Index

Note: Page numbers followed by b indicate boxes, f indicate figures and t indicate
tables.
A
Acid-base model, 313
Acoustic wave propagation, 3D LVE, 7986
Adherence energy
FD-AFM, 122t, 123124
fracture, 119
Adhesion
definition, 309
failure theories, 309316
FD-AFM, 121122
testing, 2021
Adsorption chromatography, 3638
Aggregate packing, 427
characterizing concretes, 436439
complex modulus, 447
compressive strength, 447
economic and environmental outlook,
449451
fine and coarse, 431432
granular combinations, 428430
granular fraction, 437t
high-value roadwork, 454f
interference notion, 429, 430f
loosening effect, 429f
materials, 435436
mechanical performance, 443449
moisture resistance, 447
optimization, 433434
pavement design and material cost,
449451
porosity vs. average particle dimension,
430
rutting resistance, 447
stone mastic asphalts, 432433
theoretical background, 428433
void index variation, 432f
wall effect, 429, 430f
Aggregate/water interface, 413415
Aging, 1720
effects, 180181, 192

energy threshold and damage

healing, 151f
oxidative (see Oxidative aging)
Aliphatic sulfides, 42
ALIZE software, 449
Alternative binders
cellulosic biomass, 358
development, 360361
nonindustrialized, 359t
for partial replacement, 358359
protein components and vinegar, 357358
vegetable oils and wood coproducts,
347358
Ambient temperature deformation
modified cross model, 187192
power-law model, 182187
American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO),
67
American Petroleum Institute (API) Project
60, 39, 4445
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), 6
Amorphous polymers, 173
Anisotropy, 8692
asphalt mixtures, 249
complex modulus, 8788, 89t
poissons ratio, 8892
viscoelastic properties, 245248
Arrhenius equation, 184185
Artificial RA binder, 373375
Asphalt. See Bitumen
Asphalt binders
bee structure, 98, 102, 105
construction of pavements, 97
healing in, 212f, 214219
oxidation impacts, 286291
simulations, 212t
toluene solvent, 111
Asphalt cement, 279285

460

Asphalt concrete
multiscale perspective behavior, 276278
viscoelasticity of, 285286
Asphaltenes
effects, 178f, 179f, 180f
importances, 170171
properties, 172
Asphalt FAM, 277
Asphalt mastic, 277
diffusion coefficients, 335t
Asphalt materials, oxidation effects, 279286
Asphalt mixture
anisotropic viscoelastic properties,
245248
axial strain decomposition, 252f
digital lateral scanner, 246f
energy-based mechanistic approach,
255257
fatigue coefficients, 140t
fracture, 263268
healing, 208213, 220226, 261263, 264t
isotropic viscoelastic properties, 244245
oxidation impacts, 286291
parameters in HMA-FM model, 156t
permanent deformation, 249255
properties, 243
pumping action in, 316319
recovery, 261263
water flow modeling, 316319
Asphalt pavements
environmental conditions, 303
saturated, 318f
Asphalt/water interface, 413415
ASTM. See American Society for Testing
and Materials (ASTM)
Atomic force microscopy (AFM), 313,
315316. See also Forcedisplacement
atomic force microscopy (FD-AFM)
advantages and disadvantages, 104105
force-mode imaging, 9798
information sources/advice, 126128
nanomechanical approaches, 99100
nanorheological methodologies,
125126
phase-contrast technique, 98
sample preparation techniques, 116118
scanning thermal imaging, 126
SHRP asphalts, 98
surface structuring analysis, 105118

Index

Axial strain, 61
amplitude, 62
on bituminous mixture, 63f
Axial stress, 63f
B
Barons approach, 432433
Bee microstructures, 105, 116
Bending beam rheometer (BBR) test, 14
Beton Bitumineux Semi-Grenu (BBSG)
type, 85
Bioflux, 359360
Biomasses, oil productivity, 354f
Biophalt, 349t, 351
Bitumen
adhesion testing, 2021
aging and conditioning regimes, 1720
attributes of specification, 3
binder properties derived from, 7t
characteristics, 13
elevated service-temperature test methods,
1013
fatigue testing, 1416
fundamental/empirical binder testing,
2224
geographical considerations, 34
intermediate service temperature, 16
low service-temperature properties,
1314
microalgae extracts vs., 355f
names of, 1
physical properties, 350t
precision of test methods, 2122
properties, 23
regulatory frameworks, 49
specification, 24
stiffness, 23
temperatures, 12
temperature sensitivity, 17
test methods, 23, 1021
values, 23
Bitumen Test Validation (BiTVal), 9
Bituminous materials
behavior for, 5960, 60f
scanning probe microscopy imaging,
9799
Borosilicate stone, chemical composition,
376t

Index

C
Capillary tube, dynamic viscosity using, 11
Carboxylic acids, 43
Catana phase/peri phase, 313
Cationic asphalt emulsions, 395, 412413
Cationic medium-setting (CMS) grades, 396
Cationic quick-setting (CQS) emulsions, 396
coagulation behaviors of, 413f
Cationic rapid-setting (CRS) emulsion, 396,
402403, 402t
coagulation behaviors of, 413f
with hydrophilic head group, 412413
CDC test. See Cyclic displacementcontrolled (CDC) test
CEN. See Comite Europeen de
Normalisation (CEN)
Chemical bonding theory, 314
Chemical force microscopy (CFM), 101102
Chip seal, 415420
Chromatography, 35
adsorption, 3638
affinity, 3843
SEC, 4352
separation methods, 3738
Climate change, global warming and, 303
Cloud point, 400
Coalescent phase, of crack growth, 257259
Cohesion
definition, 309, 315
failure theories, 309316
Colloidal model
of asphalt structure, 3334, 44
molecular structure, 172
pure bitumens, 171172
Comite Europeen de Normalisation (CEN),
56
data collection program, 2324
structure, 6f
Compactability, from GC, 444446
Complex modulus, 60, 61, 447
anisotropy, 8788, 89t
strain measurement systems, 62f
test equipment, 61, 61f
test principle, 6263
tests, 7576
Complex Poissons ratio, 60, 61
Cole-Cole and Black spaces, 65f
constants, 70
norm and phase angle, 65f

461

shift factor, 67f

strain measurement systems, 62f
temperature and frequency, 64
test equipment, 61, 61f
test principle, 6263
and 3D 2S2P1D model, 74f
values of, 70
Complex shear modulus (G*), 16
Complex Youngs modulus
Cole-Cole plot, 65f, 76, 76f
normalization, 76f
norm and phase angle, 64f
shift factor, 67, 67f
temperature and frequency, 64
Compression, asphalt mixtures
anisotropic viscoelastic properties,
245248
fracture, 263268
permanent deformation, 249255
Compression axial loading, 62
Compressive strength, 447
Concretes
characterizing, 436439
multiscale perspective behavior, 276278
viscoelasticity of, 285286
Constitutive model, 206207, 221
moisture damage, 316327
Construction Products Regulation (CPR),
45
Continuum damage approach
healing, 220
mastics and fine aggregate mixtures, 205
to quantify healing, 220226
Controlled-strain RDT test, 245, 259
Corbett procedure, for separations, 3637
Coulter, 436
CPR. See Construction Products Regulation
(CPR)
Crack growth, 258f
coalescent phase, 257259
formative phase, 257
law, HMA-FM, 155158
unitary phase, 257259, 259b
Cracking pavement
advanced modeling observations,
145150, 151
experimental observations, 139145,
150151
mechanisms, 135136

462

Cracking pavement (Continued)

traditional fatigue cracking, 137139, 137f
types, 136t
Crack wetting, 208210
Creep
constant change with temperature, 185f
low-temperature behavior, 194f
steady-state behavior, 183f, 190f
stress tests, 192193, 193f
Creep and steploading recovery (CSR) test,
261, 262
Creeprecovery curve, 13f
Critical condition approach
HMA-FM, 151159
TDC performance model, 159164
Critical micelle concentration (CMC),
398399
Crude oils
paraffinic and microcrystalline waxes, 35
refining, 1
Cyclic displacement-controlled (CDC) test,
235238
Cyclic pore pressure conditioning (CPPC),
159
D
Damage density
definition, 256, 258b
healing, 262b
unitary phase of crack growth, 259b
Damage, pavement cracking
accumulation, 144145
zones, 147148, 149f
Damage, thermodynamics, 229233
DBN model, 142
DCF. See Distributed continuum fracture
(DCF)
Deformation, 10
ambient temperature, 182192
high-temperature, 174182
low-temperature, 192195
permanent, asphalt mixture, 249255
Deformation-mechanism maps
construction, 195198
of engineering polymers, 173174
features, 199
tension, 197f, 198f
Detachment, moisture damage, 306

Index

Dewetting, 309310
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
measurements, 170
volume dilatometry, 169170
Diffusion coefficients, asphalt mastic, 335t
Direct-measurement flying-time method, 79,
8183
Dispersed polar fluid model, 172
Dispersion
of binder, 315
stability, DLVO theory, 409415
Displacement, moisture damage, 306
Dissipated pseudostrain energy (DPSE), 259
Dissipated strain energy (DSE), 245
Distributed continuum fracture (DCF), 255,
261262
DLVO theory, dispersion stability, 409415
Double-gap-graded granular curve, 439443
DSC. See Differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC)
Ductilebrittle transition temperature,
123124
Duriez test, 447
Dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)
aged binders, 374, 375f, 376f
at high temperature, 76
intrinsic healing, 214215, 217219
in oscillatory mode, 11
Dynamic shear tests, 192
Dynamic viscosity, 11
E
Eco-efficient analysis, 394
ED-P model. See Extended DruckerPrager
(EDP) model
Electric properties, emulsions, 405409
Elevated service-temperature test methods,
1013
Elution, 36
EME2 material, 449
French specifications, 443
Empirical specifications, 2224
Emulsions, 393394
characterization, 422
chemistry, 394396
deposition diagram, 416
electric properties, 405409
hydrodynamic aspects of, 400402

Index

Krafft point, 399400

narrow-size distribution, 419
nonreactive aggregates, 417419
physical properties, 397400
reactive aggregates, 420
recipes, 394396
rheology, 402404
setting mechanism of, 415422
slurry seal and microsurfacing, 420422
stability diagram, 409415
surface activity and micelle formation,
397399
surface tension and surfactants, 396400
viscosity ratio, 402
volcano shape, 417
water evaporation, 419420
Energy-based mechanistic (EBM) approach,
255257
Energy-based parameter, 158159
Energy ratio (ER), 158159
Engineering polymers, 173174
ENTPE transformation, 7778
ETG. See Expert task group (ETG)
European road network, 427
European test method, 17
Europe, regulatory frameworks, 46
Expert task group (ETG), 12
Explicit modeling, molecular restructuring,
210
Extended DruckerPrager (EDP) model,
250, 254, 254f
Eyring plasticity model (EPM), 193195,
196t
F
Failure limits, HMA-FM principles,
152154
Fatigue cracking
asphalt mixture, 140t, 255,
257260, 264t
experimental observations, 139142
reduction in stiffness, 139142, 141f
traditional, 136t, 137139, 137f
Fatigue resistance, 448449
Fatigue testing, 1416
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA).
See Strategic Highway Research
Program (SHRP)

463

Fine aggregate matrix (FAM) specimen,

217219
asphalt, 277
mastic modulus on modulus, 296f
oxidative aging, 296
Flame ionization detector (FID), 38
Floraphalte, 349t, 350t
penetrability and softening temperature,
351t
water resistance test, 350351
Flying-time method, 8183
Forcedisplacement atomic force
microscopy (FD-AFM), 118119
adherence energy, 123124
ductilebrittle transition temperature,
123124
methodology, 119121
theory, 119
work of adhesion, 121122
Forcedisplacement curve (FDC), 118119
Formative phase, of crack growth, 257
Fourier transformation, 83, 83f
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)
spectrometer, 206
chemical changes, 383384
mixture, 383f, 387f, 389f
peak values in, 383t, 387t
Fraass breaking point, 14
Fracture
adherence energy, 119
asphalt mixtures in compression, 263268
healingreversal, 208211
mechanics-based approach, 217218
threshold, 144145
toughness test, 14
Free-volume model, 174176
French wheel tracking test, 447
Fume emission measurements, 360361
Functional groups in bitumens, 171
G
Gaestel index, 37
GB2 material
French specifications, 443
performances of, 445t, 446t
GBs of 5 mm (GB5)
binders extracted from, 379t, 380t
G* values, 384f

464

GBs of 5 mm (GB5) (Continued)

mix design, 451453
mixture, 365366
precoated, 377
preheated, 378
sieving and separating, 379f
surface area ratio, 384385
total surface area, 382383
volumetric properties, 376377
GBs of 8 mm (GB8)
binders extracted from, 379t, 380t
G* values, 384f
mixture, 365366
sieving and separating, 379f
surface area ratio, 384385
total surface area, 382383
volumetric properties, 376377
Gel-permeation chromatography. See Sizeexclusion chromatography (SEC)
Generalized DruckerPrager (GDP) model,
250, 252254, 253f, 254f
Glass beads (GBs), 375377
as artificial aggregates, 364
gradation adjustments, 380t
volumetric property, 377t
Glass transition, 169170
Global aging system (GAS) model, 275,
282283
Global warming, and climate change, 303
Glover model, 274t
original-to-RTFO aging prediction, 282f
viscosity, 274275, 283
Gouy-Chapman theory, 406407
Grade bumping, 8
Granite stone, chemical composition, 376t
G*/sind (inverse of the loss compliance),
1112
Gyratory compactor (GC), 444446
H
Half-warm mix, 393
Hamaker constant, 416
Healing
in asphalt binders, 214219
asphalt mixture, 261263, 264t
continuum approach to quantify, 220226
field studies, 207208
hypothesized mechanism, 208213

Index

index, 206
laboratory studies, 206207
material properties and, 210f
microdamage (see Microdamage healing)
molecular morphology, 211213
properties of asphalt binders, 205
test protocol, 225f
Healingreversal of fracture process,
208211
Heat casting techniques, 102103, 104
Heithaus method, 3233
High-modulus asphalt concretes, 449
High-performance asphalt mixes (HPAs)
fatigue resistance tests, 448449
performances of, 445t, 446t
High-performance liquid chromatographic
(HPLC) techniques, 42
High-pressure aging test (HiPAT), 20
High-temperature deformation
on composition, 176180
effects of aging, 180181
free-volume model, 174176
on pressure, 181182
HMA-FM-based enhanced cracking
performance (HMA-FM-E) model
calibration and validation, 160161
components, 159160
framework, 159160
input module, 161163
predicted results, 163164
Hot dog test, 246
Hot mix asphalt (HMA)
definition, 363
recycling, 364
Hot mix asphalt-fracture mechanics
(HMA-FM), 135136, 151152
crack growth law, 155158
energy ratio, 158159
failure limits, 152154
features, 152
material parameters, 155
rate of damage, 154155
threshold concept, 152
Huet-Sayegh model, 68
Hydraulic scouring, 306307
Hydrodynamic aspects, of emulsification,
400402
Hydrophobic fraction, 356f
Hydrothermal liquefaction process, 355, 356f

Index

465

Impact resonance method, 8384

experimental device, 84f
recorded signal during, 84f
Impact Resonance (IR) test, 79
Indirect tensile test, 353f, 354f
Intermediate service temperature, 16
International Bitumen Emulsion Federation,
393
Intrinsic healing
asphalt binders, 214219
description, 208209, 210211
Inverse of the loss compliance (G*/sind),
1112, 15
Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC), 3940
amphoterics, 4243
asphalts separation, 39, 40f
compound-type analyses, 43
isolation of amphoterics, 41f
neutral fractions, 42
separation method, 39
solvent strengths, 4243
Ionic surfactants, solubility of, 399400
Isotropic viscoelastic properties, asphalt
mixture, 244245

Maltenes, 169, 172

Marcusson procedure, for separations, 3637
Material parameters, HMA-FM principles,
155
MCM. See Modified cross model (MCM)
MDR. See Moisture damage ratio (MDR)
Mechanical theory, 315
Medium-setting (MS) grades, 394
MEN asphalt plant, 435436
Metravib tension, 76
Micelle formation, of surfactant, 397399
Michigan road test, 37
Microalgae, 352357
Microcrystalline waxes, in crude oils, 35
Microdamage healing, 142144
absence of rest period, 226228
constitutive relationships, 233235
during cyclic loading, 236238
effects, 206207
microforce balance, 230231
reversal of, 208211
thermodynamics, 229233
Micromechanical finite element models,
324325, 327
Microsurfacing, 420422
Mineral additives, moisture damage, 338t
Modified cross model (MCM)
ambient temperature deformation
behavior, 187189
application, 191f
dependence on composition, 189191
effects of aging, 192
parameters, 196t
Modified effective-medium theory, 404
Modified Lottman test, 328332
Modified Paris law, 257259, 260,
261f, 268f
Modified RTFOT (M-RTFOT), 18
Moisture damage, 303, 304305
additives for preventing, 338t
mechanisms, 305309
modes of failure, 309316
parameter, 334337
physical-mechanical, 320327
pumping action, 316319
simulations, 322, 322f
test methods to characterize, 327334
water flow modeling, 316319

K
Krafft point, 399400
L
Large molecular size (LMS), SEC
chromatograms, 47
Linear amplitude sweep test (LAST), 16
Linear variable differential transformer
(LVDT), 236238
Linear viscoelasticity (LVE), 277278.
See also 3D linear viscoelasticity
behavior, 59
Orthochape, 80f
parameters, 7576
properties, 283285
Liquid additives, moisture damage, 338t
Log-pen rule, 385, 389, 391
Long-term oven aging (LTOA) procedure,
159, 285, 286
Loss modulus forms, 15
Low service-temperature properties, 1314
Low-temperature deformation, 192195

466

Moisture damage ratio (MDR)

multiple-parameter, 333t
single-parameter performance function,
330t
Moisture resistance, 447
Molecular mobility, 211, 212213
Molecular orientation theory, 314
Molecular weight (MW)
distributions, 4748
materials, 47
subfraction, 42
M-RTFOT. See Modified RTFOT
(M-RTFOT)
Multiple stress creep recovery test (MSCRT),
12
N
Nanorheology, 125126
Needle penetration, 16
n-Heptane, 34
Nonhydrocarbon constituents of asphalts, 33
Nonionic surfactants, solubility of, 400
Nonlinear viscoelastic-viscoplastic model,
323
North Carolina State University artificial
neural network (NCSU ANN) model,
289, 290291
Noubleau aggregates
comparative pavement design, 450t
granular fraction, 438f
single-gap-graded granular curve with,
439, 441t
O
Obourg aggregates, 438f
double-gap-graded granular curve with,
439443
passing percentage, 444t
Oleoflux 18, 359
Orthochape, 74, 78
definition, 7274
LVE properties of, 80f
Orthoprene, 78
Oxidative aging, 33
asphalt concrete behavior, 276278
binder database for, 280t
description, 273276
impacts, 286291

Index

mixture database, 287t

models, 274t
at molecular level, 278279
rheology of asphalt cement, 279285
sequential multiscale approach, 291297
viscoelasticity of asphalt concrete,
285286
P
PANDA. See Pavement Analysis using
Nonlinear Damage Approach
(PANDA)
Paraffinic waxes, in crude oils, 35
Paraforpont, 7274
Parameter determination, for modeling
moisture damage, 334337
PAV. See Pressure aging vessel (PAV)
PAV85, 20
Pavement Analysis using Nonlinear Damage
Approach (PANDA)
CDC test, 236238
definition, 233
microdamage-healing constitutive
relationship, 234235
Pavement cracking
advanced modeling observations,
145150, 151
experimental observations, 139145,
150151
mechanisms, 135136
traditional fatigue cracking,
137139, 137f
types, 136t
Pavement distress index (PDI), 334
Penetration index (PI), 17
Penetration viscosity number (PVN), 48
Performance-related specifications, 23
Perpetua phase, 313
Petersen model, 172
Petroleum, waxes in, 35
Phase-contrast AFM technique, 98
PI. See Penetration index (PI)
PLM. See Power-law model (PLM)
PMBs. See Polymer-modified binders
(PMBs)
Poissons ratio
complex tests, 6063
phase angle of, 64

Index

Polymer-modified binders (PMBs), 1011,

19, 435
behavior of, 11, 24
European binder standards, 12
properties of, 25
Pore pressure development process, 307309
Porous asphalt (PA) mixture, 324
Power-law model (PLM)
definition, 185
dependence on composition, 186187
parameters, 196t
stress dependence, 182183
temperature dependence, 183186
Precipitation of asphaltenes, 3134
Prediction sum of squares (PRESS) method,
161, 162f
Pressure aging vessel (PAV)
description, 20
oxidative, 279282, 292293
Propane asphaltenes, 34
Pumping action, 309
asphalt binder cracking, 308f
in asphalt mixtures, 316319
definition, 307309
phenomenon, 317
Purchase specifications, 23
Pure bitumens, 169
compositional models, 171172
molecular structure, 169171
R
RA binder. See Reclaimed asphalt (RA)
binder
Radial strain, 61, 63f
Radial tire-contact stresses, 146147
Rapid-setting (RS) grades, 394
Rate of damage, HMA-FM principles,
154155
Raveling of asphalt mixes (RoAM), 321
RCAT. See Rotating cylinder aging test
(RCAT)
RDT test. See Repeated direct tension (RDT)
test
Receiver sensor signal, 82
Reclaimed asphalt (RA) binder, 363
artificial, 373375
blending, 391392
double drum mixer, 363

467

extraction and recovery method, 367369

extraction test at two layers, 371373
glass beads, 375377
manual washing, 372
material and processes, 366369
mixture, 365366, 377381
properties, 372t
research approach, 364
results and analysis, 381389
stage extraction, 369373
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), 370f,
435
Recoverable strain energy (RSE), 245
Refractive index (RI), 4445
Regulatory frameworks
Europe, 46
United States, 69
Repeated direct tension (RDT) test
controlled-strain, 245, 259
damage density measuresement, 259260
Residue-recovery procedure, 422
Resins, 39
Rheological evaluation, of aged binders,
374375
Ring-and-ball softening point (SPt) test,
1011
Rolling thin-film oven (RTFO) aging,
279280
viscosity, 280282, 283
Rolling thin-film oven test (RTFOT), 1819
Rotating cylinder aging test (RCAT), 19,
364, 373374, 373f, 376f
Rutting resistance, 447
S
Saturate-aromatic-resin-asphaltene (SARA)
fractions, 273274, 278
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM)
heat casting techniques, 102103
imaging investigations, 9799
nanochemical/nano-adhesive techniques,
101102
nano-infrared, 126
nanomechanic techniques, 99101
nanorheological methodologies, 125126
sample conditioning, 103104
solvent casting techniques, 102103
spin casting techniques, 103

468

Scanning thermal probe imaging, 126

Scenedesmus sp., 353355
Secondary electroviscous effect, 403404
Separations
on adsorption chromatography, 3638
by affinity chromatography, 3843
Corbett procedure, 3637
Marcusson procedure, 3637
methods of analysis, 3738
precipitation, 3134
size-exclusion chromatography, 4352
solvent precipitation and extraction
methods, 3436
Sequoia, 349t
Sessile drop method, 313314
Shear tests, dynamic, 192
Shift-Homothety-Shift and time-Shift
(SHStS) transformation, 7778,
79f, 80f
Short-term oven aged (STOA), 286288
SHRP. See Strategic Highway Research
Program (SHRP)
Simulations
asphalt binders, 212t
moisture damage, 322, 322f
top-down cracking, 161164
Single-gap-graded granular curve,
439, 441t
Sinusoidal tension, 62
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), 42
calibration curves, 45
chromatograms, 46, 50f
fingerprinting, 4445
fraction-I materials, 51, 52
fraction-II materials, 52
hydrodynamic volume, 44
physical properties, 49
separations, 4352
Slow-setting cationic emulsion, 396
Slurry seal, 420422
SMA. See Stone mastic asphalt (SMA)
Sol-type asphalts, 32
Solution spreading extraction method
(SSEM), 368f
definition, 367
G* values, 368f, 369t
Solvent casting techniques,
102103, 104
Solvent extraction methods, 3436

Index

Solvent precipitation, 3436

Specifications
attributes of, 3
characteristics, 13
empirical, 2224
geographical considerations, 34
performance-related, 23
properties, 23
purchase, 23
test methods, 23
values, 23
Spin casting techniques, 103
Spontaneous emulsification, moisture
damage, 306
SPt test. See Ring-and-ball softening point
(SPt) test
Stability
bitumen emulsions, 409412
cationic asphalt emulsions,
412413
experimental confirmation of, 412
Stage extraction, 369373
Standard stochastic finite element (SFE)
models, 313
Stiffness
of asphalt mixture, 23
gradients, 148150
reduction, 139142, 141f
Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), 324, 355357,
356f, 357f, 432433
Straight-chain alkanes, 35
Strategic Highway Research Program
(SHRP), 89, 59, 313
AFM, 98
fractions, 41
objective, 39
oxidative aging, 275, 292293
scanning probe microscopy, 97
Stress dependence, 182183
Superpave, 89, 15
Surface activity, 397399
Surface energy
approach, 311312
measurements, 312
Surface free energy, instantaneous intrinsic
healing, 217219
Surface freezing crystallization, wax,
105116
Surfactants, 397398

Index

T
Task groups (TGs), 5
TC 336 structure, 6f
TDC. See Top-down cracking (TDC)
Technical committees (TCs), 5
Temperature dependence, 183186
Temperature sensitivity, 17
Tensile strength ratio (TSR), 334
definition, 328332
permeability, 334
Tensile tests, 182183
Tension-compression test, 61, 76, 85, 85f,
88, 91
Tetrahydrofuran (THF), 4445, 4748
TFOT. See Thin-film oven test (TFOT)
Thermal annealing, 104
Thermal behavior, pure bitumens, 170
Thermal chamber, 61
Thermal cracking, 136t
Thermodynamic theory
adhesion, 309310
microdamage healing, 229233
Thermomechanical properties, of bituminous
mixtures, 59
Thin film, AFM analysis, 105118
Thin-film oven test (TFOT), 19
Thixotropic effect, 208
3D linear viscoelasticity, 5960
bituminous mixtures, 7578
experimental results, 6467
parameters, 8586
properties, 7986
reference temperature, 66f, 67f
shift factor, 66
tridimensional 2S2P1D model, 6770
3D 2S2P1D model, 6770
analogical representation, 68f, 6970
in Cole-Cole space, 69f, 71f
complex modulus measured data, 74f
complex Poissons ratio and, 74f
equivalent analogical scheme, 68f
high-modulus mixture, 7071, 72f, 73t
modeling for, 7075
parameters, 73t
Threshold concept, HMA-FM
principles, 152
Timetemperature superposition principle
(TTSP), 6466, 8586
Toluene, 47

469

Top-down cracking (TDC), 136t

calibration and validation, 160161
example simulations, 161164
framework, 159160
Touraine Enrobes asphalt plant, 435436
TR15352, 2324
Traditional fatigue cracking, 136t, 137139,
137f
Transition temperature, ductilebrittle,
123124
Transmitter, 82
TSR. See Tensile strength ratio (TSR)
U
Ultrasonic (US) wave propagation, 79
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) detectors, 4445
Unitary phase of crack growth, 257259,
259b
United States, regulatory frameworks, 69
U.S. Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) study,
176177
V
Vapor phase osmometry (VPO), 3738
VECD theory. See Viscoelastic continuum
damage (VECD) theory
Vegecol, 348, 349t, 350351, 350t
Vegetable
binders, physical properties of, 350t
fluxes and surfactants, 359360
Vegetable oil-rosin binders
biomasses productivity, 354f
consistency, 348350
cracked pavement, 353f
field experience feedback, 351352
indirect tensile test, 353f, 354f
manufacturing, 350
mechanical properties, 350351, 352t
and microalgae, 352357
Vegetable oils
alternative binders from, 347358, 348f
composition of, 349t
price of, 348
Virgin aggregates (VAs), 363
in recycled mixture, 364
temperatures, 363
Virgin bitumen (VB), 363
Viscoelastic behavior, dependence on
pressure, 181182

470

Viscoelastic continuum damage (VECD)

theory, 142, 147
aforementioned studies, 222223
definition, 220221
Viscoelastic damage model, 324
Viscoelasticity, asphalt concrete, 285286
Viscoelastic-viscoplastic-viscodamage
(VE-VP-VD) model, 236238
Viscosity, asphalt cement, 280283
Viscositytemperature susceptibility (VTS),
47, 4849
Voids-in-mineral-aggregate (VMA), 444
Volume dilatometry, 169170
W
Warm mix asphalt, 393
Water evaporation, emulsions, 419420
Water flow modeling, asphalt mixtures,
316319

Index

Water-induced damage
adhesive and cohesive failure due, 310f
deteriorated pavements due to, 304f
mechanisms, 309
Wave propagation tests, 87, 87t
Wax
in petroleum, 35
surface freezing crystallization, 105116
Wax-containing asphalts, 105
Waxphaltene Determinator, 35
Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equation,
169170
applicability, 176f
free-volume model, 174, 177, 180181
power-law model, 184185, 186
Witczak models, 289, 290291
Wood coproducts, alternative binders from,
347358
Working groups (WGs), 5