Equivalent isotropically radiated power

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In radio communication systems, equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) or,
alternatively, effective isotropically radiated power[1] is the amount of power that a
theoretical isotropic antenna (which evenly distributes power in all directions) would emit to
produce the peak power density observed in the direction of maximum antenna gain. EIRP can
take into account the losses in transmission line and connectors and includes the gain of the
antenna. The EIRP is often stated in terms of decibels over a reference power emitted by an
isotropic radiator with an equivalent signal strength. The EIRP allows comparisons between
different emitters regardless of type, size or form. From the EIRP, and with knowledge of a real
antenna's gain, it is possible to calculate real power and field strength values.
where
and
(output power of transmitter) are in dBm, cable losses ( ) is in dB, and
antenna gain ( ) is expressed in dBi, relative to a (theoretical) isotropic reference antenna.
This example uses dBm, although it is also common to see dBW.
Decibels are a convenient way to express the ratio between two quantities. dBm uses a reference
of 1 mW and dBW uses a reference of 1 W.

and

A transmission output of 50 W is the same as 17 dBW or 47 dBm.

The EIRP is used to estimate the service area of the transmitter, and to coordinate transmitters on
the same frequency so that their coverage areas do not overlap.
In built-up areas, regulations may restrict the EIRP of a transmitter to prevent exposure of
personnel to high power electromagnetic fields, however EIRP is normally restricted to minimize
interference to services on similar frequencies.
The Arecibo Planetary Radar transmits up to 1 MW (60 dBW) of power with an antenna gain of
about 73.3 dB at 12.6 cm wavelength, resulting in an EIRP of roughly 133 dBW (20 TW).

https://www.pasternack.com/t-calculator-eirp.aspx

Pasternack's EIRP Calculator determines the radiated power given the transmitter power, the
cable loss to the antenna, and the gain of the antenna.

EIRP, or effective isotropically radiated power, or equivalent isotropically radiated power, is a

measurement of output power in one direction from an ideal, one dimensional source. The ideal
point-source radiates electromagnetic energy in a spherical pattern, so the "maximum" radiated
power should be the same in all directions.
**Note: All of our calculators allow SI prefix input. For example, if you wish to input
"25000000", just type "25M" instead. See the quick-reference table below for all compatible SI
prefixes

EIRP is Effective Isotropic Radiated Power, also called the Equivalent Isotropic Radiated
Power. In antenna measurements, the measured radiated power in a single direction (that is, for a
fixed
and ) is known as the EIRP.
Typically, for an antenna radiation pattern measurement, if a single value of EIRP is given, this
will be the maximum value of the EIRP over all measured angles.
EIRP can also be thought of as the amount of power a perfectly isotropic antenna would need to
radiate to achieve the measured value.
As an example, suppose the radiated power is measured for an arbitrary antenna. Suppose the
peak power is measured at = =90 degrees, and the value is EIRP = 20 dBm = -10 dB = [0.1
W = 100 mW]. Then a perfectly isotropic antenna radiating 20 dBm would produce the same
measured power for the peak angles of our antenna.
The EIRP can be related to the power transmitted from the radio (P_t), the cable losses (possibly
including antenna mismatch) L, and the antenna gain (G) by:

Often the cable losses L can be neglected, as they are generally a small fraction of a dB.
Total (full 3D) Measurements from a Single-Point (single-direction) Measurement
If the peak EIRP and the directivity (D) are known for an antenna, then the Total Radiated Power
(TRP) can be found from the equation:

TRP = EIRP - D

[Equation 2]

In this manner, if the directivity and peak angle for an antenna are known in advance, the
measurement time can be greatly reduced by using equation [2].
See also Effective Isotropic Sensitivity (EIS).
http://www.air-stream.org.au/technical-references/effective-isotropic-radiated-powereirp

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the output power when a signal is concentrated into
a smaller area by the Antenna.
An isotropic radiator radiates power equally in all directions, however a perfect isotropic radiator
is only theoretical as even the simplest antennas will concentrate the signal in certain
direction(s). E.g. a 1/2 wave dipole has a gain of 2.15 dBi.

The EIRP is calculated using this formula:

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
Pout = transmitter power output (dBm)
Ct = signal loss in cable (dB)
Gt = gain of the antenna (dBi)
EIRP= Pout - Ct + Gt

When installing a wireless system with external antenna, your EIRP calculation should not
exceed the class license limit. Otherwise you must adjust either the transmitter power output, the
length of cable and/or the choice of antenna.

What is effective isotropic radiated power?

In radio communication systems, equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) or, alternatively,
effective isotropically radiated power is the amount of power that a theoretical isotropic antenna
(which evenly distributes power in all directions) would emit to produce the peak power density
observed in the direction

http://www.cplus.org/rmw/rmonline.html
http://wndw.net/book.html
http://www.highfrequencyelectronics.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=553:receiver-sensitivity-and-equivalent-noisebandwidth&catid=94:2014-06-june-articles&Itemid=189

Receiver Sensitivity and Equivalent Noise Bandwidth

Introduction
Receivers often contain narrow bandpass hardware filters as well as narrow lowpass filters implemented in digital signal processing
(DSP). The equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW) is a way to understand the noise floor that is present in these filters. To predict the
sensitivity of a receiver design it is critical to understand noise including ENBW. This paper will cover each of the building block
characteristics used to calculate receiver sensitivity and then put them together to make the calculation.

Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity is a measure of the ability of a receiver to demodulate and get information from a weak signal. We quantify
sensitivity as the lowest signal power level from which we can get useful information. In an Analog FM system the standard figure of
merit for usable information is SINAD, a ratio of demodulated audio signal to noise. In digital systems receive signal quality is
measured by calculating the ratio of bits received that are wrong to the total number of bits received. This is called Bit Error Rate
(BER). Most Land Mobile radio systems use one of these figures of merit to quantify sensitivity. To measure sensitivity, we apply a
desired signal and reduce the signal power until the quality threshold is met.
SINAD
SINAD is a term used for the Signal to Noise and Distortion ratio and is a type of audio signal to noise ratio. In an analog FM
system, demodulated audio signal to noise ratio is an indication of RF signal quality. In order to measure the audio signal to noise
ratio, typically test equipment measures total audio power (Signal plus Noise plus Distortion) and then notch filters the audio signal
tone (typically 1 kHz) and measures the audio power again (Noise plus Distortion) and takes the ratio in decibels.

Land Mobile radio industry standards typically use 12 dB SINAD for the measurement of reference sensitivity.
BER
Bit Error Rate is a measure of signal to noise ratio in a digital modulation system. In order to calculate the BER, a known repeating
pattern must be transmitted to the radio. The receiver must demodulate the data and compare it to the known data pattern and
determine the number of bits that are errors. The BER is then the ratio of bits in error to total bits received. The industry standard for
Land Mobile radio is typically 5% BER for reference sensitivity.
Calculate Receiver Sensitivity
The sensitivity of a receiver can be calculated if one knows the following performance parameters: the noise figure (NF), the ENBW,
and the carrier to noise ratio (C/N) required to achieve the desired quality signal.
The sensitivity is as follows:
Sensitivity=10log10(kTB)+NF+CN
This equation defines the signal power in dBWatts that is present at the demodulator for a desired carrier to noise ratio. Lets
explain each of the terms in this equation.
What is kTB?
The total thermal noise power (kTB) is a function of three quantities, 1) Boltzmanns constant k in Joules/K, 2) temperature in
Kelvin, and 3) the overall bandwidth of the channel selective filtering in the receiver. This is referred to as Thermal Noise because
of the dependency on temperature.
Thermal Noise floor=k(JoulesK)T(K)B(Hz)
The resulting noise is in Joules/Second or Watts. To convert the noise power to dBWatts, use 10 times the log of the noise power in
watts. If we look at the normalized (B = 1 Hz bandwidth) noise floor equation, we have:
Noisefloor=10log10(kTB)

=10log10(1.3810-232901 Hz)
= -203.9 dBWHz
Next, to convert from dBWatts to dBmilliwatts (dBm) increase this value by 30 dB:
203.9 dBWHz+30 dB= -173.9 dBmHz
This is the amount of noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth.

Figure 1 Noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth.

What is Noise Figure?

The Noise figure is the amount of noise power added by the electronic circuitry in the receiver to the thermal noise power from the
input of the receiver. The thermal noise at the input to the receiver passes through to the demodulator. This noise is present in the
receive channel and cannot be removed. The noise figure of circuits in the receiver such as amplifiers and mixers, adds additional
noise to the receive channel. This raises the noise floor at the demodulator.
What is Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N)?
In order to achieve the desired quality of demodulated signal, the signal power must be higher than the noise floor. The required
ratio of signal power to noise floor is known for certain types of modulation. For an analog FM land mobile radio system using 25
kHz channels, the receiver must have approximately 4 dB more signal power than noise power. This represents a carrier to noise
ratio 4 dB.

Figure 2 Noise Figure added to thermal noise (kTB).

Bit Error Rate (BER) is the sensitivity benchmark for digital modulation systems. Eb/No is the ratio of the Energy per bit (Eb) to the
noise spectral density (No - the noise power present in 1 Hz). The carrier to noise ratio required for a certain BER is a function of the
Eb/No of the signal. This is a digital system representation of signal to noise ratio. Each digital modulation type has a Eb/No curve
(Eb/No vs. BER). In order to determine sensitivity, use the appropriate curve and find desired bit error rate to determine the
necessary Eb/No. Then calculate the Carrier to noise ratio by the following relationship:

Where Fb is the bit rate and B is the receiver equivalent noise bandwidth.

Figure 3 Carrier to Noise ratio.

What is Equivalent Noise Bandwidth?

A filters equivalent noise bandwidth (ENBW) is defined as the bandwidth of a perfect rectangular filter that passes the same amount
of power as the cumulative bandwidth of the channel selective filters in the receiver.

Figure 4 Noise Power in the IF Bandwidth.

At this point we would like to know the noise floor in our receiver, i.e. the noise power in the receiver intermediate frequency (IF) filter
bandwidth that comes from kTB. Since the units of kTB are Watts/ Hz, calculate the noise floor in the channel bandwidth by
multiplying the noise power in a 1 Hz bandwidth by the overall equivalent noise bandwidth in Hz. For a receiver with a 10 kHz
ENBW, we calculate the noise floor in dB milliwatts (dBm) as follows:
Noisefloor=10log10(1.3810-232901 Hz10000)+30 = 134.0 dBm
Next we see how the bandwidth of a perfect rectangular filter compares to the actual filter response of the channel selective filters in
the receiver.

Figure 5 Perfect filter that passes same power.

We use the bandwidth of the equivalent ideal rectangular filter (ENBW) to calculate the thermal noise floor. We may specify the
equivalent noise bandwidth for design purposes but in practice, it is the composite bandwidth of all of the filters in front of the
demodulator. The power that a filter can pass is a function of the area under the filter curve. The filter plot is in dB.

Figure 6 Area under filter response.

Calculating ENBW from Measured Data

Ideally, we calculate the 2-sided ENBW by integrating the normalized filter power frequency response curve from -infinity to infinity (
fs/2 to fs/2 for a digital filter sampled at a rate of fs). For practical purposes the -60 dB BW values of the normalized filter response
can be used as the limits of integration. Since we are looking for bandwidth in Hertz, we do not need to know the absolute power
under the curve. The integration must be done in linear terms of watts or milliwatts not dB. Scattering parameters or S-parameters
are a measurement of how radio frequency (RF) voltage propagates through an RF network. S-parameters of an RF filter can easily
be measured using a network analyzer. We then calculate the bandwidth using the measured S-parameter data. Since S-parameters
are voltage related measurements, we can convert them to a power quantity by the relationship:

Figure 7 Integration by summation of rectangles.

We can use the magnitude of the through response (S21) as the voltage term and normalize the impedance to 1 Ohm to substitute
into the Power equation. This will give us a linear power term. For our case we choose S parameters where the magnitude is in dB.
The power must be converted to a linear term for our calculations.

For the overall ENBW, we want a rectangle where the height of the rectangle is equal to the maximum power (|S21|2). The area of
the rectangular filter is equal to the area under the filter curve. Calculate the area of the under the IF filter response curve by using
numerical integration by uniform rectangles.
Find the area of each uniform rectangle by multiplying |S21|2 (power) by the frequency step size used in the S parameter data.

For a simple rectangle:

Therefore, the ENBW is:

Therefore, the ENBW is:

Since the S21 terms are unitless we now have a result that is frequency in Hertz. The result is the bandwidth of a rectangular filter
with infinite stopband rejection that passes the same amount of power as the filter that we measured (S parameters). It is this
bandwidth that we will use in our calculation of the receiver noise floor (kTB).
We may use software to calculate a filters ENBW. Here is a Matlab script for calculating ENBW from an
.s2p s-parameter data file:

Figure 8 Matlab code to calculate ENBW of a filter using s parameters.

Sometimes a digital filter implemented as a lowpass filter in DSP is the narrowest filter in a given system. Here is a Matlab script that
will calculate the ENBW of a digital lowpass filter given a text file that contains the taps for the filter:

Figure 9 Matlab code to calculate ENBW of a filter using FIR filter taps.

Now We Can Calculate Receiver Sensitivity

We have quantities for each of the elements of the equation for receiver sensitivity. To calculate receiver sensitivity, we add the
overall noise figure of the receiver to the noise floor. This quantifies the noise floor at the input to the demodulator. The signal must
be higher than the noise floor by the carrier to noise ratio required for a desired signal quality. When these things are added, the
result is the power level required to meet the figure of merit for usable information referred to as Reference Sensitivity.
Sensitivity=10log10(kTB)+30+NF+C/N
We can calculate the sensitivity of a receiver with a 5 dB noise figure (NF) for analog FM in a 25 kHz channel, using the noise floor
in a 10 kHz ENBW receiver that we calculated earlier. The carrier to noise ratio required for 12 dB SINAD in an analog FM receiver
with a 10 kHz ENBW is approximately 4 dB. Substitute the values into
Sensitivity=10log10(kTB)+30+NF+C/N
Equation 10 as follows:
Sensitivity=10log10(kT10000)+30 dB+5 dB+4 dB
= 134.0 dBm+5 dB+4 dB
= 125.0 dBm

Figure 10 Thermal Noise (kTB) plus NF plus C/N.

Conclusion
The sensitivity of a receiver is a function of band limited thermal noise, receiver noise figure, and the required carrier to noise ratio
for a particular modulation. The equivalent noise bandwidth refers to the amount that the noise is band limited. It is possible to
estimate the ENBW, but it can be calculated from measured data or DSP filter taps. Using these characteristics, we can accurately
calculate sensitivity of a receiver.
About the Author:
Dennis Layne is a Senior Principal RF Engineer at Harris Corporation. Dennis has a Bachelors of Science in Physics from
Lynchburg College in Virginia and has 18 years experience designing receivers for Land Mobile Radio.

http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/150723/why-the-rsl-of-microwave-link-is-in-ive.html

Why the RSL of microwave link is in -ive?

1) Because it is very low value which have less loss of signal and less interfernce.

2) RSL is very low due to fading and other path losses. Hence
when signal is received at REceiver it is very low. To
amplify this low signal LNA is used as first stage amlifier
in all the receivers.
3) because due to -ve fase.
4) +ve terminal have noise,so we +ve terminal grounded to minimize noise.so we use -ve.
5) o get the answer of this question anbdy can contact at acs.tech@live.com

why -48 v is given to bts?

-48 v is given to bts because in this voltage Noise

generation is minimum.
-48 v is given to bts because in this voltage Noise
generation is minimum.
we can use +48 but the lightning has -ve charge due to attraction all the network may destroy so we use
the -48 which repel the lightning that make the network safer from great destruction...
the first region,
all the electrical surges and noises are
+ve in nature, when we give -ve polarity then negative
supply nutralies these noises & surges thus reducing false
triggering effect.
the second region,
By usig negative polarity the cable does'nt
rusted or oxidized thus remains for longer life, but cable
dia get reduced in 15 to 18 month, so cable will be change.
To prevent the equipments from lightning strokes. Because the cloud is negatively charged at bottom it
requires a zero or a positive potential to discharge, and it selects the ground (Zero potential) to discharge.
If the Telecom Equipments are fed with positive the cloud will choose the low resistance tallest positively
charged Antenna's to discharge, this could damage the entire setup of Telecom equipments. So the
Telecom equipments are fed with Negative supply Voltage
IN BTS -48V IS USED RESION BEHIND IT IS THAT
When
interference is occur in voltages it affect only positive

pulse not in negative terminal so if we make positive

common then no interference occur And we get pure -48 volts
without any interference.

Because 2 terminal comes out from the battery and

through red wire we ground the +ive terminal so that
possibility of noise interference will get zero....noise
occur only in the +ive terminal.....thats why we use -ive
voltage.
-48 v is used to avoid them from corrosion
-48v is given to bts because in this voltage noise generation is minimum.

What are the different elementsof MSC?

the diffrent parts of MSC is HLR,VLR,EIR,AUC,GMSC.
the different parts of MSc are following
HLR,VLR,EIR,AUC,GMSC
msc has following databases:
1)EIR:(equipment identity register).this is used to store the imei no of the mobile equipment
2)HLR:(home location register).this is used to store the subscriber number details permanently
3)VLR:(visitor location register):it is a temporary database of the subscriber
4)AUC:(authentication center);all the authentication are performed here
there are different components of the MSC;
1) AUC (Authentication)
2) EIR (Equipment identity register)
3) VLR (Visiting location register)
4) HLR (Home location register)
5) IWF (Internetwork function)
6) EC (Echo canceller )
VLR and HLR are control data bases and EIR records the IMEIs which to allow and which to block and
which is under any problem. AUC used for authentication of the users. Ec used to connect the PSTN with
cellular network. IWF used for data rate adoption and protocol conversation.
Note that GMSC is not part of MSC but a type of MSC which used for translation between different
networks of point of interconnection for the different networks...
yes these elements are required for various kind of
authentication and identification of the mobile stations.

EIR(equipment identification register) is there so that

stolen and fraud mobile stations should be caught.
AUC(authentication centre)

What is call forwarding? is it a feature of MSC? need urgent response

This is the network based feature that can be activated by

the MS. C F allows calls to be sent to other numbers under
defined by the user.these conditions can be either
unconditional or dependent on certain criteria(no
answer,busy,not reachable).