . \'ari;ltioll. (Iiqriblllio n . ,HId life Ili"lofl of /~dalorhll/{/ III-'re:1 (A111]111ihi.l. Alllll,l .
I .l'ptodactllir!;,t). Siud. :,\IC. , ItOp. VallIla Et1\~,on . 2;):1~)-30.
n L~LL\IAN. w. E.. ,\~l) A. \\'. SAlAS. 199 1. Annotatc(1 checJ..listof
tIle .un ph i bian sand rcpti k~ of CUI.CO Al n,I/ ,JI] ico. Peru . O CGIS.
Pap ..\[ us, Na t. I li,t. Ulli, . K:lHs", 143: 1- 13.
D I HJ \('\:-i'. W. E.. .\.\[) J. E. SI'\\l1)\'. 1988. Two nell 'IK:cie, uf
dendrobatid frog~. gC I1lL~ Cdo\lrllw~, from Ihe C(lI 'diliem del COndOl . ECILi1rlo r . Proc. Acad. ,'oJ :11. Sci. I' ll i1.lde Iph 1.1 I ,10: I I [/- 12-1
UtHJ.IlI\,. W. E.. I,\ I) I.. T RlHI. 1989. Two nCII (rc{"frog~ oflhe
11j'/a/mn,w'l" group from thc AmMon B,I~ ill in ,outhern Pent.
1 leq)elolo gica 4S: I- I O.
])UILlj,\:-i'. W . E.. ,\\oJJ. \\'t !' ~, . 19'-);\. l illie! frog~ or(he g c nu,;
S CIIIIIX \\';lgk r . 18:JO. in Am:lIo ll ian ECIl,ldor a nd I'em. OCG'~.
P:lp. ;\ llls. N,lI. lI i"t. Uni,. 1\..11\~," IS:I:1-S7.
FRO ...]. D . R. 19R5. AlIl/lhlQwtl !,/lrfli!) of lh r \I'(nlt/. L..lllrl'l1ce.
K:lfI,as; AlIel1 P re ss. I11C. ,\lid A"""c S,,\. (:oll1'(\.
FRO\'['. D. R. 199 2. I' h,loW'l1clic ,11l,11\'~i ~ .111(1 laxonOl1l' oflhe

/ I'IJ!lIIhmll g n ," p >rr i/.1 1'd, ( I g 1l,1ll1 ,I: T I "p,d III "I;l('j . ,\ Ill . \

I Il~.

:'\"olil. :\0:'1:1:1- 68.

FRo"l. D. R.. ,;..11 R. E. ElI1 LRItX.f.. 19H9. ,\ plll iugc lleli( al1,ll"i,
,llld 1,1"0110111\ ofigll"ni;1.I1Ii/.,lId, ( Rep!III'I: Squ,lln"I,')' ~Ii'l .
Pllh!. \ 111" Nal. l l i~\. LTnil. K.m,as HI : I- ti"l.
C f\TRI. A. II. 1988. eh.mgc, ill pl.mt cOll1l1lllnitl di'"CI',il\ :lIld
fl o ri,ll( (01 n 1)("1 t lOll 011 geog I aph I(;11 ,llld l'l1\ IrOllI11t'III,11 ).!."I <Idinlh. Ann , ,\ I h~llri Bol, Gal d CIl 7;j: I -:~ L
R, K I.. 1960. A ,illl pi i Ii cd table lor 'l.Ig i ng all Ilrall C111 bryo,
and 1,ln<lc lIilh 1I0t e , 011 idelllifi ca lion . Il cr pel"logit,1
16: J8 3---190.
CRH.\ F. I I. \ \'. 19HR. t\lllip1'ed,'lOr 1l1l:challi'lllS ill replile,. I'p.
1-1:")211/ C. ( ;an, and R. B, II II C\ (nl'.), /JIO/Of!) oflhl' UP/) II/I (I:
iJrjrmeall(l 1-1[1' /1I~1(1). Vol. IH. Nell Yorl..: j-\!all R. Li~s. Illc.
II 'IJIlIIl. C . F. 1\ .. \M> ,\ 1. II I IRTI\". 1991. FOlll 'pecic, of I~ ,,,,jl
I,m 1'(' j'0" frog ' rd ;11 nl 1'" /~l!1/H"dob(lII'.\ /I"'III I ( DCl1 d 1'0 bat i{Llc):
taxonOI11\ alld l1alllr,,1 hi~Lor\ ob"el-yalion~. I [erpclolugica
SO::!82-295.
l It ,let. K. 1992. ZIII Amphib,cllfdl.II" PCIII' neb'l Bc"-Chrid)lJIIg
dlw~ 11('Uell /~/I'II/ IJPmd(JrI) //l s ( I.epiod acillid.lc ). Bo nl1 Zoo!.
Ikitr. 43:79-1 ~9.
f-I fRO . J .- \ 1. 19~1O . Ani Ilil ~tr:Hed ]...e, 1" Idd pol ~" occ u I ri Il g i11 I hc
(clll r,,1 Al1la/ o n Ha,jll . AlIlaI.O lli;l1l;t 1 1 :~0 1 -2G2.
I hWR. \r. R. 1\173. $"'Ielll.llit, of Ihe m ;lmml-aIU' group of Ih ..
rrog g. 'nll' / rlllodfl flJ /11 I (Am p h i hi .1. Le ptod.lc t\ Iidae ). COil tr ..
Sci. N,lI . II i,,1. 1\1U'. Lo~ AIl).!."de, Co. 251: I- 50.
H I'IlI!.. W. R. 1~188. Oil lr"g di<tliblltioll P,lltl"n, e<1<1 of Ihe
An(k~. I'p. 22.j-27:~ IIII', L V;11)/"lini .<lId \\'. R. II ("Ier (t'ds.) ,
/'nxPl'd m~, of II \ \ '(llbllo!1 Oil X eollOl!lm / /)1)117/)1111(1)) /'al/em '. Rio
{lcJ..l11eiro: Ac'ld . Bra,il. C it:ll.
I-I fll'R. W . R. 1991. \ ',lri,llioll within till' 11'IJ/OI'/flfll'h,,/}1)(/iollllws'
!I/jil11'17 COlli plex of fro).!."" (t\ III ph i hi.,: I.r- p l odacI' Itda. ). Sill il h
'oni;\II Cono. BioI. :')'16: 1-12 4.
110m., W. I9'-JO. R" p rodli CtilC di, er,it} ill Amdzuui:lI1 I"" tll1d frog-' .
Fumch!". Zool. 38:4 \-60.
Il oo{,I(OI-]). r. l. S. 19R6. Hinws h'matic 'lUdics oflhe Ullfo "1111110111111 "group. A pn; limin,lrI prog re~s re port. Pp. 14 7-150 11/ Z.
R oc e J.. (eeL). ,\11111"'5 III Hf'l1H'I(I{og). Pntgue: Charln l ' 11 h .
I \ O()('~I\lH1 . r. l. S .. D . ~ I . HOR(,r~. \.\ ]) P. C\~.()". ImH . T llrel' 1)("11
' pe ci n \If thc gt:n\l~ Adrfo/)hl)l!r (A mphibi;l : Allllra: l.t; plO(IaCI' Iidac ) from 110nhcaSIe rn 1\1:u:il . with rcm ,lrJ...s 011 Ihe (>1 her
' pecic, of Ih e gellll'. Zool. ~lcded . 68:271 - 3 00.
Il o.,X.I!(>FD. r. [. S .. ,\,1).1. 1..-" lR~. 19RI. ,\ n," !{t'IlII' and 1\\0
new ' pecies of 111 i n II II' kptodact I lid frog' 1ruin 11 unht: rn S.)U I h
Amcrica. wi t h com men (" IIIK>I1 /' lmp!fI!)/i Il Ill' (j-\ In pI Iibid: Al 1111 ,I:
LcpI' >CIaCIl Jiddc ). Zonl. ~kded . SR:tE>- 1 15.
,1 l V,H' R, K -l L. 1989. Pfc iIgiftfro M'he dcr C.1tl1l ng 1~/JlIH'dobfllf'~ mit
rOI gra nulicnl' m RiIC]...t:n ailS clem Oric1lle ,un ECllad,)r uud
Pent. S,II,II I1,llldra 2S:8 1- 9R
ILW.F1-_R. 1\...-1 1. .\\1l1.. C. SI !lIf "IRl, 199'-) , ])e,(1'iptio11 ofa ce ll tral .\I11:,,-onian and (; lIi:1I1all Lree frog. gellus OJlforrjllw/ul
(All11r<l. 1 h li chc ), willI oopha).!."lIs t,I(lpo!es. Ah!e s 1 ~): 1 - 1 3.
KRI- I\~ . C. J. 1989. EroIoK'm/. \ Itl hodolog) . \ " '11 YorJ..: I ia'l)(!1 Collill'
P llbli,hcr,. Inc.
Lt." LR~.J.-L.,.-\:\nJ. I' . G e\S(. 19R6. )',lIuge de ]'esp,lCe forl" tier
1).(1 Ie, dl1lplllhic ,, ~ .'( Ie, Il"pli]e, ell '-\mMOllle dll nord-ou c,1.
Clld."i.1 l :i:7(J7-7~tJ .
Lurrl.R~. S. 1~88 . Re(ldln ition 'Oil /)f'IIIh-oQa /rs 1f"IIU{II<~"II(l11/1
(S lcllld"l h Ilel. I 8lil) (AnUl ,'; Dell d rOOd Iid,1t' ) . S" L1IIl.1nd 1';1
21:72-7 1.
L\'\{ I!'.J. D, I v71). r hc ,pccic, gru up" "ftll<' Sollth Americ.m rrog'
of I11\' gt'llllS Uf'ullllnJ{ill(,>;l111 ( [ xplod,\Cl\ il(bc ). Ot GLS. P" p. r.111~,
"",I\.l l i<l , LTnll. KlIl,a~6 1 : 1 -2 1.

(-;., ""I.

376
LY'l II. J. D. 1980. ,\ l,lXOnOlll1C and di~l ri hUI iOllal ~1'n(J!N~ of Ihe
\rna/ollia II fmg' of Ihe g~'llll' J:I('!l IIi!'loliflrl\ IIII. .-\111. ~ III ' . NOI'il.
:!696: 1-2", .
I.\V I!, J. D .. \;"1) W . E . Dl'FI.l \1 I'. 1980. Th(' f-:li'uliWT(Jliorh'/11I of
lhe \rlI;;tJ<)llian ,top~" Oflhc ~,(ll adoriall Alldes (Anura: I.epIOdaCII Ii{t.u: ). ~h,c. I'll bl. )'11I~. :-\.11. Hi ,I. L' n i\ . 1-\..111",1' 69: 1-86.
Ix,\ul.j. D.. I:-<Il \\'. E. Dlfll 11.\"' . 1995. ,\ Ill''' Lilliuk rrog (I .qr
IOd,1C1 I lid:lc: Utili h!'l'()(IIi(/\ I" Ij frolll Ih cloth Anckal1 gr.,~~tal1ds
of 'OUI h('1 n Ecuador. Occa~. I'ap. :-..' at. !I i,I. :\ IU'. L' 11 il . K:lIh,"
17:U-7.
:\ 1\R n'~. /II . 1991. Thc hord~ of n ,t! hi l1a. Ct.:nl ral Am;I7(J11 i.l. Br.uil :
d qll,llildl i\'c an:lh ,I~ of r(,Y>11l Cl' luil il.alion . Siud. Xculrop. Faun:1
Ellliron.26 :179-19O.
~I\RTI'-~. ~I .. A:-<1) A.J. CIRI:KhO. 1987. :-..'0\ .1' c'p':'cies de III lido ~
do E'I,ldu do Acre (r\l1IphibLI: r\nula ). R('\ . Ura~il. Hiol.
17:549-5:,R
.\ I OIt\u~,>. V, R. 1991. TaxOI1Olllia ,obre algllno~ CdOIll'lhll1 (Anura:
Dcndrobali{lac) de Sl1dall\l~ rica. co n d~"CTipc ion d(' do, C'>p<Cck~ 11 1I('1 ,IS. Rc l'. E~p:tlioil.1 HL'rpelol . 8:9:>--103.
), I H_ Il~_ . C. 19f;0. lkobacht1lllgell an })nulro!xllr , 1//l1II/f11l'1I11/IIIII'
lind Ph\-IIO!xllrJ [I'll/Om/II (Am ph i bi:!: Sal i"n li;l: DClldrobatid,le).
5..1.bma ndr;llfi::\8-51 .
.\ 1nA r.\, K. 1985. A nell' f..l'P,rioUI'I'/w mJ from lhe P:lei fic ,lope of
Ih" Ecu.ldori,)11 AI)dL'~ (S,luri,l: Gekl..onidac j. 11L'lpelulogic,1
'11 : 12 1- 127 .
.\ lnR.">, C. II' .. \:-<1) J E. C\1)U-. 1'J94 . A 11"" gelll" for Soulh
;\m('l-ican ~n,ll..c, related It> !-UWdlll/lNI Ubil l .W (Colubridde) .md
re~1I rr(,Clion of TIli!/lwplw/l!lJ Cope for the - /{/rad rnam" blYi 'I rosin.>
gIO\lp. Am . ). I u~ , No\i!. 3 102: 1-33.
~ 1 \lR.' , C. W" \,\1) W. E. DIHI \1,1"-. 1 9f1~. A nt'\\' 'p"eie, Il l' 1I)'l a
from Cerro Color;ldo. amI othe r Iree frog record, ,md geu-g rapll ic:d note, from 1IL'''ICI'1l P,IIl.II!! ,I . .'\Ill . ~ I u, . SOliL
'r?,
_/:>_. - 3"- .
."In.'>0'. C. L 197,',. AnOllwr n('11 minialure I-Ionl Soulh AIllCI"
ican microhllid frog ( S)'II(()prl . J . I I" IV'elo], 9 :/'lI-R -I.
I' ~Tt.R.'. J A .. ,1:"01) R. DuVhl). BIRRU,,>. 1970. Cllalogue of lhe
Xeou '<'pical Sqll,un,tta: P,11'1 II. l.iL.lrd, .md ,unphhl);len i.U1~, [\ull.
.. U">._
" 9-"
I. -_.,.
"9"
L' . 5. , ,n'\1
l' rTtR.'. J A .. l:"on n. O R!-J\::.-~ 1 1RA:-<I),\. 1970. C.lIalog-lie of Ihe
:\'n ' ll'Opic.tI Squamala: P:1rI l. Sna\..e'. I~llii. Lt. S. :-..'.Itl. l\lus.
2~17:1-3 1 7.

RODR il.l U .. L. O . I99:!. Stnlfl tire cl Ilrg.lll il;U ion dl! pt.. II pielllell I
d ';lIlourc, de Locha Cashu . Pal C Nalion;11 ~I.mll . . \ma/ onie
Pl'rHl'ielll1e. RCI . \::col. 17: 151-197,
ROI)Rit.I U. L. O . \.' 0 J. E. ell)] L 1990. c\ prclilllin.ln OIL'lyiCII
of Ih(' helpctof.l1.llI,t of Coch,l Ctshu . ~1anu :-..'allon,d Pa r I...
Peril. I'p. IIO-I~5 III A. II . Genln ( Ed ,) , "-(wr lIeOlml,i('(lII(llIl'
[OI'fJI,I. l\'~11 l lal"n : Y;tle L' nil'c r,il1 I'r~'s.
ROD Ri(,u-'. L 0 .. \'11 \\'. E. DlIII.\LI;". 1994 . Guid c lO tl1l' frog~
of 111(' Iquito< tq,:iOll. Am;1I0lliall Peru . Spec. Publ. X.. !. 1 1 1~1.
.\11.1<. L' nil . 1';,.1.n,a~ '22: I-$()'
Rlill \1 . R. 1952. [{ ~I'i,ion,lI, ,wdies ot 'ollie South c\mericm T~i
id,w. Hull. :\Iu,. COlllp. Zool. l06A77-5:!9.
Rl'il-G-\RR.\.W,\. I', .\1...1- L II FR:-<\"DE7-CA.\IN 110. '''l)J, V. RUll\.-\1 110, -Ill I). 19RB. L' 11;t 11 lI e l.I c'pecics de l'Ii\'lIomnf Ilia \\'.Ig leI'

IW{U (l\ mphihia: Al1ur.l: Ihlidae ) dd 1101'Oe'le d e Colombia.

Trlallc<l2:372- 383.
S.\\ \(,1-,j. ~1..\,\1) W. R. I IFYFR. 1967. Van,llion alld di~lribll1ion
in lh~ tree-frog gel1u, l'h)'llQmp(fu\Ii in CO'la Rica. CCI1\1-a1 AnWI'
iel. Ikill'. :\'culrop. Fauna5:111- 13 1.
&111 l TFR. A. 19R", . Okologi<che l' lllCl"iuch ullger ,Ill ei II (' m Sli 11gell'a~>cr im Iropbcil('11 R.. gdwald 1'011 Pel'l l llnl ~r hc~on dcn'l'
Ikruc k,icitligung del' Aillphibi~n . DoC!. Oi"e n :llion . Uni\'.
I LlIllhu rg.
St.lIll n. R. 1987. DCI Er,macillld, Ion D('nt/rob(llcJ ~(lParo (SilIn~lon c. 1976) fill' P~ru (Alnphibia: Salientia: Dcndrobatida~ ). S.luri<l 9: 17-18.
Stlill n. R. 1989. NUl' I';! L"pccie de rana IcnenO~.1 del gen('ro
J~IJlIJt't/olxlle~ Iegi ,I ra(ta en b Cordillc 1'.1. O de n la I. Depa I 1:lllle11l0
dt' San :\lanin . l~oL l .ima 6:~:4I-lfi.
511 \ \. S. G, 1),\. I~YJ3. Thc snak~~ from 5amuel l-h clroclecuic Pblll
alld I'icillil\. R<l1ld,'lIIi:l. r~ r.llil. I ferpewl . .\lat. J-lisl. 1:37-86.
511 VFIt'oTO'F. P. A. 197G. A n'\'i~ioll of Ihe poi,oll':lrroll' frogs of
Ihe p;enu' PII.I'"ob([IC' Bibron III Sagra (F;unik DelldroIXHid;w) .
Sd. UulL Nat. H is!. ~ I u< . Lo' An g~les Co . '27:1-5:{.
So,,-\!. R. R. . \:-<1) J . [{ . R('IILF. 1981 . /3 /01/11/). 2ud Ed. :-..'ew York:
\\'. 11 . FrCelll,lIl.
TO FT. C.A .. \ ,\ 1) \\'. E. DlH I \1.\'. 1979. Anll1-ansofllte lowcr Rio
I.lullapichi,. Ama7.onian 1'('11.1: a prdiminan allall'sh of commUllill <lrUClllrc. I lerpetologica 35:7 1-i7.
TRu:n. L.. \.'1) IV. E. DlfLL\L,\:"o. 1971 . r\ s\'nopsis o fnl'olrop;cal
hIEd frugs.genu , OSll'()(ejlIUllu~. Occa~, Pap. Mus. XaL 1 Ibl. L' nil .
K.-1.n";I,I : I- Ii.
L'lltl l . T ...\:-<1) J . C. ~ARR\. 197 1. Ll'fosO ma pe/m/7/wlllm, a Hlli'>l'xu,ll ~pcci('~ rdal td to L {JII W IIr11Y: alld I."poSO l/ltl /()(llIlIa, a ne\\'
,p('cie~ from P,lcific coaslal Colombi:l (Sauria: Teiidae ), I'os1111<\ 151:1-39.
V,\ '70LJ\l. 1'. E. 1986. . \dd c n rla and cordgenda to Ihe catalogue
of l1<:otlopical <quam;It:I. Smithsonian I-I('rpetol. Info. Scr\,.
-( 0". -_!l.
"\',\'-lOII'!. P. E .. \'-l) E. E. \fill t-\~I~, 1970. Sml\ll Am~riC;1Il
,moles: llll' gn'g-rap h k diff('1'cnliation and cI'olutioll of the
t\ 11011; rlt I) 10lPliH ~pccic~ group (S,lllri:!, Iguan idae ). A 1'(1, Zool.
L' nil . S:IO P:IHlo 19: 1-298.
\\' ILH_K. C. F. 1973. r\ l1e\\ genu, ;md ,peeiL'~ of 1ll1crol1l lid frog
flOlll [cll,tdol . Occa~. Pap. ~ I u~ ..'\al. I lisl. Unil. K.ansas 20: 1-7.
ZII1.\lt.R.\LI.\ . B. 1983. A compari~11 of structural tealUres of calls
uf open and fo re<t halJitat frogs ~pc c i e~ in the cClllral Al11a70n.
I kqKtol"&r] c:t 39 :235---246.
ZI\l\ltR.\I,\,-. B.. \:-n J. P. B{)( "IKT. 1984. \'ocalintiollsofprimary
forL"1 frog Slwcic< in Ihe cenlr;t1 Amazon. Acta Am:tf.onic;t
11:473-519.
ZII!\lt.R.\L\,-. IL \:"01).\ 1. T. RonKlcn:.:.. 1990. Frog~, snakes. an d
li/,lrd, of lhe Ii\'PA\ \\\'F ['('serles ncar )' la naus. IkaLil. Pp.
126-45'1 III A II . Ge nil, (cd. ). FOil,. Seol, OPIf(i/ /((mifOresH. :\'('11'
llalt;n : Yale Ltniv. l'rc,s.
Z\n rnL. K. G. 1986. A n('w g('nu ~ and species or microll\ lid frog
flom lit" Cerro de]a :\'cblina region ofVe n('f.uela dnd a dbnl~'ion of rebtion<hip, ,1I1IOng Nl'l\' \\'ol ld microhl lid ge nera.
.\m . )' Ius. NOl'it. 2863:1 -24 .