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Facial Branches
Inferior Labial artery- This branch of the facial
artery arises close to the corner (angle) of the
mouth. It then passes superiorly and forwards in
order to run beneath the triangularis (depressor
anguli oris) muscle and pierces the orbicularis
oris muscle. It supplies the mucous membrane and
muscles of the lower lip and also supplies the
labial glands. The vessel anastomoses with the
artery of the opposite side and inferior alveolar
artery (the mental branch).
Superior Labial artery- This a significantly
larger and more tortuous branch of the facial
artery when compared to the inferior labial
artery. It supplies the upper lip and also gives a
few branches that ascend to supply and nasal
septum and ala of the nose.
Lateral nasal branch - This branch of the facial
artery ascends along the lateral aspect of the
nose. It supplies numerous structures, including
the dorsum of the nose, the ala, and anastomoses
with its contralateral fellow, the infraorbital
branch of the internal maxillary artery as well as
the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery.
Angular artery (the terminal branch)- This is the
final and terminal branch of the facial artery. On
the cheek the artery supplies the lacrimal sac and
orbicularis oculi and ultimately anastomoses with
the ophthalmic artery (the dorsal nasal branch).
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Clinical Points
Palpation- Anaesthetists palpate the facial artery against the
anteroinferior angle of the masseter muscle against the bony
surface of the mandible.
Carotid Artery Vascular disease- Atherosclerosis (vascular
disease) of the common carotid artery (commonly at its
bifurcation) increases the risk of emboli shooting off and hence
strokes occurring. Transient ischaemic attacks (a stroke where the
symptoms resolve in less than 24 hours) are also more likely to
occur. Treatment includes carotid endarterectomy, or endovascular
treatment of the disease.
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Course
The maxillary artery continues as one of the
terminal divisions of the external carotid artery
at the level of the neck of the mandible (Fig. 2)
and passes forwards between the neck of the
mandible and the sphenomandibular ligament. It
continues its path by running deeply to the lower
head and passes forward between the two heads of
the lateral pterygoid muscle to break into its
terminal branches at the pterygopalatine fossa.
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