THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

CHAPTER 1
PROBLEM & ITS
SETTING

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Zoo originally start at the Egypt with exotic animals including the hippos, hartebeest,
elephants, baboons and wildcats. The oldest zoo in the world still in existence is the
Tiergarten Schnbrunn in Vienna, Austria. It was constructed by Adrian van Stekhoven in
1752 at the order of the Holy Roman EmperorFrancis I, husband of Maria Theresa of
Austria, to serve as an imperial menagerie as part of Schnbrunn Palace. The menagerie
was initially reserved for the viewing pleasure of the imperial family and the court, but
was made accessible to the public in 1765.

1.2 BACKGROUND/OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT:

Manila zoo, Formally known as MANILA ZOOLOGICAL AND BOTANICAL
GARDEN, home to about 90 species and thousands of animals. In my childhood days
manila zoo was known as 1 of the best attraction, having mali as the front attraction and
ending it by groups of tigers running around it's man made environment. 16years have
passed and still mali is well and alive, still serving manila for almost 41years, a more
good reason to develop and improve this heritage site. The zoo offers entertainment,
educational and interactive activities for all ages. Inside Manila Zoo is the Kinder Zoo
where children as well as other visitors are allowed to feed, touch, pat and interact with
the animals. You can play with the animals as well as discover and learn about the
animals characteristics and their environment. A total of 1.5 billion pesos will be
allocated for the rehabilitation of the 5.5 hectare botanical park. The rehabilitation of the
Manila Zoo will be implemented through a public-private partnership with a Singaporean
firm. This rehabilitation project aims to make the park a world-class recreational spot.
Although Manila Zoo is famous for its animals and educational environment, the zoo has
been receiving negative reviews for poor management. According to my own observation
and fellow visitors, the zoo is not maintained well, making it hard for the animals to live
in such an environment. Others recommended that it be closed for its improper treatment
of the animals. the presence of rotten food and garbage inside and outside of the animal
cages, and cages that are too small for the animals. As a practicing architecture and a
fellow manileno manila zoo really needs development and planning, especially in
maintaining it. Soon manila zoo will returned and regain it's so called CENTER OF
ATTRACTION.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROJECT:

The Manila Zoo is facing many problems that is why many people want to take it
down and have it closed. The staff are saying that the zoo has an economical low-cost
entrance fee, so the fee itself cannot maintain the zoo. Why cant they raise the entrance
fee? Because the zoo is already in poor condition that the people do not deserve a
generous amount of fee to enter. To think, what is happening is a continuous chain loop
that will result to a greater failure and disaster for both sides... the animals and us.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Also, the zoo, compared to the ratio of the animals inside, it is too small and not
planned well that is why it is a torture for the animals that is supposed to be treated like
they are being rescued from the wild.

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY:

A. Zoo Management
This research intends to help the management of the Manila Zoo on
developing the zoo and its facilities into a zoo that incorporates the modern technique
of zoo design.
B. Local Government
This research can help to improve the economy of the local government
through improvement and increase of tourism.
C. Visitors/Users
The research will provide extra excitement in the users by interacting with the
animals through naturalistic trails, animals show and the naturalistic approach of the
zoos cages and layout design.
D. Animals of the Zoo
This research will improve the environment and habitat of the animals in the
zoo and to help them a better living experience even inside the zoo facility.

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1.4.1

GENERAL

To re-develop the existing Manila Zoological into a naturalistic environment for

animals in the heart of the urban by making it in a modern time and for the viewers
especially children to relate more and interact with the animals.

1.4.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

To plan and propose a zoo that will be pleasing to the respondents/visitors that
will result to a growing market and better maintenance.
Restore an old tourist spot in Manila to give a little boost to the economy.
To provide and preserve for the future generations of youth.
To enhance the site and provide naturalistic land and water feature for the animals.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

1.6 SCOPE AND LIMITATION

The general coverage of the project is to re-develop and improve the existing
condition of the Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden for the benefits of the
animals, management and the visitors of the zoo.
1.6.1 Scopes

Site analysis- The researcher will identify the problem of the project
and provide solution that will answer this.

Site Development- Planning and zoning on the site and the clustering
of different animals.

Landscape Concept- Identifying and designing the softscape and

hardscape of the project.

Building Concept- Design the building that will complement the

feature of the site.

1.7 ASSUMPTIONS
The New Manila Zoo aims to provide a modern recreational and educational park
where the wild animals can live. The architectural works will focus on better landscaping,
space planning and advance technologies to enhance the zoo a lot more compared to the
existing at the present time. The new development is assured to give a high impact for
some zoo tour experience.
The redevelopment of the Manila Zoo will become a prototype and will be the first in
the Philippines with this kind of approach.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.8.1 Contextual Terms

Aviary

A big cage or structure where birds are kept for viewing.

Barier

Something natural or manmade obstacle to prevent or blocks

movement from one pace to another.

Blinds

It is covered shelter which penetrate perimeter barriers and

allow viewing through glass window.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Cages

An enclosure having some openwork for confining or carrying

animals

Enclosure

An area surrounded or bounded by wall or fence for

accommodation of zoo animals.

Fence

A structure like a wall built outdoors usually of woods or metal

that separates two areas or prevent people or animals from
entering or leaving.

Habitat

A place where a plant or animals naturally or normally live and

grows.

Keeper

It includes any person employed under the direction of an

operator or an appointed agent

Moat

A deep, wide ditch is usually fill with water and that goes
around the wall of a place to protect it from being attack.

Piano Wires

Stretched vertical wires that can be very effectively used for

bird aviaries & housing small mammals and large reptiles.

Safari

A journey or caravan to view, see or hunt animals.

Vivarium

A garden or park where wild animals are kept for wxhibition or

public display.

1.8.2 Operational Terms

Dry Moat

Streched vertical wires that can be very effectively used for

bird aviaries & housing small mammals and large reptiles.

Glass Barrier

This is use to showcase the animals with continuity of view.

Hidden Barrier

It can be disguised as a natural feature like a stream, a rock

outcrop, eroded bank of river edge.

Naturalistic Moat

This is natural landscape that form mound and deep ditches.

These are preferred as they look less engineered and resemble
the animals habitat.

Netted Aviary

Netted materials used to enclosed bird cages.

Wet Moat

This is the typical type of moat. A deep ditch filled with water.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

CHAPTER 2
TERMS OF
REFERENCE

2.1 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE:

2.1.1
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Title: 'Closing the loop': An interview with Zebra Imaging CTO (Feb 23, 2015)
Author: Craig Newswanger

Craig Newswanger dreams of bringing the incredible power of digital

holography to consumers. As Zebra Imaging's chief technology officer since 2014,
he's been at the forefront of optical research for holographic imaging and has been
instrumental in crafting the architecture that forms the basis of our 3D visualization
technologies.
He's also been working in the field of digital holography for more than 30
years, back when few beyond the laboratory were aware of the transformative
potential 3D imaging held for various industries.
For Newswanger, progress on 3D holography is about making tools and
innovations available to a wide audience - from users in technology-driven fields such
as manufacturing and architecture to regular consumers. The breadth of Zebra
Imaging's product offerings is a testament in part to his commitment to blending
complex optical and laser technology with formats that a customer can easily use.
From 'laboratory curiosity' to public availability
In a recent discussion, Newswanger traced the development of holography
from its initial pre-laser explorations in the 1940s through the introduction of lasers in
the 1960s, which transformed the rudimentary invention into a technology with more
extensive real-world applications. Still, until recently it remained a "laboratory
curiosity" - a specific scientific discipline that could only really be practiced in hightech facilities by skilled professionals.
"It was really a fixed and static medium," Newswanger said.
One of the early barriers in analog holography was that the physical object
being recorded needed to be the same size of the resulting hologram - there was no
ability to scale between the object and its holographic equivalent. People couldn't
produce a hologram of a house, for instance, unless they first built the house. The
cost, bulkiness and lack of scaling capacity made it difficult to establish a 3D visual
technology system anywhere but in a large laboratory.
Over the past several years, 3D tools have become less unwieldy and easier to
work with anywhere. From the AEC industries, which use 3Dholograms to view
large-scale building plans in compact detail, to the medical sector, which leverages 3D
holograms to better study human anatomy, these tools are more user-friendly than
ever before, providing visual communication and planning on a scale that was
previously unattainable.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

"Zebra is really focused on closing the loop and making it a much faster
process," Newswanger said. "What used to take weeks, now we can do in a day"

2.1.2
Title: MANURE IS AN EXCELLENT FERTILIZER (2014)
Author: ecochem

When developing a manure by-product market is important to understand that

manure is a necessary by-product of the livestock industry and it is the technology
involved in the treatment system that determines whether manure is a valuable
resource or a costly liability.
The simple fact is, untreated manure is simply animal feces while properly
treated/processed manure is a value added marketable organic residual. Technological
factors involved in manure treatment systems have a significant influence on byproduct quality and it is the quality that dictates the value.
In addition to agriculture, the potential markets for high quality, composted
manure products include horticulture i.e. gardening, landscaping, nurseries, topsoil
production - silviculture i.e. Christmas trees, ornamentals - reclamation i.e. landfill
covers, mine reclamation and other environmental uses i.e. biofilters, erosion control
and wetlands restoration to name a few.
Manure is an excellent fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium
and other nutrients. It also adds organic matter to the soil which may improve soil
structure, aeration, soil moisture-holding capacity, and water infiltration.
To determine how much manure is needed for a specific application, the
nutrient content and the rate nitrogen becomes available for plant uptake needs to be
estimated. Nutrient content of manure varies depending on source, moisture content,
storage, and handling methods.
Nitrogen content in manure varies with the type of animal and feed ration,
amount of litter, bedding or soil included, and amount of urine concentrated with the
manure. Moisture content is also a major consideration. For example: The moisture
content of fresh manure is around 70% to 85%. The moisture content of air-dried
manure is around 9% to 15%. As manure dries, the nutrients not only concentrate on a
weight basis, but also on a volume basis due to structural changes (settling) of the
manure. Volatilization of urine nitrogen can result in considerable loss of nitrogen, up
to 50% or more of the total nitrogen.
Generally, dry manure contains 1.5 to 2.2 cubic meters per ton. Dry poultry
and steer manure contain around 1.9 cubic meters per ton.
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Manure Handling
Handling can affect the fertilizer value of manure, particularly its nitrogen
content. Nitrogen is present in manure in a variety of forms, most of which gradually
converts to ammonium and nitrate nitrogen.
The ammonium form can be lost to the air and the nitrates leached by rainfall.
Ammonium losses can be minimized by not stockpiling manure while it is moist,
minimizing its handling, and working it under immediately after spreading. Ammonia
can be lost to the air each time manure is moved or hauled. Much of the loss is from
hydrolysis of the NH2 groups (enzymatic) and then volatilization of N20 and NH3.
This loss can be very high when spreading manure, especially during warm, dry
weather. Here, at least 50% of the ammonium nitrogen can be lost within 12 hours.
Studies have also shown that, by one week after spreading, almost 100% of the
ammonium nitrogen can be lost. This loss can represent up to 50% of the total
nitrogen available in stockpiled manure.Therefore, the importance of simultaneously
spreading and working in manure is obvious.
Nutrient Availability and Manure Application
Manure is a source of many nutrients including: nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium and many others. However, nitrogen is often the main nutrient of concern
for most crops. Potassium deficiency is usually quite localized within a field and
would not be corrected with common rates of manure. However, some improvement
might be expected with high rates above 10 tons per acre. The high rates needed to
correct a potassium (K) deficiency would supply an excess amount of nitrogen for
many crops, and this should be avoided.
Rates of Manure for Nitrogen Needs
The nitrogen compounds in manure are eventually converted to the available
nitrate form. Nitrate is soluble and is moved into the root zone with water. It is the
same form ultimately available to plants from commercial nitrogen fertilizers.
However, the release of available nitrogen from the complete organic
compounds during manure decomposition is very gradual. This slow release of
nitrogen is manure's most important asset. It extends nitrogen availability and reduces
leaching -- of particular importance in sandy soils.
The idea is to first apply enough manure to meet the first year's need of
available nitrogen. Decreasing amounts are then applied in following years because of
the carry-over organic nitrogen that will be released from previous applications.If the
same rate of manure is applied each year, it is possible for a field originally low in
nitrogen to accumulate unnecessarily high levels in successive years.

THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

The nitrogen in poultry manure is in released fastest, about 90% is released in

the first year.
Fresh manure which contains both the urine and solid portions and has a large
amount of urea or uric acid provides a somewhat slower release rate, with
approximately 75% of the total nitrogen released the first year.
An even more gradual nitrogen release can be expected from dry feedlot steer
manure, with only 35% of the total nitrogen released the first year.
Other Benefits of Manure
The use of manure helps to maintain the organic matter content of the soil
which can improve soil structure and water infiltration. However, manure is quickly
decomposed under warm, moist soil conditions. With the manure rates used for most
crops, organic matter content in soil is only temporarily increased.
Possible Disadvantages
Weed seeds are common in some manure. They may enter the animal with its
feed and then pass through the digestive tract, still viable, or they may have come
with the litter, or they may have simply blown into the feed yard.
Poultry droppings typically have fewer weed seeds surviving the digestive
processes. However, other animal manure may contain numerous viable weed seeds if
the original feeds were contaminated. Composting and stockpiling manure can reduce
the number of viable weed seeds.
Manure commonly contain 4 to 5% soluble salts (dry weight basis) and may
run as high as 10%. To illustrate, an application of 5 tons of manure containing 5%
salt would add 500 lbs. of salt.
Normally, irrigation and rain water will sufficiently leach well-drained soils to
prevent damaging salt accumulations. However, one should be cautious with poorly
drained soils, soils with existing salinity problems, or unusually high application rates,
especially when concentrated near young plants.
Zinc deficiency can be induced or increased with repeated high rates of
manure, especially on sandy soils.
Moderate or infrequent applications do not normally present a zinc problem.
However, growers should be aware of the potential problem, especially with soils and
varieties or crops of known susceptibility to zinc deficiency.

Summary

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

The principal value of manure is its extended availability of nitrogen -- of

particular value in the more readily leached sandy soils. Manure is also helpful in
improving soil fertility in cut areas from land leveling.
Nutrient content and rate of availability varies widely, depending mostly on
manure source, handling methods, and water content. Fresh manure which includes
both liquid and solid fractions with the least handling and then work in immediately
after spreading will retain the most nitrogen. A laboratory analysis of the manure for
nitrogen content is useful. An accurate sample of the manure requires a composite of
many samples throughout the pile or lagoon.
Generally, poultry manure is highest in nitrogen content, followed by hog,
steer, sheep, dairy, and horse manure. Feedlot, steer manure requires fairly high rates
to meet first-year nitrogen requirements because of its lower nitrogen percent and
gradual nitrogen release characteristics.
However, this feature provides for more continued nitrogen availability in
succeeding years, allowing for progressively lower annual application rates to meet
plant requirements.
Faster nitrogen-release sources, such as poultry manure, require more constant
and lower annual rates to maintain nitrogen availability.
The possible advantages of organic matter content and disadvantages of weed
seed and salt content should be considered in using manure.
2.1.3
Title: Best TV 2016: Best 32, 40, 55 and 65-inch+ TVs (2016)
Author: Evan Kypreos
There are hundreds of TVs to choose from so to make your life easier we've
put together a list of all the best TVs you can buy right now.
Arranged by screen size, you can view all the top TVs from under 30-inch to
huge 75-inch beasts if you've got the space and budget for such a grand TV.
We review all the best TVs every year but only the very pinnacle from every
brand makes it to this list. All the big players have been covered: Samsung,
Panasonic, LG, Sony and Philips.
The cheapest television in our round-up is the 300 Linsar X24-DVD, which
is a rare case where a TV with a built in DVD player is good. There are also some of
the best 32-inch TVs and a few big TVs that cost less than 500.
If you are feeling particularly flush then the most expensive TV costs more
than 8,000, but there are great TVs for every budget.

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Hit the dropdown menu above to head to short reviews based on in-depth
reviews conducted by the best experts in the field. Alternatively click the links below
to go straight to the category of your choice. For our jargon buster and extra TV
buying advice, keep scrolling.
Best Small and 32-inch TVs Perfect for small rooms and kitchens
Best 40, 42 and 48-inch TVs Affordable TVs at a decent size
Best 50 and 55-inch TVs Budget and luxury TVs for total immersion
Best 65 and 75-inch TVs The biggest and the best TVs in the market
TV Jargon Buster
Before you buy a new TV, it's worth spending a little time getting to know
some of the jargon you'll encounter in stores. Here's a quick guide to get you started.
Full HD vs 4K/UHD
Most TVs are Full HD. This refers to the number of pixels and resolution of
the screen, but 4K TV or Ultra HD and UHD TVs are increasingly common.
These new TVs have four times as many pixels as Full HD TVs, which means
they're sharper and more detailed. However, you need the content you view to be
broadcast in 4K to see this difference.
There are few easily available sources of 4K content at the moment, so if you
buy a 4K now you'll have to wait for more to become available. Read our What is
4K TV and Ultra HD? guide for more information. If you're interested in 4K content,
read our review of Netflix's 4K content.
Curved and Flatscreen TVs
Curved TVs are a new and not totally convincing trend. Advocates claim
curved screens are more immersive, but there are several drawbacks as well.
If you're unsure whether you want one or not then it's worth looking at one in
a shop, and we recommend you read our guide to Curved TV: The Pros and Cons for
more in-depth advice.
HDR TVs
HDR stands for High Dynamic Range and is an acronym you might have seen
on your smartphone. There it takes multiple exposures of a photo and knits them
together for a more balanced image.
HDR on TVs is more sophisticated and can offer a better extremes of whites
and blacks, but also more colours thanks to a wider palette.

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

There's not much content that has been shot in HDR yet, but this is likely a
feature that will only become more prevalent in the future. If you want to find out
more read our HDR TV feature.
LCD/LED vs OLED
Plasma TVs are no more, so most TVs are either LCD often referred to as
LED or OLED.
LCD is the most common, though there's a big difference between the
cheapest and most expensive LCD TVs due to the types of backlight, panel and
processing technologies used.
OLED is a relatively new technology and it's expensive, but it delivers an
entirely new level of picture quality. OLED TVs are known to produce very rich
colours, smooth motion and perfect contrast that means you'll see every detail in your
films. Read our OLED vs LED LCD guide for an in-depth comparison.
If you need more help deciding what to buy, head over to our comprehensive
TV Buying Guide.

2.1.4
Title: Zoo
Author: Paris, 2009-2014
One of the oldest cage-free zoos in the world, The Paris Zoological Park has
long been a proponent of animal conservation since its opening in 1934. Of over 85
species housed at the zoo, most are considered endangered with habitats that are neardestruction and are thus directly benefitting from the zoos efforts. Situated in the
historical Parc de Vincennes, the relatively small zoo (about 15 ha) is marked by
nearly one century of evolution on the safeguarding and the presentation of the
animals of the world in an urban environment.
Constructed mostly from concrete rock which after 70 years has become
unsafe for habitation, the Paris Zoos reconstruction builds around its important
conservationist inheritance in order to preserve its identity while creating a new mode
of animal presentation and educational experience.
The design team, including Atelier Jacqueline Osty for landscape design and
master planning, Bernard Tschumi urbanistes Architectes with Vronique
Descharrires for the new architectural project and the group Synthese, with Bernard
Hemery for renovation and technical buildings, sed techniques of immersion,
visibility and camouflage to simultaneously address the comfort of the animals in
their habitats and to create a strong sensual and emotional visitor experience. For the
architects, the design concern goes beyond the decoration and mimicry of nature and
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

moves into the specific realm and requirement of each animal. The priority is not to
create architecture in the traditional sense of the term for the zoo, but to instead create
specific mediums so as to hide, complement or blend the buildings into a natural
setting, allowing for a new sense of immersion never before seen in zoo design.

2.1.5
Title: GO! FISH! (July 10, 2014)
By: Katharine Logan
Before Seattle grew up on its shores, Elliott Bay was a bluff-backed beach,
with intertidal marshes and mudflats providing a complex and varied habitat for birds,
fish, and marine invertebrates. Its sloping beaches offered salmon a safe passage
through shallow waters, with plenty to eat along the way.
The growth of Seattle changed that. The developing city filled and leveled its
waterfront behind a seawall built on densely spaced and creosote-blackened pilings.
Deep, dark, and toxic, the urban shoreline repels migrating salmon out into the bay on
a difficult journey where they become easy prey for other fish and marine mammals.
Now, aspart of an ASLA award-winning redevelopment plan led by James
Corner Field Operations, the replacement of the Elliott Bay Seawall is under way.
And as details of the design for the new seawall emerge, its clear that its not just the
people of Seattle who will benefit from the waterfront revitalization. The iconic
Pacific salmon, central to the ecology and historic culture of the Pacific Northwest
and now struggling to survive the combined threats of overfishing and habitat loss
will enjoy some relief as they migrate along this redesigned stretch of the citys edge.
With the need to replace the aging seawall comes a rare opportunity to
encourage the salmon back in to shore. The salmon runstheir highwayshave
been seriously disrupted by industrial development of the waterfront, says Tatiana
Choulika, ASLA, principal at Field Operations and design lead on the project. Their
situation is dire.
Field Operationss design for the new seawall re-creates the shallow waters
salmon prefer, raising the seabed with a habitat bench. The bench, now under
construction, consists of sand and gravel cushions stacked up in a narrow band along
the base of the wall. The bench widens out into larger shelves near Pioneer Square
and the Seattle Aquarium and is intended eventually to link to a beach at the Olympic
Sculpture Park.
To allow sunlight to penetrate these new shallows, so that the salmon can see
and plants can grow, a cantilevered promenade along the top of the seawall will be
surfaced with a grid of glass blocks all along its length. The grid will provide a nearly
20 percent glazed area to act as skylights for the salmon.
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Between the skylights above and the bench below, the wall itself will be
surfaced with textured panels so that algae and aquatic life can attach and provide the
fish with safe feeding grounds. The artist-designed panels take inspiration for their
textures from the natural environment at each tide level of the wall, referencing bull
kelp, seaweed, sea stars, anemone, mussels, barnacles, and lichen.
Construction of phase one is scheduled for completion in 2016.

2.1.6
Title: RICHARD HAAGS MANY CAUSES (July 17, 2014)
Author: Daniel Jost
On a recent tour of the Bloedel Reserve on Bainbridge Island, Washington,
Richard Haag, FASLA, told a group of us, students from the University of
Washington, two stories about the demise of the Garden of Planes. The garden was
the first stop in the famous sequence of spaces that Haag designed at the reserve, and
it was erased a few years after it was completed.
One story involves a fox. A fox used to have a den there, Haag explained as
we passed by a giant stump that, ironically, Haag preserved for its habitat value. And
every morning, the fox would come out and leave his morning offering right on top of
the gravel pyramid, at the center of the Garden of Planes, he said. Thats one of the
reasons they got rid of it.
The other involves a trip Haag took to Europe in the early 1960s, with some of
Seattles political and business leaders. On the trip, Haag apparently made enemies
with some of Seattles old guard by promoting the socialist landscapes of Stockholm.
Some of those same people were later part of the foundation that took over
management of Bloedel in the late 1980s and removed Haags work. Thats how I
was paid back, Haag says. Thats a lesson for you. Dont make those sorts of
enemies. He pauses. Unless you want to do it your way.
Of course, Haag frequently has done it his way. And quite often, hes managed
to bring people over to his way of thinkingwhether it is persuading parents of the
value of more adventurous natural play or enlightening local leaders of the value of
the Pike Place Market, or seeing a gas works or a stump as beautiful and worthy of
preservation.
With the release of the Cultural Landscape Foundations newest oral history
module, you can walk with Haag through some of his most famous landscapes, just as
generations of his university students have. And you can hear how he convinced
clients to try out new ideas.

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Rich proved that we could have an activist practice in landscape

architecture, Gary Hilderbrand, FASLA, writes in one of many short reflections from
Haags colleagues that TCLF collected. Rich can turn a cause into a project, and he
can enlarge a commission into a transcendent cause when that is needed. When he
believes in something, he pushes for it.

2.1.7
Title: Design and Architecture: Third Generation Conservation, Post Immersion and
Beyond (2012)
Author: Jon Coe
Will zoos in the next fifty or one hundred years be as different from those
today as todays zoos are from those a century and half century ago? Yes and no. Yes,
some zoos will evolve so far as to no longer be considered zoos at all. Early examples
of these transcended unzoos exist around us today, largely unregarded by the zoo
profession. Much heralded personal virtual zoos and Jurassic Park-like theme parks
for NeoGen chimeras will also be popular. No, some zoos in less developed regions of
the globe will remain much as zoos were in the early 1900s with simple rows of pens
and cages.
William Conway, David Hancocks and I, along with several other speakers
today, remember zoo facilities of fifty years ago very well indeed, having both
experienced them and played our parts in helping to transform them. Some older zoos
have relics of their hundred year old past. So looking forward 50 and 100 years isnt
too daunting. In fact science fiction writers have been describing believable future
wildlife encounters for us. Examples include Ray Bradburys The Veldt in the
Illustrated Man1 and David Brins Uplift Series2 which will figure into my
predictions later.
While aquariums will also undergo dramatic change, especially in response to
energy conservation, I have reluctantly left them out of this paper in order to focus on
land based developments.
My title, Design and Architecture: Third Generation Conservation, PostImmersion and Beyond is a little misleading. As a zoo designer I was asked to speak
about the future of zoo architecture (I suppose academics lump all professional
facility design as architecture). But as a landscape architect I believe zoos should be
much more about landscape in both the ecological and metaphoric sense than about
architecture as generally practiced. Also, since my friend and colleague David
Hancocks was asked to discuss the future of immersion design, I volunteered to
cover other design philosophies. Although design is a limited field in the complexity
of zoo enterprises, it touches upon nearly all other fields, and so my comments and
predictions will be very broad ranging.

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Before presenting my predictions for the future of zoo design and zoos in
general, let me consider some assumptions implied in the organization of this
symposium. North American Bias: Most speakers are from North America, only one
is from Europe and two are from Australia with a significant North American zoo
perspective. Where are the zoo leaders from India, China and Latin America?
These regions will be economic leaders during the next half century. Their
cultures are very different and our western standards are unlikely to be directly
transferable to these areas. For example, how will quiet reflective immersion exhibits
or tightly managed zoo tram networks function when 30,000 visitors arrive at the zoo
on traditional holidays and there is no native tradition of orderly queuing or staying on
designated pathways?
Economic Bias: The gulf between rich and poor in all countries will widen.
Are we only considering the future of zoos for people like us, the relatively wealthy?
How will zoos, long considered popular attractions with mandates for popular
conservation education respond to vastly increased numbers of poorer people?
Elite Zoo Paradigm: The invited speakers are leading zoo thinkers associated
with successful zoo programs. This could lead to consideration of the futures of only
elite zoos, those with the philosophical and financial resources to advance through
innovation. While the elite have disproportionate influence on the evolution of their
professions, my international work has lead me to believe the great majority of zoo
officials in the most populous nations remain unaware of innovations in western zoos.
While elite zoos can roughly measure their positive impact in areas of conservation
education and action, what is the combined impact (negative or positive) of 700
million zoo visitors worldwide (WAZA estimate) attending perhaps over a thousand
popular traditional zoos in places like Indonesia, Palestine, Peru, Congo and Pakistan?
The measure of excellence should not only be the achievements of elite zoos, but also
the collective impact of all of the worlds zoos, good, average and bad, present and
future. Linear Evolution Paradigm: There is a tendency to think evolution means only
the survival of the most advanced, while in fact many ancient organisms continue to
prosper. In terms of zoo evolution this means that a few pioneering zoos may assume
far different configurations in the future while some evolve to intermediate levels and
most remain largely unchanged. Zoo evolution should be considered as a continuum
where past, present and future zoo trends, rather than succeeding each other, will
continue to coexist far into the future.

2.1.8
FLEXIBLE ARCHITECTURE
Title: Flexible, Architecture that Responds to Change
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Author: Robert Kronenburg, 2009

Page 144-145, Transform
All buildings have operational features. Doors open, windows sometimes do.
Much of a buildings furniture is also movable and, even though the architect may
have designed an optimum placing, it can usually be repositioned. Furnishings, such
as blinds and curtains, can change the lighting of the most usual user-customizable
components in building design and they can, without doubt, dramatically alter the
appearance and ambience of a space. However, in order fundamentally to change the
way that a building can be used, more significant alterations are required and in
conventional buildings this cannot take place without significant constructional
intervention.
Page 146
The mechanisms employed to enable movement to take place should be
robust, maintenance free, easily operable and reliable. In some cases, particularly in
domestic situations, this means the building should be capable of transformation with
human power alone. This simple, physical act can not only alter space, but also
increase the users connection with the building and its changing environment. For
larger alterations this is not feasible, even in the domestic situation, so power-operated
devices are required.
There is something magical about this act- a building becoming kinetic at the
touch of a button can introduce a potent reinvention of something inanimate, giving it
the quality of being alive. It is vital that power-operated roofs, walls and doors are
completely reliable so that they can close instantly when required; for this reason,
extremely well-tested electric, hydraulic or pneumatic systems are essential. Safety
systems are also an important part of power-operated mechanisms, ensuring that they
stop automatically if there is a fault or if an emergency occurs.
Another aspect of mechanical movement of building parts is that opening and
closing joints must occur. When the opening partition is external this can lead to
weather-proofing issues. Correct detailing of fixed joints is a well-understood
practice; however, it is not unknown for new buildings to leak as a result if faulty
workmanship or at the design stage. Therefore, the detailing of kinetic joint with at
least two completely different states of existence is a much more complex task. New
materials have made the job easier, with the introduction of plastics such as neoprene
that maintain their flexibility and integrity over much longer periods. Strategies
employed in other industries, particularly vehicle design, can also prove valuable
precedents in solving problems in this area.
Page 148
Internal transformation also presents fresh problems. A critical issue is air
transmission between the divided spaces. Acoustic separation will usually be required
to enable them effectively to operate independently, but fire separation is even more
critical as safety is at risk if this fails to work as planned. A less critical issu, but still
important one if the building is to provide uncompromised service, is that the finishes
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

in the movement are should not be marked or damaged by the transitional operation.
An important part of the success of transformable buildings is that the service they
deliver in all their different states is at least as good as the service static structures
deliver
2.1.9
Title: Factors motivating participation of persons with disability in the Philippines:
The discount privilege in goods and services
Author: Aubrey D. Tabuga
In urban Philippines, the percentage of persons with disability (PWD)
participating in various government and non-government programs is low. In fact, the
level of awareness among PWD on the policies that intend to uplift their well-being is
also low. These were some of the findings of a 2008 survey on persons with disability
in selected cities in Metro Manila. This paper therefore aims to examine this problem
by looking at the various factors that influence the PWDs participation specifically in
the government-mandated discount on fare on bus and other land transportation
vehicles and medical services. Interestingly, it focuses on the role of social networks
among PWD, environmental constraints, and the type of disability the person has.
Interestingly, because participation is conditional on awareness and eligibility, this
paper likewise looks into variables that are associated with awareness and eligibility.
The goal is to identify areas of potential gaps in terms of information dissemination,
implementation, and enforcement so that PWDs can fully benefit from the policies
and programs intended for them. This paper uses the dataset of a pioneering survey on
400 PWD conducted in 2008 in Metro Manila.
2.1.10
Title: Analysis of Design Support for Kinetic Structures
Author: Angeliki Fotiadou, Department of Architecture, Vienna University of
Technology
Vienna, June 2010
Page 7, 1.3.1 Typology of kinetic structures
Kinetic architecture is a wide field that can include and refer to many subjects.
The proposed subject of this thesis focuses on one particular category of kinetic
architecture. This category involves a specific type of kinetic architecture, related to
the physical movement of structural building elements that can result to the spatial
movement of a structure as an entirety or just part of it. More particularly, this kind of
architecture can be defined as: Buildings and/or building components with variable
mobility, location and/or geometry. Structural solutions must be considered in parallel
both the ways and means for kinetic operability. The ways in which a kinetic
structural solution performs may include among others, folding, sliding, expanding,
and transforming in both size and shape. The means by which a kinetic structural
solution performs may be, among others, pneumatic, chemical, magnetic, natural or
mechanical. (Michael A.Fox )
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Generally, kinetic structures in architecture can be classified into three general

categorical areas:
1. Embedded Kinetic Structures
Embedded Kinetic Structures are systems that exist within a larger
architectural whole in a fixed location. The primary function is to control the larger
architectural system or building, in response to changing factors.
2. Deployable Kinetic Structures
Deployable Kinetic structures typically exist in a temporary location and are
easily transportable. Such systems possess the inherent capability to be constructed
and deconstructed in reverse.
3. Dynamic Kinetic Structures
Dynamic kinetic structures also exist within a larger architectural whole but
act independently with respect to control of the larger context. Such can be
subcategorized as Mobile, Transformable and Incremental kinetic systems.
Out of the types of kinetic architecture mentioned above, the embedded
structures are those that are going to be studied in this paper.
The criteria for this categorization can be the motion mechanisms of the
smallest in number set of elements that forms a kinetic part. The structures are
decomposed to the smallest parts from which they have been formed, like beams,
columns etc. However, in this case, the composition does not reach the primitive
elements of a simple construction but it stops to the smallest individual parts that can
form, when multiplied, the kinetic part of the structure. This means that by using the
smallest number needed of primitive structural elements and by preserving their
relationships over the kinetic movement, the result is the primitive set of elements
needed for the description of this kind of structures.
The first mechanism is been formed by two elements and an articulation
between them, with the first element fixed in a certain position but the possibility of
rotating and the second moving along a specific linear path. The second case looks
like the first. However the first element is stably fixed in a position and the second
element is rotating along a hinge not at the end of the elements body where there can
be a joint, like the fourth case, but inside a point of the second elements body. The
third is a mix of hinge and joints and the fifth is a simpler form of the third including
just the joints. The first four introduce one degree of freedom, whereas the last one
shows two degrees of freedom. Cases and construction which use mechanisms with
three degrees of freedom are not included to this research, as it is even more
complicated this kind of mechanisms to be animated, where already those with one or
two degrees of freedom seem to face obstacles in their representation
2.1.11 SYNTHESIS OF THE RELATED LITERATURE
The Manila Zoo is a 5.5-hectare zoo located in Manila, Philippines. It opened
on July 25th, 1959. This zoo is almost 50 years old. The problem? It really does look
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

50 years old. Another problem? It receives millions of visitors every year, local and
foreign. What a shameful tourist destination it is. That is the reason why I am
proposing a redevelopment of the said establishment. We all know that the activity of
the Manila Zoo is now declining. But with the ideas being thought that we can fix this
with some new ways, it will survive.
After gathering all data possible and available, the researcher then sorted out
important details. In the study of zoo & landscape, the researcher studied circulation
and habitat used in the zoo sceneries, then they sorted out what are the most
applicable planning and zoning by making animals healthy as possible, and especially
the visitors.
The information gathered from there was merged to other data gathered from
other readings and studies.

2.2 CASE STUDY

2.2.1 LOCAL CASE STUDY

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Each and every animal enclosure should be design

according to the needs of the animal on the enclosure.
They should roam and do their activities in the enclosure,
but these are some of the situation of the enclosure of the
Manila Zoo. In the image of Mali enclosure, it is big
enough for her to roam but the problem was its finishes
were not appropriate for the elephant to live, According to
the People Ethical Treatment of Animals, (PETA), the
concrete pavement can cause foot disease and the painted trees were added for visual
purposes only and didnt help the situation of the elephant (Mali), It should be real trees that
can shade the elephant.
Lion is considered as the king of the jungle, but not in the
zoo. The lion in the manila Zoo was enclosed with small
steel cage and tiled flooring. The steel cage is full of rust
that can damage the health of the lion.
According to the book of Dr. Gupta, Barrier Design for
Zoos, Design of the enclosure can affect the thinking of
the viewers, psychologically speaking when the viewers
see the animals below their eye-level, they think that they
can mock and treat the animals so it causes throwing of
trash and junk foods to enclosure that can harm the animals.

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CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Aims to determine the present situation and the existing problem of manila
zoological and botanical garden, in order to gather informations and datas for its
solution and to solve the problem.

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INTERVIEW:
*AGENCIES (PAWS,PRB)
*ZOO STAFF

>

Respondents that can give information

Regarding to its Circulation, Behavior &
its management

>

Respondents that can provide their

Opinion & suggestion to manage and
Facilitate the zoo properly.

*ZOOLOGICAL
SURVEY:
*ZOO VISITOR
*ZOO STAFF

*Interview in this process, researcher will seeks information to every

individual that has an experience of visiting the zoo and give their idea on how to
improve the situation and answer the problem.
*Surveys The objective of the problem can brought together to accumulate
necessary data, ideas and disseminate un-useful zoning and gathered data from the
respondents.

3.2 INSTRUMENT / TOOL USED

A. Books/E-Books
This will serve as reference for the study and will provide information that can
help the researcher to answer and resolve the problem of the project.
B. Internet
For fast research process, Internet can help provide easy access for
information that can help the researcher to find solutions and basis for the
project.
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

C. Laptop
Used to organize and process all the data that has been gathered by the
researcher.
D. Pen and Paper
These are used for drafting all the preliminary information and data that the
researcher needs for this project.
E. Smart Phone
Smart phones can provide instruments that can help the researcher in
collecting data, taking pictures of the site, audio recording for the interview
and also for taking notes.

3.3 ACTIVITY PATH

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3.3.1 ORGANIZATION OF RESEARCH UNDERSTANDING

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

In this study the organization of research can be done after the collection and
gathering of the data. The researcher should have enough knowledge in the problem,
so the researcher can collate and represent all the necessary materials and the date that
could help and support in solving the problem.

The project proposal

MANILA ZOO Redevelopment of Manila zoological and Botanical Garden

The capability of the research in proposing study

As a researcher, it would be great help if the person/s that will be interviewed

are knowledgeable on the project or probably will give ample insight or ideas on the
proper way of solving the problem.
Hence, the researcher can also use two types if descriptive research and those are:
A. Research Survey
Organized the research and analyzed, interpret and report the current status of
the study. Its main purpose is to get group of classified, generalized and interpreted
date that can guide or basis for the future related studies
B. Case Study
This is a complete analysis and report of the current condition or status of the project.
3.3.2 DATA GENERATION
In this research there must be data that should be:

Collected
Analyzed
Sorted
Organized
Interpreted

Without any necessary data, no research activity can succeed. In this study, the
researcher chooses tools which are appropriate in sourcing data that can provide
information and data that would help solving the problems.
The organization and sorting of the information should be made to have all the
necessary data that answer the needs of the study.
This is study classified the source of information into two:
1. The Primary Information
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

2. The Secondary Information

3.3.2.1 The Primary Information
A. Questionaire / Survey
In this process, the researcher will seeks information to every individual that
has the experience of visiting the zoo and give their idea on how to improve situation
and answer the problem.
B. Interviews
In this stage, the objective of the problem can brought together to
accumulation the necessary data gathered in the view point of the person who is
professionally involved in the study.
C. Field Survey
In this stage, the researcher can realize in first hand basis the need of the study
Study and its transformation into a greater dimension, this dimension is:

Visualizing the requirement of the study

Characterizing the important service of the study to the institution

Its relevance to the society

D. Coordination to some Agencies Involved

The evaluation of materials includes the resources of the information. It is
easier to access the related data on the agencies that is directly involved in
the study data.

3.3.3

Correlation & Synthesis

Since the study is on the process and development stages of the research
investigations. The researcher constantly made an assessment to the work. All
gather data and information are carefully analyzed and reviewd its relevance
to the study.
A. Analysis of data

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The analysis is the most important and crucial part of a research. The
research will classify and analyze all the data and information that is relevant
to the study.
B. Integration of data
The data and information that was gathered and analyzed will be used as
part of the study and basis for solving the problems.
C. Conclusion
All collected data and information should be analyzed and gather all those
can help the researcher in solving the problems of the study. Those data that
was no interrelation with should be removed, so that the researcher will have
focused on the data that is relevant to the study.

3.3.4

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
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Domestic
Wild animals

Zoo

Park
PARK

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

EDUCATIONAL/
RECREATIONAL
AREA

Manila zoo is the integration of safari experience in the zoo facility. This is
educational and recreational park that will showcase different species of domesticated and
wild animals that can be found endemically in the Philippines and also from other countries
of the world.

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

CHAPTER 4
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY

4.1 PROJECT PROFILE

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The Manila Zoo is a re-development and improvement of the Manila

Zoological and Botanical Garden located in Adriatico Street Ermita, Manila,
Philippines. It is the intergration of safari function and experience to the zoo facilities.
The site has a lot area of 5.5 hectares (14acres) and it is bounded by
commercial space and a creek on south side and three roads on the north, east and
west side namely the Quirino Avenue, Adriatico Street where the entrance of the zoo
is located and the Mabini Street Where the service was placed
The zoo is under the provision of the City Government and manage by the
Public Recreation Buereu (PRB) and its Divisions.

4.2 THE SITE

The project is the re-development and improvement of the existing Manila
Zoological and Botanical Garden and its existing site was the site that will be used
and there is no alternative site that the researcher used for this research.

4.2.2 SWOT ANALYSIS

STRENGTH

Establish tourist spot.

One of the leading educational tourist spot.

Accessible to visitors.

WEAKNESS

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Unmaintained and disorganized facilities.

Weak planning design

Lacking of educational information.

OPPORTUNITIES

Increase of number of visitors and local income.

Job opportunities in the vicinity

Further development in the area

Increase of animal awareness.

THREATS

Noise pollution

Small budget from local government

Bounded by roads.

4.3 SITE ANALYSIS

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The Manila Zoological and Botanical Garden was surrounded by different public and
private establishment, institutional structures, residential and located in the area where major
developments happen. Those establishments are the following

A. Churches

Iglesia Ni Cristo

Malate Church

Our lady of the Assumption Parish Malate

San Isidro Labrador Church

B. Condominium
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Adriatico Plaza

Echeron Tower

Le Mirage De Malate

Malate Crown Plaza

Pearl Of the Orient

Stanford Tower

University Tower

C. Government Establishmnent

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

Bureau of Plant Industry Central Office

Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex

Department of Finance

Metropolitan Museum of manila

Ninoy Aquino Stadium

D. Hospital

Adventist Medical Center Manila

San Juan de Dios Hospital

Ospital ng Maynila

E. Hotels

Century Park Hotel

Harbour Square

Manila Sunset Hotel

Pan Pacific Manila

Palacio De Maynila

Royal Plaza
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

Taft Tower Hotel Manila

Traders Hotel

Tune Hotel

F. Landmarks

Apolinario Mabina Plaza

ASEAN Garden

Crocodile Park Manila

CCP Urban Forest

Fort San Antonio

Manila Bay

Marian Quadrangle

Paraiso ng Batang Maynila

Rajah Sulayman Park

Ramon Magsaysay Center

Remedios Circle

G. Private Establishment

Harrison Plaze

SM Harrison

Star City

The Aristocrat Restaurant

Tramway Bayview Buffet

University Mall

H. Public Market

San Andre Market

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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

I. Road Network

Roxas Boulevard

Quirino Avenue

Taft Avenue

Buendia Avenue

F.B. Harrison Street

Mabini Street

P. Ocampo Street

Arellano University

De La Salle University

De La Salle College of Saint Benilde

Jesus Reigns Christian Academy

Malate Catholic School

Philippine Women university

St. Paul University

J. Schools

4.4 LOT PLAN

POINT

DISTANCE

BEARING

1-2

201.80M

N26D69W

2-3

64.90M

N59D10E

3-4

36.40M

N61D12E

4-5

100.20M

N37D65E

5-6

184.30M

S56DE

6-7

15.50M

S48D16E
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THE REDEVELOPMENT OF MANILA ZOO

7-8

18.30M

S44D19E

8-9

30.10M

S29D12E

9-10

38.50M

N85D19W

10-11

7.25M

S67D10W

11-12

29.20M

S33D98W

12-13

69.60M

S60D17W

13-14

49.45M

S28D10W

N14-1

117.15M

S64D21W

38