Chapter 14

Host Defenses I: Overview and Nonspecific Defenses

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Components of the first line of defense include all of the following except
A. the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B. nasal hairs.
C. the flushing action of tears and blinking.
D. the flushing action of urine.
E. phagocytic white blood cells.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

2. Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A. lysozyme.
B. lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C. the skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D. stomach hydrochloric acid.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

3. The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain
bacterial cell walls is
A. lactic acid.
B. hydrochloric acid.
C. lysozyme.
D. histamine.
E. bile.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

4. The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away
from that body site is the
A. skin.
B. respiratory tract.
C. digestive tract.
D. urinary tract.
E. eyes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

5. This body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier
with its own normal biota:
A. skin
B. respiratory tract
C. digestive tract
D. urinary tract
E. eyes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

6. Keratin is an important aspect of nonspecific defense because it

A. is toxic to pathogens.
B. creates a physical barrier against pathogens.
C. destroys pathogens.
D. physically restricts pathogens to a specific region.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

7. All of the following are physical barriers to pathogens except

A. unbroken skin.
B. mucous.
C. hairs.
D. tears.
E. T cells.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

8. Lysozyme is found in
A. tears.
B. salivary secretions.
C. sweat from sweat glands.
D. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: First Line of Defense

9. A properly functioning immune system is responsible for

A. surveillance of the body.
B. recognition of foreign material.
C. destruction of foreign material.
D. Both recognition of foreign material and destruction of foreign material are correct.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

10. Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their
A. cell walls.
B. shapes.
C. markers.
D. sizes.
E. cell processes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.04 Define marker, and discuss its importance in the second and third lines of defense.
Section Number: 14.02
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

11. The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune
system response.
A. antibody
B. allergen
C. antigen
D. foreign body

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Learning Outcome: 14.04 Define marker, and discuss its importance in the second and third lines of defense.
Section Number: 14.02
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

12. The main function of the mononuclear phagocyte system is to provide

A. surveillance cells.
B. a connection between tissues and organs.
C. filtration of extracellular fluid.
D. filtration of blood.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.05 Name four body compartments that participate in immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.06 List the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

13. Which of the following fluid compartments is not a partner in immune function?
A. blood stream
B. extracellular fluid
C. lymphatic system
D. intracellular fluid

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.05 Name four body compartments that participate in immunity.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

14. Plasma
A. is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B. is mostly water.
C. contains albumin and globulins.
D. contains fibrinogen.
E. All of the choices are correct.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.05 Name four body compartments that participate in immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.08 Differentiate between whole blood, plasma, and serum.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

15. Which of the following is incorrect about blood cells?

A. after birth, produced in red bone marrow sites
B. develop from undifferentiated stem cells
C. include glial cells
D. include leukocytes that are either granulocytes or agranulocytes
E. include erythrocytes that, when mature, lose their nuclei

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

16. The blood cells that function in allergic reactions and inflammation, contain peroxidase
and lysozyme, and particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are
A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

17. The least numerous of all white blood cells that release histamine during inflammation
and allergic reactions are
A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

18. Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% of the circulating WBCs and are the cells
that function in the body's specific immune system?
A. basophils
B. eosinophils
C. neutrophils
D. monocytes
E. lymphocytes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

19. The most numerous WBCs that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are
A. basophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. neutrophils.
D. monocytes.
E. lymphocytes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

20. Which white blood cells comprise 3-7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can
migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?
A. basophils
B. eosinophils
C. neutrophils
D. monocytes
E. lymphocytes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Objective: 06.01 Microbes are essential for life as we know it and the processes that support life (e.g., in biogeochemical cycles and
plant and/or animal microflora).
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
ASM Topic: Module 06 Impact of Microorganisms
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

21. All of the following pertain to platelets except that they

A. contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B. function primarily in hemostasis.
C. originate from giant multinucleate cells called megakaryocytes.
D. function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E. are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.08 Differentiate between whole blood, plasma, and serum.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

22. Hematopoiesis is the

A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B. production of only red blood cells.
C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E. migration of white blood cells from the blood, out to the tissues.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.08 Differentiate between whole blood, plasma, and serum.
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

23. Plasma cells

A. function in cell-mediated immunity.
B. are derived from T lymphocytes.
C. function in blood clotting.
D. produce and secrete antibodies.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.10 Describe the major characteristics of the two major types of lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

24. Which type of white blood cell is particularly attracted to sites of parasitic worm
infections?
A. monocytes
B. eosinophils
C. basophils
D. neutrophils
E. lymphocytes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

25. All of the following are granulocytes except

A. neutrophils.
B. eosinophils.
C. lymphocytes.
D. basophils.
E. All of the choices are granulocytes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

26. The granules of neutrophils contain

A. antibodies.
B. antigens.
C. digestive enzymes.
D. histamine.
E. peroxidase.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

27. The granules of eosinophils contain

A. antibodies.
B. antigens.
C. serotonin.
D. histamine.
E. peroxidase.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

28. The granules of basophils contain

A. antibodies.
B. antigens.
C. digestive enzymes.
D. histamine.
E. lysozyme.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

29. Place the following in order of greatest to least phagocytic activity: neutrophils,
eosinophils, macrophages
A. neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages
B. neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
C. eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils
D. macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils
E. macrophages, eosinophils, neutrophils

ASM Objective: 06.04 Because the true diversity of microbial life is largely unknown, its effects and potential benefits have not been fully
explored.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

30. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent
cytoplasmic inclusions that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic
colors.
A. leukocytes
B. granulocytes
C. agranulocytes
D. monocytes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

31. _____ function in humoral immunity, while _____ function in cell-mediated immunity.
A. B cells; T cells
B. T cells; B cells
C. Monocytes; basophils
D. Basophils; T cells
E. B cells; neutrophils

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Learning Outcome: 14.10 Describe the major characteristics of the two major types of lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

32. When monocytes migrate from the blood, out to the tissues, they are transformed by
inflammatory mediators to develop into
A. primary phagocytes.
B. neutrophils.
C. killer T cells.
D. cytotoxic T cells.
E. macrophages.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

33. A type of monocyte that has long, thin processes to trap pathogens is a
A. dendritic cell.
B. eosinophil.
C. macrophage.
D. platelet.
E. mast cell.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

34. Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of
filtering pathogens from the blood?
A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.06 List the components of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

35. What structures are found along lymphatic vessels and are heavily clustered in the armpit,
groin, and neck?
A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

36. Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in
maturation of T lymphocytes?
A. lymph nodes
B. thymus
C. spleen
D. GALT
E. tonsils

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

37. The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as
A. lymph nodes.
B. thymus.
C. spleen.
D. GALT
E. tonsils.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

38. Diapedesis is the

A. loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B. production of only red blood cells.
C. production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D. plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E. migration of white blood cells from the blood, out to the tissues.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

39. The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all of the following except
A. redness.
B. warmth.
C. swelling.
D. pain.
E. chills.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.11 List the four major categories of nonspecific immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

40. All of the following are events of early inflammation except

A. macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B. chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C. brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D. exudate and pus can accumulate.
E. capillaries become more permeable, resulting in edema.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

41. Which of the following is incorrect about inflammation?

A. Inflammation can last hours to years.
B. Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C. Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D. Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E. Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

42. Which of the following is mismatched?

A. interferon alpha and beta - inhibit viral replication
B. interleukin-2 - stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C. serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D. prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B cells
E. tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.16 Name four types of antimicrobial proteins.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

43. Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

A. vasoactive mediators.
B. mediators of B-cell activity.
C. mediators of T-cell activity.
D. mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E. fever inducers.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

44. Each of the following is a term reflecting a process involved in the migration of white
blood cells except
A. chemotaxis.
B. diapedesis.
C. motility.
D. vasodilation.
E. phagocytosis.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

45. The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called

A. chemotaxis.
B. edema.
C. diapedesis.
D. vasoactivity.
E. pus.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

46. Which of the following is mismatched in relation to inflammation?

A. rubor - redness
B. calor - warmth
C. tumor - cancer
D. dolar - pain

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

47. Which of the following is not a chief function of inflammation?

A. start tissue repair
B. destroy microbes
C. mobilize and attract immune components to injury site
D. block further invasion
E. cause a fever

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

48. The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are
A. complement.
B. interferons.
C. leukotrines.
D. pyrogens.
E. lysozymes.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

49. A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur
in the body.
A. heat
B. pain
C. chill
D. sweat

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

50. Each of the following are benefits of fever except it

A. reduces the ability of temperature-sensitive organisms to multiply.
B. increases the availability of iron.
C. increases phagocytosis.
D. increases metabolism.
E. stimulates hematopoiesis.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

51. Which of the following is not a type of phagocyte?

A. neutrophils
B. macrophages
C. Kupffer cells
D. monocytes
E. lymphocytes

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

52. Which of the following is not an event of phagocytosis?

A. diapedesis
B. chemotaxis
C. phagolysosome formation
D. destruction
E. ingestion

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

53. What type of molecules act to draw phagocytes to foreign substances?

A. MALTs
B. RES
C. PAMPs
D. BALTs
E. IFNs

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

54. Which of the following is a chemical used by phagocytes to destroy ingested foreign
substances?
A. hydrogen peroxide
B. nitric oxide
C. lactic acid
D. superoxide anion
E. All of these are used.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

55. All of the following pertain to interferon except

A. is a protein.
B. is produced by certain white blood cells and tissue cells.
C. includes alpha, beta, and gamma types.
D. inhibits viruses, tumors, and cancer gene expression.
E. increases capillary permeability and vasodilation.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.16 Name four types of antimicrobial proteins.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

56. Which of the following is incorrect about complement?

A. composed of at least 20 blood proteins
B. only appears in the blood during a response to a pathogen
C. acts in a cascade reaction
D. involves a classical pathway
E. involves an alternate pathway

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.15 Compare and contrast the three different complement pathways.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

57. The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A. initiation of the cascade.
B. production of inflammatory cytokines.
C. a ring-shaped protein digesting holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D. cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E. C1q binding to surface receptors on a membrane.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.16 Name four types of antimicrobial proteins.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

58. The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells and viruses.
A. humoral immunity
B. cell-mediated
C. complement
D. lymphoid

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.15 Compare and contrast the three different complement pathways.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

59. What is the first step in the major events of the inflammatory process?
A. formation of pus and edema
B. scar formation and/or resolution
C. vascular reactions
D. injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
E. activation of complement

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

60. During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced in order to destroy
bacteria and inhibit viral replication?
A. inflammation
B. phagocytosis
C. interferon production
D. complement production
E. lysozyme production

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

61. Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with
other cells that need to produce antiviral proteins?
A. complement
B. albumin
C. interferon
D. histamine
E. lysozyme

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.16 Name four types of antimicrobial proteins.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

True / False Questions

62. Genetic differences among species and within a species can convey genetic immunity to
certain diseases.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

63. Plasma is also called lymph.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Learning Outcome: 14.08 Differentiate between whole blood, plasma, and serum.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

64. B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Learning Outcome: 14.10 Describe the major characteristics of the two major types of lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

65. Monocytes and lymphocytes are agranular leukocytes.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

66. During inflammation, a high neutrophil count is a common sign of bacterial infection.
TRUE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.09 Name six types of blood cells that function in nonspecific immunity, and specify the most important function of
each.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Anatomy/Physiology of Defense

67. Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's
third line of defense.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

68. Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

69. A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately
with antipyretic drugs.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

70. During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

71. The production of interferon will protect the host cell from a viral infection.
FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.16 Name four types of antimicrobial proteins.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

72. Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

FALSE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 14.10 Describe the major characteristics of the two major types of lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.15 Compare and contrast the three different complement pathways.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

73. Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

TRUE

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 14.10 Describe the major characteristics of the two major types of lymphocytes involved in specific immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.14 Discuss the mechanism of fever and its role in nonspecific immunity.
Learning Outcome: 14.15 Compare and contrast the three different complement pathways.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

Multiple Choice Questions

74. After loading wood into a fireplace, you realize you have gotten a splinter in your finger.
Within a short period of time, your finger is painful, red, and swollen, and is warm to the
touch. This is an example of
A. nonspecific resistance
B. specific resistance
C. acquired immunity
D. adaptive immunity

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 14.01 Summarize the three lines of host defenses.
Section Number: 14.01
Topic: Basic Host Defenses
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

75. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has chemicals in its cell wall that inhibit the fusion of
phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes. Which statement is then true?
A. Complement proteins will take over to destroy the bacteria.
B. The bacterium can produce chemicals which can destroy the macrophage housing the
bacterium.
C. The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell.
D. Antibodies produced by the cells can more effectively kill the bacteria.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 14.12 Summarize the steps in phagocytosis, and describe the roles of PAMPs in this process.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

76. Your little girl has a hereditary deficiency of C1. What problems would she be likely to
have?
A. The B and T lymphocytes would not function properly.
B. Bone marrow could not produce white blood cells well.
C. She would have a greater number of bacterial and viral infections.
D. The phagocytic cells could not recognize the pathogen-associated molecular patterns
(PAMPs) on the pathogens.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 3. Apply
Learning Outcome: 14.15 Compare and contrast the three different complement pathways.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

77. You have severe itching problems when bitten by an insect. Your friend gives you an
ointment to spread on your skin around the bite so that the redness and itching do not bother
you. The likely mechanism of this medication would be:
A. destruction of phagocytic cells.
B. inactivation of neutrophils.
C. inhibition of lysozyme.
D. antagonist of histamine.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 14.13 Outline the steps in inflammation.
Section Number: 14.04
Topic: Second Line Innate Defenses

78. Your 81 year old grandfather has been diagnosed with cancer of the thymus. The doctor is
urging surgical removal of the cancer, but you and the family are worried about the
consequences of removing an entire organ such as the thymus. Which statement is correct?
A. Your grandfather would not be able to produce complement proteins necessary for
pathogen control and inflammation.
B. Your grandfather will have a loss of T lymphocytes, and will have an immune deficiency.
C. Your grandfather would not have sufficient phagocytic cells and would not be able to
contain bacterial infections.
D. There is nothing to worry about: the thymus will not affect your grandfather's immune
status at his age.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 14.07 Fully describe the structure and function of the lymphatic system.
Section Number: 14.03
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

79. Your sister has just been diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosis, or lupus, which is
an autoimmune disease. This means:
A. her immune system has rejected some of her tissues and organs.
B. her immune system has developed an allergic reaction to some of her tissues.
C. her immune system is correctly distinguishing between self markers and nonself markers.
D. she has an excess of phagocytic cells.

ASM Objective: 05.04 Microorganisms, cellular and viral, can interact with both human and nonhuman hosts in beneficial, neutral or
detrimental ways.
ASM Topic: Module 05 Systems
Blooms Level: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 14.04 Define marker, and discuss its importance in the second and third lines of defense.
Section Number: 14.02
Topic: Basic Host Defenses

80. A patient visits your clinic often with recurrent respiratory infections. Based upon their
medical history, it appears they have been an active smoker for over 40 years. Select the
statement that most accurately reflects how this information may reveal why the patient is
highly susceptible to respiratory pathogens:
A. smoking decreases the formation and effectiveness of complement proteins.
B. smoking can paralyze the ciliary escalator.
C. smoking decreases the activity of neutrophils.
D. smoking directly inhibits B- and T-cell action.

Blooms Level: 3. Apply

Learning Outcome: 14.02 Identify three components of the first line of defense.
Section Number: 14.01