Lec8 Load Electronics PDF

lecture 2
Photovoltaic Systems
Engineering
Ali Karimpour
Assistant Professor
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
Reference for this lecture:
Photovoltaic Systems Engineering Third Edition CRC
Roger Messenger, Jerry Ventre
Ali Karimpour Apr 2012
lecture 2
Lecture 8
PV System
y
Loads and Electronics
PV System Loads
System Availability
Introduction
System Electronic
C
Components
t
Charge Controllers
MPPT circuits
Inverters
2
lecture 2
V-I characteristic of a PV
Battery Load
Ideal Load
Ideal Load
Resistive Load
Resistive Load
Fan Load
Battery Load
Fan Load
3
lecture 2
MPPT
But How is it possible?
4
lecture 2
MPPT
MPPT: Variable resistors
Is it acceptable to pay more initial cost?

Is it acceptable to pay for a MPPT?
5
lecture 2
MPPT
PV
10 V
Load
2.5 A R=4
25W
?
25W 60W
PV
240
25V Con
vert
2.4 A er
R=10.4
240 V
Load
15 A
R=4
6
lecture 2
System
y
Availability
y
Downtime reasons in conventional power systems:
Sc in the system
Failure of a generator
Overload
Failure in the turbine
.
Downtime reasons in PV systems:
Loose or corroded connections
Battery failure
Controller failure
.
And also unpredictable cloud cover Enough battery storage.
7
lecture 2
System
y
Availability
y
Availability definition
Availability =
T
Critical loads: 99% availability

Noncritical loads: 95% availability
8
lecture 2
System
y
Availability
y
Critical loads: 99% availability
Noncritical loads: 95% availability
9
lecture 2
System
y
Availability
y
Storage days required for a system
2
Dcrit = 0.2976Tmin
4.7262Tmin + 24
2
Dnon = 0.1071Tmin
1.869Tmin + 9.4286
10
lecture 2
System
y
Availability
y
Price of system availability
B li t latitude
Burlington
l tit d is
i aroundd 44
Albuquerque latitude is around 35
11
lecture 2
System Electronic Components
Introduction
Charge
g Controllers
System Electronic
Components
MPPT circuits
i i
Inverters
12
lecture 2
Introduction
Di d ((uncontrollable)
Diode
ll bl )
Power
semiconductor
switches
Thyristors ( Half control)

Power BJT
Transistors (Full control)
Power MOSFET
Turn on and off by G or B

IGBT
BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor.

MOSFET: MetalOxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor.
IGBT: Isolated Gate Bipolar Transistor.
13
lecture 2
Transistors (Power BJT)
14
lecture 2
Transistors (Power BJT)
15
lecture 2
Transistors (Power MOSFET)
16
lecture 2
)Transistors (Compare BJT and MOSFET

BJT
MOSFET
17
lecture 2
)Transistors (IGBT
O
O
O
(
)

BJT
J
MOSFET

O
O
BJT MOSFET

BJT
18
lecture 2
Losses in Transistors
19
lecture 2
Charge controllers
SOC (state of charge) can be measured by VB

Is VB available in charging condition?
Can one estimate VB by knowing RB?
Both VB and RB are temperature dependent.
dependent
RB is age dependent too.
20
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Let V=14 (C/20)
Disconnect
V decreases
Connect
V increases
21
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Hysteresis can help and solve the problem.
In the charging period:
In the discharging period:
22
lecture 2
Charge Controllers
Three stage battery charge control
23
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
One must A Amax this is possible by an electronic circuit.

Vp must decrease and Ip must increase.
increase
Use a buck convertor (Linear Current Booster)
24
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A buck convertor (Linear Current Booster)
Vout = DVin , I out = I in / D , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET

25
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A boost convertor
Vout =
1
Vin , I out = (1 D) I in , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET
26
1 D
lecture 2
MPPT circuits
A buck-boost convertor
Vout =
D
(1 D)
Vin , I out =
I in , where D is dutyy cycle
y of MOSFET
1 D
D
27
lecture 2
Inverters
Square Wave Inverters

Different type
Of Inverters
Modified Sine Wave Inverters

Pulse Width Modulated Inverters
28
lecture 2
Square Wave Inverters

Conventional Inverter (Square wave inverters)
Harmonics?
29
lecture 2
Modified Square Wave Inverters

Modified square wave inverters
Harmonics?
30
lecture 2
Modified Square Wave Inverters

Multi Level Converters
Harmonics?
31
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
UnipolarSPWM,m
p
, a =0.8:
32
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
Basis ofPWMisshiftingharmonicfrequencyandfilteringthem.
33
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
Basis ofPWMisshiftingharmonicfrequencyandfilteringthem.
34
lecture 2
PWM Inverters
35

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lecture 2

But How is it possible?

Is it acceptable to pay more initial cost?

Ali Karimpour Apr 2012

Critical loads: 99% availability

System Electronic Components

Thyristors ( Half control)

Transistors (Full control)

Turn on and off by G or B

BJT: Bipolar Junction Transistor.

Transistors (Power BJT)

Transistors (Power BJT)

Transistors (Power MOSFET)

)Transistors (Compare BJT and MOSFET

SOC (state of charge) can be measured by VB

In the discharging period:

One must A Amax this is possible by an electronic circuit.

Vout = DVin , I out = I in / D , where D is duty cycle of MOSFET

Ali Karimpour Apr 2012

Square Wave Inverters

Modified Sine Wave Inverters

Square Wave Inverters

Modified Square Wave Inverters

Modified Square Wave Inverters

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