Enes F1 Ebk - Ocr

,b l o J
s ik A'
GMS
Glossika
Mass Sentences
EN Spanish
ES Castilian
F lu en cy
1000
sentences
Com plete Fluency Course

Michael Campbell
Nuria Porras
Levels
Intro
Fluency
Expression
Fluency 1
INTENSIVE METHOD (GMS Files)

A Files: Source language (cue) - Target language 2x
B Files: Source language (cue) - space to translate - Target language
C Files: Target language only 1x
Typical Day's Routine

(If it's your first day, you skip the review steps.)
(If it's your first day, you can start here.)
1. Review the recordings you m ade yesterday.
6. Prepare 10-50 new sentences, depending
A nything you w ant to improve?
on your tim e lim it and w hat you're
2. Before starting today's new recordings o f
comfortable w ith. Look them over in the
the new sentences from the last four days,
book, then listen to the accompanying
first listen to the G M S C files to find any
G M S A File.
pronunciations you w ant to improve.
7. N ow use either the A files or C files to
3. N ow record the sentences from the last four
write down your new sentences. Try to do
days as review.
this w ithout looking at the book. If you're
4. N ow listen to the B files for the oldest
learning a new script, make sure you can
review sentences (interpretation training). Try
do this in IPA or phonetics before trying to
to translate each sentence w ithout using your
master a new script so you d o n 't miss any
text in the space provided. If you fail, d o n 't
sounds.
give up. Mass practice is better than perfect
8. Listen to the sentences one more time,
practice. D o n 't let one or two sentences keep
then record them yourself. Com e back
you from progressing.
tom orrow and check your recordings.
5. If you feel tired or burned out, then there's
9. For added benefit, use the accompanying
no need to do new sentences today.
GSR files.
If you're actively recording 200-400 sentences per day, you should reach conversational fluency
in about 100-200 days depending on the person.
RELAXED METHOD (GSR Files)

All repetitions and review are self-contained. This is for people who do n o t have tim e to use a
book, do dictation, or do recordings.
For best results, try to repeat as m uch as you can. D o n 't w orry if you miss a sentence. Repeat
it w hen you start to feel comfortable w ith how it sounds. Always have at least one deep sleep
between each session, and no m ore than 2 sleep session between each recording. If you haven't
listened in a few days, back up a few lessons and start again.
Sample Routine
D ay 1: Listen to G SR File called D ay 1
D ay 20: Listen to GSR File called D ay 20... etc.
Glossika Mass Sentence M ethod

Spanish (Castilian)
F lu en cy 1
This GMS Fluency Series accompanies the GMS recordings
and is a supplementary course assisting you on your path to
fluency. This course fills in the fluency training that is lacking
from other courses. Instead of advancing in the language via
grammar, GMS builds up sentences and lets students advance
via the full range of expression required to function in the
target language.
GMS recordings (sold separately) prepare the student through
translation and interpretation to become proficient in speaking
and listening.
Glossika Spaced Repetition (GSR) recordings are strongly
recommended for those who have trouble remembering the
content. Through the hundred days of GSR training, all the text
in each of our GMS publications can be mastered with ease.
Glossika Series
The following languages are available in the GMS or GSR Series
(not all are published in English):
Afroasiatic
AR Arabic-Standard, ARE Arabic Egyptian,
ARD Arabic (Mor.) Darija, ARQ Arabic
Algerian, ART Arabic Tunisian, MLT
Maltese, ARL Arabic Levantine, ALS Arabic
(Jor.) Lev-south, ARI Arabic Iraqi, ARM
Arabic Maghrebi, IV Hebrew, AM Amharic,
TIR Tigrinya, HA Hausa
Altaic (+JK)
TU Turkish, AZ Azeri, Uzbek, Kyrgyz,
Kazakh, Uyghur, MN Mongolian, JA
Japanese, KR Korean
Austronesian
XSY Saisiyat, TYS Atayal-Squliq, SDQ
Seediq, SDT Seediq-Truku, TRK Taroko,
KVN Kavalan, SKZ Sakizaya, AM P AmisPangcah, PZH Pazeh, KXB Kaxabu, THW
Thao, BNN Bunun-Isbukun, COU Cou,
KNV Kanakanavu, HLR Hla'arua, SRY
Siraya, RUV Rukai-Vedrai, PW N PaiwanPasaviri, PYM Pinuyumayan-Puyuma, TAO
Tao, TGL Tagalog, ILO Ilokano, Cebuano,
IN Indonesian, M alay
Dravidian
KAN Kannada, M AL Malayalam, TAM
Tamil India, TSL Tamil-Sl, TEL Telugu
IE: Baltic
LIT Lithuanian, LAV Latvian
IE: Celtic
CYM Welsh
IE: Germanic
DE German, NL Dutch, EN English
American, DA Danish, SV Swedish, NO
Norwegian, IS Icelandic
IE: Indo-Iranian
KUR Kurmanji Kurdish, KUS Sorani Kurdish,
FA Persian, PRS Persian-Dari, TGK Tajik,

UR Urdu, HI Hindi, PAN Panjabi, GUJ
Gujarati, M AR Marathi, NEP Nepali, ORI
Odia, SYL Sylheti, SIN Sinhalese, ASM
Assamese, KHA Khasi, BEN Bengali
IE: Romance
PT Portuguese, PB Portuguese-Brazil, ES
Spanish, ESM Mexican Spanish, CA Catalan,
FR French, IT Italian, RO Romanian
IE: Slavic
RU Russian, UKR Ukrainian, BEL
Belarusian, PL Polish, CS Czech, SK
Slovak, SL Slovene, HR Croatian, BOS
Bosnian, SRP Serbian, M K Macedonian,
BUL Bulgarian
IE: Other
EL Greek, SQ Albanian-Tosk, HY
Armenian, EO Esperanto, EU Basque
Kartuli
KA Georgian
Mon-Khmer
KH Khmer, VNN Viet (North), VNS Viet
(South)
Niger-Congo
SW Swahili, LG Ganda, RN Kirundi, RW
Kinyarwanda, YO Yoruba
Sino-Tibetan
ZH Chinese Standard, ZS Chinese-Beijing,
W US Shanghai, W UW Wenzhou, MNN
Taiwanese, HAK Hakka (Sixian, Hailu), YUE
Cantonese, BOD Tibetan-Lhasa, DZO
Dzongkha, BRX Bodo, M Y Burmese
Tai-Kadai
TH Thai, LO Lao
Uralic
FI Finnish, EST Estonian, HU Hungarian
M an y o f o u r languages are offered at different levels (check for availability):

In tro Level
F lu e n cy Level
E xpression Level
Pronunciation Courses
Introductory Course
Business Courses
Intensive Reading
Extensive Reading
(Novels)
Fluency Modules
Daily Life Module
Travel Module
Business Intro Module
Glossika Mass Sentences

Spanish (Castilian)
Fluency 1
C om p lete F lu en cy C ourse
M ich ael C am pbell
N uria Porras
's l 0 J s ik a '

Spanish (Castilian)
Fluency 1
First published 2014
via license by Nolsen Bdon, Ltd.
Taipei, Taiwan
Authors: Michael Campbell, Nuria Porras

Chief Editor: Michael Campbell
Translator: Nuria Porras
Recordings: Michael Campbell, Nuria Porras
Editing Team: Chia-Yi Lin, Claudia Chen, Nick Jensen
Consultant: Percy Wong
Programming: Nick Jensen, Michael Campbell
Design: Yichieh He, Kara Li
Distribution: Frank Liu, Percy L, Sheena Chen
2014 Michael Campbell
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known
or hereafter invented, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only as samples of language use without intent to
infringe.
GMS MP3 ISRC: TWY811319511-TW Y811319570

GSR MP3 ISRC: TWY811319571-TW Y811319674
Contents
What is Glossika?
Glossika Levels
Glossika Publications
Glossika Mass Sentence(GMS)
Sentence Mining
10
Transformation Drills
12
Substitution Drills
14
Memory
15
Glossika Spaced Repetition (GSR)
21
How to Use GMS and GSR
23
Spanish Pronunciation
25
33
Sentence 100
67
Sentence 200
100
Sentence 300
133
Sentence 400
167
Sentence 500
200
Sentence 600
233
Sentence 700
267
Sentence 800
300
Sentence 900
333
Sentence 1000
367
Index
368
EN ES
VIII
EN ES
W hat is Glossika?
Glossika training focuses specifically on bringing your speaking and
listening skills to fluency. It's wise to use Glossika training materials
together with your other study materials. Don't bet everything on
Glossika. Always use as many materials as you can get your hands
on and do something from all of those materials daily. These are
the methods used by some of the world's greatest polyglots and
only ensures your success.
If you follow all the guidelines in our method you can also become
proficiently literate as well. But remember it's easier to become
literate in a language that you can already speak than one that you
can't.
Most people will feel that since we only focus on speaking and
listening, that the Glossika method is too tough. It's possible to
finish one of our modules in one month, in fact this is the speed
at which we've been training our students for years: 2 hours
weekly for 4 weeks is all you need to complete one module. Our
students are expected to do at least a half hour on their own every
day through listening, dictation, and recording. If you follow the
method, you will have completed 10,000 sentence repetitions by
the end of the month. This is sufficient enough to start to feel your
fluency come out, but you still have a long way to go.
This training model seems to fit well with students in East Asia
learning tough languages like English, because they are driven by
the fact that they need a better job or have some pressing issue to
use their English. This drive makes them want to succeed.
EN ES
Non-East Asian users of the Glossika Mass Sentence (GMS)

methods are split in two groups: those who reap enormous benefit
by completing the course, and others who give up because it's too
tough to stick to the schedule. If you feel like our training is too
overwhelming or demands too much of your time, then I suggest
you get your hands on our Glossika Spaced Repetition (GSR) audio
files which are designed for people like you. So if you're ambitious,
use GMS. If you're too busy or can't stick to a schedule, use GSR.
__________________________________________________ 5
EN ES
Glossika Levels
The first goal we have in mind for you is Fluency. Our definition
of fluency is simple and easy to attain: speaking full sentences in
one breath. Once you achieve fluency, then we work with you on
expanding your expression and vocabulary to all areas of language
competency. Our three levels correlate to the European standard:
*
Introduction
A Levels
Fluency
B Levels
Expression
C Levels
The majority of foreign language learners are satisfied at a B

Level and a few continue on. But the level at which you want to
speak a foreign language is your choice. There is no requirement
to continue to the highest level, and most people never do as a B
Level becomes their comfort zone.
( k ^
ENES
6__________________________________________________
Glossika Publications
Each Glossika publication comes in four formats:
* Print-On-Demand paperback text
* E-book text (available for various platforms)
* Glossika Mass Sentence audio files
* Glossika Spaced Repetition audio files
Some of our books include International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
as well. Just check for the IPA mark on our covers.
We strive to provide as much phonetic detail as we can in our IPA
transcriptions, but this is not always possible with every language.
As there are different ways to write IPA, our books will also let you
know whether it's an underlying pronunciation (phonemic) with
these symbols: / /, or if it's a surface pronunciation (phonetic) with
these symbols: [ ].
IPA is the most scientific and precise way to represent the sounds
of foreign languages. Including IPA in language training guides is
taking a step away from previous decades of language publishing.
We embrace the knowledge now available to everybody via
online resources like Wikipedia which allow anybody to learn the
IPA: something that could not be done before without attending
university classes.
I grew up using books that taught foreign languages in the
traditional way, for example to say // (IPA writes it as /y/) those
EN ES
books would go into elaborate detail about how to purse your

lips together with what sounds. I felt very awkward doing it until
I found a native speaker I could mimic. Then I realized it wasn't
such an awkward thing and I didn't need to hold my mouth
in such strange ways. Once I found out what this sound was, I
found it completely unnecessary to re-read these descriptions.
Once I found out what IPA was, and that there was a symbol
for this sound /y/, I started jotting it and other letters into the
pronunciation sections of my various language books meanwhile
crossing out their lengthy descriptions. The IPA really is an
international code, and if you learn what each letter represents,
you can use it to speak any language in the world with a high
degree of phonetic accuracy. In fact, you probably already know
most of the common letters in IPA.
If you haven't figured it out yet, just point your browser to
Wikipedia's IPA page to learn more about pronouncing the
languages we publish.
( k ^
ENES
8__________________________________________________
Glossika Mass Sentences (GMS)

When learning a foreign language it's best to use full sentences for
a number of reasons:
1. Pronunciation: In languages like English, our words undergo
a lot of pronunciation and intonation changes when words get
strung together in sentences which is has been well analyzed
in linguistics. This may be easy to learn for European students,
but for Asian students it can be really difficult. Likewise it is true
with languages like Chinese where the pronunciations and tones
from individual words change once they appear in a sentence. By
following the intonation and prosody of a native speaker saying a
whole sentence, it's much easier to learn rather than trying to say
string each word together individually.
2. Syntaxthe order of words, will be different than your own
language. Human thought usually occurs in complete ideas. Every
society has developed a way to express those ideas linearly by first
saying what happened (the verb), or by first saying who did it (the
agent), etc. Paying attention to this will accustom us to the way
others speak.
3. Vocabularythe meanings of words, never have just one
meaning, and their usage is always different. You always have to
learn words in context and which words they're paired with. These
are called collocations. To "commit a crime" and to "commit to
a relationship" use two different verbs in most other languages.
Never assume that learning "commit" by itself will give you the
answer. After a lifetime in lexicography, Patrick Hanks "reached
EN ES
the alarming conclusion that words don't have meaning," but

rather that "definitions listed in dictionaries can be regarded as
presenting meaning potentials rather than meanings as such." This
is why collocations are so important.
4. Grammarthe changes or morphology in words are always
in flux. Memorizing rules will not help you achieve fluency. You
have to experience them as a native speaker says them, repeat
them as a native speaker would, and through mass amount of
practice come to an innate understanding of the inner workings of
a language's morphology. Most native speakers can't explain their
own grammar. It just happens.
EN ES
10
Sentence M ining
Sentence mining can be a fun activity where you find sentences
that you like or feel useful in the language you're learning. I
suggest keeping your list of sentences in a spreadsheet that you
can re-order how you wish.
It's always a good idea to keep a list of all the sentences you're
learning or mastering. They not only encompass a lot of vocabulary
and their actual usage, or "collocations", but they give you a
framework for speaking the language. It's also fun to keep track of
your progress and see the number of sentences increasing.
Based on many tests I've conducted, I've found that students
can reach a good level of fluency with only a small number of
sentences. For example, with just 3000 sentences, each trained
10 times over a period of 5 days, for a total of 30,000 sentences
(repetitions), can make a difference between a completely mute
person who is shy and unsure how to speak and a talkative person
who wants to talk about everything. More importantly, the reps
empower you to become a stronger speaker.
The sentences we have included in our Glossika courses have been
carefully selected to give you a wide range of expression. The
sentences in our basic modules target the kinds of conversations
that you have discussing day-to-day activities, the bulk of what
makes up our real-life conversations with friends and family. For
some people these sentences may feel really boring, but these
sentences are carefully selected to represent an array of discussing
11
EN ES
events that occur in the past, the present and the future, and
whether those actions are continuous or not, even in languages
where such grammar is not explicitly markedespecially in these
languages as you need to know how to convey your thoughts. The
sentences are transparent enough that they give you the tools to
go and create dozens of more sentences based on the models we
give you.
As you work your way through our Basic Series the sentences
will cover all aspects of grammar without actually teaching you
grammar. You'll find most of the patterns used in all the tenses
and aspects, passive and active (or ergative as is the case in some
languages we're developing), indirect speech, and finally describing
events as if to a policeman. The sentences also present some
transformational patterns you can look out for. Sometimes we
have more than one way to say something in our own language,
but maybe only one in a foreign language. And the opposite is true
where we have many ways to say something whereas a foreign
language may only have one.
( k ^
ENES
12_________________________________________________
Transformation Drills
A transformation is restating the same sentence with the same
meaning, but using different words or phrasing to accomplish this.
A transformation is essentially a translation, but inside the same
language. A real example from Glossika's business module is:
- Could someone help me with my bags?
- Could I get a hand with these bags?
You may not necessarily say "hand" in a foreign language and
that's why direct translation word-for-word can be dangerous. As
you can see from these two sentences, they're translations of each
other, but they express the same meaning.
To express yourself well in a foreign language, practice the art of
restating everything you say in your mother language. Find more
ways to say the same thing.
There are in fact two kinds of transformation drills we can do.
One is transformation in our mother language and the other is
transformation into our target language, known as translation.
By transforming a sentence in your own language, you'll get better
at transforming it into another language and eventually being
able to formulate your ideas and thoughts in that language. It's a
process and it won't happen over night. Cultivate your ability day
by day.
13
EN ES
Build a bridge to your new language through translation. The

better you get, the less you rely on the bridge until one day, you
won't need it at all.
Translation should never be word for word or literal. You should
always aim to achieve the exact same feeling in the foreign
language. The only way to achieve this is by someone who can
create the sentences for you who already knows both languages to
such fluency that he knows the feeling created is exactly the same.
In fact, you'll encounter many instances in our GMS publications
where sentences don't seem to match up. The two languages are
expressed completely differently, and it seems it's wrong. Believe
us, we've not only gone over and tested each sentence in real life
situations, we've even refined the translations several times to the
point that this is really how we speak in this given situation.
( k ^
ENES
14_________________________________________________
Substitution Drills
Substitution drills are more or less the opposite of transformation
drills. Instead of restating the same thing in a different way, you're
saying a different thing using the exact same way. So using the
example from above we can create this substitution drill:
- Could someone help me with making dinner?
In this case, we have replaced the noun with a gerund phrase. The
sentence has a different meaning but it's using the same structure.
This drill also allows the learner to recognize a pattern how to
use a verb behind a preposition, especially after being exposed to
several instances of this type.
We can also combine transformation and substitution drills:
- Could someone give me a hand with making dinner?
So it is encouraged that as you get more and more experience
working through the Glossika materials, that you not only write
out and record more and more of your own conversations, but
also do more transformation and substitution drills on top of the
sentences we have included in the book.
15
EN ES
M emory
We encounter a lot of new information every day that may or may
not need to be memorized. In fact, we're doing it all the time when
we make new friends, remembering faces and other information
related to our friends.
After some experience with language learning you'll soon discover
that languages are just like a social landscape. Except instead of
interconnected friends we have interconnected words. In fact,
looking at languages in this way makes it a lot more fun as you get
familiar with all the data.
Since languages are natural and all humans are able to use them
naturally, it only makes sense to learn languages in a natural way.
In fact studies have found, and many students having achieved
fluency will attest to, the fact that words are much easier to
recognize in their written form if we already know them in the
spoken form. Remember that you already own the words you
use to speak with. The written form is just a record and it's much
easier to transfer what you know into written form than trying to
memorize something that is only written.
Trying to learn a language from the writing alone can be a real
daunting task. Learning to read a language you already speak is not
hard at all. So don't beat yourself up trying to learn how to read a
complicated script like Chinese if you have no idea how to speak
the language yet. It's not as simple as one word = one character.
And the same holds true with English as sometimes many words
make up one idea, like "get over it".
EN ES
16
What is the relationship between memory and sleep? Our brain

acquires experiences throughout the day and records them as
memories. If these memories are too common, such as eating
lunch, they get lost among all the others and we find it difficult
to remember one specific memory from the others. More
importantly such memories leave no impact or impression on us.
However, a major event like a birth or an accident obviously leaves
a bigger impact. We attach importance to those events.
Since our brain is constantly recording our daily life, it collects a
lot of useless information. Since this information is both mundane
and unimportant to us, our brain has a built-in mechanism to deal
with it. In other words, our brains dump the garbage every day.
Technically speaking our memories are connections between our
nerve cells and these connections lose strength if they are not
recalled or used again.
During our sleep cycles our brain is reviewing all the events of
the day. If you do not recall those events the following day, the
memory weakens. After three sleep cycles, consider a memory
gone if you haven't recalled it. Some memories can be retained
longer because you may have anchored it better the first time you
encountered it. An anchor is connecting your memory with one of
your senses or another pre-existing memory. During your language
learning process, this won't happen until later in your progress. So
what can you do in the beginning?
A lot of memory experts claim that making outrageous stories
about certain things they're learning help create that anchor
where otherwise none would exist. Some memory experts picture
17
EN ES
a house in their mind that they're very familiar with and walk
around that house in a specific pre-arranged order. Then all the
objects they're memorizing are placed in that house in specific
locations. In order to recall them, they just walk around the house
I personally have had no luck making outrageous stories to
memorize things. I've found the house method very effective
but it's different than the particular way I use it. This method is a
form of "memory map", or spatial memory, and for me personally
I prefer using real world maps. This probably originates from my
better than average ability to remember maps, so if you can,
then use it! It's not for everybody though. It really works great for
learning multiple languages.
What do languages and maps have in common? Everything can
be put on a map, and languages naturally are spoken in locations
and spread around and change over time. These changes in
pronunciations of words creates a word history, or etymology.
And by understanding how pronunciations change over time and
where populations migrated, it's quite easy to remember a large
number of data with just a memory map. This is how I anchor
new languages I'm learning. I have a much bigger challenge when
I try a new language family. So I look for even deeper and longer
etymologies that are shared between language families, anything
to help me establish a link to some core vocabulary. Some words
like "I" (think Old English "ic") and "me/mine" are essentially the
same roots all over the world from Icelandic (Indo-European) to
Finnish (Uralic) to Japanese (Altaic?) to Samoan (Austronesian).
EN ES
18
I don't confuse languages because in my mind every language

sounds unique and has its own accent and mannerisms. I can also
use my memory map to position myself in the location where the
language is spoken and imagine myself surrounded by the people
of that country. This helps me adapt to their expressions and
mannerisms, but more importantly, eliminates interference from
other languages. And when I mentally set myself up in this way,
the chance of confusing a word from another language simply
doesn't happen.
When I've actually used a specific way of speaking and I've done it
several days in a row, I know that the connections in my head are
now strengthening and taking root. Not using them three days in
a row creates a complete loss, however actively using them (not
passively listening) three days in a row creates a memory that
stays for a lifetime. Then you no longer need the anchors and the
memory is just a part of you.
You'll have noticed that the Glossika training method gives a
translation for every sentence, and in fact we use translation as
one of the major anchors for you. In this way 1) the translation
acts as an anchor, 2) you have intelligible input, 3) you easily
start to recognize patterns. Pattern recognition is the single most
important skill you need for learning a foreign language.
A lot of people think that translation should be avoided at all costs
when learning a foreign language. However, based on thousands
of tests I've given my students over a ten-year period, I've found
that just operating in the foreign language itself creates a false
sense of understanding and you have a much higher chance of
19
EN ES
hurting yourself in the long run by creating false realities.

I set up a specific test. I asked my students to translate back into
their mother tongue (Chinese) what they heard me saying. These
were students who could already hold conversations in English.
I found the results rather shocking. Sentences with certain word
combinations or phrases really caused a lot of misunderstanding,
like "might as well" or "can't do it until", resulted in a lot of
guesswork and rather incorrect answers.
If you assume you can think and operate in a foreign language
without being able to translate what's being said, you're fooling
yourself into false comprehension. Train yourself to translate
everything into your foreign language. This again is an anchor that
you can eventually abandon when you become very comfortable
with the new language.
Finally, our brain really is a sponge. But you have to create the
structure of the sponge. Memorizing vocabulary in a language
that you don't know is like adding water to a sponge that has no
structure: it all flows out.
In order to create a foreign language structure, or "sponge", you
need to create sentences that are natural and innate. You start
with sentence structures with basic, common vocabulary that's
easy enough to master and start building from there. With less
than 100 words, you can build thousands of sentences to fluency,
slowly one by one adding more and more vocabulary. Soon, you're
speaking with natural fluency and you have a working vocabulary
of several thousand words.
EN ES
20
If you ever learn new in isolation, you have to start using it

immediately in meaningful sentences. Hopefully sentences
you want to use. If you can't make a sentence with it, then the
vocabulary is useless.
Vocabulary shouldn't be memorized haphazardly because
vocabulary itself is variable. The words we use in our language are
only a tool for conveying a larger message, and every language
uses different words to convey the same message. Look for the
message, pay attention to the specific words used, then learn
those words. Memorizing words from a wordlist will not help you
with this task.
Recently a friend showed me his wordlist for learning Chinese,
using a kind of spaced repetition flashcard program where he
could download a "deck". I thought it was a great idea until I saw
the words he was trying to learn. I tried explaining that learning
these characters out of context do not have the meanings on
his cards and they will mislead him into a false understanding,
especially individual characters. This would only work if they
were a review from a text he had read, where all the vocabulary
appeared in real sentences and a story to tell, but they weren't.
From a long-term point of view, I could see that it would hurt him
and require twice as much time to re-learn everything. From the
short-term point of view, there was definitely a feeling of progress
and mastery and he was happy with that and I dropped the issue.
21
EN ES
Glossika Spaced Repetition

Glossika's spaced repetition program (GSR) focuses specifically
on building stronger memories in the first four days. These are
crucial days to strengthen those new memories. As you proceed
through the program, 10 days... 20 days... 30 days... as so many
sentence patterns are repeated and new vocabulary introduced,
your pattern recognition ability will really strengthen and the
foreign language will just open up to you. If you've been repeating
everything as you go along, you'll have discovered a new ability to
manipulate this new language not only in your mind but with your
tongue as well.
The GSR files introduce the material at a more relaxed pace,
completing one module in 100 days. For a lot of people, this still
means tremendous progress.
GSR files have the following benefits:
* Sequentially numbered from Day 1 to Day 100 (we also provide
101-104 as four extra days of review)
* Short: an average of 15 minutes per file
* Bilingual: comprehensible input so you understand what you're
hearing
* Built-in Review: each file reviews the new sentences from the
previous 4 files
For ambitious language learners, the pace may feel too slow in
which case you can do whatever you feel comfortable doing. For
example if you have the time, you could listen to 2 files daily in
sequential order thereby finishing the course in just 50 days.
EN ES
22
Theoretically you could listen to 4 files daily and repeat two

of them every day and still finish in 50 days, so that you really
reinforce the material.
Some people may feel that our 100-day schedule is still too
ambitious. Then what? If you have the time, then listen to three
files daily, two of which are repeated, one of which is new. I did
this myself with the Thai introductory course once I got up past
day 25 because I just needed the extra reinforcement. Again, just
do whatever feels the most natural for you.
23
EN ES
H ow to Use GMS and GSR

The best way to use GMS is to find a certain time of day that works
best for you where you can concentrate. It doesn't have to be a lot
of time, maybe just 30 minutes at most is fine. If you have more
time, even better. Then schedule that time to be your study time
every day.
Try to tackle anywhere from 10 to 50 sentences per day in the
GMS. Do what you're comfortable with.
Review the first 50 sentences in the book to get an idea of what
will be said. Then listen to the A files. If you can, try to write all
the sentences down from the files as dictation without looking at
the text. This will force you to differentiate all the sounds of the
language. If you don't like using the A files, you can switch to the C
files which only have the target language.
After dictation, check your work for any mistakes. These mistakes
should tell you a lot that you will improve on the next day.
Go through the files once again, repeating all the sentences. Then
record yourself saying all the sentences. Ideally, you should record
these sentences four to five days in a row in order to become very
familiar with them.
All of the activities above may take more than one day or one
setting, so go at the pace that feels comfortable for you.
EN ES
24
If this schedule is too difficult to adhere to, or you find that

dictation and recording is too much, then take a more relaxed
approach with the GSR files. The GSR files in most cases are
shorter than twenty minutes, some go over due to the length of
the sentences. But this is the perfect attention span that most
people have anyway. By the end of the GSR files you should feel
pretty tired, especially if you're trying to repeat everything.
The GSR files are numbered from Day 1 to Day 100. Just do one
every day, as all the five days of review sentences are built in. It's
that simple! Good luck.
Don't forget we also provide services at our Glossika Training
Center in case you need any more help.
25
EN ES
Spanish Pronunciation
Classification
Castilian Spanish is closely related to the other Romance languages
(languages of the Romans) descended from Latin and lies about
halfway between French and Portuguese, so it shares many
traits with these two languages and other languages spoken
between them such as Galician, Catalan and Occitan. Any previous
knowledge of another Romance language, including Italian, will
help you immensely in acquiring Spanish.
Spanish has many dialects and the version we use in this book is
the dialect spoken in the capital of Spain: Madrid. This dialect is
known for a feature called "ceceo" which means all the letters {c}
and {z} are pronounced like the English {th}, an interdental. The
Andalusian dialect spoken in southern Spain, and most of Latin
America speak "seseo" which means that {c} is pronounced like
{s}. No matter which dialect you learn, you won't have problems
communicating. Each country has a few different vocabulary words
(like English boot vs. trunk, lorry vs. truck) and you can easily
accustom yourself when you visit different countries.
Grammar
This fluency series of books does not go into grammatical detail.
This is why we recommend to use this course as a supplement to
other studies, but if you are using it alone, then you can get a lot
of the grammatical explanation online from Wikipedia and videos
that teachers have shared.
EN ES
26
When getting started with Spanish, it is important to pay attention

to verb/noun/adjective endings as they carry additional meanings.
Since verbs indicate who did the action, it is common to drop the
pronouns.
Due to differences between your language and Spanish, we advise
you never to get stuck analyzing just one sentence. Sometimes
word orders are different. Oftentimes there is not enough data in
one sentence to deduce what is happening. To take this method
to heart, start of by going through the whole book listening to
all 1000 sentences and take some occasional notes when you
notice patterns. By learning how to notice these patterns, you are
building the skills you need for natural language acquisition. Don't
try to memorize any single sentence or any grammatical rules. Get
a feel for how the sentences flow off the tongue.
The native speaker will speak long strings of syllables in such
rapid succession that you'll find it impossible to follow or imitate
in the beginning. This is due to the same problem: too small of
a data set to extract or deduce what you need to learn. To learn
effectively, or whenever you get stuck, just sit back with your book
and relax, play through all 1000 sentences in a single setting and
let the repetitive parts of the phrases fill your ears and your brain.
Soon you'll be on the right track to mimicking these phrases just
as a child does. A child will always have a rough approximation
of speech before the age of five, but has no problem in saying
complete sentences. So always focus first on fluency and continue
to work hard on perfecting your pronunciation, intonation, and
accent.
27
EN ES
As a foreigner, it may take you many years to master the language.

We've given you about six to twelve months of training here
depending on your personal schedule. Everything included here
is just the basic of basics, so you really need to get to the point
where all of these sentences become quite easy to manipulate
and produce, and then you can spend the next five to ten years
conversing in Spanish and learning how to say more and more,
learning directly inside the language without the need for
translating. We've given you the tools to get to that point.
Structure
The stress is indicated in Spanish words by the acute accent.
Words that end in the consonants {z, r, l} carry the stress, unless
already indicated earlier in the word. If you do not see any stress
indication, then the stress is on the penultimate syllable.
Names
The Glossika Fluency series is a global production with over a
hundred languages in development, so we include names from
all the major languages and cultures around the world. Many
of these are foreign to Castilian Spanish speakers, and probably
including yourself. However, it is of particular interest to us how
languages deal with foreign names, both in localizing and dealing
with them grammatically. In this edition we have not attempted to
write the pronunciation of names, but left the pronunciation up to
the native speaker. However, note how word endings are attached
to names, because as a foreigner speaking Castilian, you will
undoubtedly have to use foreign names. Also use these names to
your advantage, as an anchor in each sentence to figure out how
all the other parts of speech interact with the name.
EN ES
28
IPA
Almost all language teaching books over the last century have
resorted to awkward explanations of pronunciation. You may have
seen lots of strange pronunciation guides over the years in all
kinds of publications. The problem with these kinds of publications
is many-fold. Many times the pronunciation being taught is very
specific to American pronunciation in particular, which means even
if you're not American, you'll end up pronouncing the language
you're learning like an American. I've seen similar devices used in
British publications, but many times when I see a book explain:
"pronounce it like the vowel in 'hear'" I have no idea which
version of English they're referring to. The British books often
make references to Scottish speakers, which is not really common
knowledge for Americans. So I think it is important to consider
where your readers are coming from without making assumptions.
The second problem is why would anybody want to pronounce the
language they're learning like an American? Isn't the point to learn
pronunciation as closely as we can to the way native speakers
speak? In any case, I always work hard at eliminating a trace of my
foreign accent when speaking other languages. It also puts your
listeners at ease as they won't have to strain so hard to understand
what you're saying. I will avoid criticizing all the problems related
to the transcription of such a pronunciation guide and why it is
misleading, and focus our attention instead to amazing solutions.
Over the last century our knowledge of phonetics has improved
greatly. All of this knowledge seems to have been known by the
elite few professors and students of Linguistics departments
scattered around the globe. But with the internet comes the
29
EN ES
explosion of information that is now accessible to everybody. Not

only that, but language learners, even average language learners,
are a lot smarter about the process of going about learning other
languages than people were just a mere twenty or thirty years ago.
It is now possible for teenagers to achieve fluency in any number
of languages they want from the comfort of their own home
just by using the resources available on the internet. I personally
attempted to do so when I was a teenager without the internet,
and trying to make sense of languages with very little data or
explanation was quite frustrating.
As well-informed language learners of the twenty-first century, we
now have access to all the tools that make languages much easier
to learn. If you can read other languages as well, there are literally
thousands of blogs, discussion groups, communities and places
to go on the internet to learn everything you want to know about
language learning. There is still a lot of misinformation getting
passed around, but the community is maturing. The days of using
such hackneyed pronunciation guides are hopefully over.
All the secrets that linguists have had are now available to the
general public. Linguists have been using the International
Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) as a standard for recording languages,
where every letter is given one and only one sound, what is called
a point of articulation. This enables linguists to talk about linguistic
phenomena in a scientific and precise way. Since the point of
articulation can be slightly different from language to language, a
single letter like /t/ does not have a very specific point, but just a
general area that we can call "alveolar" the location known as the
alveolar ridge behind the teeth. IPA has extra diacritics available
EN ES
30
to indicate where the /t/ is to be pronounced. In a lot of cases,

this information is not necessary for talking about the language in
broad terms, especially topics unrelated to pronunciation, so as
long as the language has no other kind of /t/ in that same area,
there's no need to indicate the precise location: this is known as
phonemic.
English is a good example. For example, we don't think about
it much that {t} is pronounced differently in "take", "wanted",
"letter", "stuff" and "important". If you're an American, the {t} in
each of these words is actually pronounced differently: aspirated,
as a nasal, as a flap, unaspirated, as a glottal stop. Maybe you
never even realized it. But to a foreign learner of English, hearing
all these different sounds can get very confusing especially when
everybody says "it's a T!" but in reality they're saying different
things. It's not that Americans don't hear the different sounds, it's
just that they label all of the sounds as {t} which causes Americans
to assume that what they're actually hearing are the same. What
is more difficult however is to learn when a {t} is pronounced as
a glottal stop or as a flap, etc. The task for the language learner is
often underestimated by teachers.
Many letters in English have these variations which are called
"allophones" and we can record them as separate letters in IPA or
with diacritical marks. In order to indicate that this pronunciation
is "precise" I should use square brackets: [th, t=, r, ?]. So we can
say that although English has one phonemic /t/, in reality there
are many allophones. Actually every language has allophones! So
what we learn as spelling, or in a book, usually is just the general
phonemic guide, and it differs quite a bit from the way people
_________________________________________________ 31
EN ES
actually speak with allophones. When I'm learning a foreign

language I always ask what the allophones are because it helps me
speak that language much clearer and much more like a native.
Why does a language learner need a "precise" pronunciation
guide?
Let's take the English learner again. If that person is told to always
pronounce {t} exactly the same way, then his speech will actually
become very emphatic, unnatural sounding and forced. To native
speakers this learner will always have a strong foreign accent,
have choppy pronunciation and be difficult to understand. We
should always set our goals high enough even if we can't attain
them perfectly, but at least we're pushing ourselves to achieve
more than we would have otherwise. So if you have an accurate
transcription of native speakers which indicates all the variations
that they use, you will have access to a wealth of information that
no other language learner had access to before. Not only that but
you have the tools available for perfecting your pronunciation.
There is no better solution than IPA itself, the secret code of the
linguists. Now the IPA is available in Wikipedia with links for each
letter to separate pages with recordings and a list of languages
that use those sounds.
From the beginning you must take note that Spanish has absolutely
no aspirated sounds, so that the English {p, t, k} are completely
different from Spanish {p, t, k}. To summarize:
EN ES
32
English {p, t, k} = lots of aspiration (puff of air)

Spanish {p, t, k} = no aspiration whatsoever. To the untrained
English ear, they may actually sound like {b, d, g}, but that means
you just need more exposure and practice. The Spanish {b, d, g}
are a bit more voiced and fricative than what English speakers are
accustomed to. In fact, the letters {b, v} have merged into a bilabial
fricative (pronounced like {v} but on the lips not using any teeth).
You'll notice in our IPA transcription though that sometimes both
{b, v} will still be pronounced /b/ after some letters and at the
beginning of words.
Please consult the IPA transcription whenever in doubt.
Don't forget that if you ever get frustrated, just go back through
all 1000 sentences and relax while you listen. No need to force
yourself to remember or repeat during this. This is just to help
clear your mind of a few problematic sentences. Chances are, if
you keep moving through all the sentences, those troublesome
sentences will no longer be troublesome when you loop back
around again.
33
EN ES
EN ES
34
ik *
The weather's nice today.
Hoy hace buen tiempo.
[ oj 0e bwen tjempo 11
I'm not rich.
[Yo] no soy crico ($rica).
[ jo no soj rko rka 11
This bag's heavy.
Esta bolsa es pesada.
[ sta bolsa es pesa 11
35
EN ES
These bags are heavy.
Estas bolsas son pesadas.
[ stas bolsas som pesas 11
Look, there's my friend.
Mira [t], ah est mi
S amigo ( 9 amiga).
[ mira t | ai est mi amyo amya 11
My brother and I are good tennis players.
Mi hermano y yo somos buenos jugadores de tenii
[ mi ermno i jo somos bwnos xuyares de tenis 11
EN ES
36
ik *
His mother's at home. He's at school.
Su madre est en casa. [l] est en el colegio.
[ su mfe est eg ksa 11 l est en l kolywjo 11 ]
Her children are at school.
Sus hijos estn en el colegio.
[ sus xos estn en l kolywjo 11
I'm a taxi driver.
[Yo] soy taxista.
[ jo soj takssta 11
37
My sister's a nurse.
Mi hermana es enfermera.
[ mi ermna es ergfermra 11
He's sick. He's in bed.
[l] est enfermo. [l] est en la cama.
[ l est eirjfrmo 11 l est en la kma 11
I'm not hungry, but I'm thirsty.
[Yo] no tengo hambre, pero tengo sed.
[ jo no tggo mbre | pro tggo s 11
EN ES
EN ES
38
ik *
He's a very old man. He's ninety-eight years old.
[l] es un hombre muy viejo. [l] tiene noventa y

ocho aos.
[ l es un mbre muj bjxo 11 l tjne noj3nta i tfo jios
II]
These chairs aren't beautiful, but they're comfortable.
Estas sillas no son bonitas, pero son cmodas.
[ stas sAas no son bonitas | pro sog kmoas 11
The weather's warm and sunny today.
Hoy el tiempo es caliente y soleado.
[ oj l tjmpo es kaljnte i soleo 11
39
EN ES
You're late. No, I'm not! I'm early.
[T] llegas tarde. No, yo no,[yo] llego pront<
[ t Ayas tre 11 no | jo no | jo Ayo pronto 11
She isn't home. She's at work.
[Ella] no est en casa. [Ella] est en el trabajo.
[ Xa no est eg ksa 11 Xa est en l tra]3xo 11
Here's your coat.
Aqu est tu abrigo.
[ ak est tu a|3ryo 11
><*
EN ES
40
What's your name?
Cmo te llamas [t]?
[ kmo te mas t 11
My name's Alan.
[Yo] Me llamo Alan.
[ jo me mo ... 11
Where are you from?
De dnde eres [t]?
[ de dnde res t 11
I'm from New York.
[Yo] soy de Nueva York.
[ jo soj de nwj3a jork 11 ]
How old are you?
Cuantos aos tienes [t]?
[ kwntos jios tjnes t 11
I'm twenty years old.
[Yo] tengo veinte aos.
[ jo trjgo bjnte jios 11 ]
EN ES
42
ik *
What's your job?
Cul es tu trabajo?
[ kwl es tu tra|3xo 11
I'm a teacher.
[Yo] soy (^profesor (^profesora).
[ jo soj profesor profesora 11
What's your favorite color?
Cul es tu color favorito?
[ kwl es tu kolr favorito 11
My favorite color is blue.
Mi color favorito es el azul.
(]%) [ mi kolr favorito es l a0l 11 ]
What are you interested in?
Cules son tus intereses?
[ kwles son tus interses 11
I'm interested in music.
[A m] Me interesa la msica.
fig)
[ a m me intersa la m sika 11 ]
EN ES
44
ik *
It's hot today.
Hoy hace calor.
[ oj 0e kalr 11 ]
It isn't hot today.
Hoy no hace calor.
[ oj no 0e kalr 11
It's windy today.
Hoy hace viento.
[ oj 0e bjnto 11
It isn't windy today.
Hoy no hace viento.
(]%) [ oj no 0e bjento 11 ]
My hands are cold.
Mis manos estn fras.
[ mis manos estn) fras 11
Brazil is a very big country.
Brasil es un pas muy grande.
(]%) [ brasil es um pas muj grande 11 ]
EN ES
46
ik *
Diamonds are not cheap.
Los diamantes no son baratos.
[ los djamntes no son baratos 11 ]
Toronto isn't in the United States.
Toronto no est en los Estados Unidos.
[ tornto no est en los estados unios 11
I'm tired.
[Yo] estoy
[ jo stoj kanso kansa 11
$cansado (5 cansada).
47
I'm not tired.
[Yo] no estoy
[ jo no stoj kanso kansa 11
I'm hungry.
cansado (^cansada).
[Yo] tengo hambre.
[ jo tggo mbre 11
I'm not hungry.
[Yo] no tengo hambre.
[ jo no tggo mbre 11
EN ES
EN ES
48
ik *
He's a good swimmer.
[l] es un buen nadador.
[ l es un bwen naar 11
I'm not interested in politics.
[Yo] no estoy cointeresado ($ interesada) en poltica.
[ jo no stoj intereso interesa em poltika 11
What's your name?
Cmo te llamas [t]?
[ kmo te mas t 11
My name's Amanda.
[Yo] Me llamo Amanda.
[ jo me mo amnda 11
Are you married?
Ests [t] encasado ($ casada)?
[ ests t kaso kasa 11
No, I'm single.
No, [yo] soy
[ no | jo soj soltro soltra 11 ]
S soltero (^soltera).
EN ES
50
ik *
How old are you?
Cuntos aos tienes [t]?
[ kwntos jios tjnes t 11 ]
I'm twenty-five.
[Yo] tengo veinticinco aos.
[ jo tggo bejntiGgko jios 11
Are you a student?
[T] Eres estudiante?
[ t res estujnte 11
Yes, I am.
S, [yo] soy estudiante.
(7g> [ s | jo soj estujnte 11 ]
Am I late?
Llego tarde [yo]?
[ Xyo tre jo 11
No, you're on time.
No, [t] llegas a la hora.
[ no | t Ayas a la ra 11 ]
EN ES
52
ik *
Is your mother at home?
Est tu madre en casa?
[ est tu mre eg ksa 11
No, she's out.
No, [ella] ha salido.
[ no | Xa a salido 11
Are your parents at home?
Estn tus padres en casa?
[ estn tus pres eg ksa 11
No, they're out.
No, [ellos] han salido.
[ no | os an salo 11 ]
Is it cold in your room?
Hace fro en tu habitacin?
[ 0e fro en tu aj3ita0jn 11 ]
Yes, a little.
S, un poco.
[ s | um pko 11 ]
EN ES
54
ik *
Your shoes are nice. Are they new?
Tus zapatos son bonitos. Son nuevos?
[ tus Gaptos son bonitos 11 son nw]3os 11 ]
Yes, they are.
S, [ellos] lo son.
[ s | Xos lo son 11
Where's your mother? Is she at home?
Dnde est tu madre? Est [ella] en casa?
[ dnde est tu mre 11 est Xa eg ksa 11
Where are you from?
De dnde eres [t]?
(]%) [ de dnde res t 11 ]
I'm from Canada.
[Yo] soy de Canad.
[ jo soj de kana 11
What color is your car?
De qu color es tu coche?
[ de k kolr es tu ktfe 11 ]
EN ES
56
ik *
It's red.
Es rojo.
[ es rxo 11
How old is Hassan?
Cuntos aos tiene Hassan?
[ kwntos jios tjne ... 11
He's twenty-four.
[l] tiene veinticuatro aos.
[ l tjne bejntikwtro jios 11
57
How are your parents?
Cmo estn tus padres?
[ kmo estn tus pres 11
They're doing fine.
[Ellos] estn bien.
[ Xos estn bjen 11
These postcards are nice. How much are they?
Estas postales son bonitas. Cunto cuestan?
[ stas postles son bonitas 11 kwnto kwstan 11
EN ES
EN ES
58
ik *
They're a dollar.
Cuestan un dlar.
[ kwstan un dlar 11
This hotel isn't very good. Why is it so expensive?
Este hotel no es muy bueno. Por qu es tan caro?
[ ste otl no es mu] bwno 11 pr k es tag kro 11
What's your phone number?
Cul es tu nmero de telfono?
[ kwl es tu nmero de telfono 11
Who's that man?
Quin es ese hombre?
(7g> [ kjn es se mbre 11 ]
He's the boss.
[l] es el jefe.
[ l es l xfe 11 ]
Where's your friend?
Dnde est tu S amigo ($ amiga)?
[ dnde est tu anuyo anuya 11 ]
EN ES
60
ik *
She's in the bathroom.
['l ( 9 ella)] est en el bao.
[ l Xa est en l bjio 11
How's your father?
Cmo est tu padre?
[ kmo est tu pre 11
He's doing great.
[l] est muy bien.
[ l est mu] bjen 11
Are you tired?
Ests
cansado ($ cansada)?
[ ests kanso kansa 11 ]
Yes, I am.
S, [yo] lo estoy.
[ s | jo lo stoj 11 ]
Are you hungry?
Tienes hambre [t]?
[ tjnes mbre t 11 ]
No, but I'm thirsty.
No, pero [yo] tengo sed.
[ no | pro jo tggo s 11 ]
Is your friend Chinese?
Tu amigo es chino?
[ tu anuyo es tfno 11
Are these your keys?
Son estas tus llaves?
[ son stas tus X|3es 11 ]
Yes, they are.
S, lo son.
[ s | lo son 11
That's my seat.
Ese es mi asiento.
[ se es mi asjnto 11 ]
EN ES
64
ik *
No, it isn't.
No, no lo es.
[ no | no lo es 11
Where's the camera?
Dnde est la camara?
[ dnde est la kamra 11
It's in your bag.
Est en tu bolsa.
[ est en tu bolsa 11
Is your car blue?
Es tu coche azul?
[ es tu ktfe a0l 11 ]
No, it's black.
No, es negro.
[ no | es nyro 11 ]
Is Lisa from Toronto?
Lisa es de Toronto?
[ lisa es de tornto 11
EN ES
66
ik *
No, she's American.
No, [ella] es americana.
[ no | Xa es amerikna 11
Am I late?
Llego [yo] tarde?
[ Ayo jo tre 11
Yes, you are.
S, [t] llegas tarde.
[ s | t yas tre 11
Where's Layla from?
De dnde es Layla?
[ de dnde es ... 11 ]
She's from London.
[Ella] es de Londres.
[ Xa es de lndres 11
What color is your bag?
De qu color es tu bolsa?
[ de k kolr es tu bolsa 11 ]
EN ES
68
ik *
It's black.
Es negra.
[ es nyra 11
Are you hungry?
[T] Tienes hambre?
[ t tjnes mbre 11
No, I'm not.
No, [yo] no tengo hambre.
[ no | jo no tggo mbre 11
How's John?
Cmo est John?
(7g> [ kmo est ... 11 ]
He's fine.
[l] est bien.
[ l est bjen 11
Who's that woman?
Quin es esa mujer?
[ kjn es sa muxr 11 ]
EN ES
70
ik *
She's my sister.
[Ella] es mi hermana.
[ Xa es mi ermna 11
Is your mother at home?
Est tu madre en casa?
[ est tu mre eg ksa 11
How are your parents?
Cmo estn tus padres?
[ kmo estn tus pres 11
Is your job interesting?
Tu trabajo es interesante?
[ tu tra^xo es interesnte 11 ]
Are the stores open today?
Estn las tiendas abiertas hoy?
[ estn las tjndas a|3jftas oj 11
Where are you from?
De dnde eres [t]?
[ de dnde res t 11 ]
EN ES
72
ik *
Are you interested in sports?
Te interesan los deportes [a t]?
[ te intersan los deportes a t 11
Is the post office near here?
Est la oficina de correos cerca de aqu?
[ est la ofiGna de koreos Grka de ak 11
Are your children at school?
Estn tus hijos en el colegio?
[ estn tus xos en l kolywjo 11
Why are you late?
Por qu llegas tarde [t]?
[ pr k Xyas tre t 11 ]
How are your children?
Cmo estn tus
hijos ( 9 hijas)?
[ kmo estn tus xos xas 11
They're fine.
[cÊllos] ([pellas]) estn bien.
[ Aos Xas estn bjen 11 ]
EN ES
74
ik *
Where's the bus stop?
Dnde est la parada del autobs?
[ dnde est la paraba dl awtojMs 11
At the stoplight.
Donde el semforo.
[ dnde l semforo 11
How old are your children?
Cuntos aos tienen tus hijos?
[ kwntos jios tjnen tus xos 11
Five, seven, and ten.
Cinco, siete y diez.
[ 0gko | sjete i dje0 11 ]
How much are these oranges?
Cunto cuestan estas naranjas?
[ kwnto kwstan stas naranxas 11
A dollar fifty a pound.
Un euro con cuarenta el kilo.
[ un euro kog kwarnta l kilo 11 ]
EN ES
76
ik *
What's your favorite sport?
Cul es tu deporte favorito?
[ kwl es tu deprte favorito 11 ]
My favorite sport is skiing.
Mi deporte favorito es el esqu.
[ mi deprte favorito es l esk 11
Who's the man in this photo?
Quin es el hombre en esta foto?
[ kjn es l mbre en sta foto 11
77
That's my father.
[l] es mi padre.
[ l es mi pre 11
What color are your new shoes?
De qu color son tus zapatos nuevos?
[ de k kolr son tus 0aptos nwj3os 11
They're black.
Son negros.
[ son nyros 11
EN ES
EN ES
78
ik *
What's your name?
Cmo te llamas [t]?
[ kmo te mas t 11
I'm Brian.
[Yo] me llamo Brian.
[ jo me mo ... 11
Are you Australian?
Eres australiano [t]?
[ res awstraljno t 11
No, I'm Canadian.
No, [yo] soy canadiense.
[ no | jo soj kanajnse 11
How old are you?
Cuntos aos tienes [t]?
[ kwntos jios tjnes t 11
I'm thirty-three.
[Yo] tengo treinta y tres aos.
[ tggo trjnta i tres jios 11 ]
EN ES
80
ik *
Are you a teacher?
Eres ^profesor (^profesora) [t]?
[ res profesor profesora t 11 ]
No, I'm a doctor.
No, [yo] soy mdico.
[ no | jo soj miko 11
Are you married?
Ests [t] encasado ($ casada)?
[ ests t kaso kasa 11
Yes, I am.
S, [yo] lo estoy.
Is your wife a doctor?
Tu mujer es mdico?
[ tu muxr es miko 11
No, she's a teacher.
No, [ella] es profesora.
[ no | Xa es profesora 11 ]
EN ES
82
ik *
Where is she from?
De dnde es [ella]?
[ de dnde es Xa 11
She's from Mexico.
[Ella] es de Mjico.
[ Xa es de mxiko 11
What's her name?
Cmo se llama [ella]?
[ kmo se ma Xa 11
Her name is
[Ella] se llama Brbara.
(7g> [ Xa se Xma brbara 11 ]
How old is she?
Cuntos aos tiene [ella]?
[ kwntos jios tjne Xa 11
She's twenty-six.
[Ella] tiene veintisis aos.
[ Xa tjne bejntisjs jios 11 ]
EN ES
84
ik *
Are you married? No, I'm not.
Ests [t] encasado ($ casada)? [Yo] No lo

estoy.
[ ests t kasSo kasa 11 jo no lo stoj 11 ]
Are you thirsty? Yes, I am.
Tienes sed [t]? [Yo] No tengo sed.
[ tjnes s t 11 jo no tggo s 11
Is it cold today? No, it isn't.
Hace fro hoy? No lo hace.
[ 0e fro oj 11 no lo 0e 11 ]
85
EN ES
Are your hands cold? No, they aren't.
Tienes [t] las manos fras? [Yo] No las tengo.
[ tjnes t las manos fras 11 jo no las tggo 11
Is it dark now? Yes, it is.
Est oscuro ahora? S lo est.
[ est oskro ara 11 s lo est 11
Are you a teacher? Yes, I am.
Eres profesor [t]? S, [yo] lo soy.
[ res profesor t 11 s | jo lo soj 11
EN ES
86
ik *
I'm working. I'm not watching TV.
[Yo] estoy trabajando. [Yo] no estoy viendo la

televisin.
[ jo stoj trajlaxndo 11 jo no stoj bjndo la telej3isjn

]
Barbara is reading a newspaper.
Brbara est leyendo un peridico.
[ brbara est lejndo um perjiko 11
She isn't eating.
[Ella] no est comiendo.
[ Xa no est komjndo 11
The phone is ringing.
El telfono est sonando.
[ l telfono est sonndo 11
We're having dinner.
[Nosotros] estamos cenando.
[ nosotros estmos Genndo 11
You're not listening to me.
[T] no me ests escuchando.
[ t no me ests eskutfndo 11 ]
EN ES
88
ik *
The children are doing their homework.
Los nios estn haciendo los deberes.
[ los njios estn aGjndo los deJ3res 11
Please be quiet. I'm working.
Silencio por favor. [Yo] estoy trabajando.
[ silnGjo pr fa|3f 11jo stoj traj3axndo 11
The weather's nice. It's not raining.
Hace buen tiempo. No est lloviendo.
[ 0e bwen tjmpo 11 no est Aoj3ndo 11
89
EN ES
Where are the children? They're playing in the park.
Dnde estn los nios? [Ellos] Estn jugando

en el parque.
[ dnde estn los njios 11 Xos estn xuyndo en l

prke || ]
We're having dinner now. Can I call you later?
[Nosotros] estamos cenando ahora. Te puedo

llamar ms tarde [yo]?
[ nosotros estmos Genndo ara 11 te pwo Xamr ms
tre jo ||
I'm not watching TV.
[Yo] no estoy viendo la televisin.
[ jo no stoj bjndo la tele]3isjn 11
EN ES
90
ik *
She's eating an apple.
[Ella] est comindose una manzana.
[ Xa est komjendse na manGna 11 ]
He's waiting for a bus.
[l] est esperando al autobs.
[ l est esperndo l awtojMs 11
They're playing soccer.
[Ellos] estn jugando al ftbol.
[ Aos estn xuyndo l ftflol 11
He's lying on the floor.
[l] est tumbado en el suelo.
[ l est tumbo en l zwlo 11 ]
We're eating breakfast.
[Nosotros] estamos desayunando.
[ nosotros estmos desajunndo 11
She's sitting on the table.
[Ella] est sentada a la mesa.
[ Xa est senta a la msa 11 ]
EN ES
92
ik *
He's in the kitchen. He's cooking.
[l] est en la cocina. [l] est cocinando.
[ l est en la koGna 11 l est koGinndo 11
You stepped on my foot. I'm sorry.
Me has pisado [t]. [Yo] Lo siento.
[ me as piso t 11 jo lo sjnto 11
Somebody is swimming in the river.
Alguien est nadando en el ro.
[ lywjen est nando en l ro 11
93
EN ES
We're here on vacation. We're staying at a hotel on the

beach.
[Nosotros] estamos aqu de vacaciones. Estamos en

un hotel en la playa.
[ nosotros estmos ak de bakaGjnes 11 estamos en un

otl en la plaja 11
Where's Tara? She's taking a shower.
Dnde est Tara? [Ella] est duchndose.
[ dnde est tra 11 Xa est dudndose 11
They're building a new hotel downtown.
[Ellos] estn construyendo un hotel en el centro.
[ Aos estr) konstrwjendo un otl en l Gntro 11 ]
bik*
EN ES
94
ik *
I'm leaving now, goodbye.
[Yo] me voy ahora, adis.
[ jo me boj ara | ajs 11
She isn't having dinner.
[Ella] no est cenando.
[ Xa no est Benndo 11
She's watching TV.
[Ella] est viendo la televisin.
[ Xa est bjndo la telejhsjn 11
She's sitting on the floor.
[Ella] est sentada en el suelo.
[ Xa est senta en l zwlo 11
She's reading a book.
[Ella] est leyendo un libro.
[ Xa est lejndo un lj3ro 11
He's not playing the piano.
[l] no est tocando el piano.
[ l no est tokndo l pjano 11 ]
EN ES
96
ik *
He's laughing.
[l] se est riendo.
[ l se est rjndo 11
He's wearing a hat.
[l] lleva un gorro puesto.
[ l ]3a un gro pwsto 11
He's not writing a letter.
[l] no est escribiendo una carta.
[ l no est eskri]3jndo na krta 11
97
I'm not washing my hair.
[Yo] no me estoy lavando el pelo.
[ jo no me stoj laj3ndo l plo 11
It isn't snowing.
No est nevando.
[ no est nej3ndo 11
I'm sitting on a chair.
[Yo] estoy Asentado ($ sentada) en una silla.
[ jo stoj sento sentada en na sa 11
EN ES
EN ES
98
ik *
I'm not eating.
[Yo] no estoy comiendo.
[ jo no stoj komjndo 11
It's raining.
Est lloviendo.
[ est oj3jndo 11
I'm not studying english.
[Yo] no estoy estudiando ingls.
[ jo no stoj estujndo jgls 11
I'm listening to music.
[Yo] estoy escuchando msica.
(]%) [ jo stoj eskutjndo msika 11 ]
The sun isn't shining.
No est brillando el sol.
[ no est briXndo l sl 11
I'm wearing my shoes.
[Yo] llevo puestos zapatos.
(]%) [ jo AJ3o pwstos Gaptos 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
1 0 0
|K*
I'm not reading the newspaper.
[Yo] no estoy leyendo el peridico.
[ jo no stoj lejndo l perjiko 11
Are you feeling okay?
Te encuentras [t] bien?
[ te egkwntras t bjen 11
Yes, I'm fine.
S, [yo] estoy bien.
[ s | jo stoj bjen 11 ]
Is it raining?
Est lloviendo?
[ est oj3jndo 11 ]
Yes, take an umbrella.
S, coge [t] un paraguas.
[ s | kye t um parywas 11
Why are you wearing a coat?
Por qu llevas [t] un abrigo?
[ pr k Aj3as t un a|3fyo 11 ]
EN ES
1 0 2
ik *
It's not cold.
No hace fro.
[ no 0e fro 11
What's he doing?
Qu est haciendo [l]?
[ k est aGjndo l 11 ]
He's reading the newspaper.
[l] est leyendo un peridico.
[ l est lejndo um perjoiko 11
What are the children doing?
Qu estn haciendo los nios?
[ k estn aBjndo los njios 11 ]
They're watching TV.
[Ellos] estn viendo la televisin.
[ Xos estn bjendo la telejMsjn 11
Where's she going?
A dnde va [ella]?
[ a dnde ba Xa 11 ]
EN ES
104
ik *
Who are you waiting for?
A quin ests [t] esperando?
[ a kjen ests t esperndo 11
Are you waiting for John?
Ests esperando [t] a John?
[ ests esperndo t a ... 11
Are you leaving now?
Te vas [t] ahora?
[ te bas t ara 11
Yes, I am.
S, [yo] me voy.
(0
[ s | jo me boj 11 ]
Is Chris working today?
Est Chris trabajando hoy?
[ est ... trajlaxndo oj 11
No, he isn't.
No, [l] no lo est.
[ no | l no lo est 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
1 0 6
|K*
Is the sun shining?
Est brillando el sol?
[ est briAndo l sl 11
Yes, it is.
S, lo est.
[ s | lo est 11 ]
Are your friends staying at a hotel?
Se quedan tus amigos en un hotel?
[ se kan tus amyos en un otl 11
No, they're staying with me.
No, [ellos] se quedan conmigo.
[ no | os se kag kommyo 11 ]
Are you watching TV?
Ests viendo [t] la televisin?
[ ests bjendo t la televisin 11
No, you can turn it off.
No, [t] la puedes apagar.
[ no | t la pwes apayr 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
1 0 8
|K*
Are you leaving now?
Te vas [t] ahora?
[ te bas t ara 11
Yes, see you tomorrow.
S, [yo] te veo maana.
[ s | jo te beo majina 11
Is it raining?
Est lloviendo?
[ est Aoj3jendo 11
No, not right now.
No, ahora mismo no.
[ no | ara mizmo no 11 ]
Are you enjoying the movie?
Te est gustando la pelcula?
[ te est gustando la pelkula 11
Yes, it's very funny.
S, es muy graciosa.
[ s | es muj graGjsa 11 ]
EN ES
1 1 0
ik *
Does the clock work?
Funciona el reloj?
[ fimGjona l relx 11 ]
No, it's broken.
No, est roto.
[ no | est roto 11
Are you waiting for a bus?
Ests esperando [t] al autobs?
[ ests esperndo t l awtojSs 11
No, I'm waiting for a taxi.
No, [yo] estoy esperando a un taxi.
[ no | jo stoj esperndo a un taksi 11 ]
What are you reading?
Qu ests [t] leyendo?
[ k ests t lejndo 11
Where is she going?
A dnde va [ella]?
[ a dnde ba Xa 11 ]
EN ES
1 1 2
ik *
What are you eating?
Qu ests [t] comiendo?
[ k ests t komjendo 11
Why are you crying?
Por qu ests [t] llorando?
[ pr k ests t Xorndo 11
What are they looking at?
A qu estn mirando [ellos]?
[ a k estm mirndo Xos 11
Why is he laughing?
Por qu se est riendo [l]?
[ pr k se est rjndo l 11
Are you listening to me?
Me ests escuchando [t]?
[ me ests eskutfndo t 11
Where are your friends going?
A dnde van tus amigos?
[ a dnde ban tus amyos 11 ]
EN ES
114
ik *
Are your parents watching TV?
Estn tus padres viendo la televisin?
[ estn tus pres bjndo la telejSisjon 11 ]
What's Claire cooking?
Qu est cocinando Claire?
[ k est koGinndo ... 11
Why are you looking at me?
Por qu me ests mirando [t]?
[ pr k me ests mirndo t 11
Is the bus coming?
Est llegando el autobs?
[ est Xeyndo l awto|3s 11
Are you watching TV?
Ests viendo [t] la televisin?
[ ests bjendo t la televisin 11
No, I'm not.
No, [yo] no lo estoy.
[ no | jo no lo stoj 11 ]
EN ES
116
ik *
Are you wearing a watch?
Llevas [t] un reloj?
[ j3as t un relx 11
No, I'm not.
No, [yo] no lo llevo.
[ no | jo no lo j3o 11
Is he eating something?
Est [l] comiendo algo?
[ est l komjndo lyo 11
No, he isn't.
No, [l] no lo est.
[ no | l no lo est 11 ]
Is it raining?
Est lloviendo?
[ est oj3jendo 11
No, it isn't.
No, no lo est.
[ no | no lo est 11 ]
EN ES
118
ik *
Are you sitting on the floor?
Ests [t] Asentado ($ sentada) en el suelo?
[ ests t sento senta en l zwlo 11
Yes, I am.
S, [yo] lo estoy.
Are you feeling all right?
Te encuentras [t] bien?
[ te egkwntras t bjen 11
No, I'm not.
No, [yo] no me encuentro bien.
[ no | jo no me egkwntro bjen 11 ]
They're looking at their books.
[Ellos] estn leyendo sus libros.
[ Xos estn lejndo sus ljkos 11
They read a lot.
[Ellos] leen mucho.
[ Xos leem mtfo 11 ]
EN ES
1 2 0
ik *
He's eating ice cream.
[l] est comiendo helado.
[ l est komjendo elo 11
He likes ice cream.
[A l] le gusta el helado.
[ a l le gsta l elo 11
I work in an office.
[Yo] trabajo en una oficina.
[ jo trafixo en na ofiBna 11
My brother works in a bank.
Mi hermano trabaja en un banco.
[ mi ermno tra|3xa en un bgko 11 ]
She lives in New York.
[Ella] vive en Nueva York.
[ Xa bjte en nwâ jork 11
Her parents live in Chicago.
Sus padres viven en Chicago.
[ sus pres bjlen en ... 11 ]
EN ES
1 2 2
ik *
It rains a lot in the winter.
Llueve mucho en invierno.
[ wJ3e mtfo en imbjerno 11
Mike has lunch at home every day.
Mike come en casa todos los das.
[... kme eg ksa toos los das 11
I like big cities.
Me gustan las ciudades grandes.
[ me gstan las Biues grndes 11
Your English is good.
Tu ingls es bueno.
[ tu iggls es bwno 11 ]
You speak English very well.
Hablas ingls muy bien [t].
[ j31as iggls muj bjen t 11
Minora works very hard.
Minora trabaja muchsimo.
[... tra|3xa mudsimo 11 ]
EN ES
124
ik *
He starts at seven thirty.
[l] empiza a las siete y media.
[ l empGa a las sjte i mja 11
And he finishes at eight o'clock at night.
Y [l] termina a las ocho de la noche.
[ i l termina a las tfo de la ntfe 11
The earth goes around the sun.
La Tierra gira alrededor del Sol.
[ la tjera gira alreer dl sl 11
125
EN ES
We do a lot of different things in our free time.
[Nosotros] hacemos muchas cosas diferentes en

nuestro tiempo libre.
[ nosotros a0mos mtfas ksas diferntes en nwstro

tjempo l|3re 11
It costs a lot of money.
Cuesta mucho dinero.
[ kwsta mtfo dinro 11
276
She always goes to work early.
[Ella] siempre va al trabajo temprano.
[ Xa sjmpre ba l traj3xo temprano 11 ]
EN ES
126
ik *
She always gets to work early.
[Ella] siempre llega al trabajo temprano.
[ Xa sjmpre ya l trafixo temprno 11
We often sleep late on weekends.
Con frecuencia [nosotros] dormimos hasta tarde los

fines de semana.
[ koig frekwnGja nosotros dormimos asta tre los fines
de semna 11
Megumi usually plays tennis on Sundays.
Megumi normalmente juega al tenis los domingos.
[... normalmnte xwya l tenis los domrjgos 11
127
EN ES
I sometimes walk to work, but not often.
[Yo] a veces voy andando al trabajo, pero no con

frecuencia.
[ jo a bGes boj andndo l trajSxo | pro no koig

frekwnGja 11
She reads.
[Ella] lee.
[ Xa lee 11
He thinks.
[l] piensa.
[ l pjnsa 11
><*
EN ES
128
It flies.
Vuela.
[ bwla 11
He dances.
[l] baila.
[ l bjla 11 ]
She has.
[Ella] tiene.
[ Xa tjne 11
129
It finishes.
Termina.
(7g> [ termina 11 ]
He plays the piano.
[l] toca el piano.
[ l tka l pjano 11
They live in a very big house.
[Ellos] viven en una casa muy grande.
[ Aos b|3en en na ksa muj grande 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
130
ik *
She eats a lot of fruit.
[Ella] come mucha fruta.
[ Xa kme mtfa frata 11 ]
He plays tennis.
[l] juega al tenis.
[ l xwya l tenis 11
We go to the movies a lot.
[Nosotros] vamos mucho al cine.
[ nosotros bmos mtfo l 0ne 11
131
EN ES
He sleeps seven hours a night.
[l] duerme siete horas la noche.
[ l dwrme sjte ras la ntfe 11 ]
She speaks four languages.
[Ella] habla cuatro idiomas.
[ Xa ]31a kwtro ijomas 11
Banks usually open at nine in the morning.
El banco abre normalmente a las nueve de la

maana.
[ l bgko J3re normalmnte a las nw]3e de la majina

]
EN ES
132
ik *
The museum closes at five in the afternoon.
El museo cierra a las cinco de la tarde.
[ l museo Gjra a las Ggko de la tre 11
She's a teacher. She teaches math to children.
[Ella] es profesora. [Ella] ensea matemticas a los

nios.
[ Xa es profesora 11 Xa ensjia matemtikas a los njios
II]
My job is very interesting. I meet a lot of people.
Mi trabajo es muy interesante. [Yo] conozco a

mucha gente.
[ mi tra|3xo es muj interesnte 11 jo konGko a mtfa

gnte ||
133
EN ES
His car is always dirty. He never cleans it.
Su coche est siempre sucio. [l] nunca lo limpia.
[ su ktfe est sjempre s0jo 11 l ngka lo lmpja 11
Food is expensive. It costs a lot of money.
La comida es cara. Cuesta mucho dinero.
[ la koma es kra 11 kwsta mtfo dinro 11
Shoes are expensive. They cost a lot of money.
Los zapatos son caros. Cuestan mucho dinero.
[ los Baptos sog kros 11 kwstam mt[o dinro 11
EN ES
134
ik *
Water boils at one hundred degrees Celsius.
El agua hierve a cien grados centgrados.
[ l ywa jerfte a 0jen gros Bentyraos 11 ]
We're good friends. I like her and she likes me.
[Nosotros] somos buenos amigos. Ella me gusta a

m, y yo le gusto a ella.
[ nosotros somos bwnos amyos 11 Xa me gsta a m | i
jo le gsto a Xa 11
She always arrives early.
[Ella] siempre llega pronto.
[ Xa sjmpre Aya pronto 11 ]
135
EN ES
I never go to the movies alone.
[Yo] nunca voy al cine solo.
[ jo nrjka boj l Gne slo 11
She always works hard.
[Ella] siempre trabaja mucho.
[ Xa sjmpre tra|3xa mtfo 11
Children usually like chocolate.
Normalmente a los nios les gusta el chocolate.
[ normahnnte a los njios les gsta l tfokolte 11
EN ES
136
ik *
She always enjoys parties.
[Ella] siempre disfruta de las fiestas.
[ Xa sjmpre disfruta de las ffstas 11
I often forget people's names.
Con frecuencia [yo] me olvido de los nombres de la

gente.
[ koig frekwnGja jo me olfio de los nombres de la
gnte ||
He never watches TV.
[l] nunca ve la televisin.
[ l ngka be la telefiisjn 11
137
EN ES
b ik
We usually have dinner at six thirty.
[Nosotros] normalmente cenamos a las seis y media.
[ nosotros normalmnte Genmos a las sejs i mja 11
She always wears nice clothes.
[Ella] siempre lleva ropa buena.
[ Xa sjmpre Aj3a ropa bwna 11
I usually watch TV in the evening.
[Yo] normalmente veo la televisin por la tarde.
[ jo normalmnte beo la teleJ3isjm pr la tre 11 ]
EN ES
138
ik *
I never read in bed.
[Yo] nunca leo en la cama.
[ jo nrjka leo en la kma 11 ]
I often get up before seven.
Con frecuencia [yo] me levanto antes de las siete.
[ koir) frekwnGja jo me le|3nto ntes de las sjte 11
I always go to work by bus.
[Yo] siempre voy al trabajo en autobs.
[ jo sjmpre boj l tra|3xo en awtojMs 11
________________________________________ 139
I usually go to school by bus.
[Yo] normalmente voy al colegio en autobs.
[ jo normalmnte boj l kolywjo en awto|3s 11
I always drink coffee in the morning.
[Yo] siempre bebo caf por la maana.
[ jo sjmpre bj3o kaf pr la majina 11
She doesn't drink coffee.
[Ella] no bebe caf.
[ Xa no bjte kaf 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
140
ik *
He doesn't like his job.
[A l] no le gusta su trabajo.
[ a l no le gsta su tra|3xo 11
I drink coffee, but I don't drink tea.
[Yo] bebo caf, pero no bebo t.
[ jo bj3o kaf | pro no bj3o t 11 ]
She drinks tea, but she doesn't drink coffee.
[Ella] bebe t, pero no bebe caf.
[ Xa bjte t | pro no bJ3e kaf 11
141
EN ES
B |K * '
You don't work very hard.
[T] no trabajas mucho.
[ t no tra^xas mtfo 11
We don't watch TV very often.
[Nosotros] no vemos la televisin con frecuencia.
[ nosotros no bmos la telej3isjg koig frekwnGja 11
The weather is usually nice.
Hace buen tiempo normalmente.
[ 0e bwen tjmpo normalmnte 11 ]
EN ES
142
ik *
It doesn't rain very often.
No llueve con mucha frecuencia.
[ no AwJ3e kom mtfa frekwnGja 11
They don't know many people.
[Ellos] no conocen a mucha gente.
[ Xos no konGen a mtfa gnte 11
They don't have many friends.
[Ellos] no tienen muchos amigos.
[ Xos no tjnem mtfos amyos 11
143
I don't like football.
[A m] no me gusta el ftbol.
(7g> [ a m no me gsta l futj3ol 11 ]
He doesn't like football.
[A l] no le gusta el ftbol.
[ a l no le gsta l ftflol 11 ]
I don't like him, and he doesn't like me.
[l] no me gusta, y yo no le gusto [a l].
(]%) [ l no me gsta | i jo no le gsto a l 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
144
ik *
My car doesn't use much gas.
Mi coche no utiliza mucha gasolina.
[ mi ktfe no utilGa mtfa gasolina 11
Sometimes he's late, but not often.
A veces [l] llega tarde, pero no con frecuencia.
[ a bGes l Aya tre | pro no korr) frekwnGja 11
I don't like to wash the car.
No me gusta lavar el coche.
[ no me gsta la^r l ktfe 11
145
I don't do it very often.
[Yo] no lo hago con mucha frecuencia.
[ jo no lo ayo kom mtfa frekwnBja 11
She speaks Spanish, but she doesn't speak Italian.
[Ella] habla espaol, pero no habla italiano.
[ Xa ]31a espajil | pro no |31a italjno 11
He doesn't do his job very well.
[l] no hace su trabajo muy bien.
[ l no 0e su traj3xo mu] bjen 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
146
ik *
She doesn't usually have breakfast.
Normalmente [ella] no desayuna.
[ normalmnte Aa no desajna 11 ]
I don't play the piano very well.
[Yo] no toco el piano muy bien.
[ jo no tko l pjno muj bjen 11
She doesn't play the piano very well.
[Ella] no toca el piano muy bien.
[ Xa no tka l pjno muj bjen 11
147
They don't know my phone number.
[Ellos] no saben mi nmero de telfono.
[ Xos no s]3em mi nmero de telfono 11 ]
We don't work very hard.
[Nosotros] no trabajamos muchsimo.
[ nosotros no trajlaxmos mutfisimo 11
David doesn't have a car.
David no tiene coche.
[... no tjne ktfe 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
148
ik *
You don't do the same thing every day.
[T] no haces lo mismo todos los das.
[ t no 0es lo mzmo toos los das 11
They like classical music.
[A ellos] les gusta la msica clsica.
[ a Xos les gsta la msika klsika 11
She doesn't like jazz music.
[A ella] no le gusta el jazz.
[ a Xa no le gsta l xa00 11
I like rock and roll music.
[A m] me gusta el rock.
HP [ a m me gsta l rokk 11 ]
They don't like boxing.
[A ellos] no les gusta el boxeo.
[ a Aos no les gsta l bokseo 11
She doesn't like baseball.
[A ella] no le gusta el bisbol.
[ a Xa no le gsta l bjs^l 11 ]
EN ES
150
ik *
I like tennis.
[A m] me gusta el tenis.
[ a m me gsta l tenis 11 ]
They like horror movies.
[A ellos] les gustan las pelculas de miedo.
[ a Aos les gustan las pelkulas de mjeo 11
She doesn't like action movies.
[A ella] no le gustan las pelculas de accin.
[ a Xa no le gstan las pelkulas de akBjon 11
151
EN ES
I like romantic movies.
[A m] me gustan las pelculas romnticas.
[ a m me gstan las pelkulas romntikas 11
I never watch TV.
[Yo] nunca veo la televisin.
[ jo ngka beo la telefftsjn 11
I don't watch TV very often.
[Yo] no veo la televisin con mucha frecuencia.
[ jo no beo la teleflisjg kom mtfa frekwnBja 11
EN ES
152
ik *
I don't like to go to bars very often.
[A m] no me gusta ir a bares con mucha frecuencia.
[ a m no me gsta ir a bres kom mtâ frekwnBja 11
She likes to ride her bicycle every day.
[A ella] le gusta montar en bicicleta todos los das.
[ a Aa le gsta montr en biGiklta toos los das 11
They always like to eat in restaurants.
[A ellos] les gusta comer siempre en restaurantes.
[ a Xos les gsta komr sjmpre en restawrntes 11
153
EN ES
I never like to travel by train.
[A m] no me gusta ir en tren nunca.
[ a m no me gsta ir en tren ngka 11
I get the news every day, but sometimes I don't read it.
[Yo] recibo las noticias todos los das, pero a veces

no las leo.
[ jo re0|3o las notGjas toos los das | pro a bGes no
las leo 11
He has a car, but he doesn't use it very often.
[l] tiene un coche, pero no lo usa con mucha

frecuencia.
[ l tjne ug ktfe | pro no lo sa kom mtfa frekwnGja
II]
His friends like the movies, but they usually watch

movies at home.
A sus amigos les gustan las pelculas, pero

normalmente [ellos] ven las pelculas en casa.
[ a sus amyos les gstan las pelkulas | pro

normalmnte Xos ben las pelkulas eg ksa 11
She's married, but she doesn't wear a ring.
[Ella] est casada, pero no lleva anillo.
[ Xa est kasa | pro no Xj3a anXo 11
I don't know much about politics. I'm not interested in it.
[Yo] no s mucho de poltica. No me interesa.
[ jo no s mtfo de politka 11 no me intersa 11 ]
155
EN ES
This hotel isn't expensive. It doesn't cost much to stay

there.
Este hotel no es caro. No cuesta mucho quedarse

aqu.
[ ste otl no es kro 11 no kwsta mtfo kerse ak 11
He lives near us, but we don't see him very often.
[l] vive cerca de nosotros, pero no le vemos con

frecuencia.
[ l b{te 0rka de nosotros | pro no le bmos koig
frekwnBja 11
She speaks four languages.
[Ella] habla cuatro idiomas.
[ Xa ]31a kwtro ijomas 11
EN ES
156
ik *
I don't like my job. It's very boring.
[Ami] no me gusta mi trabajo. Es muy aburrido.
[ a m no me gsta mi trajlxo 11 es muj ajhiro 11
Where is he? I'm sorry, I don't know.
Dnde est [l]? Lo siento, [yo] no lo s.
[ dnde est l 11 lo sjnto | jo no lo s 11
She's a very quiet person. She doesn't talk very much.
[Ella] es muy callada. No habla mucho.
[ Xa es muj kaa 11 no |31a mtfo 11
157
He drinks a lot of coffee. It's his favorite drink.
[l] bebe mucho caf. Es su bebida favorita.
(7g> [ l bfte mtfo kaf 11 es su bej3a favorita 11 ]
It's not true. I don't believe it.
No es verdad. No me lo creo [yo].
[ no es ber 11 no me lo kreo jo 11
That's a very beautiful picture. I like it a lot.
Es una foto muy bonita. Me gusta mucho.
[ es na foto muj bonita 11 me gsta mtfo 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
158
ik *
He's a vegetarian. He doesn't eat meat.
[l] es vegetariano. No come carne.
[ l es beyetarjano 11 no kme kame 11 ]
Do you work on Sunday?
Trabajas [t] el domingo?
[ tra]3xas t l domggo 11
Do your friends live near here?
Viven tus amigos cerca de aqu?
[ bj3en tus amyos 0rka de ak 11
159
Does Emily play tennis?
Juega Emily al tenis?
[ xwya ... l tenis 11 ]
Where do your parents live?
Dnde viven tus padres?
[ dnde b|3en tus pres 11
How often do you wash your hair?
Con cunta frecuencia te lavas [t] el pelo?
[ kog kwnta frekwnGja te lflas t l plo 11 ]
EN ES
jw
jp o d
EN E S
1 6 0
|K*
What does this word mean?
Qu significa esta palabra?
[ k siynifka sta palfira 11 ]
How much does it cost to fly to New York?
Cunto cuesta volar a Nueva York?
[ kwnto kwsta bolr a nwfia jork 11
Do you always have breakfast?
Siempre desayunas [t]?
[ sjempre desajnas t 11
161
EN ES
Does Wenjie ever call you?
Te llama Wenjie alguna vez?
[ te Kma ... alyna b0 11
What do you usually do on weekends?
Qu haces [t] normalmente los fines de semana?
[ k 0es t normalmnte los fines de semana 11
Do they like music?
Les gusta la msica?
[ les gsta la msika 11
EN ES
162
ik *
Does he like music?
Le gusta la msica?
[ le gsta la msika 11 ]
Do your parents speak English?
Hablan ingls tus padres?
[ j31an irjgls tus padres 11
Does your father work hard?
Trabaja mucho tu padre?
[ tra|3xa mtfo tu pre 11
163
EN ES
Does your sister live in Canada?
Vive en Canad tu hermana?
[ bfle eg kana tu ermna 11
I like chocolate. How about you? Do you like chocolate?
[A m] me gusta el chocolate. Y a t? Te gusta el

chocolate?
[ a m me gsta l tfokolte 11 i a t 11 te gsta l tfokolte
II]
I play tennis. How about you? Do you play tennis?
[Yo] juego al tenis. Y t? Juegas [t] al tenis?
[ jo xwyo l tenis 11 i t 11 xwyas t l tenis 11
EN ES
164
ik *
You live near here. How about Fred? Does he live near
here?
[T] vives cerca de aqu. Y Fred?Vive cerca de
aqu?
[ t bfks 0rka de ak 11 i ... 11 bfte Grka de ak 11 ]
Jisang plays tennis. How about his friends? Do they play

tennis?
Jisang juega al tenis. Y sus amigos? Juegan al
tenis?
[... xwya l tenis 11 i sus amyos 11 xwyan l tenis 11 ]
You speak English. How about your brother? Does he

speak English?
[T] hablas ingls. Y tu hermano? Habla ingls?
[ t |31as iggls 11 i tu ermno 11 pia iggls 11
165
EN ES
I do yoga every morning. How about you? Do you do

yoga every morning?
[Yo] hago yoga cada maana. Y t? Haces yoga

cada maana?
[ jo yo joya ka majina 11 i t 11 0es joya ka

majina 11
Yaqin often travels on business. How about Gary? Does

he often travel on business?
Yagin viaja por negocios con frecuencia. Y Gary?
Viaja por negocios con frecuencia?
[ jayin bjxa pr neyGjos korr) frekwnGja 11 i ... 11 bjxa
pr neyGjos koiq frekwnGja 11
I want to be famous. How about you? Do you want to be

famous?
0
[Yo] quiero ser (^famoso ( $ famosa). Y t?

Quieres ser 'famoso ( $ famosa)?
[ jo kjro sr famoso famosa 11 i t 11 Iqres sr famoso

famosa 11
EN ES
166
ik *
You work hard. How about Heuiyeon? Does she work

hard?
[T] trabajas mucho. Y Heuiyeon? Trabaja mucho
[ella]?
[ t tra|3xas mtfo 11 i ... 11 tra|3xa mtfo Xa 11
Where do your parents live?
Dnde viven tus padres?
[ dnde b|3en tus pres 11
Do you always get up early?
Te levantas [t] siempre temprano?
[ te lejSntas t sjmpre temprano 11
________________________________________ 167
How often do you watch TV?
Con cunta frecuencia ves [t] la televisin?
[ kog kwnta frekwnGja bes t la telefftsjn 11 ]
What do you want for dinner?
Qu quieres [t] para cenar?
[ k kjres t pra Genr 11
Do you like football?
Te gusta el ftbol?
[ te gsta l ftbol 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
168
ik *
Does your brother like football?
A tu hermano le gusta el ftbol?
[ a tu ermno le gsta l ftbol 11
What do you do in your free time?
Qu haces [t] en tu tiempo libre?
[ k 0es t en tu tjmpo lfke 11
Where does your sister work?
Dnde trabaja tu hermana?
[ dnde trajxa tu ermna 11
Do you ever go to the movies?
Vas [t] alguna vez al cine?
[ bas t alyna b0 l 0ne 11 ]
What does this word mean?
Qu significa esta palabra?
[ k siynifka sta palfira 11
How often does it snow here?
Con cunta frecuencia nieva aqu?
[ kog kwnta frekwnOja jifia ak 11 ]
EN ES
170
ik *
What time do you usually go to bed?
A qu hora te vas [t] a la cama normalmente?
[ a k ra te bas t a la kma normalmnte 11
How much does it cost to call Mexico?
Cunto cuesta llamar a Mjico?
[ kwnto kwsta Aamr a mxiko 11
What do you usually have for breakfast?
Qu desayunas [t] normalmente?
[ k desajnas t normalmnte 11
171
EN ES
Do you watch TV a lot? No, I don't.
Ves [t] mucho la televisin? No, yo no.
[ bes t mtfo la teleJ3isjn 11 no | jo no 11 ]
Do you live in a big city? No, I don't.
Vives [t] en una ciudad grande? No, yo no.
[ b]3es t en na Giu grnde 11 no | jo no 11
Do you ever ride a bicycle? Not usually.
Montas [t] alguna vez en bicicleta?

Normalmente no.
[ montas t alyna bG en biGiklta 11 normalmnte no
II]
EN ES
172
ik *
Does it rain a lot where you live? Not much.
Llueve mucho donde vives? No mucho.
[ wjte mtfo dnde bftes 11 no mtfo 11 ]
Do you play the piano? No, I don't.
Tocas [t] el piano? No, yo no.
[ tkas t l pjno 11 no | jo no 11
Zhirong's watching television.
Zhirong est viendo la televisin.
[... est bjndo la telejlisjn 11
173
EN ES
He's not playing the guitar.
[l] no est tocando la guitarra.
[ l no est tokndo la gwitra 11
But Zhirong has a guitar.
Pero Zhirong tiene una guitarra.
[ pro ... tjene na gwitra 11
He plays guitar a lot, and he plays very well.
[l] toca mucho la guitarra, y la toca muy bien.
[ l tka mtfo la gwitra | i la tka muj bjen 11
EN ES
174
ik *
Zhirong plays the guitar.
Zhirong toca la guitarra.
[... tka la gwitra 11 ]
But he's not playing the guitar now.
Pero [l] no est tocando la guitarra ahora.
[ pro l no est tokndo la gwitra ara 11
Is Zhirong playing the guitar? No, he isn't.
Est tocando la guitarra Zhirong? No, no lo

est.
[ est tokndo la gwitra ... 11 no | no lo est 11
175
Does he play the guitar? Yes, he does.
Toca [l] la guitarra? S, s la toca.
[ tka l la gwitra 11 s | s la tka 11 ]
Please be quiet. I'm working.
Silencio por favor. [Yo] estoy trabajando.
[ silnBjo pr fa|3f 11jo stoj tra]3axndo 11
Yiting's taking a shower at the moment.
Yiting se est duchando en este momento.
[... se est dutfndo en ste momnto 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
176
ik *
Take an umbrella with you. It's raining.
Llvate [t] un paraguas contigo. Est lloviendo.
[ j3ate t um parywas kontyo 11 est ojSjndo 11
You can turn off the TV. I'm not watching it.
[T] puedes apagar la televisin. [Yo] no la estoy

viendo.
[ t pwes apayr la television 11jo no la stoj bjndo
]
Why are you under the table? What are you doing?
Por qu estas [t] debajo de la mesa? Qu ests

haciendo?
[ pr k stas t deJSxo de la msa 11 k ests aBjndo
]
177
EN ES
I work every day from nine to five-thirty.
[Yo] trabajo todos los das de nueve a cinco y

media.
[ jo trajlxo toos los das de nwjte a 0gko i mja 11 ]
Howard takes a shower every morning.
Howard se ducha cada maana.
[... se dtfa ka majina 11
It rains a lot in the winter.
Llueve mucho en invierno.
[ wjte mtfo en imbjerno 11
EN ES
178
ik *
[ jo no beo la teleJ3isjg kom mtfa frekwnGja 11
What do you usually do on weekends?
Qu haces [t] normalmente los fines de semana?
[ k Ges t normalmnte los fines de semana 11
Do you like her?
Te gusta ella?
[ te gsta Xa 11
Do you love her?
La quieres [t]?
(]%) [ la kjres t 11 ]
Do you want to know the answer?
Quieres saber [t] la respuesta?
[ kjfes saj3r t la respwsta 11
Do you understand me?
Me entiendes [t]?
(]%) [ me entjndes t 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
1 8 0
|K*
Do you remember that day?
Te acuerdas [t] de aqul da?
[ te akwras t de akl da 11
It depends on you.
Depende de t.
[ depnde de t 11 ]
What do you prefer?
Qu prefieres [t]?
[ k prefires t 11
Do you hate me?
Me odias [t]?
[ me jas t 11 ]
What do you need?
Qu necesitas [t]?
[ k neGestas t 11
What do you mean?
A qu te refieres [t]?
[ a k te refjres t 11 ]
EN ES
182
ik *
Do you believe me?
Me crees [t]?
[ me krees t 11
I don't believe you.
[Yo] no te creo.
[ jo no te kreo 11
Do you forget the answer?
Te has olvidado [t] de la respuesta?
[ te as ol|3io t de la respwsta 11
Does he take photographs?
Hace [l] fotos?
[ 0e l fotos 11 ]
Is he taking a photograph?
Est haciendo [l] una foto?
[ est aBjndo l na foto 11
What's he doing now?
Qu est haciendo [l] ahora?
[ k est aBjndo l ara 11 ]
EN ES
184
ik *
Is she driving a bus?
Est [ella] conduciendo un autobs?
[ est Xa konduGjndo un awtoJMs 11
Does she drive a bus?
Conduce [ella] un autobs?
[ kondGe Xa un awto]3s 11
What's she doing now?
Qu est haciendo [ella] ahora?
[ k est aGjndo Xa ara 11
Does he wash windows?
Lava [l] las ventanas?
(7g> [ lj3a l las bentnas 11 ]
Is he washing a window?
Est [l] lavando las ventanas?
[ est l laJ3ndo las bentnas 11
What's he doing now?
Qu est haciendo [l] ahora?
[ k est aGjndo l ara 11 ]
EN ES
186
ik *
Are they teaching?
Estn [ellos] enseando?
[ estn Xos ensejindo 11 ]
Do they teach?
Ensean [ellos]?
[ ensjian Xos 11
What do they do?
Qu hacen [ellos]?
[ k 0en Xos 11
187
EN ES
Excuse me, do you speak English?
Perdn, Hablas [t] ingls?
[ perdn | filas t iggls 11
Where's Kelly? I don't know.
Dnde est Kelly? [Yo] no lo s.
[ dnde est ... 11 jo no lo s 11
What's so fnny? Why are you laughing?
Qu te hace gracia? Por qu te ests riendo [t]?
[ k te Ge grGja 11 pr k te ests rjndo t 11 ]
EN ES
188
ik *
What does your sister do? She's a dentist.
Qu hace tu hermana? [Ella] es dentista.
[ k 0e tu ermna 11 Xa es dentista 11
It's raining. I don't want to go out in the rain.
Est lloviendo. [Yo] no quiero salir en la lluvia.
[ est oj3jndo 11jo no kjro salir en la j3ja 11
Where do you come from?
De dnde vienes [t]?
[ de dnde bjnes t 11
189
EN ES
How much does it cost to send a package to Canada?
Cunto cuesta mandar un paquete a Canad?
[ kwnto kwsta mandar um pakte a kana 11 ]
He's a good tennis player, but he doesn't play very often.
[l] es un buen jugador de tenis, pero no juega con

mucha frecuencia.
[ l es un bwen xuyar de tenis | pro no xwya kom
mtfa frekwnGja 11 ]
Where's Jirou? He's taking a shower.
Dnde est Jirou? Est duchndose.
[ dnde est ... 11 est dudndose 11
jwjpod E N E S
190
|K*
[ jo no beo la teleJ3isjg kom mtfa frekwnBja 11
Somebody's singing.
Alguien est cantando.
[ lywjen est kantndo 11
Junko's tired. She wants to go home now.
Junko est cansada. Quiere irse a casa ahora.
[... est kansa 11 kjre irse a ksa ara 11
191
EN ES
How often do you read the news?
Con cunta frecuencia lees las noticias [t]?
[ kog kwnta frekwnGja lees las notGjas t 11 ]
Excuse me, but you're sitting in my seat. I'm sorry.
Perdn, pero [t] ests sentado en mi asiento. [yo]

Lo siento.
[ perdn | pro t ests sento em mi asjnto 11 jo lo
sjnto 11 ]
I'm sorry, I don't understand. Can you speak more

slowly?
0
Lo siento, [yo] no entiendo. Puedes hablar [t] ms

despacio?
[ lo sjnto | jo no entjndo 11 pwes afllr t ms

despGjo ||
EN ES
192
ik *
It's late. I'm going home now. Are you coming with me?
Es tarde. [Yo] me voy a casa. Vienes [t] conmigo?
[ es tre 11jo me boj a ksa 11 bjnes t kommyo 11
What time does your father finish work every day?
A qu hora termina tu padre el trabajo todos los

das?
[ a k ra termina tu pre l tra|3xo toos los das 11
You can turn the music off. I'm not listening to it.
[T] puedes apagar la msica. [Yo] no la estoy

escuchando.
[ t pwes apayr la msika 11jo no la stoj eskutfndo
II]
193
EN ES
He's in the kitchen cooking something.
[l] est en la cocina cocinando algo.
[ l est en la koGna koGinndo lyo 11
Jack doesn't usually drive to work. He usually walks.
Normalmente Jack no conduce al trabajo.

Normalmente anda.
[ normalmnte ... no kondGe l trafixo 11 normalmnte
nda 11
Lucy doesn't like coffee. She prefers tea.
A Lucy no le gusta el caf. Prefiere el t [ella].
[ a ... no le gsta l kaf 11 prefjere l t Xa 11
EN ES
194
ik *
I have blue eyes. I've got blue eyes.
[Yo] tengo los ojos azules.
[ jo tggo los xos aGles 11
Ganesh has two sisters. Ganesh's got two sisters.
Ganesh tiene dos hermanas.
[... tjne dos ermnas 11
Our car has four doors. Our car's got four doors.
Nuestro coche tiene cuatro puertas.
[ nwstro ktfe tjne kwtro pwrtas 11
195
EN ES
She isn't feeling well. She has a headache. She's got a

headache.
[Ella] no se encuentra bien. Tiene un dolor de

cabeza.
[ Xa no se egkwntra bjen 11 tjne un dolor de ka]30a

]
They like animals. They have a horse, three dogs, and

six cats. They've got a lot of animals.
[A ellos] les gustan los animales. [Ellos]Tienen un
caballo, tres perros, y seis gatos. Tienen muchos
animales.
[ a Xos les gustan los animles 11 Xos tjnen ug ka|3Xo
| tres pros | i sejs gtos 11 tjnem mtfos animles 11
I have a bike, but I don't have a car. I've got a bike, but I
haven't got a car.
0
[Yo] tengo una bicicleta, pero no tengo un coche.
[ jo tggo na biGiklta | pro no tggo ug ktfe 11
jwjpod E N E S
196
|K*
They don't have any children. They haven't got any

children.
[Ellos] no tienen ningn hijo.
[ Xos no tjnen nirjgn xo 11
It's a nice house, but it doesn't have a garage. It hasn't

got a garage.
Es una buena casa, pero no tiene garaje.
[ es na bwna ksa | pro no tjne garxe 11
Lila doesn't have a job. Lila hasn't got a job.
Lila no tiene trabajo.
[ lila no tjne traj3xo 11
197
EN ES
Does your phone have a camera?
Tu telfono tiene cmara?
[ tu telfono tjne kmara 11
Does Nicole have a car? Has Nicole got a car?
Nicole tiene coche?
[... tjne ktfe 11 ]
What kind of car does she have? What kind of car has
she got?
0
Qu tipo de coche tiene [ella]?
[ k tipo de ktfe tjne Xa 11 ]
EN ES
198
ik *
What do you have in your bag? What have you got in

your bag?
Qu tienes [t] en tu bolsa?
[ k tjnes t en tu bolsa 11
Do you have a camera? No, I don't.
Tienes [t] cmara? No, [yo] no tengo.
[ tjnes t kmara 11 no | jo no tggo 11
Have you got a camera? No, I don't.
Tienes [t] cmara? No, [yo] no tengo.
[ tjnes t kmara 11 no | jo no tggo 11
199
EN ES
Does she have a car? No, she doesn't.
Tiene [ella] coche? No, ella no.
[ tjne Xa ktfe 11 no | Xa no 11
Ask if he has a Computer. Yes, he's got a Computer.
Pregunta si [l] tiene ordenador. S, [l] tiene un

ordenador.
[ preynta si l tjne ordenador 11 s | l tjne un
ordenador ||
Ask if he has a dog. No, he hasn't got a dog.
Pregunta si [l] tiene perro. No, [l] no tiene

perro.
[ preynta si l tjne pro 11 no | l no tjne pro 11
Ask if he has a smart phone. No, he hasn't got a smart

phone.
Pregnta si [l] tiene un smartphone. No, [l] no

tiene un smartphone.
[ preynta si l tjne un ... 11 no | l no tjne un ... 11 ]
Ask if he has a watch. Yes, he's got a watch.
Pregnta si [l] tiene reloj. S, [l] tiene reloj.
[ preynta si l tjne relx 11 s | l tjne relx 11
Ask if he has any brothers or sisters. Yes, he's got a

brother and two sisters.
Pregnta si [l] tiene hermanos o hermanas. S,

[l] tiene un hermano y dos hermanas.
[ preynta si l tjne ermnos o ermnas 11 s | l tjne

un ermno i dos ermnas 11
I don't have a computer.
[Yo] no tengo ordenador.
(]%) [ jo no tggo ordenador 11 ]
You don't have a dog.
[Yo] no tengo perro.
[ jo no tggo pro 11
She doesn't have a bike.
[Ella] no tiene bicicleta.
(7g> [ Xa no tjne biGiklta 11 ]
EN ES
202
ik *
He has several brothers and sisters.
[l] tiene varios hermanos y hermanas.
[ l tjne brjos ermnos i ermnas 11
They have two children.
[Ellos] tienen dos hijos.
[ Xos tjnen dos xos 11
She doesn't have a key.
[Ella] no tiene llave.
[ Xa no tjne Xjte 11
He has anew job.
[l] tiene un trabajo nuevo.
[ l tjne un traflxo nwjto 11 ]
They don't have much money.
[Ellos] no tienen mucho dinero.
[ Xos no tjnem mtfo dinro 11
Do you have an umbrella?
Tienes [t] paraguas?
[ tjnes t parywas 11 ]
EN ES
204
ik *
We have a lot of work to do.
[Nosotros] tenemos mucho trabajo que hacer.
[ nosotros tenmos mtfo tra|3xo ke aGr 11 ]
I don't have your phone number.
[Yo] no tengo tu nmero de telfono.
[ jo no tggo tu nmero de telfono 11
Does your father have a car?
Tu padre tiene coche?
[ tu pre tjne ktfe 11
205
EN ES
How much money do you have with you?
Cunto dinero llevas [t] encima?
[ kwnto dinro Xj3as t enGma 11
She doesn't have a car. She goes everywhere by bicycle.
[Ella] no tiene coche. Va a todas partes en bicicleta.
[ Xa no tjne ktfe 11 ba a tas prtes en biGiklta 11
They like animals. They have three dogs and two cats.
[A ellos] les gustan los animales. Tienen tres perros

y dos gatos.
[ a Xos les gustan los animles 11 tjnen tres pros i dos

gatos 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
2 0 6
|K*
Fahim isn't happy. He's got a lot of problems.
Fahim no es feliz. Tiene muchos problemas.
[... no es felG 11 tjne mtfos projSlmas 11 ]
They don't read much. They don't have many books.
[Ellos] no leen mucho. No tienen muchos libros.
[ Xos no leem mtfo 11 no tjnem mtfos liaros 11
What's wrong? I've got something in my eye.
Qu te pasa? [Yo] tengo algo en el ojo.
[ k te psa 11 jo tggo lyo en l xo 11
207
EN ES
Where's my phone? I don't know. I don't have it.
Dnde est mi telfono? [Yo] no lo s. No lo

tengo.
[ dnde est mi telfono 11 jo no lo s 11 no lo tggo

]
She wants to go to the concert, but she doesn't have a

ticket.
[Ella] quiere ir al concierto, pero no tiene entrada.
[ Xa kjre ir l konBjrto | pro no tjne entra 11
I'm not feeling well. I have a headache.
[Yo] no me encuentro bien. Tengo un dolor de

cabeza.
[ jo no me egkwntro bjen 11 tggo un dolor de ka|30a

]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
2 0 8
|K*
It's a nice house but it doesn't have a big yard.
Es una buena casa, pero no tiene un jardn grande.
[ es na bwna ksa | pro no tjne un xarn grande 11 ]
Most cars have four wheels.
La mayora de los coches tienen cuatro ruedas.
[ la majora de los ktfes tjneg kwtro rwas 11
Everybody likes him. He's got a lot of friends.
[l] cae bien a todo el mundo. Tiene muchos

amigos.
[ l kae bjen a to l mundo 11 tjne mtfos amyos 11
209
EN ES
I can't open the door. I don't have the key.
[Yo] no puedo abrir la puerta. No tengo la llave.
[ jo no pwo aj3rr la pwrta 11 no tggo la j3e 11
An insect has six legs.
Un insecto tiene seis patas.
[ un insekto tjne sejs ptas 11
Hurry, we don't have much time.
Rpido, [nosotros] no tenemos mucho tiempo.
[ rpido | nosotros no tenmos mtfo tjmpo 11
EN ES
210
ik *
Now he's at work.
[l] est en el trabajo ahora.
[ l est en l tra|3xo ara 11
Last night he wasn't at work.
La noche pasada [l] no estuvo en el trabajo.
[ la ntfe pasa l no estjlo en l traj3xo 11
He was in bed.
[l] estaba en la cama.
[ l est|3a en la kma 11
211
EN ES
He was asleep.
[l] estaba dormido.
[ l estaba dormido 11
He was in bed, asleep.
[l] estaba en la cama, dormido.
[ l est(3a en la kma | dormido 11
I was tired last night.
[Yo] estuve
[ jo estjle kansdo kansda la ntfe pasada 11 ]
S cansado (5 cansada) la noche pasada.
EN ES
212
ik *
Where was Fatima yesterday?
Dnde estuvo Ftima ayer?
[ dnde estuco ftima jer 11
The weather was nice last week.
Hizo buen tiempo la semana pasada.
[ 0o bwen tjmpo la semana pasa 11
You were late yesterday.
[T] llegaste tarde ayer.
[ t Aeyste tre jer 11
213
EN ES
They weren't here last Sunday.
[Ellos] no estuvieron aqu el domingo pasado.
[ Xos no estu]3jfon ak l domggo paso 11
Last year Rebecca was 22, so she is 23 now.
El ao pasado Rebecca tena veintids (22) aos, as

que ahora tiene veintitrs (23).
[ l jio paso rejlekka tena bejntis jios | as ke ara
tjne bejntitrs |
When I was a child, I was afraid of dogs.
Cuando [yo] era nio, tena miedo de los perros.
[ kwndo jo ra njio | tena mjo de los pros 11
EN ES
214
ik *
We were hungry after the trip, but we weren't tired.
[Nosotros] tenamos hambre despus del viaje, pero

no estabmos cansados.
[ nosotros tenamos mbre despws dl bjaxe | pro no
estabmos kansos 11
The hotel was comfortable, but it wasn't expensive.
El hotel era cmodo, pero no era caro.
[ l otl ra kmoo | pro no ra kro 11
Was the weather nice when you were on vacation?
Hizo buen tiempo cuando estabas [t] de

vacaciones?
[ 0o bwen tjmpo kwndo est|3as t de bakaGjnes 11
________________________________________ 215
Your shoes are nice. Were they expensive?
Tus zapatos son bonitos. Fueron caros?
(]%) [ tus Gaptos son bonitos 11 fwrog kros 11 ]
Why were you late this morning?
Por qu llegaste [t] tarde esta maana?
[ pr k eyste t tre sta majina 11
Were you late? No, I wasn't.
Llegaste [t] tarde? No, yo no.
(]%) [ Aeyste t tre 11 no | jo no 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
216
ik *
Was Paul at work yesterday? Yes, he was.
Estaba Paul en el trabajo ayer? S, [l] lo estaba.
[ estfia ... en l trafixo jer 11 s | l lo estfia 11 ]
Were they at the party? No, they weren't.
Estaban [ellos] en la fiesta? No, no lo estaban.
[ estfian Xos en la fjsta 11 no | no lo estfian 11
Today the weather's nice, but yesterday it was very cold.
Hoy hace bueno, pero ayer haca mucho fro.
[ oj 0e bwno | pro jer a0a mtfo fro 11
217
EN ES
I'm hungry. Can I have something to eat?
[Yo] tengo hambre. Puedo comer algo?
[ jo tggo mbre 11 pwo komr lyo 11 ]
I feel fine this morning, but I was very tired last night.
[Yo] me encuentro bien esta maana, pero anoche

estaba muy ^cansado ( $ cansada).
[ jo me egkwntro bjen sta majina | pro antfe estj3a
muj kanso kansa 11
Where were you at 11 a.m. last Friday morning?
Dnde estabas [t] el viernes pasado a las once de

la maana?
[ dnde estabas t l bjemes paso a las nGe de la

majina 11
EN ES
218
ik *
Don't buy those shoes. They're very expensive.
No compres [t] esos zapatos. Son muy caros.
[ no kmpres t sos Baptos 11 som muj kros 11 ]
I like your new jacket. Was it expensive?
[A m] Me gusta tu chaqueta nueva. Fue cara?
[ a m me gsta tu tfakta nw]3a 11 fwe kra 11
This time last year I was in Paris.
En esta poca el ao pasado [yo] estaba en Pars.
[ en sta poka l jio paso jo est|3a em pars 11
219
EN ES
Where are the children? I don't know, they were here

a few minutes ago.
Dnde estn los nios? [Yo] no lo s, [ellos]

estaban aqu hace unos minutos.
[ dnde estn los njios 11 jo no lo s | Xos estJ3an

ak 0e unos mintos 11
We weren't happy with the hotel. Our room was very

small, and it wasn't clean.
[Nosotros] no estbamos contentos con el hotel.
Nuestra habitacin era muy pequea y no estaba
limpia.
[ nosotros no estbamos kontntos kon l otl 11 nwstra
a|3ita0jn ra muj pekjia i no est]3a lmpja 11
Antonio wasn't at work last week because he was sick.

He's better now.
0
Antonio no estaba en el trabajo la semana pasada

porque estaba enfermo. Pero [l] est mejor ahora.
[ antjio no estj3a en l tra|3xo la semna pasa prke

estaba eirjfrmo 11 pro l est mexr ara 11
Yesterday was a holiday, so the banks were closed.

They're open today.
Ayer era fiesta, as que los bancos estaban cerrados.
Hoy estn abiertos.
[ jer ra ijsta | as ke los bgkos estfian Geros 11 oj
estn afijertos 11
Were Anabel and Richard at the party? Anabel was

there, but Richard wasn't.
Estaban Anabel y Richard en la fiesta? Anabel
estaba, pero Richard no.
[ estfian anafil i ... en la fjsta 11 anafil estfia | pro
... no 11
Where are my keys? I don't know. They were on the

table, but they're not there now.
Dnde estn mis llaves? [Yo] No lo s. Estaban
en la mesa, pero ahora no lo estn.
[ dnde estm mis Afies 11 jo no lo s 11 estfian en la
msa | pro ara no lo estn 11 ]
221
EN ES
You weren't at home last night. Where were you?
No estabas [t] en casa anoche. Dnde estabas [t]?
[ no estabas t eg ksa antfe 11 dnde estfas t 11 ]
Why were you late this morning? The traffic was bad.
Por qu llegaste [t] tarde esta maana? Haba

mucho trfico.
[ pr k eyste t tre sta majina 11 afa mtfo
trfiko || ]
Was your exam difficult? No, it was easy.
Fue difcil tu examen? No, fue fcil.
[ fwe difBil tu eksmen 11 no | fwe fGil 11 ]
Where were they last week? They were on vacation.
Dnde estaban [ellos] la semana pasada?

Estaban de vacaciones.
[ dnde estj3an Xos la semna pasa 11 estj3an de

bakaGjnes ||
How much was your new camera? It was three

hundred dollars.
Cunto cost tu cmara nueva? Cost dos
cientos (200) euros.
[ kwnto kost tu kmara nw]3a 11 kost dos Ojentos
euros ||
Why were you angry yesterday? Because you were

late.
Por qu estabas [t] $ enfadado ($ enfadada) ayer?

Porque [t] llegste tarde.
[ pr k est|3as t errjfao errjfaa jer 11 prke

t Xeyste tre 11
223
EN ES
Was the weather nice last week? Yes, it was beautiful.
Hizo buen tiempo la semana pasada? S, muy

buen tiempo.
[ 0o bwen tjmpo la semna pasa 11 s | muj bwen

tiempo 11 ]
I brush my teeth every morning. This morning I brushed

my teeth.
[Yo] me lavo los dientes cada maana. Esta maana
me lav los dientes.
[ jo me lJ3o los djentes ka majina 11 sta majina me
laJ3 los djntes 11
Terry worked in a bank from 1995 to 2001.
Terry trabaj en un banco de mil novecientos

noventa y cinco (1995) al dos mil uno (2001).
[... tra|3ax en un bgko de mil nofteOjntos noflnta i

Ogko l dos mil uno |
EN ES
224
ik *
Yesterday it rained all morning. It stopped at lunchtime.
Ayer llovi toda la maana. Par a la hora de comer.
[ jer Aofijp ta la majina 11 par a la ra de komr 11 ]
We enjoyed the party last night.
[Nosotros] disfrutamos de la fiesta anoche.
[ nosotros disfrutamos de la fjsta antfe 11
We danced a lot and talked to a lot of people.
[Nosotros] bailamos mucho y hablamos con mucha

gente.
[ nosotros bajlmos mtfo i afilamos kom mtfa gnte 11
225
EN ES
The party ended at midnight.
La fiesta termin a media noche.
[ la fjsta termin a mja ntfe 11 ]
I usually get up early, but this morning I got up at 9:30.
[Yo] normalmente me levanto temprano, pero esta

maana me levant a las nueve y media (9:30).
[ jo normalmnte me lefinto temprano | pro sta
majina me lefiant a las nwfie i mja |
We did a lot of work yesterday.
[Nosotros] trabajamos mucho ayer.
[ nosotros trafiaxmos mtfo jer 11
EN ES
226
ik *
Sonia went to the movies three times last week.
Sonia fue al cine tres veces la semana pasada.
[ sjia fwe l Gne tres bGes la semna pasa 11
Enzo came into the room, took off his coat, and sat
down.
Enzo entr en la habitacin, se quit el abrigo, y se
sent.
[... entr en la a|3ita0jn | se kit l ajkyo | i se sent
]
It was hot in the room, so I opened the window.
Haca calor en la habitacin, as que [yo] abr la

ventana.
[ a0a kalr en la aJ3ita0jn | as ke jo a|3r la bentna 11
227
EN ES
The movie was very long. It started at 7:15 and finished

at 10 pm.
La pelcula era muy larga. Empez a las siete y

cuarto (7:15) y termin a las diez (10).
[ la pelkula ra muj larya 11 empeO a las sjte i kwrto

11 i termin a las djB |
When I was a child, I wanted to be a doctor.
Cuando [yo] era nio, quera ser mdico.
[ kwndo jo ra njio | kera sr miko 11
The accident happened last Sunday afternoon.
El accidente ocurri el domingo pasado por la tarde.
[ l akBinte okurj l domggo paso por la tre 11
It's a nice day today, but yesterday it rained all day.
Hace bueno hoy, pero ayer llovi todo el da.
[ 0e bwno oj | pro jer oj3j to l da 11 ]
We enjoyed our vacation last year. We stayed at a very

nice place.
[Nosotros] disfrutamos de nuestras vacaciones el
ao pasado. Nos quedamos en un buen sitio.
[ nosotros disfrutamos de nwstras bakaGjnes l jio
paso 11 nos kemos en un bwen stjo 11
Cecilia's grandfather died when he was ninety years old.
El abuelo de Cecilia muri cuando tena noventa

aos.
[ l aflwlo de 0e0la murj kwndo tena noflnta jios
II]
229
I already paid the bill.
[Yo] ya he pagado la factura.
[ jo ja e payado la faktra 11
I visited her last week.
[Yo] la visit la semana pasada.
[ jo la bisit la semna pasa 11
I bought my tickets online.
[Yo] compr mi entrada en internet.
[ jo kompr mi entra en intemt 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
230
ik *
I copied the schedule.
[Yo] copi el horario.
[ jo kopj l orrjo 11
I put my bag on the table. (PAST TENSE)
[Yo] puse mi bolsa en la mesa.
[ jo pse mi bolsa en la msa 11
I spoke with him yesterday on the phone.
[Yo] habl con l por telfono ayer.
[ jo ajil kon l pr telfono jer 11
231
EN ES
Last Tuesday, Vanessa flew from Los angeles to Mexico

City.
El martes pasado, Vanessa vol de Los ngeles a la

Ciudad de Mjico.
[ l martes paso | banssa bol de los nyeles a la

0iu5 de mxiko 11
She got up at six in the morning and had a cup of coffee.
[Ella] se levant a las seis de la maana y se tom

una taza de caf.
[ Xa se levant a las sejs de la majina i se tom na
t0a de kaf 11 ]
At seven-fifteen she left home and drove to the airport.
A las siete y cuarto [ella] sali de casa y condujo al

aeropuerto.
[ a las sjte i kwrto Xa sali de ksa i kondxo l

aeropwrto ||
When she got there, she parked the car, walked to the
terminal, and checked in.
Cuando [ella] lleg all, aparc el coche, fue

andando hasta la terminal, y factur.
[ kwndo Xa Xey aX | apark l ktfe | fwe andndo

sta la terminal | i faktur 11
Then she had breakfast at an airport cafe and waited for

her flight.
Entonces [ella] desayun en el caf del aeropuerto,
y esper a su vuelo.
[ entnGes Aa desajun en l kaf dl aeropwrto | i
esper a su bwlo 11
597
The plane departed on time and arrived in Mexico City

four hours later.
El avin despeg a tiempo y lleg a la Ciudad de

Mjico cuatro horas ms tarde.
[ l afljn despey a tjmpo i ey a la Giu de mxiko

kwtro ras ms tre 11 ]
233
EN ES
Finally she took a taxi from the airport to her hotel

downtown.
Finalmente, [ella] coji un taxi desde el aeropuerto

hasta su hotel en el centro.
[ finalmnte | Xa koxj un taksi deze l aeropwrto

sta su otl en l Gntro 11
Steve always goes to work by car. Yesterday he went to

work by car.
Steve siempre va en coche a trabajar. Ayer fue en
coche a trabajar.
[... sjmpre ba eg ktfe a traflaxr 11 jer fwe eg ktfe a
tra|3axr 11
Hannah often loses her keys. She lost her keys last week.
Hannah pierde sus llaves con frecuencia. Perdi

[ella] sus llaves la semana pasada.
[... pjre sus ftes koig frekwnGja 11 perj Xa sus

AJ3es la semna pasa 11
Zoe meets her friends every night. She met them last
night.
Zoe queda con sus amigos todas las noches. Qued

[ella] con ellos anoche.
[... ka kon sus amyos tas las ntfes 11 ke Xa kon

Xos antfe 11
I usually buy two newspapers every day. Yesterday I

bought two newspapers.
[Yo] normalmente compro dos peridicos todos los
das. Ayer compr dos peridicos.
[ jo normalmnte kmpro dos perjikos toos los das
jer kompr dos perjikos 11
We often go to the movies on weekends. Last Sunday we

went to the movies.
[Nosotros] con frecuencia vamos al cine los fines de
semana. El domingo pasado fuimos al cine.
[ nosotros kon] frekwnGja bmos l Gne los fines de
semana 11 l domrjgo paso fwmos l Gne 11
235
EN ES
I eat an orange every day. Yesterday I ate an orange.
[Yo] me como una naranja todos los das. Ayer me

com una naranja.
[ jo me kmo na naranxa toos los das 11 jer me kom

na naranxa 11
Tom always takes a shower in the morning. This

morning he took a shower.
Tom siempre se ducha por la maana. Esta maana
se duch.
[... sjmpre se dtfa pr la majina 11 sta majina se
dutf || ]
Our friends often come to see us. They came to see us

last Friday.
0
Con frecuencia nuestros amigos vienen a vemos.

Vinieron a vemos el viernes pasado.
[ konj frekwnGja nwstros amyos bjnen a hemos 11

bijiron a bernos l bjernes paso 11
EN ES
236
ik *
[ jo no beo la teleJ3isjg kom mtfa frekwnBja 11
I didn't watch TV yesterday.
[Yo] no vi la televisin ayer.
[ jo no b la telej3isjn jer 11
Does she go out often?
Sale [ella] con frecuencia?
[ sale Xa korr) frekwnBja 11
237
EN ES
Did she go out last night?
Sali [ella] anoche?
[ salj Xa antfe 11 ]
I played tennis yesterday, but I didn't win.
[Yo] jugu al tenis ayer, pero no gan.
[ jo xuyw l tenis jer | pro no gan 11
Did you do your homework? No, I didn't have time.
Hiciste [t] tus deberes? No, [yo] no tuve

tiempo.
[ iBste t tus dejtres 11 no | jo no tjte tjmpo 11
EN ES
238
ik *
We went to the movies, but we didn't enjoy the film.
[Nosotros] fuimos al cine, pero no disfrutamos de la

pelcula.
[ nosotros fwmos l 0ne | pro no disfrutmos de la
pelkula 11
Did you see Fabian yesterday? No, I didn't.
Viste [t] a Fabin ayer? No, [yo] no le vi.
[ bste t a faj3jn jer 11 no | jo no le b 11
Did it rain on Sunday? Yes, it did.
Llovi el domingo? S, llovi.
[ AoJ3jo l domjgo 11 s | Aoj3j 11 ]
239
EN ES
Did Eveline come to the party? No, she didn't.
Vino Eveline a la fiesta? No, [ella] no vino.
[ bino ... a la fjsta 11 no | Xa no bino 11 ]
Did your parents have a good trip? Yes, they did.
Tuvieron buen viaje tus padres? S, [ellos] lo

tuvieron.
[ tufijron bwen bjxe tus pres 11 s | Xos lo
tufijron 11 ]
I saw Evita, but I didn't see Fausto.
[Yo] vi Evita, pero no vi Fausto.
[ jo b efita | pro no b fwsto 11
EN ES
240
ik *
They worked on Monday, but they didn't on Tuesday.
[Ellos] trabajaron el lunes, pero no el martes.
[ Xos trafiaxron l lunes | pro no l martes 11
We went to the post office, but we didn't go to the bank.
[Nosotros] fuimos a la oficina de correos, pero no al

banco.
[ nosotros fwmos a la ofiGna de koreos | pro no l
bqko 11 ]
She had a pen, but she didn't have any paper.
[Ella] tena un bolgrafo, pero no tena ningn papel.
[ Xa tena un bolyrafo | pro no tena nipgm papl 11
241
EN ES
Gerhard did some work in the yard, but he didn't do any

work in the house.
Gerhard trabaj en el jardn, pero no en la casa.
[... trafiax en l xarn | pro no en la ksa 11 ]
I watched TV last night. How about you? Did you watch

TV last night?
[Yo] vi la televisin anoche. Y t? Viste [t] la
televisin anoche?
[ jo b la telefiisjn antfe 11 i t 11 bste t la telefiisjn
antfe 11 ]
I enjoyed the party. How about you? Did you enjoy the
party?
0
[Yo] disfrut de la fiesta. Y t? Disfrutaste [t] de

la fiesta?
[ jo disfrut de la fjsta 11 i t 11 disfrutaste t de la fjsta
II]
I had a nice vacation. How about you? Did you have a

nice vacation?
[Yo] tuve unas buenas vacaciones. Y t? Tuviste

[t] unas buenas vacaciones?
[ jo tjte unas bwnas bakaBjnes 11 i t 11 tupiste t unas

bwnas bakaBjnes 11
I finished work early. How about you? Did you finish

work early?
[Yo] termin el trabajo pronto. Y t? Terminaste
[t] el trabajo pronto?
[ jo termin l tra|3xo pronto 11 i t 11 terminaste t l
tra|3xo pronto 11
I slept well last night. How about you? Did you sleep
well last night?
[Yo] dorm bien anoche. Y t? Dormiste [t] bien
anoche?
[ jo dorm bjen antfe 11 i t 11 dormiste t bjen antfe 11
]
243
EN ES
I watched TV.
[Yo] vi la televisin.
[ jo b la tele]3isjn 11
I got up before seven a.m.
[Yo] me levant antes de las siete de la maana.
[ jo me levant ntes de las sjte de la majina 11
I took a shower.
[Yo] me duch.
[ jo me dutf 11 ]
EN ES
244
ik *
I bought a magazine.
[Yo] compr una revista.
[ jo kompr na ressta 11
I went to bed before ten-thirty.
[Yo] me fui a la cama antes de las diez y media.
[ jo me fwi a la kma ntes de las djG i mja 11
We went to Hong Kong last month.
[Nosotros] fuimos a Hong Kong el mes pasado.
[ nosotros fwmos a ... l mes paso 11
245
Where did you stay?
Dnde os quedasteis [vosotros]?
[ dnde os kestejs bostros 11
We stayed with some friends.
[Nosotros] nos quedamos con unos amigos.
[ nosotros nos kemos kon nos amyos 11
I was late for the meeting.
[Yo] llegu tarde a la reunin.
[ jo Aeyw tre a la reujin 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
246
ik *
What time did you get there?
A qu hora llegste [t] all?
[ a k ra Xeyste t aX 11
I got there at nine-thirty.
[Yo] llegu all a las nueve y media.
[ jo Aeyw aA a las nwj3e i mja 11
I played tennis this afternoon.
[Yo] jugu al tenis esta tarde.
[ jo xuyw l tenis sta tre 11
247
EN ES
Did you win?
Ganaste [t]?
[ ganste t 11
No, I lost.
No, [yo] perd.
[ no | jo perd 11
I had a nice vacation.
[Yo] tuve unas buenas vacaciones. Y t? Tuviste

[t] unas buenas vacaciones?
[ jo tjte unas bwnas bakaBjnes 11 i t 11 tupiste t nas

bwnas bakaBjnes 11
EN ES
248
ik *
Where did you go?
A dnde fuiste [t]?
[ a dnde fwste t 11
I went to the mountains.
[Yo] fui a las montaas.
[ jo fwi a las montjias 11
We came home by taxi.
[Nosotros] vinimos a casa en taxi.
[ nosotros binmos a ksa en taksi 11
249
How much did it cost?
Cunto cost?
[ kwnto kost 11
It cost forty dollars.
Cost treinta euros.
[ kost trjnta eros 11
I'm tired this morning.
$cansado (5 cansada) esta maana.
[Yo] estoy
[ jo stoj kanso kansa sta majina 11
EN ES
EN ES
250
ik *
Did you sleep well last night?
Dormiste [t] bien anoche?
[ dormiste t bjen antfe 11
No, I didn't sleep very well.
No, [yo] no dorm muy bien.
[ no | jo no dorm muj bjen 11
We went to the beach yesterday.
[Nosotros] fuimos a la playa ayer.
[ nosotros fwmos a la plaja jer 11
Was the weather nice?
Hizo buen tiempo?
(7g> [ 0o bwen tjmpo 11 ]
Yes, the weather was great.
S, el tiempo fue estupendo.
[ s | l tjmpo fwe estupndo 11
The window is broken.
La ventana est rota.
(g) [ la bentna est rota 11 ]
EN ES
252
ik *
How did it break?
Cmo se rompi?
[ kmo se rompj 11 ]
I don't know how it broke.
[Yo] no s cmo se rompi.
[ jo no s kmo se rompj 11
We went to the movies, but the film wasn't very good.

We didn't enjoy it.
[Nosotros] fuimos al cine, pero la pelcula no era

muy buena.
[ nosotros fwmos l Bine | pro la pelkula no ra muj

bwna 11 ]
253
EN ES
Giovanni bought some new clothes yesterday: two shirts

and a pair of pants.
Giovanni compr alguna ropa nueva ayer: dos

camisas y un par de pantalones.
[ gwjofianni kompr alyna ropa nwfia jer | dos

kamsas i um par de pantalones 11
Did it rain yesterday? No, it was a nice day.
Llovo ayer? No, hizo un buen da.
[ Aofio jer 11 no | 0o un bwen da 11
We were tired, so we didn't stay long at the party.
[Nosotros] estbamos cansados, as que no nos

quedamos mucho en la fiesta.
[ nosotros estbamos kansos | as ke no nos kemos

mtfo en la fista 11
EN ES
254
ik *
It was very warm in the room, so I opened a window.
Haca calor en la habitacin, as que [yo] abr la

ventana.
[ a0a kalr en la aj3ita0jn | as ke jo aj3r la bentna 11
Did you call Ingrid this morning? No, I didn't have

time.
Llamaste [t] a Ingrid esta maana? No, [yo] no
he tenido tiempo.
[ amste t a ... sta majina 11 no | jo no e teno
tjmpo 11 ]
I cut my hand this morning. How did you do that?
[Yo] Me cort la mano esta maana. Cmo lo

hiciste [t]?
[ jo me kort la mno sta majina 11 kmo lo i0ste t

II]
255
EN ES
Why weren't you at the meeting yesterday? I didn't

know about a meeting.
Por qu no estuviste [t] en la reunin ayer?

Porque [yo] no saba nada de una reunin.
[ pr k no estuviste t en la reujin jer 11 prke jo

no saj3a na de na reujin 11
It's six o'clock now. Luka's at home watching TV.
Son las seis en punto ahora. Luka est en casa

viendo la televisin.
[ son las sejs em pnto ara 11 ... est eg ksa bjndo la
telejhsjn 11
At four o'clock he wasn't at home. He was at the gym.
A las cuatro en punto [l] no estaba en casa. [l]

estaba en el gimnasio.
[ a las kwtro em pnto l no estj3a eg ksa 11 l estj3a

en l gimnsjo 11 ]
EN ES
256
ik *
He was swimming in the pool, not watching TV.
[l] estaba nadando en la piscina, no viendo la

televisin.
[ l estaba nando en la pisGna | no bjndo la tele]3isjn
What were you doing at eleven-thirty yesterday? Were

you working?
II]
Qu estabas [t] haciendo ayer a las once y media?

Estabas trabajando?
[ k est|3as t aGjendo jer a las nGe i mja 11 est|3as
tra|3axndo ||
What did he say? I don't know, I wasn't listening.
Qu ha dicho [l]? [Yo] no lo s, no estaba

escuchando.
[ k a dtfo l 11 jo no lo s | no estj3a eskutfndo 11
257
EN ES
It was raining, so we didn't go out.
Estaba lloviendo, as que [nosotros] no salimos.
[ estja Aoj3jndo | as ke nosotros no salimos 11 ]
In two-thousand-one we were living in Japan.
En el dos mil uno [nosotros] estbamos viviendo en

Japn.
[ en l dos mil no nosotros estbamos biJ3jndo en
xapn 11
Today she's wearing a skirt, but yesterday she was

wearing pants.
0
Hoy [ella] lleva falda, pero ayer llevaba pantalones.
[ oj Xa AjJa flda | pro jer e]3|3a pantalones 11
EN ES
258
ik *
I woke up early yesterday. It was a beautiful morning.
[Yo] me levant temprano ayer. Haca una bonita

maana.
[ jo me levant temprno jer 11 a0a na bonita majina
The sun was shining, and the birds were singing.
II]
El sol estaba brillando, y los pjaros estaban

cantando.
[ l sl est|3a brLCndo | i los pxaros est|3aij kantndo
II]
I was working at ten-thirty last night.
[Yo] estaba trabajando a las diez y media anoche.
[ jo estJ3a trajlaxndo a las dj0 i mja antfe 11
259
EN ES
It wasn't raining when we went out.
Estaba lloviendo cuando [nosotros] salimos.
[ estja AojSjndo kwndo nosotros salimos 11 ]
What were you doing at three o'clock?
Qu estabas [t] haciendo a las tres en punto?
[ k est|3as t aGjendo a las tres em punto 11
Dmitry and Irina were at the supermarket buying food.
Dmitry e Irina estaban en el supermercado

comprando comida.
[... e irna estj3an en l supermerko komprndo

koma 11 ]
jwjpod E N E S
260
|K*
Santo was in his car driving.
Santo estaba en su coche conduciendo.
[ santo estj3a en su ktfe konduBjendo 11
Dennis was at the station waiting for a train.
Dennis estaba en la estacin esperando a un tren.
[... estaba en la estaOjon esperndo a un tren 11
The old couple were in the park taking a walk.
La vieja pareja estaban en el parque paseando.
[ la bjxa parxa est|3an en l prke pasendo 11
261
EN ES
At eight forty-five she was washing her car.
A las ocho cuarenta y cinco [ella] estaba lavando su

coche.
[ a las tfo kwarnta i Grjko Xa estja laj3ndo su ktfe
At ten forty-five she was playing tennis.
II]
Alas diez cuarenta y cinco [ella] estaba jugando al

tenis.
[ a las dj0 kwarnta i Ggko Xa est|3a xuyndo l tenis
II]
At eight o'clock she was reading the news.
A las ocho en punto [ella] estaba leyendo las

noticias.
[ a las tfo em pnto Xa est|3a lejndo las notGjas 11
EN ES
262
ik *
At twelve-ten she was cooking lunch.
A las doce y diez [ella] estaba cocinando la comida.
[ a las d0e i dje0 Xa estja ko0inndo la koma 11 ]
At seven fifteen she was having breakfast.
A las siete y cuarto [ella] estaba desayunando.
[ a las sjte i kwrto Aa estJ3a desajunndo 11
At nine thirty she was cleaning the kitchen.
A las nueve y media [ella] estaba limpiando la

cocina.
[ a las nwJ3e i mja Xa estâ limpjndo la ko0na 11
263
EN ES
b ik
Where were you living in nineteen ninety-nine?
Dnde estabas [t] viviendo en mil novecientos

noventa y nueve?
[ dnde est]3as t bij3jndo em mil noj3e0jntos noj3nta i

nw]3e 11
What were you doing at two o'clock?
Qu estabas haciendo [t] a las dos en punto?
[ k est|3as aBjndo t a las dos em pnto 11
Was it raining when you got up?
Estaba lloviendo cuando te levantaste [t]?
[ estaba Ao[3jndo kwndo te le]3antste t 11 ]
EN ES
264
ik *
Why was she driving so fast?
Por qu estaba [ella] conduciendo tan deprisa?
[ pr k est]3a Xa konduGjndo tan deprsa 11 ]
Why was he wearing a suit yesterday?
Por qu llevaba [l] un traje ayer?
[ pr k Aej3|3a l un trxe jer 11
He wasn't wearing a jacket.
[l] no llevaba chaqueta.
[ l no ej3j3a tfakta 11 ]
He was carrying a bag.
[l] llevaba una bolsa.
[ l e|3j3a na bolsa 11 ]
He wasn't going to the dentist.
[l] no estaba llendo al dentista.
[ l no estâ ndo l dentista 11
He was eating ice cream.
[l] estaba comiendo helado.
[ l est|3a komjndo elo 11 ]
jwjpod E N E S
266
|K*
He wasn't carrying an umbrella.
[l]no llevaba paraguas.
[ l no ej3|3a parywas 11 ]
He wasn't going home.
[l] no estaba llendo a casa.
[ l no estâ ndo a ksa 11
He was wearing a hat.
[l] llevaba gorro.
[ l e]3|3a gro 11 ]
267
EN ES
He wasn't riding a bicycle.
[l] no estaba montando en bicicleta.
[ l no estja montndo en biGiklta 11
What was Jose doing when the phone rang?
Qu estaba Jos haciendo cuando son el telfono?
[ k estjJa xos aBjndo kwndo son l telfono 11
He was reading a book.
[l] estaba leyendo un libro.
[ l est|3a lejndo un ljko 11
EN ES
268
ik *
What did he do when the phone rang?
Qu hizo [l] cuando son el telfono?
[ k 0o l kwndo son l telfono 11
He stopped reading and answered the phone.
[l] dej de leer y constest el telfono.
[ l dex de ler i konstest l telfono 11
What did you do yesterday morning?
Qu hicisteis [vosotros] ayer por la maana?
[ k iBstejs bostros jer pr la majina 11
269
EN ES
What were you doing at 10:30?
Qu estabais [vosotros] haciendo a las diez y

media (10:30)?
[ k est]3ajs bostros aOjndo a las djO i mja |
We played tennis from ten to 11:30.
[Nosotros] jugamos al tenis de diez a once y media

(11:30).
[ nosotros xuymos l tenis de djO a nGe i mja |
We were playing tennis.
[Nosotros] estbamos jugando al tenis.
[ nosotros estbamos xuyndo l tenis 11
Did you watch the basketball game on TV last night?
Viste [t] el partido de baloncesto por la televisin

anoche?
[ bste t l parto de balonGsto por la television antfe

|]
Were you watching TV when I called you?
Estabas [t] viendo el partido por la televisin

cuando te llam?
[ estâs t bjndo l parto pr la teleVisjg kwndo te
Aam ||
It didn't rain while we were on vacation.
No llovi mientras estbamos [nosotros] de

vacaciones.
(2) [ no Ao]3 nyntras estbamos nosotros de bakaBjnes

]
271
EN ES
It wasn't raining when I got up.
No estaba lloviendo cuando [yo] me levant.
[ no estaba Aoj3jendo kwndo jo me levant 11
I started work at nine and finished at 4:30. So at 2:30,1

was in the middle of working.
[Yo] empec a trabajar a las nueve (9:00) y termin
a las cuatro y media (4:30). As que a las dos y
media (2:30) estaba a medio trabajar.
[ jo empeO a tra|3axr a las nwj3e i termin a las
kwtro i mja 11 as ke a las dos i mja est|3a a
mjo tra|3axr 11
It was raining when we went out.
Estaba lloviendo cuando [nosotros] salimos.
[ estaba ojBjndo kwndo nosotros salimos 11
I saw them this morning. They were waiting at the bus

stop.
[Yo] les vi esta maana. [Ellos] estaban esperando

en la parada del autobs.
[ jo les b sta majina 11 Xos estjan esperndo en la

para dl awto]3s 11 ]
She fell asleep while reading.
[Ella] se durmi mientras estaba leyendo.
[ Xa se durmj mjntras estjSa lejndo 11
Khalid broke his arm last week.
Khalid se rompi el brazo la semana pasada.
(2)
[... se rompj l brBo la semna pasa 11 ]
273
EN ES
It happened when he was painting his room.
Ocurri cuando [l] estaba pintando su habitacin.
[ okurj kwndo l est|3a pintndo su a|3ita0jn 11
He fell off the ladder.
[l] se cay de la escalera.
[ l se kaj de la eskalra 11
The train arrived at the station and she got off.
El tren lleg a la estacin y ella se baj.
[ l tren Aey a la estaGjn i Xa se bax 11
Two friends of hers were waiting to meet her.
Dos amigos suyos estaban esperando para

encontrarse con ella.
[ dos amyos zwjos estj3an esperando pra egkontrrse

kon Xa 11
Yesterday she was walking down the street when she

met Albert.
Ayer [ella] estaba andando por la calle cuando se
encontr a Albert.
[ jer Xa est|3a andndo pr la kXe kwndo se egkontr
a ... || ]
He was going to the station to catch a train, and he was

carrying a bag.
[l] iba a la estacin a tomar un tren, y [l] llevaba

una bolsa.
(2)
[ l ftaa la estaBjn a tomr un tren | i l ej3J3a na

bolsa 11 ]
275
EN ES
They stopped to talk for a few minutes.
[Ellos] pararon para hablar unos minutos.
[ Xos parrom pra aj31r unos mintos 11 ]
Was Lara busy when you went to see her?
Estaba Lara ocupada cuando [t] fuiste a verla?
[ est|3a lra okupa kwndo t fwste a brla 11
Yes, she was studying.
S, [ella] estaba estudiando.
[ s | Xa estaba estujndo 11
EN ES
276
ik *
What time did the mail arrive this morning?
A qu hora lleg el correo esta maana?
[ a k ra Aey l koreo sta majina 11
It came while he was having breakfast.
Lleg mientras [l] estaba desayunando.
[ Aey mjntras l estj3a desajunndo 11
Was Marta at work today?
Estaba Marta hoy en el trabajo?
[ estaba marta oj en l traj3xo 11
277
EN ES
No, she didn't go to work. She was sick.
No, [ella] no ha ido a trabajar. Estaba enferma.
[ no | Xa no a o a traj3axr 11 estj3a enjfrma 11
How fast were you driving when the police stopped you?
A qu velocidad estabas conduciendo [t] cuando

te par la polica?
[ a k beloBi estâs konduBjndo t kwndo te par
la poliBa 11
I'm not sure, but I wasn't driving very fast.
[Yo] no estoy Aseguro ($ segura), pero no estaba

conduciendo muy deprisa.
[ jo no stoj seyro seyra | pro no est|3a konduBjndo

muj deprsa 11
EN ES
278
ik *
Did your team win the baseball game yesterday?
Gan tu equipo el partido de baloncesto ayer?
[ gan tu ekpo l parto de balonGsto jer 11
No, the weather was very bad, so we didn't play.
No, haca muy mal tiempo, as que [nosotros] no

jugamos.
[ no | aGa muj ml tjmpo | as ke nosotros no xuymos
II]
We were playing baseball when I hit the ball and broke a

window.
[Nosotros] estbamos jugando al bisbol cuando le
di a la pelota y romp una ventana.
[ nosotros estbamos xuyndo l bjsJ3l kwndo le di a
la pelota i romp na bentna 11
279
EN ES
b ik
Did you see Clara last night?
Viste [t] a Clara anoche?
[ bste t a ... antfe 11 ]
Yes, she was wearing a very nice jacket.
S, [ella] llevaba puesta una chaqueta muy bonita.
[ s | Xa ej3j3a pwsta na tfakta muj bonita 11
What were you doing at two this morning?
Qu estabas haciendo [t] a las dos esta maana?
[ k estabas aGjndo t a las dos sta majina 11 ]
jw
jp o d
EN E S
2 8 0
|K*
I was asleep.
[Yo] estaba durmiendo.
[ jo estj3a durmjndo 11 ]
I lost my key last night.
[Yo] perd mi llave anoche.
[ jo per mi Aj3e antfe 11
How did you get into your apartment?
Cmo entraste [t] a tu apartamento?
[ kmo entrste t a tu apartamnto 11
281
I climbed in through a window.
[Yo] escal y entr por una ventana.
(]%) [ jo eskal i entr por na bentna 11 ]
Bernard used to work in a factory.
Bernard sola trabajar en una fbrica.
[... sola traj3axr en na fj3rika 11
Now he works in a supermarket.
Ahora [l] trabaja en un supermercado.
(2)
[ ara l traj3xa en un supermerko 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
282
ik *
When I was a child, I used to like chocolate.
Cuando [yo] era nio, me gustaba el chocolate.
[ kwndo jo ra njio | me gustjSa l tfokolte 11
I used to read a lot of books, but I don't read much these

days.
[Yo] sola leer muchos libros, pero ltimamente no
leo mucho.
[ jo sola ler mtfos liaros | pro ltimamnte no leo
mtfo || ]
Emilia has short hair now, but it used to be very long.
Emilia tiene el pelo corto ahora, pero sola ser muy

largo.
[ ...ja tjne l plo krto ara | pro sola sr muj laryo
]
283
EN ES
They used to live on the same street as us.
[Ellos] solan vivir en la misma calle que nosotros.
[ Xos solan bij3r en la mzma kXe ke nosotros 11
We used to see them a lot, but we don't see them very

often these days.
[Nosotros] solamos verles mucho, pero no les
vemos mucho ltimamente.
[ nosotros solamos brles mtfo | pro no les bmos
mtfo ltimamnte 11
Nadya used to have a piano, but she sold it a few years

ago.
0
Nadya sola tener un piano, pero [ella] lo vendi

hace unos aos.
[... sola tenr um pjno | pro Xa lo bendj 0e unos

pos 11 ]
EN ES
284
ik *
When I was a child, I didn't use to like mushrooms.
Cuando [yo] era nio, no me gustaban las setas.
[ kwndo jo ra njio | no me gustJ3an las stas 11 ]
Where did you use to live before you came here?
Dnde vivas [t] antes de venir aqu?
[ dnde b|3jas t antes de benr ak 11
He used to play baseball.
[l] sola jugar al baloncesto.
[ l sola xuyr l balonGsto 11
He used to be a taxi driver.
[l] sola ser taxista.
[ l sola sr takssta 11
They used to live in the country.
[Ellos] solan vivir en el campo.
[ Xos solan bij3r en l kmpo 11
I used to wear glasses.
[Yo] sola llevar gafas.
[ jo sola Xej3r gfas 11 ]
This building used to be a hotel.
Este edificio sola ser un hotel.
[ ste eifTBjp sola sr un otl 11 ]
Do you play sports? No, I used to swim every day

though.
Juegas [t] a algn deporte? No, pero [yo] sola
nadar todos los das.
[ xwyas t a alyn deprte 11 no | pro Jo sola nar
toos los das 11
Do you go out much? No, I used to go out three

nights a week though.
Sales [t] mucho? No, pero [yo] sola salir tres

noches a la semana.
(2) [ sales t mtfo 11 no | pro jo sola salir tres ntfes a

la semna 11
287
EN ES
Do you play any instruments? No, I used to play

guitar though.
Tocas [t] algn instrumento? No, pero [yo]

sola tocar la guitarra.
[ tkas t alyn instrumnto 11 no | pro jo sola tokr

la gwitra 11
Do you like to read? I don't have the time, but I used

to read a lot.
Te gusta leer? [Yo] no tengo tiempo, pero sola
leer mucho.
[ te gsta ler 11 jo no tggo tjempo | pro sola ler
mtfo || ]
Do you travel much? I'd like to. I used to travel

several times a year though.
0
Viajas [t] mucho? Me gustara. [Yo] sola

viajar varias veces al ao.
[ bjxas t mtfo 11 me gustara 11 jo sola bjaxr

brjas bBes l jio 11
EN ES
288
I used to play tennis but I stopped playing a few years

ago.
[Yo] sola jugar al tenis pero dej de jugar hace
pocos aos.
[ jo sola xuyr l tenis pro dex de xuyr 0e pkos
jios 11 ]
Do you play any sports? Yes, I play basketball.
Juegas [t] a algn deporte? S, [yo] juego al

baloncesto.
[ xwyas t a alyn deprte 11 s | jo xwyo l
balonGsto || ]
Do you have a car? No, I used to have one, but I sold

it.
Tienes [t] coche? No, [yo] sola tener uno,

pero lo vend.
[ tjnes t ktfe 11 no | jo sola tenr uno | pro lo

bend 11 ]
289
EN ES
Igor used to be a waiter. Now he's the manager of a

hotel.
Igor sola ser camarero. Ahora [l] es el gerente de

un hotel.
[... sola sr kamarro 11 ara l es l gernte de un otl
Do you go to work by car? Sometimes, but most days

I go by subway.
II]
Vas [t] al trabajo en coche? A veces, pero casi

todos los das [yo] voy en metro.
[ bas t l tra|3xo eg ktfe 11 a b0es | pro kasi toos
los das jo boj em mtro 11
When I was a child, I never used to eat meat, but I eat it

now.
0
Cuando [yo] era nio, no me gustaba comer came,

pero ahora s la como.
[ kwndo jo ra njio | no me gustj3a komr kame | pro

ara s la kmo 11
Angela loves to watch TV. She watches it every night.
A Angela le gusta ver la televisin. [Ella] la ve

todas las noches.
[ a nyela le gsta br la telejlisjn 11 Xa la be tas las

ntjes || ]
We used to live near the airport, but we moved

downtown a few years ago.
[Nosotros] solamos vivir cerca del aeropuerto, pero
nos mudamos al centro hace pocos aos.
[ nosotros solamos bi]3r Grka dl aeropwrto | pro nos
mumos l Gntro Ge pkos jios 11
Normally I start work at seven a.m., so I get up very

early.
Normalmente [yo] empiezo el trabajo a las siete de
la maana, as que me levanto muy temprano.
[ normalmnte jo empjGo l traj3xo a las sjte de la
majina | as ke me lej3nto muj temprno 11
291
EN ES
What games did you use to play when you were a child?
A qu juegos solas jugar [t] cuando eras nio?
[ a k xwyos solas xuyr t kwndo ras njio 11
Have you been to France? No, I haven't.
Has estado [t] en Francia? No, [yo] no lo he

estado.
[ as esto t erg frnBja 11 no | jo no lo e esto 11
We've been to Canada, but we haven't been to Alaska.
[Nosotros] hemos estado en Canad, pero no hemos

estado en Alaska.
[ nosotros mos esto eg kana | pro no mos esto

en alaska 11
Shakira's an interesting person. She's had many different

jobs and has lived in many places.
Shakira es una persona interesante. [Ella] ha tenido

muchos trabajos diferentes y ha vivido en muchos
sitios.
[... es na persona interesante 11 Xa a tenido mtfos
tra]3xos diferntes i a bij36o em mtfos stjos 11
I've seen that man before, but I can't remember where.
[Yo] he visto a ese hombre antes, pero no puedo

recordar dnde.
[ jo e bsto a se mbre ntes | pro no pwo rekorr
dnde ||
How many times has Brazil won the World Cup?
Cuntas veces ha ganado Brasil la Copa del

Mundo?
[ kwntas b0es a gano brasil la kpa dl mundo 11
293
EN ES
Have you read this book? Yes, I've read it twice.
Has ledo [t] este libro? S, lo he ledo [yo] dos

veces.
[ as ledo t ste lfko 11 s | lo e ledo jo dos b0es 11

]
Has she ever been to Australia? Yes, once.
Has estado [t] alguna vez en Australia? S, una

vez.
[ as estdo t alyna b0 en awstrlja 11 s | na b0 |
]
Have you ever played golf? Yes, I play a lot.
Has jugado [t] alguna vez al golf? S [yo]

juego mucho.
[ as xuydo t alyna b0 l golf 11 s jo xwyo mtfo

II]
EN ES
294
ik *
My sister's never traveled by plane.
Mi hermana nunca ha viajado en avin.
[ mi ermna ngka a bjaxo en aj3jn 11
I've never ridden a horse.
[Yo] nunca he montado a caballo.
[ jo ngka e monto a ka|3Ao 11
Who is that man? I don't know, I've never seen him

before.
Quin es ese hombre? [Yo] no lo s, nunca le he
visto antes.
[ kjn es se mbre 11 jo no lo s | ngka le e bsto
ntes ||
295
EN ES
Have you ever been to Montreal? No, never.
Has estado [t] alguna vez en Montreal? No,

nunca.
[ as esto t alyna b0 en ... 11 no | ngka 11 ]
Have you ever played golf? No, never.
Has jugado [t] alguna vez al golf? No, nunca.
[ as xuyo t alyna b0 l golf 11 no | ngka 11
Have you ever been to South Korea? Yes, once.
Has estado alguna vez [t] en Corea del Sur?

S, una vez.
[ as esto alyna b0 t eg krea dl sr 11 s | na

b0 || ]
jwjpod E N E S
296
|K*
Have you ever lost your passport? No, never.
Has perdido [t] alguna vez tu pasaporte? No,

nunca.
[ as pero t alyna b0 tu pasaporte 11 no | ngka
Have you ever flown in a helicopter? No, never.
II]
Has volado [t] alguna vez en helicptero? No,

nunca.
[ as bolo t alyna b0 en elikptero 11 no | ngka
II]
Have you ever won a race? Yes, a few times.
Has ganado [t] alguna vez una carrera? S,

unas pocas veces.
[ as qano t alyna b0 na karra II s | nas pkas
b0es || ]
297
EN ES
Have you ever been to Peru? Yes, twice.
Has estado [t] alguna vez en Per? S, dos

veces.
[ as esto t alyna b0 em per 11 s | dos bGes 11 ]
Have you ever driven a bus? No, never.
Has conducido [t] alguna vez un autobs? No,

nunca.
[ as konduGdo t alyna bG un awtoJMs 11 no | ngka
II]
Have you ever broken your leg? Yes, once.
Te has roto [t] alguna vez la pierna? S, una

vez.
[ te as roto t alyna bG la pjerna 11 s | na bG 11
jwjpod E N E S
298
|K*
She's been to Spain twice.
[Ella] ha estado en Espaa dos veces.
[ Xa a esto en espjia dos bGes 11
She's been to Japan once.
[Ella] ha estado en Japn una vez.
[ Xa a esto en xapn na bG 11
She's won a race several times.
[Ella] ha ganado una carrera varias veces.
[ Xa a gano na karra brjas bGes 11
299
She's never flown in a helicopter.
[Ella] nunca ha volado en helicptero.
[ Xa ngka a bolo en elikptero 11 ]
I've been to New York once.
[Yo] he estado en Nueva York una vez.
[ jo e esto en nw]3a jork na b0 11
I've never played tennis.
[Yo] nunca he jugado al tenis.
[ jo ngka e xuyo l tenis 11 ]
EN ES
jwjpod E N E S
300
|K*
I've never driven a truck.
[Yo] nunca he conducido un camin.
[ jo nrjka e konduGo ur) kamjn 11
I've been late for school several times.
[Yo] he llegado tarde al colegio varias veces.
[ jo e Aeyo tre l kolywjo brjas bGes 11
She's had many different jobs.
[Ella] ha tenido muchos trabajos diferentes.
[ Xa a teno mtfos tra|3xos diferntes 11
301
She's written ten books.
[Ella] ha escrito diez libros.
(7g> [ Xa a eskrto dj0 liaros 11 ]
She's written a lot of interesting things.
[Ella] ha escrito muchas cosas interesantes.
[ Xa a eskrto mtfas ksas interesntes 11
She's traveled all over the world.
[Ella] ha viajado por todo el mundo.
(7g> [ Xa a bjaxo pr to l mundo 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
302
ik *
She's been married three times.
[Ella] ha estado casada tres veces.
[ Xa a esto kasa tres bGes 11
She's met a lot of interesting people.
[Ella] ha conocido a mucha gente interesante.
[ Xa a konoGo a mtfa gnte interesnte 11
I've seen that woman before, but I can't remember her

name.
[Yo] he visto a esa mujer antes, pero no puedo
recordar su nombre.
[ jo e bsto a sa muxr antes | pro no pwo rekorr
su nombre ||
303
EN ES
Have you ever played basketball? Just once.
Has jugado [t] alguna vez al baloncesto? S

una vez.
[ as xuyo t alyna b0 l balonGsto 11 slo i

be II ]
Have you ever written a poem? Yes, in high schc
Has escrito [t] alguna vez un poema? S, e

instituto.
[ as eskrto t alyna b0 um poma 11 s | en l
instituto ||
Does she know Claude? No, she's never met him
Conoce [ella] a Claude? No, nunca le ha

conocido.
[ kon0e Xa a ... 11 no | ngka le a kono0o
They have lots of books, and have read all of them.
[Ellos] tienen muchos libros, y los han ledo todos.
[ Xos tjnem mtfos liaros | i los an ledo toos 11
I've never been to New Zealand, but my brother's been

there twice.
[Yo] nunca he estado en Nueva Zelanda, pero mi
hermano ha estado dos veces.
[ jo ngka e esto en nwJ3a Gelnda | pro mi ermno a
esto dos bGes 11
Gunter's favorite movie is Star Wars. He's seen it twenty

times, but I've never seen it.
La pelcula favorita de Gunter es La Guerra de las
Galaxias. [l] la ha visto veinte veces, pero [yo]
nunca la he visto.
[ la pelkula favorita de ... es la gwra de las galaksjas 11
l la a bsto bjnte bGes | pro jo ngka la e bsto 11
305
EN ES
I've traveled by plane, bus, and train. Someday, I want to

take a trip by boat.
[Yo] he viajado por avin, autobs, y tren. Algn

da quiero hacer un viaje en barco.
[ jo e bjaxo pr aj3jn | awtojMs | i tren 11 alyn da

kjro a0r un bjxe en brko 11
Caroline's on vacation in Brazil. She's there now.
Caroline est de vacaciones en Brasil. [Ella] est

all ahora.
[... est de bakaGjnes en brasil 11 Xa est aA ara 11
She arrived in Brazil on Monday. Today's Thursday.
[Ella] lleg a Brasil el lunes. Hoy es jueves.
[ Xa Aey a brasil l lnes 11 oj es xwjSes 11
jwjpod E N E S
306
|K*
How long has she been in Brazil?
Cunto tiempo lleva [ella] en Brasil?
[ kwnto tjempo ]3a a en brasil 11
She's been in Brazil since Monday.
[Ella] lleva en Brasil desde el lunes.
[ a j3a en brasil deze l lnes 11
She's been in Brazil for three days.
[Ella] lleva en Brasil tres das.
[ a j3a en brasil tres das 11
307
EN ES
Emil and Larisa are married. They've been married for

five years.
Emil y Larisa estn casados. [Ellos]Llevan casados

cinco aos.
[... i larsa estg kasos 11 Xos XJ3ag kasos 0gko

jios 11 ]
Are you married? How long have you been married?
Ests [t] encasado ($ casada)? Cunto tiempo

llevas 'casado ( $ casada)?
[ ests t kaso kasa 11 kwnto tjmpo Xj3as kaso
kasa 11
Do you know her? How long have you known her?
La conoces [t]? Hace cunto tiempo que la

conoces?
[ la konBes t 11 0e kwnto tjmpo ke la kon0es 11
jwjpod E N E S
308
|K*
I know Charlotte. I've known her for a long time.
[Yo] conozco a Charlotte. La conozco hace mucho

tiempo.
[ jo konGko a ... 11 la konGko Ge mtfo tjempo 11 ]
Karla lives in Tokyo. How long has she lived in Tokyo?
Karla vive en Tokio. Hace cunto tiempo que vive

en Tokio?
[... bfte en tokjo 11 Ge kwnto tjmpo ke b|3e en tokjo
II]
She's lived there all her life.
[Ella] ha vivido ah toda su vida.
[ Aa a bijlo ai ta su ba 11
309
EN ES
I have a car. How long have you had your car?
[Yo] tengo un coche. Hace cunto tiempo que [t]

tienes tu coche?
[ jo tggo ug ktfe 11 0e kwnto tjmpo ke t tjnes tu

ktfe 11 ]
I've had it since April.
[Yo] lo tengo desde abril.
[ jo lo tggo deze ajkl 11
I'm studying German. How long have you been studying

German?
0
[Yo] estoy estudiando alemn. Cunto tiempo

llevas [t] estudiando alemn?
[ jo stoj estujndo alemn 11 kwnto tjmpo Aj3as t

estujndo alemn 11
EN ES
310
ik *
I've been studying German for two years.
[Yo] llevo estudiando alemn desde hace dos aos.
[ jo Aj3o estujndo alemn deze Ge dos jios 11
Gerard's watching TV. How long has he been watching

TV?
Gerard est viendo la televisin. Cuanto tiempo
lleva Gerard viendo la televisin?
[... est bjndo la telejfisjn 11 kwnto tjmpo A|3a ...
bjndo la telejfisjn 11
He's been watching TV since five o'clock.
[l] lleva viendo la televisin desde las cinco en

punto.
[ l J3a bjndo la telejfisjn deze las Ggko em pnto

]
311
EN ES
It's raining. It's been raining all day.
Est lloviendo. Lleva lloviendo todo el da.
[ est oj3jndo 11 Xj3a oj3jndo to l da 11
Svetlana and Maksim are married. They've been married

since nineteen ninety-nine.
Svetlana y Maksim estn casados. Llevan casados
desde mil novecientos noventa y nueve.
[ sj3etlna i ... estg kasos 11 Aj3ag kasos deze mil
noj3e0jentos noj3nta i nwj3e 11
Severn's sick. He's been sick for the last few days.
Severo est enfermo. Lleva enfermo desde hace

unos das.
[ sejSro est eigfrmo 11 j3a eigfrmo deze 0e unos

das || ]
We live on Main Street. We've lived there for a long

time.
[Nosotros] vivimos en la calle principal. Nosotros

hemos vivido aqu desde hace mucho tiempo.
[ nosotros hicimos en la ke prinGipl 11 nosotros mos

bij3o ak deze 0e mtfo tjmpo 11
Florentine works in a bank. She's worked in a bank for

five years.
Florentine trabaja en un banco. [Ella] ha trabajado
en un banco cinco aos.
[... tra|3xa en un bgko 11 Aa a tra]3ax6o en un bgko
Gijko jios 11
Hubert has a headache. He's had a headache since he got

up this morning.
Hubert tiene dolor de cabeza. [l] Lleva con dolor

de cabeza desde que se levant esta maana.
[... tjne dolor de ka|30a 11 l Aj3a kon dolor de kaj30a

deze ke se levant sta majina 11
313
EN ES
I'm studying English. I've studied English for six

months.
[Yo] estoy estudiando ingls. [Yo] llevo estudiando

ingls seis meses.
[ jo stoj estujndo iggls 11jo Kjlo estujndo iggls

sejs mses 11
How long have they been in Brazil?
Cunto tiempo llevas [t] en Brasil?
[ kwnto tjmpo j3as t en brasil 11
How long have you known Olivia?
Hace cunto tiempo que [t] conoces a Olivia?
[ 0e kwnto tjmpo ke t konGes a oljlja 11
EN ES
314
ik *
How long has she studied Italian?
Cunto tiempo lleva [ella] estudiando italiano?
[ kwnto tjmpo j3a aestujndo italjno 11
How long has he lived in Seattle?
Cunto tiempo lleva [l] viviendo el Seatlle?
[ kwnto tjmpo j3a l bij3jndo l seate 11
How long have you been a teacher?
Hace cunto tiempo que eres [t] (^profesor

($ profesora)?
[ 0e kwnto tjmpo ke res t profesor profesora 11
315
How long has it been raining?
Cunto tiempo lleva lloviendo?
(]%) [ kwnto tjmpo j3a ojSjndo 11 ]
They've been married for ten years.
[Ellos] llevan casados diez aos.
[ Xos Xj3ag kasos djG jios 11
Leonardo's lived in Canada since april.
Leonardo vive en Canad desde abril.
(2)
[ leonro bjte eg kana deze aJ3rl 11 ]
EN ES
Giselle and I are friends. I know her very well.
Giselle y yo somos
conozco muy bien.
[... i jo somos amyos anuyas 11 jo la konGko muj bjen
Luisa and I are friends. I've known her for a long time.
amigos ($ amigas). [Yo] La
II]
Luisa y yo somos S amigos ($ amigas). [Yo] La

conozco hace mucho tiempo.
[ lwsa i jo somos amyos amyas 11jo la konGko Ge
mtfo tjmpo 11
Sorry I'm late. How long have you been waiting?
[Yo] Siento llegar tarde. Cunto tiempo llevas [t]

esperando?
[ jo sjnto Aeyr tre 11 kwnto tjmpo Aj3as t

esperndo ||
317
EN ES
Jean works in a hotel now. He likes his job a lot.
Jean trabaja en un hotel ahora. Le gusta mucho su

trabajo.
[... traj3xa en un otl ara 11 le gsta mtfo su traJ3xo

]
Isabelle's reading the newspaper. She's been reading it

for two hours.
Isabelle est leyendo el peridico. Lleva leyndolo
dos horas.
[... est lejndo l perjiko 11 JJa lejndolo dos ras
]
How long have you lived in this house?
Cunto tiempo has vivido [t] en esta casa?
[ kwnto tjmpo as bij3o t en sta ksa 11
EN ES
318
ik *
Is that a new coat? No, I've had this coat for a long
time.
Este abrigo es nuevo? No, [yo] lo tengo hace

mucho tiempo.
[ ste aJMyo es nwj3o 11 no | jo lo tggo 0e mtfo

tjmpo 11 ]
Maalik's in Seattle right now. He's been there for the last
three days.
Maalik est en Seattle ahora mismo. [l] Lleva all
los ltimos tres das.
[... est en ... ara mzmo 11 l j3a aX los ltimos tres
das || ]
Yasmin's in Brazil. She's been there for three days.
Yasmin est en Brasil. [Ella] Lleva all tres das.
[... est en brasil 11 Xa Aj3a aA tres das 11
319
EN ES
Today's Wednesday. She's been there since Monday.
Hoy es mircoles. [Ella] lleva ah desde el lunes.
[ oj es mjfkoles 11 aAjJa ai deze l lnes 11
Lucien has been in Canada for six months.
Lucien lleva en Canad seis meses.
[... Aj3a eg kana sejs mses 11
Lucien has been in Canada since January.
Lucien lleva en Canad desde enero.
[... j3a eg kana deze enro 11
EN ES
320
ik *
We've been waiting for two hours.
[Nosotros] llevamos dos horas esperando.
[ nosotros ej3mos dos oras esperndo 11
We've been waiting since nine o'clock.
[Nosotros] llevamos esperando desde las nueve en

punto.
[ nosotros ejSmos esperndo deze las nwjte em pnto
II]
I've lived in Chicago for a long time.
[Yo] he vivido en Chicago mucho tiempo.
[ jo e bij3o en ... mtfo tjmpo 11
321
EN ES
I've lived in Chicago since I was ten years old.
[Yo] he vivido en Chicago desde que tena diez

aos.
[ jo e biJ3o en ... deze ke tena djG jios 11
Jasmine started her new job three weeks ago.
Jasmine empez su trabajo nuevo hace tres semanas.
[... empeG su trajJxo nwJJo Ge tres semnas 11
When did Noboru leave? He left ten minutes ago.
Cundo se fue Noboru? Se fue hace diez

minutos [l].
[ kwndo se fwe ... 11 se fwe Ge djG mintos l 11
EN ES
322
ik *
I had dinner an hour ago.
[Yo] cen hace una hora.
[ jo 0en 0e na ra 11
Life was very different a hundred years ago.
La vida era muy diferente hace cien aos.
[ la ba ra muj difernte 0e 0jen jios 11
When did Michiko arrive in Brazil?
Cundo lleg Michiko a Brasil?
[ kwndo Aey ... a brasil 11
323
She arrived in Brazil three days ago.
[Ella] lleg a Brasil hace tres das.
(]%) [ Xa Xey a brasil 0e tres das 11 ]
How long has she been in Brazil?
Cunto tiempo lleva [ella] en Brasil?
[ kwnto tjmpo j3a Xa en brasil 11
She's been in Brazil for three days.
[Ella] lleva en Brasil tres das.
(]%) [ Xa A]3a en brasil tres das 11 ]
EN ES
EN ES
324
ik *
My aunt has lived in Australia for fifteen years.
Mi ta ha vivido en Australia quince (15) aos.
[ mi ta a bifio en awstrlja knGe jios 11 ]
Lilianne's in her office. She's been there since seven

o'clock.
Lilianne est en su oficina. Lleva ah desde las siete
en punto.
[... est en su ofiGna 11 Afia ai deze las sjete em punto
II]
Mexico has been an independent country since eighteen

twenty-one.
Mjico lleva siendo un pas independiente desde mil
ochocientos veintiuno.
[ mxiko fia sjndo um pas independjnte deze mil
otfoGjntos bejntino 11
325
EN ES
The bus is late. We've been waiting for twenty minutes.
El autobs llega tarde. [Nosotros] llevamos

esperando veinte minutos.
[ l awtojMs Xya tre 11 nosotros Aej3mos esperndo

bjnte mintos 11
Nobody lives in those houses. They've been empty for

many years.
Nadie vive en esas casas. Llevan vacas muchos
aos.
[ nje b|3e en sas ksas 11 Xj3an baGas mtfos jios
]
Michel's been sick for a long time. He's been in the

hospital since October of last year.
0
Michel lleva enfermo mucho tiempo. [l] Lleva en

el hospital desde octubre del ao pasado.
[... AJ3a errjfrmo mtfo tjmpo 11 l XJ3a en l ospitl

deze okt|3re dl jio paso 11
When was the last time you ate? Three hours ago.
Cundo fue la ltima vez que [t] comiste?

Hace tres horas.
[ kwndo fwe la ltima bG ke t komste 11 Ge tres

oras ||
When was the last time you were sick? Five months
ago.
Cundo fue la ltima vez que [t] estuviste
(ênfermo (ênferma)? Hace cinco meses.
[ kwndo fwe la ltima bG ke t estuviste eiqfrmo
eiqfrma 11 Ge Ggko mses 11
When was the last time you went to the movies? Just
last week.
Cundo fue la ltima vez que [t] fuiste al cine?
La semana pasada.
[ kwndo fwe la ltima bG ke t fwste l Gne 11 la
semna pasa 11
327
EN ES
When was the last time you were in a car? Just this
morning.
Cundo fue la ltima vez que [t] fuiste en coche?

Esta maana.
[ kwndo fwe la ltima b0 ke t fwste eg ktfe 11

sta majina 11
When was the last time you went on vacation? A year

ago.
Cundo fue la ltima vez que [t] fuiste de
vacaciones? Hace un ao.
[ kwndo fwe la ltima b0 ke t fwste de baka0jnes |
0e un jio 11
Mungeol and Weonhye have been married for twenty

years.
0
Mungeol y Weonhye llevan casados veinte aos.
[... i ... Aj3ag kasos bjnte jios 11
EN ES
328
ik *
Mungeol and Weonhye got married twenty years ago.
Mungeol y Weonhye se casaron hace veinte aos.
[... i ... se kasarn Ge bjnte jios 11
Nicholas arrived an hour ago.
Nicholas lleg hace una hora.
[... Xey 0e na ra 11
I bought these shoes a few days ago.
[Yo] compr estos zapatos hace unos pocos das.
[ jo kompr stos 0aptos 0e unos pkos das 11
329
EN ES
Miriam's been studying English for six months.
Miriam lleva estudiando ingls seis meses.
[... Aj3a estujndo iggls sejs mses 11
Have you known Heuijeong for a long time?
Conoces [t] a Heuijeong hace mucho tiempo?
[ konGes t a ... Ge mtfo tjmpo 11
Natalie's been in Brazil for three days.
Natalie lleva en Brasil tres das.
[... j3a en brasil tres das 11
jwjpod E N E S
330
|K*
Geonhong's been here since Tuesday.
Geonhong lleva aqu desde el martes.
[... Aj3a ak deze l mrtes 11
It's been raining for an hour.
Lleva lloviendo una hora.
[ Aj3a Aoj3jendo na ra 11
I've known Mengjuan since two thousand two.
[Yo] conozco a Mengjuan desde el dos mil dos.
[ jo konGko a ... deze l dos mil dos 11
331
EN ES
Remy and Pauline have been married for six months.
Remy y Pauline llevan casados seis meses.
[... i ... Aj3ag kasos sejs mses 11
Hitomi has studied medicine at the university for three

years.
Hitomi ha estudiado medicina en la universidad tres
aos.
[... a estujao meiGna en la unij3ersi6 tres jios 11
Ichirou's played the piano since he was seven years old.
Ichirou ha tocado el piano desde que tena siete

aos.
[... a toko l pjno deze ke tena sjte jios 11
His car's dirty. He's washing his car. He's washed his car.
It's clean now.
Su coche est sucio. [l] est lavando su coche. [l]

ha lavado su coche. Ahora est limpio.
[ su ktfe est sBjp 11 l est la|3ndo su ktfe 11 l a

laj3o su ktfe 11 ara est lmpjo 11 ]
They're at home. They're going out. They've gone out.

They're not at home now.
[Ellos] estn en casa. [Ellos] van a salir. [Ellos] han
salido. [Ellos] no estn en casa ahora.
[ Xos estn eg ksa 11 Xos ban a salir 11 Xos an salo
11 Xos no estn eg ksa ara 11
I've lost my passport. I can't find my passport now.
[Yo] he perdido mi pasaporte. No encuentro mi

pasaporte ahora.
[ jo e pero mi pasaporte 11 no egkwntro mi pasaporte
ara 11
333
EN ES
Where's Renee? She's gone to bed. She's in bed now.
Dnde est Renee? [Ella] se ha ido a la cama.

[Ella] est en la cama ahora.
[ dnde est ... 11 a se a o a la kma 11 a est en

la kma ara 11
We've bought a new car. We have a new car now.
[Nosotros] hemos comprado un coche nuevo.

[Nosotros] tenemos un coche nuevo ahora.
[ nosotros mos kompro ug ktfe nw]3o 11 nosotros
tenmos ug ktfe nwj3o ara 11
It's Rashmi's birthday tomorrow, and I haven't bought

her a present. I don't have a present for her yet.
0
Es el cumpleaos de Rashmi maana, y [yo] no le

he comprado un regalo. [Yo] todava no tengo un
regalo para ella.
[ es l kumplejios de ... majina | i jo no le e kompro
un reylo 11jo todava no tggo un reylo pra a 11
Junhong is away on vacation. Where has he gone?

Where is he now?
Junhong est fuera de vacaciones. A dnde ha ido

[l]? Dnde est [l] ahora?
[... est fwra de bakaGjnes 11 a dnde a o l 11 dnde

est l ara 11
Have you met my brother, or should I introduce you?
Conoces [t] a mi hermano o te lo presento [yo]?
[ konGes t a mi ermno o te lo presnto Jo 11
903
I was a very slow typist in college, but I've gotten faster.
[Yo] era muy diento ($ lenta) tecleando en la

universidad, pero ahora soy ms 'rpido (^rpida).
(2) [ jo ra muj lnto lnta teklendo en la unij3ersi66 | pro

ara soj ms rpido rpia 11 ]
335
EN ES
Where's your key? I've lost it. I lost it.
Dnde est tu llave? [Yo] la he perdido. La

perd.
[ dnde est tu Aj3e 11 jo la e pero 11 la per 11 ]
Is Oliver here? No, he's gone home. He went home.
Est Oliver aqu? No, [l] se ha ido a casa. No,

[l] se fue a casa.
[ est ... ak 11 no | l se a o a ksa 11 no | l se fwe
a ksa 11
We've bought a new car. We bought a new car.
[Nosotros] hemos comprado un coche nuevo.

[Nosotros] compramos un coche nuevo.
[ nosotros mos kompro ug ktfe nw]3o 11 nosotros

komprmos ug ktfe nw]3o 11
EN ES
336
ik *
I lost my keys yesterday.
[Yo] perd mis llaves ayer.
[ jo perd mis Kfles jer 11
I lost my keys last week.
[Yo] perd mis llaves la semana pasada.
[ jo perd mis jles la semana pasda 11
I've lost my keys five times this month.
[Yo] he perdido mis llaves cinco veces este mes.
[ jo e perdido mis j3es 0gko bGes ste mes 11
337
EN ES
We bought a new car yesterday.
[Nosotros] compramos un coche nuevo ayer.
[ nosotros komprmos ug ktfe nw]3o jer 11
We bought a new car last week.
[Nosotros] compramos un coche nuevo la semana

pasada.
[ nosotros komprmos ug ktfe nw]3o la semana pasa
II]
We've bought two new cars in the last three years.
[Nosotros] hemos comprado dos coches nuevos en

los ltimos tres aos.
[ nosotros mos kompro dos ktfes nwflos en los

ltimos tres jios 11
Serge isn't here. He went home. > He's already gone

home.
Serge no est aqu. Se ha ido a casa [l]. Ya se ha

ido a casa [l].
[... no est ak 11 se a o a ksa l 11ja se a o a ksa l

|]
I don't need to call them. I wrote them an email. > I've

already written them an email.
[Yo] no necesito llamarles. Les escrib un correo
electrnico. Ya les he escrito un correo electrnico.
[ jo no neGesto Xamrles 11 les eskrifi ug koreo
elektrniko 11ja les e eskrto ug koreo elektrniko 11
Sabine's not coming to the party. She broke her arm. >
She's broken her arm.
Sabine no va a venir a la fiesta. [Ella] Se rompi el

brazo. Se ha roto el brazo.
(2)
[... no ba a benr a la fjsta 11 a se rompj l brBo |

se a roto l brGo 11
339
EN ES
My brother and his wife don't live here any more. They
moved to Seattle. > They've moved to Seattle.
Mi hermano y su mujer ya no viven aqu. [Ellos] Se

mudaron a Seattle. Se han mudado a Seattle.
[ mi ermno i su muxr ja no bjten ak 11 Xos se

mudaron a ... 11 se am muddo a ... 11
I made a mistake. > I've made a mistake.
[Yo] comet un error. He cometido un error.
[ jo komet un err 11 e kometdo un err 11
I lost my wallet. > I've lost my wallet.
[Yo] perd mi cartera. He perdido mi cartera.
[ jo perd mi kartra 11 e perdido mi kartra 11
jwjpod E N E S
340
|K*
Did you see it anywhere? > Have you seen it anywhere?
Lo viste [t] en algn sitio? Lo has visto en algn

sitio?
[ lo bste t en alyn stjo 11 lo as bsto en alyn stjo 11
Did you hear? > Have you heard?
Oste [t]? Has odo [t]?
[ oste t 11 as oo t 11
Theo got married. > Theo's gotten married.
Theo se cas. Theo se ha casado
[... se kas 11 ... se a kaso ]
341
EN ES
I've done the shopping. > I did the shopping.
[Yo] he hecho las compras. Hice las compras.
[ jo e tfo las kmpras 11 0e las kmpras 11 ]
Gustavo has taken my bike again without asking. >

Gustavo took my bike without asking.
Gustavo ha cogido mi bicicleta sin pedirla otra vez.
Gustavo cogi mi bicicleta sin pedirla.
[ gustado a koyo mi biGiklta sim perla otra bG 11
gustjlo koyj mi biGiklta sim perla 11
Have you told your friends the good news? > Did you
tell your friends the good news?
0
Has contado [t] a tus amigos las buenas noticias?

Contaste a tus amigos las buenas noticias?
[ as konto t a tus amyos las bwnas notGjas 11

kontste a tus amyos las bwnas notGjas 11 ]
We haven't paid the electric bill yet. > We didn't pay the
electric bill.
[Nosotros] no hemos pagado todava la factura de la

luz. No pagamos la factura de la luz.
[ nosotros no mos payo todava la faktra de la 10 11

no paynaos la faktra de la 10 11
Are Vincent and Valerie here? Yes, they just arrived.
Estn Vincent y Valerie aqu? S, [ellos] acaban

de llegar.
[ estn ... i ... ak 11 s | Xos ak|3an de eyr 11
Are you hungry? No, I just had dinner.
Tienes [t] hambre? No, [yo] acabo de cenar.
(2) [ tjnes t mbre 11 no | jo akjlo de 0enr 11 ]
343
EN ES
Is Niraj here? No, he just left.
Est Niraj aqu? No [l] se acaba de ir.
[ est ... ak 11 no l se ak|3a de ir 11 ]
What time are Nikolai and Victoria coming? They've

already arrived.
A qu hora van a venir Nikolai y Victoria?
[Ellos] ya han llegado.
[ a k ra ban a benr ... i biktrja 11 Xos ja an Xeyo
II]
It's only 9:00 and Ins has already gone to bed.
Slo son las nueve (9:00) e Ins ya se ha ido a la

cama.
[ slo son las nwjle e ins ja se a o a la kma 11
This is Yvonne. Yes, we've already met.
Esta es Yvonne. S, [nosotros] ya nos hemos

conocido.
[ sta es ... 11 s | nosotros ja nos mos konoGo 11 ]
Are Isidor and Sandra here? No, they haven't arrived

yet.
Estn Isidor y Sandra aqu? No, [ellos] no han
llegado todava.
[ estn ... i sndra ak 11 no | Xos no an Xeydo
todava 11 ]
Does Yannick know that you're going away? No, I

haven't told him yet.
Sabe Yannick que [t] te vas? No, [yo] todava

no se lo he dicho.
(2) [ sjte ... ke t te bas 11 no | jo todava no se lo e dtfo

|]
345
EN ES
Dora has bought a new dress, but she hasn't worn it yet.
Dora ha comprado un vestido nuevo, pero todava

no se lo ha puesto.
[ dora a kompro un besto nwj3o | pro tobara no se

lo a pwsto 11 ]
Have Chandra and Indira arrived yet? No, not yet.

We're still waiting for them.
Han llegado ya Chandra e Indira? No, todava
no.
[ an Xeyo ja ... e ... 11 no | to5aj3ia no 11
Has Zinaida started her new job yet? No, she's

starting next week.
0
Ha empezado ya Zinaida su trabajo nuevo? No,

[ella] empieza la semana que viene.
[ a empeGo ja Ginja su traJ3xo nwjlo 11 no | Xa

empjGa la semna ke bjne 11
This is my new dress. It's nice, have you worn it yet?
Este es mi vestido nuevo. Es bonito, te lo habas

puesto ya [t]?
[ ste es mi besto nw]3o 11 es bonito | te lo a|3as

pwsto ja t 11
What time is Stan arriving? He's already arrived.
A qu hora llega Stan? [l] ya ha llegado.
[ a k ra Xya stan 11 l ja a eyo 11
Do your friends want to see the movie? No, they've

already seen it.
Tus amigos quieren ver la pelcula? No, [ellos]
ya la han visto.
[ tus amyos kjren br la pelkula 11 no | Xos ja la an
bsto || ]
347
EN ES
Don't forget to call Vadim. I've already called him.
No te olvides [t] de llamar a Vadim [Yo] ya le

he llamado.
[ no te olvides t de amr a ... jo ja le e amo 11
When is Hideki going to work? He's already gone to

work.
Cundo se va Hideki a trabajar? [l] ya se ha
ido a trabajar.
[ kwndo se ba ... a trajlaxr 11 l ja se a o a tra|3axf
II]
When does Hanako start her new job? She's already

started it.
0
Cundo empieza Hanako su trabajo nuevo?

[Ella] Ya lo ha empezado.
[ kwndo empjGa ... su tra]3xo nwjlo 11 Xa ja lo a

empeGo ||
EN ES
348
ik *
Has Tamara started her new job yet?
Ha empezado ya Tamara su trabajo nuevo?
[ a empeGo ja tamra su tra|3xo nwfio 11
Have you told your father about the accident yet?
Le has hablado [t] ya a tu padre sobre el

accidente?
[ le as ajSlo t ja a tu pre sjke l akfiinte 11
I've just eaten a big dinner, so I'm not hungry.
[Yo] me acabo de comer una cena muy grande, as

que no tengo hambre.
[ jo me akjlo de komr na 0na muj grnde | as ke no
tggo mbre 11
349
EN ES
Mengxuan can watch TV because she's already done her

homework.
Mengxuan puede ver la televisin porque [ella] ya

ha hecho sus deberes.
[... pwe br la telej3isjm prke a ja a tfo sus

dej3res || ]
You can't go to bed. You haven't brushed your teeth yet.
[T] no puedes irte a la cama. No te has lavado los

dientes todava.
[ t no pwes irte a la kma 11 no te as la|36o los
djntes todava 11
You can't talk to Vladimir because he's just gone home.
[T] no puedes hablar con Vladimir porque [l] ya

se ha ido a casa.
[ t no pwes a]31r kon ... prke l ja se a o a ksa

]
jwjpod E N E S
350
|K*
Ramona's just gotten out of the hospital, so she can't go

to work.
Ramona acaba de salir del hospital, as que no
puede ir a trabajar.
[ ramna akfia de salir dl ospitl | as ke no pwe ir a
trafiaxr 11
Have you given the post office our new address yet?
Le has dado ya [t] nuestra direccin nueva a la

oficina de correos?
[ le as do ja t nwstra direkGjn nwfia a la ofiGna de
koreos ||
The postman hasn't come yet.
c?El cartero ($la cartera) no ha venido todava.
[ l kartro la kartra no a beno to6aj3a 11 ]
351
EN ES
I've just spoken to your sister.
[Yo] acabo de hablar con tu hermana.
[ jo ak|3o de aj31r kon tu ermna 11 ]
Has Jianwen bought a new computer yet?
Se ha comprado ya un ordenador nuevo Jianwen?
[ se a kompro ja un orenar nwJ3o ... 11
Geonho and Ayeong haven't told anyone they're getting

married yet.
0
Geonho y Ayeong no le han dicho a nadie todava

que se van a casar.
[... i ... no le an dtfo a nje tobara ke se ban a kasr

]
We've already done our packing for our trip.
[Nosotros] ya hemos hecho las maletas para nuestro

viaje.
[ nosotros ja mos tfo las maltas pra nwstro bjxe 11

]
I've just swum a mile and I feel great.
[Yo] acabo de nadar un kilmetro y medio y me

siento fenomenal.
[ jo akjlo de nar ug kilmetro i mjo i me sjnto
fenomenl ||
Your friend has a new job. Ask her if she has started her
new job yet.
Tu amiga tiene un trabajo nuevo. Pregntale [t] si
ha empezado ya su trabajo nuevo.
[ tu anuya tjne un tra|3xo nwjlo 11 preyntale t si a
empeGo ja su tra|3xo nw]3o 11
353
EN ES
Your friend has some new neighbors. Ask him if he has

met his new neighbors.
Tu amigo tiene algunos vecinos nuevos. Pregntale

[t] si ha conocido a sus vecinos nuevos.
[ tu anuyo tjne alynos beGnos nwjtos 11 preyntale t

si a konoGo a sus beGnos nwjtas 11 ]
Your friend has to pay her phone bill. Ask her if she has
paid her phone bill yet.
Tu amiga tiene que pagar su factura de telfono.
Pregntale [t] si ya ha pagado su factura.
[ tu anuya tjne ke payr su faktra de telfono 11
preyntale t si ja a payo su faktra 11
Victor was trying to sell his car. Ask him if he has sold
his car yet.
0
Victor estaba intentando vender su coche.

Pregntale [t] si ya ha vendido su coche.
[ biktr est|3a intentando bendr su ktfe 11 preyntale t

si ja a bendo su ktfe 11
EN ES
354
ik *
I saw Malika yesterday.
[Yo] vi a Malika ayer.
[ jo bi a ... jer 11 ]
Where were you on Sunday afternoon?
Dnde estabas [t] el domingo por la tarde?
[ dnde estabas t l domggo pr la tre 11
We didn't take a vacation last year.
[Nosotros] no nos fuimos de vacaciones el ao

pasado.
[ nosotros no nos fwmos de bakaBjpnes l jio paso
]
355
EN ES
What did you do last night? I stayed at home.
Qu hiciste [t] anoche? [Yo] me qued en casa.
[ k iBste t antfe 11 jo me ke eg ksa 11 ]
Shakespeare was a writer and wrote many plays and

poems.
Shakespeare fue un escritor y escribi muchas obras
y poemas.
[... fwe un eskritr i eskri]3j mtfas flras i pomas 11
When did you buy your computer?
Cundo compraste [t] tu ordenador?
[ kwndo komprste t tu ordenador 11
EN ES
356
ik *
What time did Jamaal go out?
A qu hora sali Jamaal?
[ a k ra salj ... 11 ]
Kenji went home.
Kenji se fue a casa.
[... se fwe a ksa 11
Did you have lunch today?
Has comido [t] hoy?
[ as komo t oj 11
357
EN ES
The email didn't arrive at all.
El correo electrnico no ha llegado en absoluto.
[ l koreo elektrniko no a Keyo en aj3solto 11 ]
Have you ever been to Spain? Did you go to Spain last

year?
Has estado [t] alguna vez en Espaa? Fuiste
[t] a Espaa el ao pasado?
[ as esto t alyna bG en espjia 11 fwste t a
espjia l jio paso 11
My friend has written many books. Shakespeare wrote

many plays and poems.
0
Mi S amigo ( $ amiga) ha escrito muchos libros.

Shakespeare escribi muchas obras y poemas.
[ mi amyo amya a eskrto mtfos liaros 11 ... eskri|3j

mtfas fkas i pomas 11
EN ES
358
The email hasn't arrived yet. The email didn't arrive

today.
El correo electrnico no ha llegado todava. El
correo electrnico no ha llegado hoy.
[ l koreo elektrniko no a Keyo toafla 11 l koreo
elektrniko no a eyo oj 11
We've lived in Paris for six years. We lived in Paris for

six years, but now we live in Rome.
[Nosotros] hemos vivido en Pars seis aos.
[Nosotros] vivimos en Pars seis aos pero ahora
vivimos en Roma.
[ nosotros mos bi]3o em pars sejs jios 11 nosotros
hicimos em pars sejs jios pro ara hicimos en rma
]
I had lunch an hour ago.
[Yo] com hace una hora.
[ jo kom 0e na ra 11 ]
359
EN ES
I started my new job last week.
[Yo] empec mi trabajo nuevo la semana pasada.
[ jo empeO mi traj3xo nwj3o la semna pasa 11
My friends arrived on Friday.
Mis
S amigos ( $ amigas) llegaron el viernes.
[ mis amyos anuyas Xeyron l bjernes 11
Keiko went out at 5:00.
Keiko sali a las cinco (5:00).
[... salj a las Orjko |
jwjpod E N E S
360
|K*
I wore my new suit yesterday.
[Yo] llev mi traje nuevo ayer.
[ jo Aej3 mi trxe nwj3o jer 11
Have you seen Veda? Did you see Veda yesterday?
Has visto [t] a Veda? Viste a Veda ayer?
[ as bsto t a ba 11 bste a ba jer 11
I've finished my work. I finished my work at 2:00.
[Yo] he terminado mi trabajo. Termin mi trabajo a

las dos (2:00).
[ jo e termino mi trajSxo 11 termin mi traJSxo a las
dos |
361
EN ES
Have you finished? What time did you finish your work?
Has terminado [t]? A qu hora terminaste tu

trabajo?
[ as termino t 11 a k ra terminaste tu tra]3xo 11 ]
Liting isn't here; she's gone out.
Liting no est aqu; [ella] ha salido.
[... no est ak | a a salido 11
Sanjit's grandmother has died. Sanjit's grandmother died

two years ago.
0
La abuela de Sanjit ha muerto. La abuela de Sanjit

muri hace dos aos.
[ la a|3wla de ... a mwrto 11 la a|3wla de ... murj Ge

dos jios 11
EN ES
362
ik *
Where have you been? Where were you last night?
Dnde has estado [t]? Dnde estuviste anoche?
[ dnde as esto t 11 dnde estuviste antfe 11 ]
My friend is a writer and has written many books.
Mi S amigo ($ amiga) es
escrito muchos libros.
S escritor ($ escritora) y ha
[ mi anuyo amya es eskritr eskritra i a eskrto mtfos

liaros ||
I played tennis yesterday afternoon.
[Yo] juqu al tenis ayer por la tarde.
[ jo xuk l tenis jer pr la tre 11
363
EN ES
What time did you go to bed last night?
A qu hora te fuiste [t] a la cama anoche?
[ a k ra te fwste t a la kma antfe 11
Have you ever met a famous person?
Has conocido [t] alguna vez a alquien famoso?
[ as konoGo t alyna b0 a Uqeir) famoso 11
The weather wasn't very good yesterday.
No haca muy buen tiempo ayer.
[ no a0a muj bwen tjmpo jer 11
EN ES
364
ik *
Mira travels a lot. She's visited many countries.
Mia viaja mucho. Ha visitado muchos pases.
[ mja bjxa mtfo 11 a bisito mtfos pases 11 ]
I turned off the light before leaving this morning.
[Yo] apagu la luz antes de irme esta maana.
[ jo apayw la 10 ntes de irme sta majina 11
I live in New York now, but I've lived in Mexico for

many years.
Ahora [yo] vivo en Nueva York, pero he vivido en
Mjico muchos aos.
[ ara jo bjlo en nwj3a jork | pro e bij36o em mxiko
mtfos jios 11
365
EN ES
What's Taiwan like? Is it beautiful? I don't know. I've

never been there.
Cmo es Taiwan? Es bonito? [Yo] no lo s.

Nunca he estado ah.
[ kmo es tajwan 11 es bonito 11 jo no lo s 11 ngka e

esto ai 11
Have you ever been to Florida?
Has estado alguna [t] vez en Florida?
[ as esto alyna t b0 erg flora 11
We went there on vacation two years ago.
[Nosotros] fuimos all de vacaciones hace dos aos.
[ nosotros fwmos a de bakaGjnes 0e dos jios 11
jwjpod E N E S
366
|K*
Did you have a good time?
Lo pasasteis bien [vosotros]?
[ lo passtejs bjen bostros 11 ]
We had a great time. It was wonderful.
[Nosotros] lo pasamos muy bien. Fue maravilloso.
[ nosotros lo pasmos muj bjen 11 fwe marajMso 11
What does your girlfriend do?
Qu hace tu novia?
[ k 0e tu nj3ja 11
367
EN ES
1000
She's a painter. She's won many prizes for her paintings.
[Ella] es pintora. Ha ganado muchos premios con

sus cuadros.
[ a es pintora 11 a gano mtfos prmjos kon sus

kwros || ]
a: [a] 30-989
alguna: [alyna] 382, 406, 414, 658, 779,
abiertas: [aPjrtas] 113
780, 784, 785, 786, 787,788, 789, 790, 791,
abiertos: [aRjrtos] 559
792, 808, 809, 971, 989, 995
abre: [pre] 294
algunos: [alynos] 958
abr: [apr] 579, 661
all: [ajC] 595, 637, 638, 815, 854, 855,996
abrigo: [apryo] 18, 204, 578, 853
alquien: [lkjenj] 989
abril: [aprl] 827, 846
alrededor: [alreer] 273
abrir: [aprr] 526
amanda: [amnda] 46
absoluto: [aPsolto] 970
americana: [amerikna] 97
abuela: [aPwla] 984
amiga: [amya] 5,78, 957, 959, 972, 986
abuelo: [apwlo] 585
amigas: [amyas] 847, 848, 977
aburrido: [apuro] 367
amigo: [anuyo] 5, 78, 86, 958, 972, 986
acaba: [akpa] 928, 949
amigos: [amyos] 219, 240, 302, 327, 361,
acaban: [akpan] 926
375, 392, 525, 601, 606, 635, 721, 847, 848,
acabo: [akpo] 927, 945, 952, 956
924, 939, 977
accidente: [akOinte] 582, 944
anabel: [anapl] 560
accin: [akOjn] 351
anda: [nda] 479
acuerdas: [akwras] 439
andando: [andndo] 280, 595, 722
adis: [ajs] 181
ngela: [nyela] 769
aeropuerto: [aeropwrto] 594, 596, 598,770
ngeles: [nyeles] 592
agua: [ywa] 301
anillo: [anAo] 362
ah: [ai] 5, 825, 856, 872, 994
animales: [animles] 485, 516
ahora: [ara] 155, 167, 181, 213, 223, 226,
ao: [jio] 539, 555, 584, 762, 876, 881,
422,450,453,456,471, 529, 539, 558, 561,
963, 971
665, 744, 747, 766, 768, 815, 850, 854, 895,
anoche: [antfe] 551, 562, 572, 601, 610,
896, 897, 898, 899, 901, 903, 974, 993
623, 627, 649, 675, 709,736, 740, 964, 985,
al: [l] 170, 171, 231, 276, 277, 279, 280,
988
290, 291, 304, 315, 316, 376, 390, 392,406,
aos: [pos] 13, 23, 24, 49, 50, 68, 69, 123,
479, 521, 570, 577, 594, 603, 611, 613, 620,
137,138,149,150, 539, 585, 750, 763, 770,
639, 657, 683, 695, 707, 708, 735, 753, 762,
820, 829, 836, 845, 862, 866, 871, 875, 882,
763, 764, 767, 770, 780, 785, 798, 800, 808,
883, 893, 894, 912, 974, 984, 993, 996
879, 987
antes: [ntes] 314, 629, 632, 752, 776, 783,
alaska: [alaska] 774

alemn: [alemn] 828, 829
antonio: [antpo] 558
algo: [lyo] 249,478, 519, 550
apagar: [apayr] 222,428,477
alguien: [lywjen] 177,470
apagu: [apayw] 992
algn: [alyn] 758, 760, 764, 814, 919
aparc: [apark] 595
807, 992
369
EN ES
apartamento: [apartamnto] 741
bicicleta: [biOiklta] 356, 414, 486, 504,
aqul: [akl] 439
515,700, 923
aqu: [ak] 18, 116,178, 364, 375, 391, 408,
bien: [bjen] 71, 81,107, 120, 200, 201, 255,
538, 556,752, 835, 889, 905, 913, 916, 926,
256,269, 336, 338, 339,420,484, 522, 525,
928, 932
551, 627, 649, 650, 847, 997, 998
aqu;: [ak] 983
bolgrafo: [bolyrafo] 621
as: [as] 539, 559, 579, 660, 661, 670, 713,
bolsa: [bolsa] 3, 93, 102, 493, 590, 694, 723
734, 771, 945, 949
bolsas: [bolsas] 4
asiento: [asjnto] 90,473
bonita: [bonita] 372, 673, 737
australia: [awstrlja] 779, 871
bonitas: [bonitas] 14,72
australiano: [awstraljno] 135
bonito: [bonito] 937,994
autobs: [awtops] 121, 170, 231, 244, 315,
bonitos: [bonitos] 61, 544
316, 451, 452, 715, 791, 814, 874
boxeo: [bokseo] 347
avin: [aPjn] 597, 781, 814
brasil: [brasil] 36, 777, 815, 816, 817, 818,
ayer: [jer] 535, 537, 547, 549, 559, 567,
819, 839, 855, 867, 868, 869, 870, 888
571, 576, 583, 591, 599, 602, 604, 608, 611,
brazo: [brOo] 717, 915
614, 651, 658, 659, 664, 668, 672, 673, 692,
brillando: [briXndo] 197,217,674
705, 722,733, 907, 910, 961, 979, 980, 987,
buen: [bwen] 1,43,165,324,467, 536, 543,
990
568, 584, 617, 652, 659, 990
azul: [aOl] 28, 94
buena: [bwna] 311,488, 523, 657
azules: [aOles] 481
buenas: [bwnas] 625,642,924
baila: [bjla] 284
bueno: [bwno] 74,268, 549, 583
bailamos: [bajlmos] 573
buenos: [bwnos] 6, 302
baj: [bax] 720
caballo: [kapXo] 485, 782
baloncesto: [balonOsto] 709, 733, 753, 764,
cabeza: [kapOa] 484, 522, 837
808
banco: [bqko] 262,294, 570,620, 836
cada: [ka] 394,431, 569
bancos: [bgkos] 559
caf: [kaf] 317, 318, 320, 321, 370, 480,
cae: [kae] 525
bao: [bjio] 79
593, 596
baratos: [baratos] 37
caliente: [kaljnte] 15
brbara: [brpara] 148,158
callada: [kaXa] 369
barco: [brko] 814

bares: [bres] 355
calle: [kXe] 722, 748, 835

calor: [kalr] 31, 32, 579, 661
bebe: [bpe] 318, 321, 370
cama: [kma] 11, 313, 409, 531, 533, 632,
bebida: [bepa] 370
898, 930, 947, 988
bebo: [bpo] 317,320
camara: [kamra] 92
bisbol: [bjspl] 348, 735
cmara: [kmara] 490, 494, 495, 566
camarero: [kamarro] 766
cenando: [Oenndo] 161, 167, 182
camin: [kamjn] 799
cenar: [Benr] 401, 927
camisas: [kamsas] 658
cen: [Oen] 865
campo: [kmpo] 755
centgrados: [Oentyraos] 301
canad: [kana] 65, 388, 466, 774, 846,
centro: [Ontro] 180, 598,770
857, 858
cerca: [Orka] 116, 365, 375, 391, 770
canadiense: [kanajnse] 136
cerrados: [Oeros] 559
cansada: [kansa] 39, 40, 82, 471, 534,
chaqueta: [tfakta] 554,693,737
551, 648
chino: [tfino] 86
cansado: [kanso] 39, 40, 82, 534, 551,
chocolate: [tfokolte] 306, 389, 745
648
cien: [Ojn] 301, 866
cansados: [kansos] 541, 660
cientos: [Ojntos] 566
cantando: [kantndo] 470, 674
cierra: [Ojra] 295
cara: [kra] 299, 554
cinco: [Or ko] 124, 295,430, 570, 682, 683,
carne: [kame] 373, 768
820, 831,836, 878, 909, 978
caro: [kro] 74, 364, 542
cine: [One] 291, 304, 406, 577, 603, 613,
caros: [kros] 300, 544, 553
657, 879
carrera: [karra] 789, 795
ciudad: [Oiu] 413, 592, 597
carta: [krta] 189
ciudades: [Oiues] 267
cartera: [kartra] 918, 951
clsica: [klsika] 344
cartero: [kartro] 951
coche: [kfe] 66, 94, 298, 331, 333, 342,
casa: [ksa] 7, 17, 55, 57, 63,110, 266, 288,
360,483,486,491,492,496, 513, 515, 595,
361,471,475,488, 523, 562, 594, 622, 645,
599, 679, 682, 765, 767, 826, 880, 895, 899,
665, 666, 698, 852, 896, 905, 913, 948, 964,
906,910,911,960
968
coches: [ktfes] 524, 912
casada: [kasa] 47, 141, 151, 362, 805, 821
cocina: [koOna] 175,478, 687
casado: [kaso] 47,141,151, 821, 921
cocinando: [koOinndo] 175,242,478,685
casados: [kasos] 820, 833, 845, 882, 892
coge: [kye] 203
casar: [kasr] 954
cogido: [koyo] 923
casaron: [kasarn] 883
cogi: [koyj] 923
casas: [ksas] 875
coji: [koxj] 598
casi: [kasi] 767

cas: [kas] 921
colegio: [kolywjo] 7, 8,117, 316, 800

color: [kolr] 27,28, 66,102,131
cay: [kaj] 719
come: [kme] 266, 289, 373
cecilia: [OeOlja] 585
comer: [komr] 357, 550, 571, 768, 945
cena: [Bna] 945
comet: [komet] 917
cenamos: [Oenmos] 310
cometido: [kometo] 917
371
EN ES
com: [kom] 604, 975
conocen: [konOen] 326
comida: [koma] 299, 678, 685
conoces: [konOes] 822, 840, 887, 902
comido: [komo] 969
conocido: [konoOio] 806, 810, 931, 958,
comiendo: [komjndo] 159, 193, 235, 249,
989
259, 696
conozco: [konOko] 297, 823, 847, 848, 891
comindose: [komjendse] 169
constest: [konstest] 704
comiste: [komste] 877
construyendo: [konstrwjndo] 180
como: [kmo] 604, 768
contado: [konto] 924
cmo: [kmo] 19,45, 70, 80, 106, 111, 119,
contaste: [kontste] 924
133,147, 655, 656, 663, 741, 994
contentos: [kontntos] 557
cmodas: [kmoas] 14
contigo: [kontyo] 427
cmodo: [kmoo] 542
copa: [kpa] 777
comprado: [kompro] 899, 900, 906, 912,
copi: [kopj] 589
934, 953
corea: [krea] 786
compramos: [komprmos] 906, 910, 911
correo: [koreo] 727, 914, 970, 973
comprando: [komprndo] 678
correos: [koreos] 116, 620, 950
compras: [kmpras] 922
cort: [kort] 663
compraste: [komprste] 966
corto: [krto] 747
compr: [kompr] 588, 602, 631, 885
cosas: [ksas] 274, 803
compres: [kmpres] 553
cost: [kost] 566, 646, 647
compro: [kmpro] 602
crees: [krees] 445
compr: [kompr] 658
creo: [kreo] 371,446
con: [kom] 325, 334, 354, 355, 360, 433,
cuadros: [kwros] 1000
467,469, 573, 607
cul: [kwl] 25, 27, 75, 127
con: [konj] 278, 280, 308, 314, 323, 332,
cules: [kwles] 29
365, 395, 600, 603, 606, 609
cuando: [kwndo] 540, 543, 581, 585, 595,
con: [kon] 557, 591, 601, 635, 721, 837,
676, 690, 701, 703, 710,712, 714, 718, 722,
948, 952,1000
725, 731, 735, 745, 751, 768, 772
con: [korj] 126, 378,400,408,472
cundo: [kwndo] 864, 867, 877, 878, 879,
concierto: [konOjrto] 521
880, 881, 941, 942, 966
conduce: [kondOe] 452, 479
cunta: [kwnta] 378, 400, 408, 472
conducido: [konduOo] 791, 799
cuntas: [kwntas] 777
conduciendo: [konduOjndo] 451, 679, 691,

731,732
cuanto: [kwnto] 830
condujo: [kondxo] 594
514, 566, 646, 817, 821, 822, 824, 826, 828,
cunto: [kwnto] 72, 125, 380, 410, 466,
conmigo: [kommyo] 220,475
839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 849, 852, 869
conoce: [konOe] 810
cuantos: [kwntos] 23
cuntos: [kwntos] 49, 68,123,137,149
602, 604, 758, 767, 819, 834, 854, 855, 868,
cuarenta: [kwarnta] 126, 682, 683
870, 885, 888
cuarto: [kwrto] 580, 594, 686
dicho: [djfo] 669, 933, 954
cuatro: [kwtro] 293, 366, 483, 524, 597,
dientes: [djntes] 569, 947
666, 713
diez: [djO] 124, 580, 632, 675, 683, 685,
cuesta: [kwsta] 275, 299, 364, 380, 410,
706,707, 802, 845, 862, 864
466
diferente: [difernte] 866
cuestan: [kwstam] 300
diferentes: [diferentes] 274,775, 801
cuestan: [kwstan] 72, 73,125
difcil: [difOil] 564
cumpleaos: [kumplejios] 900
dinero: [dinro] 275, 299, 300, 509, 514
dado: [do] 950
direccin: [direkOjn] 950
de: [de] 6-996
disfruta: [disfruta] 307
debajo: [depxo] 429
disfrutamos: [disfrutmos] 572, 584, 613
deberes: [depres] 163, 612, 946
disfrutaste: [disfirutste] 624
dej: [dex] 763
disfrut: [disfrut] 624
dej: [dex] 704
doce: [dOe] 685
del: [dl] 121,273, 541, 596, 715, 770, 777,
dlar: [dlar] 73
786, 876, 949
dolor: [dolor] 484, 522, 837
dentista: [dentista] 463, 695
domingo: [domggo] 374, 538, 582, 603,
depende: [depnde] 440
615, 962
deporte: [deprte] 127,128, 758, 764
domingos: [domingos] 279
deportes: [deportes] 115
donde: [dnde] 122,415
deprisa: [deprsa] 691, 732
dnde: [dnde] 21, 63, 64, 78, 92,100, 114,
desayuna: [desajna] 337
121,145,166,179, 210,234,240, 368, 377,
desayunando: [desajunndo] 173, 686, 728
398, 405, 461, 465, 468, 520, 535, 552, 556,
desayunas: [desajnas] 381, 411

desayun: [desajun] 596
561, 562, 565, 634, 643, 688, 752, 776, 898,

901, 904, 962, 985
desde: [deze] 598, 818, 827, 829, 831, 833,
dora: [dora] 934
834, 835, 837, 846, 856, 858, 860, 862, 872,
dorm: [dorm] 627, 650
873, 876, 889, 891, 894
dormido: [dormo] 532, 533
despacio: [despOjo] 474
dormimos: [dormimos] 278
despeg: [despey] 597
dormiste: [dormiste] 627, 649
despus: [despws] 541
dos: [dos] 482, 501, 506, 516, 566, 570,
di: [di] 735
602, 658, 671, 689, 713,721, 738, 778, 790,
da: [da] 439, 583, 659, 814, 832
793, 812, 829, 851, 859, 891, 912, 981, 984,
diamantes: [djamntes] 37
996
das: [das] 266, 343, 356, 359, 430, 476,
ducha: [dtfa] 431, 605
373
EN ES
duchando: [dupndo] 426
encuentra: [erjkwntra] 484
duchndose: [dudndose] 179,468
encuentras: [egkwntras] 200,255
duch: [dujf] 630
encuentro: [egkwntro] 256, 522, 551, 897
duch: [dutf] 605
enero: [enro] 858
duerme: [dwrme] 292
enfadada: [etgfaa] 567
durmiendo: [durmjndo] 739
enfadado: [eigfao] 567
durmi: [durmj] 716
enferma: [ergfrma] 730, 878
e: [e] 678, 930, 935
enfermera: [eigfermra] 10
edificio: [eifiOjo] 757
enfermo: [enjfrmo] 11, 558, 834, 876, 878
el: [l] 7-977
ensea: [enspa] 296
l: [l] 7-948
ensean: [ensjian] 458
electrnico: [elektrniko] 914, 970, 973
enseando: [ensepndo] 457
ella: [Xa] 17-1000
entiendes: [entjndes] 438
ellas: [Xas] 120
entiendo: [enljndo] 474
ellos: [Xos] 58, 62, 71, 120, 166, 171, 180,
entonces: [entnOes] 596
209, 220, 237, 257, 258, 288, 326, 327, 340,
entrada: [entra] 521, 588
344, 347, 350, 357, 361,457, 458,459,485,
entraste: [entraste] 741
487, 506, 509, 516, 518, 538, 548, 556, 565,
entr: [entr] 742
601, 617, 619, 715, 724, 748, 755, 811, 820,
entr: [entr] 578
845, 896, 916, 926, 929, 932, 939
poca: [poka] 555
empec: [empeO] 713, 976
equipo: [ekpo] 733
empezado: [empeOo] 936, 942, 943, 957
era: [ra] 540, 542, 557, 559, 580, 581, 657,
empez: [empeO] 580, 863
745,751,768, 866, 903
empieza: [empjGa] 936,942
eras: [ras] 772
empiezo: [empjOo] 771
eres: [res] 21, 51, 64, 114, 135, 139, 156,
empiza: [empOa] 271

en: [em] 44, 473, 555, 665, 666, 677, 684,
843
error: [err] 917
688, 689,767, 775, 790, 831, 860, 872, 974,
es: [es] 3, 10, 13, 15, 25, 27, 28, 36, 43, 66,
993
67, 74, 75, 76, 77, 86, 87, 90, 91, 94, 95, 96,
en: [enj] 773, 995
97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 108, 109, 112, 127,
en: [en] 7-993
128, 129, 130, 143, 144,145, 146, 228, 268,
en: [eg] 7, 17, 55, 57, 63, 110, 266, 361,
296,297,299, 364, 367, 369, 370, 371, 372,
388, 562, 599, 665, 666, 767, 774, 786, 846,
373,463,467,475,488,
857, 858, 880, 896, 964
783, 813, 816, 853, 856, 900, 931, 937, 986,
encima: [enOma] 514
994,1000
encontrarse: [erjkontrrse] 721
esa: [sa] 108, 807
encontr: [egkontr] 722
esas: [sas] 875
517, 523, 766, 775,
escal: [eskal] 742
687, 690, 691, 695, 696, 698, 700, 701, 702,
escalera: [eskalra] 719
712, 713, 714, 716, 718,722, 725, 726, 728,
escrib: [eskrip] 914
729,730,732,739, 960
escribiendo: [eskripjndo] 189
estabais: [estpajs] 706
escribi: [eskripj] 965, 972
estabmos: [estapmos] 541
escrito: [eskrto] 802, 803, 809, 914, 972,
estbamos: [estpamos] 557, 660, 671, 708,
986
711,735
escritor: [eskritr] 965,986
estaban: [estpan] 548, 556, 559, 560, 561,
escritora: [eskritra] 986
565, 678, 681,715,721
escuchando: [eskutfndo] 162, 196, 239,
estaban: [estpag] 674
477, 669
estabas: [estpas] 543, 552, 562, 567, 668,
ese: [se] 76,90,776,783
677, 688, 689,710,731,738, 962
esos: [sos] 553
estacin: [estaOjn] 680, 720, 723
espaa: [esppa] 793,971
estado: [esto] 773, 774, 779, 784, 786,
espaol: [espajil] 335
790, 793, 794, 797, 805, 812, 971, 985, 994,
esperando: [esperndo] 170, 211, 212, 231,
995
232, 680, 715, 721, 849, 859, 860, 874
estados: [estos] 38
esper: [esper] 596
estamos: [estmos] 161,167,173,178
esqu: [esk] 128
estn: [estm] 237, 561
esta: [sta] 3, 129, 379, 407, 545, 551, 555,
estn: [estn]] 35
563, 569, 575, 605, 639, 648, 662, 663, 715,
estn: [estn] 8, 57, 70, 71, 111, 113, 117,
727, 738, 837, 852, 880, 931, 992
119, 120, 163, 166, 171, 208, 209, 241, 257,
est: [est] 5, 7, 11, 17, 18, 38, 55, 63, 78,
457, 556, 559, 561, 896, 926, 932
79, 80, 81, 92, 93, 106, 107, 110, 116, 121,
estn: [estrj] 180, 820, 833
155, 158,159, 160, 165, 169, 170, 172, 174,
estas: [stas] 4, 14, 72, 88, 125, 429
175,177,179,182,183,184,185,186,187,
ests: [ests] 47, 82, 141, 151, 162, 211,
189,191,194,197,202, 206, 207,215,216,
212, 221, 231, 233, 235, 236, 239, 243, 245,
217, 218, 225, 227, 230, 238, 242, 244, 249,
253, 429, 462, 473, 821
250, 251,252,259,298, 362, 368,417,418,
este: [ste] 74,364,426,757,778, 853, 909,
422,423,426,427,449,450, 451,453,455,
937
456, 461, 464,
468, 470, 471, 478,520,529, estos: [stos] 885
558, 654, 665,
815, 830, 832, 834,851,854, estoy: [stoj] 39, 40, 44, 83, 142, 151, 157,
855, 872, 895,
898, 901, 904, 905,913,928, 164,168,190,192,193,195,196,199, 201,

232, 246, 254, 425, 428, 477, 648, 732, 828,
983
estaba: [estpa] 531, 532, 533, 547, 551,
838
555, 557, 558,
560, 666, 667, 669,670,674, estudiado: [estujo] 893
675, 676, 679,
680, 682, 683, 684,685,686, estudiando: [estujndo] 195, 726, 828,
375
EN ES
829, 838, 841, 886
395, 400, 408, 433, 467, 469, 472, 600, 603,
estudiante: [estujnte] 51, 52
606, 607, 609
estupendo: [estupndo] 653
fras: [fras] 35,154
estuve: [estpe] 534
fro: [fro] 59,153, 205, 549
estuvieron: [estupjron] 538
fruta: [fruta] 289
estuviste: [estupste] 664, 878, 985
fue: [fwe] 554, 564, 577, 595, 599, 653,
estuvo: [estpo] 530, 535
864, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 905, 965, 968,
euro: [euro] 126
998
euros: [eros] 566, 647
fuera: [fwra] 901
evita: [epta] 618
fueron: [fwrog] 544
examen: [eksmen] 564
fui: [fwi] 632,644
fabin: [faRjn] 614
fuimos: [fwmos] 603, 613, 620, 633, 651,
fbrica: [fprika] 743
657, 963, 996
fcil: [fOil] 564
fuiste: [fwste] 643, 725, 879, 880, 881,
factura: [faktra] 586, 925, 959
971, 988
factur: [faktur] 595
funciona: [fnOjna] 229
falda: [flda] 672
ftbol: [ftpol] 171, 328, 329,402,403
famosa: [famosa] 396
gafas: [gfas] 756
famoso: [famoso] 396, 989
galaxias: [galaksjas] 813
ftima: [ftima] 535
ganado: [gano] 777, 789, 795,1000
fausto: [fwsto] 618
ganaste: [ganste] 640
favor: [faPr] 164, 425
gan: [gan] 611
favorita: [faporta] 370, 813
gan: [gan] 733
favorito: [faporto] 27, 28,127,128
garaje: [garxe] 488
feliz: [felO] 517
gasolina: [gasolina] 331
fenomenal: [fenomenl] 956
gatos: [gtos] 485, 516
fiesta: [fjsta] 548, 559, 560, 572, 574, 616,
gente: [gnte] 297, 308, 326, 573, 806
624, 660, 915
gerente: [gernte] 766
fiestas: [fjstas] 307
gimnasio: [gimnsjo] 666
finalmente: [finalmnte] 598
giovanni: [gwjopanni] 658
fines: [fines] 278, 383, 434, 603
gira: [gira] 273
florida: [flora] 995
golf: [golf] 780,785
foto: [foto] 129, 372,449
gorro: [gro] 188, 699
fotos: [fotos] 448
gracia: [grOja] 462
francia: [ffnOja] 773
graciosa: [graGjsa] 228
frecuencia: [frekwnGja] 278, 280, 308, 314,
grados: [gros] 301
323, 325, 332, 334, 354, 355, 360, 365, 378,
grande: [grnde] 36, 288, 413, 523, 945
grandes: [grandes] 267
835, 840, 843, 848, 853, 863, 864, 865, 866,
guerra: [gwra] 813
868, 877, 878, 881, 883, 884, 885, 887, 975,
guitarra: [gwitra] 418, 419, 420, 421, 422,
984, 996, 999
423, 424, 760
hacemos: [aOmos] 274
gusta: [gsta] 260, 302, 306, 319, 328, 329,
hacen: [0en] 459
330, 333, 344, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 355,
hacer: [a9r] 511, 814
356, 357, 358, 367, 372, 384, 385, 389, 402,
haces: [0es] 343, 383, 394, 404, 434
403,435,480, 554, 761, 769, 850
haca: [aOa] 549, 579, 661, 673,734,990
gustaba: [gustpa] 745, 768
haciendo: [aOjndo] 163, 206, 208, 429,
gustaban: [gustpan] 751
449,450,453,456, 668, 677, 689, 701, 706,
gustan: [gstan] 267, 350, 351, 352, 361,
738
485,516
hago: [yo] 334, 394
gustando: [gustando] 227
hambre: [mbre] 12, 41, 42, 84, 104, 105,
gustara: [gustara] 762

gustavo: [gustpo] 923
541, 550, 927, 945

han: [am] 916
gusto: [gsto] 302, 330
han: [an] 58, 811, 896, 929, 932, 935, 939,
ha: [a] 56, 669, 730, 775, 777, 781, 793,
954
794, 795,796, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805, 806,
has: [as] 176, 447, 773, 778, 779, 780, 784,
810, 812, 813, 825, 836, 871, 893, 894, 895,
785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 808,
898, 901, 905, 913, 915, 921, 923, 930, 934,
809, 852, 919, 920, 924, 944, 947, 950, 969,
936, 938, 941, 942, 943, 946, 948, 951, 953,
971, 980, 982, 985, 989, 995
957, 958, 959, 960, 970, 972, 973, 983, 984,
hasta: [sta] 278, 595, 598
986, 991,1000
he: [e] 586, 662, 773, 776, 778, 782, 783,
haba: [apa] 563
797, 798, 799, 800, 807, 812, 813, 814, 861,
habas: [apas] 937
862, 897, 900, 904, 909, 914, 917, 918, 922,
habitacin: [apitaOjn] 59, 557, 578, 579,
933, 940, 981, 993, 994
661,718
hecho: [fo] 922, 946, 955
habla: [pia] 293,335,366,369,393
helado: [elo] 259,260, 696
hablado: [apio] 944
helicptero: [elikptero] 788,796
hablamos: [apimos] 573
hemos: [mos] 774, 835, 899, 906, 912,
hablan: [pian] 386
925, 931,955, 974
hablar: [apir] 474, 724, 948, 952
hermana: [ermna] 10, 109, 388, 405, 463,
hablas: [pias] 269, 393,460
781, 952
habl: [api] 591
hermanas: [ermnas] 482, 501, 505
hace: [0e] 1, 31, 32, 33, 34, 59, 153, 165,
hermano: [ermno] 6, 262, 393, 403, 501,
205, 324, 336,448,462,463, 549, 556, 583,
812, 902, 916
750, 763, 770, 822, 823, 824, 826, 829, 834,
hermanos: [ermnos] 501, 505
377
hice: [0e] 922
intereses: [interses] 29
hiciste: [iGste] 612, 663, 964
internet: [intemt] 588
EN ES
hicisteis: [iGstejs] 705
invierno: [imbjemo] 265, 432
hierve: [jerPe] 301
ir: [ir] 355, 358, 521, 928, 949
hijas: [xas] 119
irina: [irna] 678
hijo: [xo] 487
irme: [irme] 992
hijos: [xos] 8, 117, 119,123, 506
irse: [irse] 471
hizo: [0o] 536, 543, 568, 652, 659, 703
irte: [irte] 947
hombre: [mbre] 13, 76,129, 776, 783
italiano: [italjno] 335, 841
hora: [ra] 54, 409, 476, 571, 637, 727, 865,
japn: [xapn] 671, 794
884, 890, 929, 938, 967, 975, 982, 988
jardn: [xarn] 523, 622
horario: [orrjo] 589
jazz: [xa00] 345
horas: [oras] 292, 597, 851, 859, 877
jefe: [xfe] 77
hospital: [ospitl] 876, 949
jos: [xos] 701
hotel: [otl] 74, 178, 180, 219, 364, 542,
juega: [xwya] 279,290, 376, 392,467
557, 598, 757, 766, 850
juegan: [xwyan] 392
hoy: [oj] 1, 15, 31, 32, 33, 34, 113, 153,
juegas: [xwyas] 390, 758, 764
215, 549, 559, 583, 672, 729, 816, 856, 969,
juego: [xwyo] 390, 764, 780
973
juegos: [xwyos] 772
iba: [pa] 723
jueves: [xwpes] 816
idiomas: [ijmas] 293, 366
jugado: [xuyo] 780, 785, 798, 808
ido: [o] 730, 898, 901, 905, 913, 930, 941,
jugador: [xuyar] 467
948
jugadores: [xuyares] 6
independiente: [independjnte] 873
jugamos: [xuymos] 707, 734
ins: [ins] 930
jugando: [xuyndo] 166, 171, 683, 708, 735
ingls: [iggls] 195, 268, 269, 386, 393,
jugar: [xuyr] 753, 763, 772
460, 838, 886
jugu: [xuyw] 611, 639
insecto: [insekto] 527
juqu: [xuk] 987
instituto: [instituto] 809
kilo: [kilo] 126
instrumento: [instrumnto] 760
kilmetro: [kilmetro] 956
intentando: [intentndo] 960
la: [la] 11-992
interesa: [intersa] 30, 363
lara: [lra] 725
interesada: [interesada] 44
larga: [larya] 580
interesado: [intereso] 44
largo: [laryo] 747
interesan: [intersan] 115
larisa: [larsa] 820
interesante: [interesante] 112, 297, 775, 806
las: [las] 113, 154, 267, 271, 272, 294, 295,
interesantes: [interesntes] 803
307, 310, 314, 350, 351, 352, 359, 361, 454,
EN ES
378
455, 472, 552, 575, 580, 593, 594, 601, 629,
986
632, 638, 644, 665, 666, 668, 675, 677, 682,
lila: [lila] 489
683, 684, 685, 686, 687, 689, 706, 713, 738,
limpia: [lmpja] 298, 557
751, 769,771, 813, 831, 860, 872, 922, 924,
limpiando: [limpjndo] 687
930, 955, 978, 981
limpio: [lmpjo] 895
lava: [lfla] 454
lisa: [lisa] 96
lavado: [lapo] 895, 947
llama: [Ama] 147, 148, 382
lavando: [lapndo] 190,455, 682, 895

lavar: [lapr] 333
llamado: [Aamo] 940

llamar: [Aamr] 167,410, 940
lavas: [lpas] 378
llamarles: [Aamrles] 914
lav: [lap] 569
llamas: [Amas] 19,45,133
lavo: [lpo] 569
llamaste: [Aamste] 662
le: [le] 260, 302, 319, 329, 330, 345, 348,
llam: [Aam] 710
351, 356, 365, 385,403,480, 614, 735, 769,
llamo: [Amo] 20, 46, 134
783, 810, 850, 900, 940, 944, 950, 954
llave: [Ape] 507, 526, 740, 904
lee: [lee] 281
llaves: [APes] 88, 561, 600, 907, 908, 909
leen: [leem] 258, 518
llega: [Aya] 277,303,332, 874,938
leer: [ler] 704, 746, 761
llegado: [Aeyo] 800, 929, 932, 935, 938,
lees: [lees] 472
970, 973
ledo: [le5o] 778, 811

lenta: [lnta] 903
llegando: [Aeyndo] 244

llegar: [Aeyr] 849,926
lento: [lnto] 903
llegaron: [Aeyron] 977
leo: [leo] 313, 359, 746
llegas: [Xyas] 16, 54, 99,118
leonardo: [leonro] 846
llegaste: [Xeyste] 537, 545, 546, 563
les: [les] 306, 344, 347, 350, 357, 361, 384,
llegste: [Xeyste] 567, 637
485, 516, 715, 749, 914
llego: [Xyo] 16, 53, 98
levantas: [lepntas] 399
lleg: [Xey] 595, 597, 720, 727, 728, 816,
levantaste: [lepantste] 690
867, 868, 884
levant: [lepant] 575, 629, 673, 712
llegu: [Aeyw] 636, 638
levanto: [lepnto] 314, 575, 771
llendo: [Xndo] 695, 698
levant: [lepant] 593, 837
lleva: [Apa] 188, 311, 362, 672, 817, 818,
leyendo: [lejndo] 158, 185, 199, 207, 233,
819, 830, 831, 832, 834, 837, 841, 842, 844,
257, 684, 702, 716, 851
851, 854, 855, 856, 857, 858, 869, 870, 872,
leyndolo: [lejndolo] 851
873, 876, 886, 888, 889, 890
libre: [lpre] 274,404
llevaba: [Aeppa] 672, 692, 693, 694, 697,
libro: [lpro] 185, 702, 778
699,723,737
libros: [lpros] 257, 518, 746, 802, 811, 972,
llevamos: [Xepmos] 859, 860, 874
379
EN ES
llevan: [Xpan] 875
771, 837, 880, 900, 992
llevan: [Xparj] 820, 833, 845, 882, 892
mandar: [mandr] 466
llevar: [XePr] 756
mano: [mno] 663
llevas: [Xpas] 204,247, 514, 821, 828, 839,
manos: [mnos] 35, 154
849
manzana: [manOna] 169
llvate: [Xpate] 427
maravilloso: [marapiXso] 998
llev: [Xep] 979
marta: [mrta] 729
llevo: [XPo] 198,248, 829, 838
martes: [mrtes] 592, 619, 889
llorando: [Xorndo] 236
ms: [ms] 167,474, 597,903
lloviendo: [XoRjndo] 165, 194, 202, 225,
matemticas: [matemtikas] 296
251,427,464, 670, 676, 690, 712, 714, 832,
mayora: [majora] 524
844, 890
me: [me] 20, 30, 46, 134, 162, 176, 181,
llovo: [Xopo] 659
190, 214, 239, 243, 256, 267, 302, 308, 314,
llovi: [XoPj] 571, 583, 615,711
328, 330, 333, 346, 349, 352, 355, 358, 363,
llueve: [XwPe] 265, 325,415,432
367, 371, 372, 389,438,442,445,475, 522,
lluvia: [Xpja] 464
551, 554, 569, 575, 604, 629, 630, 632, 663,
lo: [lo] 62, 83, 87, 89, 91, 142, 151, 153,
673, 712, 745, 751, 762,768, 771, 945, 956,
155,156,176,216,218, 246, 248,250,252,
964
254, 298, 334, 343, 360, 368, 371, 423, 461,
media: [mja] 271, 310, 430, 574, 575,
473,474, 520, 547, 548, 556, 561, 617, 663,
632, 638, 668, 675, 687,706,707,713
669, 750,765, 773, 778, 783, 827, 853, 902,
medicina: [meiOna] 893
919, 933, 934, 937, 942, 994, 997, 998
mdico: [miko] 140,143, 581
londres: [lndres] 101
medio: [mjo] 713, 956
los: [los] 37, 38, 115, 163, 166, 208, 266,
mjico: [mxiko] 146, 410, 592, 597, 873,
278, 279, 296, 300, 306, 308, 343, 356, 359,
993
383,430,434,476,481,485, 516, 524, 540,
mejor: [mexr] 558
556, 559, 569, 592, 602, 603, 604, 674, 758,
mes: [mes] 633,909
767, 811, 854, 912, 947
mesa: [msa] 174,429, 561, 590
luisa: [lwsa] 848
meses: [mses] 838, 857, 878, 886, 892
lunes: [lunes] 619, 816, 818, 856
metro: [mtro] 767
luz: [10] 925, 992
mi: [mi] 5, 6, 10, 28, 90,109,128,130, 262,
madre: [mre] 7, 55, 63,110
297, 331, 340, 367,473, 520, 588, 590, 740,
mal: [ml] 734
781, 812, 871, 897, 902, 916, 918, 923, 937,
maletas: [maltas] 955
972, 976, 979, 981, 986
maana: [majina] 224, 294, 317, 394, 431,
m: [m] 30, 302, 328, 346, 349, 352, 355,
545, 551, 552, 563, 569, 571, 575, 593, 605,
358, 367, 389, 554
629, 648, 662, 663, 673, 705, 715, 727, 738,
mia: [mja] 991
miedo: [mjo] 350, 540
museo: [museo] 295
mientras: [mjntras] 711, 716, 728
msica: [msika] 30, 196, 344, 384, 385,
mircoles: [mjrkoles] 856
477
mil: [mil] 570,671,688, 833, 873, 891
muy: [muj] 13, 36, 74, 81, 228, 269, 288,
minutos: [mintos] 556, 724, 864, 874
297, 336, 338, 339, 367, 369, 372,420, 551,
mira: [mira] 5
553, 557, 568, 580, 650, 657, 732, 734, 737,
mirando: [mirndo] 237, 243
747, 771, 847, 866, 903, 945, 990, 998
mis: [mis] 35, 561, 907, 908, 909, 977
nada: [na] 664
misma: [mzma] 748
nadador: [naar] 43
mismo: [mzmo] 226, 343, 854
nadando: [nando] 177, 667
momento: [momnto] 426
nadar: [nar] 758, 956
montado: [monto] 782
nadie: [nje] 875, 954
montaas: [montpas] 644
naranja: [naranxa] 604
montando: [montando] 700

montar: [montar] 356
naranjas: [naranxas] 125
montas: [montas] 414
necesito: [neOesto] 914
mucha: [mtfa] 289, 297, 325, 326, 331,
negocios: [neyOjos] 395
334, 354, 355, 360,433,467, 469, 573, 607,
negra: [nyra] 103
necesitas: [neOestas] 443
806
negro: [nyro] 95
muchas: [mtfas] 274, 803, 965, 972
negros: [nyros] 132
muchsimo: [mutfisimo] 270, 341
nevando:[nepndo] 191
mucho: [mfo] 258, 265, 275, 291, 299,
nieva: [ppa] 408
300, 305, 322, 363, 364, 369, 370, 372, 387,
ningn: [niqgm] 621
397, 412,415,420,432, 509, 511, 518, 528,
ningn: [nir gn] 487
549, 563, 573, 576, 660, 746, 749, 759, 761,
nio: [ipo] 540, 581, 745, 751, 768, 772
762, 780, 823, 835, 848, 850, 853, 861, 876,
nios: [nipos] 163,166, 208, 296, 306, 556
887, 991
no: [no] 2-994
muchos: [mtfos] 327, 485, 517, 518, 525,
noche: [ntfe] 272, 292, 530, 534, 574
746, 775, 801, 811, 875, 972, 986, 991, 993,
noches: [ntfes] 601, 759, 769
1000
nombre: [nombre] 807
mudado: [muSo] 916
nombres: [nombres] 308
mudamos: [muamos] 770

mudaron: [muron] 916
normalmente: [normalmnte] 279, 294, 306,
muerto: [mwrto] 984
310, 312, 316, 324, 337, 361, 383,409, 411,

414, 434, 479, 575, 602, 771
mujer: [muxr] 108,143, 807, 916
nos: [nos] 584, 635, 660, 770, 931, 963
mundo: [mndo] 525, 777, 804
nosotros: [nosotros] 161, 167, 173, 178,
muri: [murj] 585, 984
274, 278, 291, 302, 310, 323, 341, 365, 511,
381
528, 541, 557, 572, 573, 576, 584, 603, 613,
ojos: [xos] 481
620, 633, 635, 645, 651, 657, 660, 670, 671,
olivia: [olpja] 840
676, 707, 708, 711, 714, 734, 735, 748, 749,
olvidado: [oipio] 447
770, 774, 835, 859, 860, 874, 899, 906, 910,
olvides: [oipes] 940
911, 912, 925, 931, 955, 963, 974, 996, 998
olvido: [oipo] 308
noticias: [notGjas] 359, 472, 684, 924
once: [n0e] 552, 668,707
EN ES
novecientos: [no[3e0jntos] 570, 688, 833
ordenador: [orenar] 497, 502, 953, 966
noventa: [nopnta] 13, 570, 585,688, 833
os: [os] 634
novia: [nRja] 999
oscuro: [oskro] 155
nuestra: [nwstra] 557, 950
otra: [otra] 923
nuestras: [nwstras] 584
padre: [pre] 80,130, 387,476, 513,944
nuestro: [nwstro] 274, 483, 955
padres: [pres] 57, 70, 111, 241, 264, 377,
nuestros: [nwstros] 606
386, 398, 617
nueva: [nwpa] 22,263, 380, 554, 566, 658,
pagado: [paySo] 586, 925, 959
797, 812, 950, 993
pagamos: [paymos] 925
nueve: [nwpe] 294, 430, 575, 638, 687,
pagar: [payr] 959
688, 713, 833, 860, 930
pas: [pas] 36, 873
nuevo: [nwpo] 508, 853, 863, 899, 906,
pases: [pases] 991
910, 911, 934, 936, 937, 942, 943, 953, 957,
pjaros: [pxaros] 674
976, 979
palabra: [palpra] 379, 407
nuevos: [nwpos] 61,131, 912, 958
pantalones: [pantalones] 658, 672
nmero: [nmero] 75, 340, 512
papel: [papl] 621
nunca: [ngka] 298, 304, 309, 313, 353,
paquete: [pakte] 466
358, 781,782, 783, 784, 785, 787, 788, 791,
par: [pr] 658
796, 798, 799, 810, 812, 813, 994
para: [pra] 401, 721, 724, 900, 955
o: [o] 501, 902
parada: [para] 121, 715
obras: [pras] 965, 972
paraguas: [parywas] 203,427, 510, 697
ocho: [fo] 13, 272, 682, 684
pararon: [parrom] 724
ochocientos: [otfoOjntos] 873
pareja: [parxa] 681
octubre: [oktpre] 876
pars: [pars] 555, 974
ocupada: [okupa] 725
par: [par] 571, 731
ocurri: [okuij] 582,718
parque: [prke] 166, 681
odias: [jas] 442
partes: [prtes] 515
oficina: [ofiOna] 116,261,620, 872,950
partido: [parto] 709, 710, 733
odo: [oo] 920
pasa: [psa] 519
oste: [oste] 920
pasada: [pasa] 530, 534, 536, 558, 565,
ojo: [xo] 519
568, 577, 587, 600, 717, 879, 908, 911, 976
pasado: [paso] 538, 539, 552, 555, 582,
pierde: [pjre] 600
584, 592, 603, 606, 633, 876, 963, 971
pierna: [pjema] 792
pasamos: [pasmos] 998
pintando: [pintndo] 718
pasaporte: [pasaporte] 787, 897
pintora: [pintora] 1000
pasasteis: [passtejs] 997
pisado: [piso] 176
paseando: [pasendo] 681
piscina: [pisOna] 667
patas: [ptas] 527
playa: [plaja] 178, 651
pedirla: [perla] 923
pocas: [pkas] 789
pelcula: [pelkula] 227, 580, 613, 657, 813,
poco: [pko] 60
939
pocos: [pkos] 763, 770, 885
pelculas: [pelkulas] 350, 351, 352, 361
poema: [poma] 809
pelo: [plo] 190,378,747
poemas: [pomas] 965, 972
pelota: [pelota] 735
polica: [poliOa] 731
pequea: [pekjia] 557
poltica: [politka] 363
perd: [per] 641,740,904,907,908,918
poltica: [poltika] 44
perdido: [pero] 787, 897,904,909,918
por: [pr] 74, 118, 164, 204, 236, 238, 243,
perdi: [perj] 600
312, 317, 395,425,429,462, 545, 563, 567,
perdn: [pern] 460,473
582, 591, 605, 664, 691, 692, 705, 709, 710,
peridico: [perjiko] 158, 199, 207, 851
722, 742, 804, 814, 962, 987
peridicos: [perjikos] 602
porque: [prke] 558, 567, 664, 946, 948
pero: [pro] 12, 14, 85, 280, 320, 321, 332,
postales: [postales] 72
335, 359, 360, 361, 362, 365, 419,422,467,
prefiere: [prefjre] 480
473,486,488, 521, 523, 541, 542, 549, 551,
prefieres: [prefjres] 441
558, 560, 561, 575, 583, 611, 613, 618, 619,
pregnta: [preynta] 497, 498, 499, 500,
620, 621, 622, 657, 672, 732, 746, 747, 749,
501
750, 758,759, 760, 761, 763, 765, 767, 768,
pregntale: [preyntale] 957, 958, 959, 960
770, 774,776, 807, 812, 813, 903, 934, 974,
premios: [prmjos] 1000
993
presento: [presnte] 902
perro: [pro] 498, 503
principal: [prinOipl] 835
perros: [pros] 485, 516, 540
problemas: [propimas] 517
persona: [persona] 775
profesor: [profesor] 26, 139, 156, 843
per: [per] 790
profesora: [profesora] 26, 139, 144, 296,
pesada: [pesa] 3
843
pesadas: [pesas] 4
pronto: [pronto] 16, 303, 626
piano: [pjno] 186, 287, 338, 339, 416, 750,
puede: [pwe] 946, 949
894
puedes: [pwes] 222, 428, 474, 477, 947,
piensa: [pjnsa] 282
948
383
EN ES
puedo: [pwfio] 167, 526, 550, 776, 807
ramona: [rarnna] 949
puerta: [pwrta] 526
rpida: [rpia] 903
puertas: [pwrtas] 483
rpido: [rpio] 528,903
puesta: [pwsta] 737
rebecca: [repekka] 539
puesto: [pwsto] 188,934,937
recibo: [reOpo] 359
puestos: [pwstos] 198
recordar: [rekorr] 776, 807
punto: [punto] 665, 6 6 6 , 677, 684, 689, 831,
refieres: [reijres] 444
860, 872
regalo: [reylo] 900
puse: [pse] 590
reloj: [relx] 229,247, 500
que: [ke] 511, 539, 559, 579, 660, 661, 670,
respuesta: [respwsta] 437,447
713, 734,748, 771, 822, 824, 826, 837, 840,
restaurantes: [restawrntes] 357
843, 862, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 894, 933,
reunin: [reujin] 636, 664
936, 945, 949, 954, 959
revista: [repsta] 631
qu: [k] 6 6 , 74, 102, 118, 131, 204, 206,
rica: [rka] 2
208, 233,235,236,237, 238, 242,243, 379,
rico: [rko] 2
383, 401, 404, 407, 409, 411, 429, 434, 441,

4 4 3 , 4 4 4 , 4 5 0 ,453,456,459, 462,463,476,
riendo: [ijndo] 187,238,462
492,493, 519, 545, 563, 567, 637, 664, 6 6 8 ,
rock: [rokk] 346
669, 677, 689, 691, 692, 701, 703, 705, 706,
rojo: [rxo] 67
727, 731,738, 772, 929, 938, 964, 967, 982,
roma: [roma] 974
988, 999
romnticas: [romntikas] 352
queda: [ka] 601
romp: [romp] 735
quedamos: [kemos] 584, 635, 660
rompi: [rompj] 655,656,717,915
quedan: [kan] 219
ropa: [ropa] 311, 658
quedan: [kdag] 2 2 0
rota: [rota] 654
quedarse: [kerse] 364

quedasteis: [kestejs] 634
roto: [roto] 230,792,915
qued: [ke] 964
sabe: [spe] 933
qued: [ke] 601
saben: [spem] 340
quera: [kera] 581
saber: [sapr] 437
quin: [kjn] 76,108,129, 211, 783
saba: [sapa] 664
quiere: [kjre] 471, 521

quieren: [kjren] 939
sale: [sle] 609
quieres: [kjres] 396,401,436,437
salido: [salo] 56, 58, 896,983
quiero: [kjro] 396,464, 814
salimos: [salimos] 670, 676, 714
quince: [knOe] 871
sali: [sali] 594
quit: [kit] 578
sali: [salj] 610, 967, 978
ro: [ro] 177
ruedas: [rwas] 524
sales: [sles] 759
salir: [salir] 464, 759, 896, 949
siento: [sjnto] 176, 368, 473, 474, 849, 956
sandra: [sndra] 932
siete: [sjte] 124, 271, 292, 314, 580, 594,
santo: [snto] 679
629, 686,771, 872, 894
se: [se] 147, 148, 187, 219, 220, 238, 426,
significa: [siyniflka] 379, 407
431,484, 578, 593, 605, 655, 656, 716, 717,
silencio: [silnOjo] 164,425
719, 720,722, 837, 864, 883, 898, 905, 913,
silla: [sXa] 192
915, 916, 921, 928, 930, 933, 934, 941, 948,
sillas: [sAas] 14
953, 954, 968
sin: [sim] 923
s: [s] 363, 368, 461, 520, 556, 561, 656,
sitio: [stjo] 584, 919
669, 783, 994
sitios: [stjos] 775
seatlle: [seatXe] 842
sobre: [spre] 944
sed: [s] 12, 85,152
sol: [sl] 197, 217, 273, 674
segura: [seyra] 732
soleado: [soleo] 15
seguro: [seyro] 732
sola: [sola] 743, 746, 747, 750, 753, 754,
seis: [sejs] 310, 485, 527, 593, 665, 838,
756, 757, 758, 759, 760,761, 762, 763, 765,
857, 886, 892, 974
766
semforo: [semforo] 122
solamos: [solamos] 749,770
semana: [semna] 278, 383, 434, 536, 558,
solan: [solan] 748, 755
565, 568, 577, 587, 600, 603, 717, 759, 879,
solas: [solas] 772
908, 911, 936, 976
solo: [slo] 304
semanas: [semnas] 863
slo: [slo] 808, 930
sentada: [senta] 174,184,192, 253
soltera: [soltra] 48
sentado: [sento] 192,253,473
soltero: [soltro] 48
sent: [sent] 578
somos: [somos] 6, 302, 847, 848
ser: [sr] 396, 581, 747, 754, 757, 766
son: [som] 4, 553
setas: [stas] 751
son: [son] 14, 29, 37, 61, 62, 72, 88, 89,
severo: [sepro] 834
131,132, 544, 665, 930
si: [si] 497, 498, 499, 500, 501, 957, 958,
son: [sop] 14, 300
959, 960
sonando: [sonndo] 160
s: [s] 52, 60, 62, 83, 87, 89, 99, 142, 155,
sonia: [sjia] 577
156, 201, 203, 214, 218, 224, 228, 254, 424,
son: [son] 701, 703
497, 500, 501, 547, 568, 615, 617, 653, 726,
soy: [soj] 2, 9, 22, 26, 48, 52, 65, 136, 140,
737, 764,768, 778, 779, 780, 786, 789, 790,

792, 809, 926, 931
156, 903
stan: [stan] 938
siempre: [sjmpre] 276, 277, 298, 303, 305,
su: [su] 7, 298, 319, 336, 370, 596, 598,
307, 311, 315, 317, 357, 381, 399, 599, 605
679, 682, 718, 807, 825, 850, 863, 872, 895,
siendo: [sjndo] 873
916, 936, 942, 943, 957, 959, 960
385
EN ES
sucio: [s0jo] 298, 895
tengo: [tggo] 12, 24, 41, 42, 50, 85, 105,
suelo: [zwlo] 172,184,253
138,152,154,481,486,494,495, 502, 503,
supermercado: [supermerko] 678, 744

sur: [sr] 786
512, 519, 520, 522, 526, 550, 761, 826, 827,
sus: [sus] 8, 257, 264, 361, 392, 600, 601,
tena: [tena] 539, 540, 585, 621, 862, 894
946, 958,1000
temamos: [tenamos] 541
suyos: [zwjos] 721
tenido: [teno] 662, 775, 801
svetlana: [sPetlna] 833
tenis: [tenis] 6, 279, 290, 349, 376, 390,
taiwan: [tajwan] 994
392,467, 611, 639, 683, 707, 708, 763, 798,
tamara: [tamra] 943
987
tan: [tan] 691
termina: [termina] 272,286,476
tan: [tag] 74
terminado: [termino] 981, 982
tara: [tra] 179
terminal: [terminal] 595
tarde: [tre] 16, 53, 98, 99, 118, 167, 278,
terminaste: [terminste] 626, 982
295, 312, 332,475, 537, 545, 546, 563, 567,
termin: [termin] 626, 713, 981
582, 597, 636, 639, 800, 849, 874, 962, 987
termin: [termin] 574, 580
taxi: [taksi] 232, 598,645
t: [t] 115, 389,440
taxista: [takssta] 9, 754
ta: [ta] 871
taza: [t0a] 593
tiempo: [tjmpo] 1, 15, 165, 274, 324, 404,
853, 900, 945
te: [te] 19,45,115, 133,167, 200, 213, 223,
528, 536, 543, 568, 597, 612, 652, 653, 662,
224, 227,255, 378, 382, 389, 399,402,409,
734, 761, 817, 821, 822, 823, 824, 826, 828,
435, 439, 444, 446, 447, 462, 519, 690, 710,
830, 835, 839, 840, 841, 842, 843, 844, 848,
731, 761, 792, 902, 933, 937, 940, 947, 988
849, 852, 853, 861, 869, 876, 887, 990
t: [t] 320,321,480
tiendas: [tjndas] 113
tecleando: [teklendo] 903
tiene: [tjne] 13, 68, 69, 149, 150, 285, 342,
telfono: [telfono] 75, 160, 340, 490, 512,
360,419,482,483,484,488,489,490,491,
520, 591, 701, 703, 704, 959

televisin: [telepisjm] 312, 946
492,496,497,498,499, 500, 501, 504, 505,

507, 508, 513, 515, 517, 521, 523, 525, 527,
televisin: [telepisjn] 157, 168, 183, 209,
539,747, 837, 957, 958, 959
221, 241,245, 309, 353,400, 412,417,428,
tienen: [tjnem] 327,485, 509, 518, 811
608, 623, 628, 665, 667, 709, 769, 830, 831
tienen: [tjnen] 123, 485, 487, 506, 516
televisin: [telepisjg] 323, 354, 433, 469,
tienen: [tjneg] 524
607, 710
tienes: [tjnes] 23, 49, 84, 104, 137, 152,
temprano: [temprno] 276, 277, 399, 575,
154, 493, 494, 495, 510, 765, 826, 927
673, 771
tierra: [tjra] 273
tenemos: [tenmos] 511, 528, 899
tipo: [tipo] 492
tener: [tenr] 750, 765
toca: [tka] 287, 339, 420, 421, 424
tocado: [toko] 894
tres: [tres] 138, 485, 516, 577, 677, 759,
tocando: [tokndo] 186, 418, 422, 423

tocar: [tokr] 760
805, 819, 854, 855, 863, 868, 870, 877, 888,
tocas: [tkas] 416,760
tu: [tu] 18, 25, 27, 55, 59, 63, 66, 75, 78,
toco: [tko] 338
80, 86, 93, 94,102,110,112,127, 143, 268,
toda: [ta] 571, 825
387, 388, 393,403,404,405,463,476,490,
todas: [tas] 515, 601, 769
493, 512, 513, 554, 564, 566, 733, 741, 787,
todava: [toapa] 900, 925, 932, 933, 934,
826, 904, 944, 952, 957, 958, 959, 966, 982,
893, 912
935, 947, 951, 954, 973
999
todo: [to] 525, 583, 804, 832
t: [t] 5-995
todos: [toos] 266, 343, 356, 359, 430, 476,
tumbado: [tumbo] 172
602, 604, 758, 767, 811
tus: [tus] 29, 57, 61, 70, 88, 111, 117, 119,
tokio: [tokjo] 824
123, 131, 219, 240, 241, 375, 377, 386, 398,
tomar: [tomr] 723
544, 612, 617, 924, 939
tom: [tom] 593
tuve: [tpe] 612, 625, 642
toronto: [tornto] 38, 96
tuvieron: [tuPjron] 617
trabaja: [trapxa] 262, 270, 305, 387, 397,
tuviste: [tupiste] 625, 642
405, 744, 836, 850
ltima: [ltima] 877, 878, 879, 880, 881
trabajado: [trapaxo] 836
ltimamente: [ltimamnte] 746, 749
trabajamos: [traPaxmos] 341, 576
ltimos: [ltimos] 854, 912
trabajando: [traPaxndo] 157, 164, 215,
un: [um] 36, 60, 158, 203, 207, 427, 466,
425, 668, 675
658,750, 809, 873
trabajar: [trapaxr] 599, 713, 730, 743, 941,
un: [un] 13,43, 73,126,178,180,185,188,
949
204,219,232,247, 262,451,452,467,484,
trabajaron: [trapaxron] 619
497, 499, 501, 508, 522, 523, 527, 570, 584,
trabajas: [trapxas] 322, 374, 397
598, 621, 659, 680, 692,702, 723, 744, 757,
trabajo: [trapxo] 17, 25, 112, 261, 276,
766, 791, 814, 836, 850, 881, 900, 917, 934,
277, 280,297, 315, 319, 336, 367,430,476,
953, 957, 965
479, 489, 508, 511, 529, 530, 547, 558, 626,
un: [ug] 360, 485, 486, 799, 826, 899, 906,
729, 767,771, 850, 863, 936, 942, 943, 957,
910,911,914, 956
976, 981, 982
una: [na] 169, 189, 192, 261, 288, 372,
trabaj: [traPax] 570, 622
413,419,449,486,488, 523, 593, 604, 631,
trabajos: [trapxos] 775, 801
664, 673, 694, 723, 735,737, 742, 743, 775,
trfico: [trfiko] 563
779, 786, 789, 792, 794,795, 797, 808, 865,
traje: [trxe] 692, 979
884, 890, 945, 975
treinta: [trjnta] 138, 647
unas: [linas] 625, 642, 789
tren: [tren] 358, 680, 720, 723, 814
unidos: [unios] 38
387
EN ES
universidad: [unipersi] 893, 903
venir: [benr] 752, 915, 929
uno: [uno] 570, 671, 765
ventana: [bentna] 579, 654, 661, 735, 742
unos: [nos] 556, 635, 724, 750, 834, 885
ventanas: [bentnas] 454,455
usa: [sa] 360
veo: [beo] 224,312,353, 354,433,469, 607
utiliza: [utilOa] 331
ver: [br] 769,939,946
va: [ba] 210,234,276, 515, 599, 915, 941
verdad: [ber] 371
vacaciones: [bakaOjnes] 178, 543, 565,
verla: [brla] 725
584, 625, 642, 711, 815, 881, 901, 963, 996
verles: [brles] 749
vacas: [baOas] 875
vemos: [bemos] 606
vamos: [bmos] 291, 603
ves: [bes] 400,412
van: [ban] 240, 896, 929, 954
vestido: [besto] 934,937
vanessa: [banssa] 592
vez: [b0] 382, 406, 414, 779, 780, 784,
varias: [brjas] 762, 795, 800
785, 786, 787, 788, 789, 790, 791, 792, 794,
varios: [bijos] 505
797, 808, 809, 877, 878, 879, 880, 881, 923,
vas: [bas] 213,223,406,409,767,933
971, 989, 995
ve: [be] 309, 769
vi: [bi] 961
veces: [bOes] 280, 332, 359, 577, 762, 767,
vi: [b] 608, 614, 618, 623, 628, 715
777, 778,789, 790, 793, 795, 800, 805, 812,
viaja: [bjxa] 395, 991
813, 909
viajado: [bjaxo] 781, 804, 814
vecinos: [beOnos] 958
viajar: [bjaxr] 762
veda: [ba] 980
viajas: [bjxas] 762
vegetariano: [beyetarjno] 373
viaje: [bjxe] 541, 617, 814, 955
veinte: [bjnte] 24, 813, 874, 882, 883
victor: [biktr] 960
veinticinco: [bejntiGgko] 50
victoria: [biktrja] 929
veinticuatro: [bejntikwtro] 69
vida: [ba] 825, 866
veintids: [bejntis] 539
vieja: [bjxa] 681
veintisis: [bejntisjs] 150
viejo: [bjxo] 13
veintitrs: [bejntitrs] 539
viendo: [bjndo] 157, 168, 183, 209, 221,
veintiuno: [bejntino] 873
241,245,417,428, 665, 667,710, 830, 831
velocidad: [beloOi] 731
viene: [bjne] 936
vemos: [bmos] 323, 365, 749
vienen: [bjnen] 606
ven: [ben] 361
vienes: [bjnes] 465,475
vender: [bendr] 960
viento: [bjnto] 33,34
vend: [bend] 765
viernes: [bjemes] 552, 606, 977
vendido: [bendo] 960
vinieron: [bijiron] 606
vendi: [bendj] 750
vinimos: [binmos] 645
venido: [beno] 951
vino: [bino] 616
A EN ES
388
visitado: [bisito] 991
yagin: [jayin] 395
visit: [bisit] 587
yo: [jo] 2-994
viste: [bste] 614, 623, 709, 736, 919, 980
yoga: [joya] 394
visto: [bsto] 776, 783, 807, 813, 919, 939,
york: [jork] 22, 263, 380, 797, 993
980
zapatos: [Oaptos] 61, 131, 198, 300, 544,
vive: [bpe] 263, 365, 388, 391, 824, 846,
553, 885
875
Zelanda: [Oelnda] 812
viven: [bpen] 264, 288, 375, 377, 398, 916
zinaida: [Oinja] 936
vives: [bpes] 391,413,415

vivas: [bRjas] 752
vivido: [bipSo] 775, 825, 835, 852, 861,
862, 871, 974, 993
viviendo: [bipjndo] 671, 688, 842
vivimos: [bipmos] 835,974
vivir: [bipr] 748,755,770
vivo: [bpo] 993
volado: [bolSo] 788,796
volar: [bolr] 380
vol: [bol] 592
vosotros: [bostros] 634,705,706,997
voy: [boj] 181, 214, 280, 304, 315, 316,
475, 767
vuela: [bwla] 283
vuelo: [bwlo] 596
y: [i] 6, 13, 15, 124, 138, 271, 272, 302,
310, 330, 389, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 395,
396, 397,420,430,485, 501, 505, 516, 557,
560, 570, 573, 575, 578, 580, 593, 594, 595,
596, 597, 623, 624, 625, 626, 627, 632, 638,
642, 658, 668, 674, 675, 682, 683, 685, 686,
687, 688, 704, 706, 707, 713, 720, 723, 735,
742, 775, 811, 814, 820, 833, 847, 848, 882,
883, 892, 900, 916, 926, 929, 932, 954, 956,
965, 972, 986
ya: [ja] 586, 913, 914, 916, 929, 930, 931,
935, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943,
944, 946, 948, 950, 953, 955, 957, 959, 960
389
ENES
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,b l o J

Com plete Fluency Course

INTENSIVE METHOD (GMS Files)

Typical Day's Routine

(If it's your first day, you can start here.)

1. Review the recordings you m ade yesterday.

6. Prepare 10-50 new sentences, depending

A nything you w ant to improve?

on your tim e lim it and w hat you're

2. Before starting today's new recordings o f

comfortable w ith. Look them over in the

the new sentences from the last four days,

book, then listen to the accompanying

first listen to the G M S C files to find any

pronunciations you w ant to improve.

7. N ow use either the A files or C files to

3. N ow record the sentences from the last four

write down your new sentences. Try to do

this w ithout looking at the book. If you're

4. N ow listen to the B files for the oldest

learning a new script, make sure you can

review sentences (interpretation training). Try

do this in IPA or phonetics before trying to

to translate each sentence w ithout using your

master a new script so you d o n 't miss any

text in the space provided. If you fail, d o n 't

give up. Mass practice is better than perfect

8. Listen to the sentences one more time,

practice. D o n 't let one or two sentences keep

then record them yourself. Com e back

you from progressing.

tom orrow and check your recordings.

5. If you feel tired or burned out, then there's

9. For added benefit, use the accompanying

no need to do new sentences today.

RELAXED METHOD (GSR Files)

Glossika Mass Sentence M ethod

FA Persian, PRS Persian-Dari, TGK Tajik,

M an y o f o u r languages are offered at different levels (check for availability):

Glossika Mass Sentences

Glossika Mass Sentences

Authors: Michael Campbell, Nuria Porras

2014 Michael Campbell

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

GMS MP3 ISRC: TWY811319511-TW Y811319570

Glossika Mass Sentence(GMS)

Glossika Spaced Repetition (GSR)

How to Use GMS and GSR

Glossika Mass Sentences

Non-East Asian users of the Glossika Mass Sentence (GMS)

The majority of foreign language learners are satisfied at a B

books would go into elaborate detail about how to purse your

Glossika Mass Sentences (GMS)

the alarming conclusion that words don't have meaning," but

Build a bridge to your new language through translation. The

What is the relationship between memory and sleep? Our brain

I don't confuse languages because in my mind every language

hurting yourself in the long run by creating false realities.

If you ever learn new in isolation, you have to start using it

Glossika Spaced Repetition

Theoretically you could listen to 4 files daily and repeat two

H ow to Use GMS and GSR