ME6261-Computer Aided Drafting and Modeling Lab PDF

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
SRM nagar,kattankulathur
Chennai-603 203
ME6261 COMPUTER AIDED

DRAFTING AND MODELING
LABORATORY MANUAL
Prepared by
FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
GE6261 COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND MODELING LABORATORY L T P C 0 1 2 2

OBJECTIVES:
To develop skill to use software to create 2D and 3D models.
LIST OF EXERCISES USING SOFTWARE CAPABLE OF DRAFTING AND MODELING
1. Study of capabilities of software for Drafting and Modeling Coordinate systems (absolute,
relative, polar, etc.) Creation of simple figures like polygon and general multi-line figures.
2. Drawing of a Title Block with necessary text and projection symbol.
3. Drawing of curves like parabola, spiral, involute using Bspline or cubic spline.
4. Drawing of front view and top view of simple solids like prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, etc,
and dimensioning.
5. Drawing front view, top view and side view of objects from the given pictorial views (eg. Vblock, Base of a mixie, Simple stool, Objects with hole and curves).
6. Drawing of a plan of residential building (Two bed rooms, kitchen, hall, etc.)
7. Drawing of a simple steel truss.
8. Drawing sectional views of prism, pyramid, cylinder, cone, etc,
9. Drawing isometric projection of simple objects.
10. Creation of 3-D models of simple objects and obtaining 2-D multi-view drawings from 3-D
model.
Note: Plotting of drawings must be made for each exercise and attached to the records written by
students.
TOTAL:45PERIODS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sl.no
Date
Name of the exercise
Page
no.
Study Of Capabilities Of Software For Drafting & ModelingCo-Ordinate System
Creation Of SimpleFigures like Polygon and

Multiline Figures
Drawing Of A Title Block With Necessary Text And

Projection Symbol
Drawing Of Curves Like Parabola,Spiral,Involute Using

Bspline Or Cubic Spline
Drawing Of Front View And Top View Of Simple Solids

Like Prism,Pyramid,Cylinder,Cone Etc And Dimensioning
Drawing Front View ,Top View And Side View Of Objects

From The Given Pictorial Views (Eg.V-Block,Base Of A
Mixie,Simple Tool,Objectwith Hole And Curves)
Drawing Of A Plan Of Residential Building (Two Bed

Rooms,Kitchen,Hall)
Drawing Of A Simple Steel Truss
Drawing Sectional Views Of Prism,Pyramid,Cylinder,Cone
10
Drawing Isometric Projection Of Simple Object
11
Creation Of 3-D Models Of Simple Objects And Obtaining 2D Multiview Drawings From 3-D Model
VIVA QUESTIONS & ANSWER
General
Marks
Signature
1.STUDY OF CAPABILITIES OF SOFTWARE FOR DRAFTING & MODELING-COORDINATE SYSTEM
AIM
To Study of capabilities of software for Drafting
COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

A drawing is prepared traditionally using instruments. The modern alternative is to draw
with the aid of computers. This method is known as computer aided drafting (or) Computer aided
drawing (or) computer assisted drafting (or) computer argument drafting and computer
automated drafting.
Modern CAD systems are based on the interactive computer graphics. Interactive
computer graphics denotes a user defined system in whichthecomputerisemployedto create and
display data in the terms of pictures and symbols, by the communication between the user and
the system. A typical interactive computer graphics system in combination of both hardware and
software.
The four fundamental elements of drawing are points, straight lines, arcs and circles. In
computer aided drawing systems, the points on the screen be located by selected with the cursor,
snapping to the grip, points (or) by entering the numerical values of the co-ordinates of the
points. The other elements can be drawn easily by using relevant commands.
Scaling:
The capacity to enlarge (or) diminish the size of a displayed feature without changing its
shape.
Zooming:
The capacity to enlarge (or) reduce a selected area of the drawing seen on the screen.
Translating:
The capacity to move parts of a drawing and redrawing them in the new position to a
selected scale.
Rotation:
The capability of rotating the features about a selected position and redraw them in a
new angular position.
Mirroring:
To reverse the image of a feature about the chosen line of symmetry.
Duplicating:
The capability of redrawing a feature (or) component many times and displaying in
orderly manner of our choice. The CAD system offers a number of automatic features such as
fillet, chamfering, hatching and shading of any specified area, dimensioning and text displayed in
the required format.
Array
You can create copies of objects in a rectangular or polar (circular) pattern called an
array. For rectangular arrays, you control the number of rows and columns and the distance
between each. For polar arrays, you control the number of copies of the object and whether the
copies are rotated. To create many regularly spaced objects, arraying is faster than copying.
Rectangular Arrays A rectangular array is built along a baseline defined by the current
snap rotation angle. This angle is zero by default, so the rows and columns of a
rectangular array are orthogonal with respect to the X and Y axes. The default angle 0
direction setting can be changed in UNITS.
Polar Arrays When you create a polar array, the array is drawn counter clockwise or
clockwise, depending on whether you enter a positive or a negative value for the angle to
fill. The radius of the array is determined by the distance from the specified center point
to a reference or base point on the last selected object. You can use the default reference
point (usually an arbitrary point that coincides with a snap point), or you can specify a
new base point to be used as the reference point.
Hatch
You can hatch an area using a predefined hatch pattern, define a simple line pattern using
the current line type, or create more complex hatch patterns. One type of pattern is called solid,
which fills an area with a solid color.
You can choose from several methods to specify the boundaries of a hatch.
Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.
Select objects that enclose an area.
Drag a hatch pattern into an enclosed area from a tool palette or Design Center.
When you hatch a drawing, whole or partial objects that are not part of the object boundary
are ignored. If a hatch line encounters an object such as text, an attribute, or a solid-fill object,
and if the object is selected as part of the boundary set, HATCH hatches around the object.
Dimensions
Dimensions have several distinct elements: dimension text, dimension lines, arrowheads,
and extension lines Dimension text is a text string that usually indicate the measurement value.
The text can also include prefixes, suffixes, and tolerances. A dimension line indicates the
direction and extent of a dimension. For angular dimensions, the dimension line is an arc.
Arrowheads, also called symbols of termination, are displayed at each end of the dimension line.
You can specify different sizes and shapes for arrowheads or tick marks. Extension lines, also
called projection lines or witness lines, extend from the feature to the dimension line. A center
mark is a small cross that marks the center of a circle or arc. Center lines are broken lines that
mark the center of a circle or arc.
TRIM
You can shorten or lengthen objects to meet the edges of other objects. This means you
can first create an object such as a line and then later adjust it to fit exactly between other
objects. Objects you select as cutting edges or boundary edges are not required to intersect the
object being trimmed. You can trim or extend an object to a projected edge or to an extrapolated
intersection; that is, where the objects would intersect if they were extended. If you do not
specify a boundary and press ENTER at the Select Objects prompt, all displayed objects become
potential boundaries. When you trim several objects, the different selection methods can help
you choose the current cutting edges and objects to trim. In the following example, the cutting
edges are selected using crossing selection
Move
You can move objects at a specified distance and direction from the originals. Use
coordinates, grid snap, object snaps, and other tools to move objects with precision. A practical
example is moving a door in a wall. The door in the illustration is entirely within a crossing
selection, while the wall lines are only partly within the crossing selection area.
Advantages of using CAD:

There are several fundamental reasons for implementing a CAD system.
i.
To increase the productivity of designer.
ii.
To improve quality of design.
iii.
To improve communication.
iv.
To create library.
v.
To create database for manufacturing.
To increase the productivity of designer:

This is accomplished by helping the designer to visualize the product and its
component sub-assemblies and parts, by reading the time required in synthesis and
documenting the design.
To improve quality of design:
The CAD system permits a more analysis and a number of design alternative can
be investigated, designs are also through the greater accuracy provided by the system.
To improve communication:
Use of Cad system provides better engineering drawing, more standardization in
the drawing, better documentation of the design, greater legibility and saving in
time.
To create library:
Commonly used architectural building, electrical and mechanical components can
be drawn and stored in memory and recalled when needed. Further they can be
positioned anywhere on the screen and redraw to any scale angle and angle of
inclination.
To create database for manufacturing:

The process of creating the documentation in the product using design much of
required database to manufacture the product is also created.
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
AutoCAD2007 requires the following hardware for running on any system:
Pentium III or higher.
64MB RAM.
Windows98, Windows95 or Windows NT 4.0 operating system.
1024 x 768 VGA video display (800 x 600 VGA video display minimum).
Windows video display driver.
150MB free hard-disk space.
Pointing device (mouse or digitizer).
4X CD-ROM drive.
IBM-compatible parallel port.
Serial Port (For some digitizer and some plotters).
Printer or Plotter.
Modem (Connection to internet).
Sound card for multimedia learning.
TCP/IP or IPX support(required only for multi-user, or floating license configuration.
AutoCAD - Commands
A
ABOUT
Displays information about AutoCAD
ARC
Creates an arc
AREA
Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas
ARRAY
Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern

B
BACKGROUND
Sets up the background for your scene
BLOCK
Creates a block definition from objects you select
BOUNDARY
Creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area
BOX
Creates a three-dimensional solid box
BREAK
Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two

C
CAL
Evaluates mathematical and geometric expressions
CHAMFER
Bevels the edges of objects
CHANGE
Changes the properties of existing objects
CIRCLE
Creates a circle
CLOSE
Closes the current drawing
COLOR
Defines color for new objects
CONE
Creates a three-dimensional solid cone
CONVERT
Optimizes 2D polylines and associative hatches created in AutoCAD

Release 13 or earlier
COPY
Duplicates objects
CYLINDER
Creates a three-dimensional solid cylinder
D
DIM AND DIM1
Accesses Dimensioning mode
DIMEDIT
Edits dimensions
DIMSTYLE
Creates and modifies dimension styles
DIMTEDIT
Moves and rotates dimension text
DIST
Measures the distance and angle between two points
DIVIDE
Places evenly spaced point objects or blocks along the length or perimeter
of an object
E
ELLIPSE
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc
ERASE
Removes objects from a drawing
EXPLODE
Breaks a compound object into its component objects
EXTEND
Extends an object to meet another object
EXTRUDE
Creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional

objects
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F
FILL
Controls the filling of multilines, traces, solids, all hatches, and wide
polylines
FILLET
Rounds and fillets the edges of objects

G
GRID
Displays a dot grid in the current viewport
GROUP
Creates a named selection set of objects

H
HATCH
Fills a specified boundary with a pattern
HIDE
Regenerates a three-dimensional model with hidden lines Suppressed

I
IMPORT
Imports files in various formats into AutoCAD
INSERT
Places a named block or drawing into the current drawing
INTERFERE
Creates a composite 3D solid from the common volume of two or more

solids
INTERSECT
Creates composite solids or regions from the intersection of two or more

solids or regions and removes the areas outside of the intersection
ISOPLANE
Specifies the current isometric plane

L
LAYER
Manages layers and layer properties
LAYOUT
Creates a new layout and renames, copies, saves, or deletes an existing

layout
LENGTHEN
Lengthens an object
LIMITS
Sets and controls the drawing boundaries and grid display
LINE
Creates straight line segments
LOAD
Makes shapes available for use by the SHAPE command
LTSCALE
Sets the line type scale factor
LWEIGHT
Sets the current lineweight, lineweight display options, and Lineweight

units
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M
MATLIB
Imports and exports materials to and from a library of materials
MEASURE
Places point objects or blocks at measured intervals on an object
MENU
Loads a menu file
MIRROR
Creates a mirror image copy of objects
MODEL
Switches from a layout tab to the Model tab and makes it current
MOVE
Displaces objects a specified distance in a specified direction
MTEXT
Creates multiline text
MULTIPLE
Repeats the next command until canceled

N
NEW
Creates a new drawing file
O
OFFSET
Creates concentric circles, parallel lines, and parallel curves
OPEN
Opens an existing drawing file
OPTIONS
Customizes the AutoCAD settings
ORTHO
Constrains cursor movement
OSNAP
Sets object snap modes

P
PAN
Moves the drawing display in the current viewport
PEDIT
Edits polylines and three-dimensional polygon meshes
PLAN
Displays the plan view of a user coordinate system
PLINE
Creates two-dimensional polylines
PLOT
Plots a drawing to a plotting device or file
PLOTSTYLE
Sets the current plot style for new objects, or the assigned plot style for
Selected objects
POINT
Creates a point object
POLYGON
Creates an equilateral closed polyline
PREVIEW
Shows how the drawing will look when it is printed or plotted
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PROPERTIES
Controls properties of existing objects

Q
QDIM
Quickly creates a dimension
QSAVE
Quickly saves the current drawing
QSELECT
Quickly creates selection sets based on filtering criteria
QTEXT
Controls the display and plotting of text and attribute objects
QUIT
Exits AutoCAD
R
RECTANG
Draws a rectangular polyline
REDO
Reverses the effects of the previous UNDO or U command
REGION
Creates a region object from a selection set of existing objects
RENAME
Changes the names of objects
RENDER
Creates a photorealistic or realistically shaded image of a three

Dimensional wire frame or solid model
REVOLVE
Creates solids by revolving two-dimensional objects about an axis
ROTATE
Moves objects about a base point
ROTATE3D
Moves objects about a three-dimensional axis

S
SAVE
Saves the drawing under the current file name or a specified name
SCALE
Enlarges or reduces selected objects equally in the X, Y, and Z directions
SECTION
Uses the intersection of a plane and solids to create a region
SHAPE
Inserts a shape
SKETCH
Creates a series of freehand line segments
SLICE
Slices a set of solids with a plane
SNAP
Restricts cursor movement to specified intervals
SOLDRAW
Generates profiles and sections in viewports created with SOLVIEW
SOLID
Creates solid-filled polygons
SPHERE
Creates a three-dimensional solid sphere
SPLINE
Creates a quadratic or cubic spline (NURBS) curve
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SUBTRACT
Creates a composite region or solid by subtraction

T
TABLET
Calibrates, configures, and turns on and off an attached digitizing tablet
TEXT
Displays text on screen as it is entered
TRIM
Trims objects at a cutting edge defined by other objects

U
Reverses the most recent operation
UNDO
Reverses the effect of commands
UNION
Creates a composite region or solid by addition
UNITS
Controls coordinate and angle display formats and determines precision

V
VIEW
Saves and restores named views
VPOINT
Sets the viewing direction for a three-dimensional visualization of the

drawing
VPORTS
Divides the drawing area into multiple tiled or floating viewports
VSLIDE
Displays an image slide file in the current viewport
W
WBLOCK
Writes objects or a block to a new drawing file
WMFOPTS
Sets options for WMFIN
WMFOUT
Saves objects to a Windows metafile

X
XATTACH
Attaches an external reference to the current drawing
XLINE
Creates an infinite line
XPLODE
Breaks a compound object into its component objects

Z
ZOOM
Increases or decreases the apparent size of objects in the current viewport
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#
3D
Creates three-dimensional polygon mesh objects
3DARRAY
Creates a three-dimensional array
3DFACE
Creates a three-dimensional face
3DMESH
Creates a free-form polygon mesh
3DORBIT
Controls the interactive viewing of objects in 3D
3DPAN
Invokes the interactive 3D view and enables you to drag the view
horizontally and vertically
3DSWIVEL
Invokes the interactive 3D view and simulates the effect of turning the
camera
3DZOOM
Invokes the interactive 3D view so you can zoom in and out on the view
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CO-ORDINATES SYSTEM
1. Draw the following Fig.By using Absolute co-ordinate system.
Command: Line
Specify first point: 0, 0
Specify next point or (undo):200, 0
Specify next point or (undo):200,100
Specify next point or (close / undo):0,100
Specify next point or (close / undo): C
Command: Circle
Circle specify center point for circle or (3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius):170, 30
Specify radius of circle or (Diameter) <10.0000>:10
Command: Circle
Command: Circle
Command: Circle
16
2. Draw the following Fig.by using Relative co-ordinate system.
Command:Line
Specify next point or (Undo):@20, 0
Specify next point or (Undo): @0, 5
Specify next point or (Close / Undo):@30,0
Specify next point or (Close / Undo):@-10,0
17

Specify next point or (Close / Undo): C
3.Draw the following Fig.by using polar Co-ordinate system.
Command:Line
Specify next point or (Undo):@20 < 0
Specify next point or (Close / Undo):@6<90
Specify next point or (Close / Undo):@23.6<212
Specify next point or (Close / Undo):@23.6<148
18

Specify next point or (Close / Undo): c
RESULT
Thus the study of CAD and the commands of AutoCAD was done.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is meant by AutoCAD?
AutoCAD is one of the cad system software introduced in dec1982 by Autodesk ltd in Sausallia,
California of USA. It has hit the technical world like shock wave revolutionizing the manner of drawing
preparation.
2. What is the diff between CAD & CADD?
CAD-computer aided design, CADD-computer aided design and drafting
3. What are the applications of CAD?
Design of machine elements, CNC machine tools, robotics etc Panel design and circuit layout Mapping
,building plans, contour plotting and structural drawing Interior design and modeling
4. Define absolute co-ordinates?
Values locating a point in space that describe its displacement from origin (0,0,0)point of the drawing.
5. Define polar coordinates.
Values are locating a point in space that describes its location relative to the last point picked as defined
by an angle and s distance.
6. Define angular dimension?
A dimension that measures the angle between two lines or the angle inscribed by an arc segment
7. Define aligned dimension?
A linear dimension measuring the distance between two points. The dimension line for an aligned
dimension is parallel to a line between points.
8. What is By layer?
A value that can be assigned to colours and line types so that objects receive their colour and line type
properties according to the layer they are on.
19
9. What is command line?

A text window at the bottom of the screen thats displays command: prompt. This is where you see what
you are entering through the keyboard. Also called the command window. 10. What is command: prompt:
A prompt at the command line, when no commands are currently running.
10.Define polar co-ordinates.
Values are locating a point in space that describe its location relative to the last point picked as defined by
an angle and its distance.
2.CREATION OF SIMPLEFIGURES LIKE POLYGON AND GENERAL

MULTILINE FIGURES
AIM:
To create the following drawing using autocad commands like
circle,line,fillet and trim.
HARDWARE USED:
Pentium Iv Processor.
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
SOFTWARE USED: Autocad 2004.
PROCEDURE:
1.Set the units to mm.
2.Using limits command set the limits to 420,297.
3.Using zoom command fit the drawing to window.
20
4.Using commands like circle,line,fillet and trim complete the drawing.

5.Detail the drawing as per dimensions.
All Dimensions are in mm
21
RESULT:
The drawing is created using Autocad commands like circle,line,fillet,trim and
detailed as per the given dimensions.
22
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is cross hair cursor?
A form of the cursor that consists of a horizontal line and a vertical line intersecting at their midpoints,
resembling the crosshair in a sighting device.
2. Define dimension variables?
A group of settings and values that control the appreance of dimensions.
3. Define current UCS?
The user co-ordinate system that is active in a drawing. It determines the positive X,Y and Z direction.
4. What is.dwg?
The file extension and format for the standard AutoCAD drawing.
5. Define graphics window?
The appearance of your screen when AutoCAD is running. It consists of the drawing area and
surrounding toolbars, menu bars the command window and the status bar.
6. Define line type?
The style of appearance of a line. AutoCAD styles include continues, dashed, dash dot. And so on.
7. What is a hatch patterns?
A pattern of lines dots and other shapes that fills in a closed area.
8. Define MIRROR?
A command that makes a copy of selected objects and flips the copy around a specified line to produce a
reciprocal image of those objects.
9. What is an ortho mode?
An on/off setting that, when on forces lines to be drawn and objects to be moved in a horizontal or
vertical direction only.
10. What are the advantages of CAD?
Greater productivity of the designer, improvement of design quality Easier design, calculation and
analysis, quicker rate producing drawings, more accuracy of drawings, colour graphics is possible.
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3. DRAWING OF A TITLE BLOCK WITH NECESSARY TEXT AND PROJECTION

SYMBOL
AIM:
To create the following Title Block with necessary text and projection
symbol.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
2.Using LIMITS Command set the limits to 420,297.
3.Using ZOOM Command fit the drawing to window.
4. Using commands like circle,line,offset,trim and text complete the
drawing.
RESULT:
The
drawing
is
created
using
Autocad
commands
circle,line,offset,trim,text and detailed as per given dimensions.
24
like
25
VIVAVOCEQUESTIONS
1. What is an object snap mode?
Any of a set of tools precisely picking strategic points on an object, including end point, midpoint, center,
and so on. It is casually called osnap.
2. Define block?
The description of an association of AutoCAD objects that is stored with the drawing file and include a
name, an insertion point, and a listening of objects in the association.
3. Define relative co-ordinates?
Values are locating a point in space that describes its displacement from last point picked in the drawing
rather than from the origin.
4.What in Anti-aliasing?
Anti-aliasing is a advanced process for better illustration with multiple color gradations during drawing a
line.
5. Differentiate clockwise and counter clockwise rotation matrix.

The direction of vector rotation is counterclockwise if is positive and clockwise if is negative
6. Write down the eccentricity value for ellipse, parabola and hyperbola.
The value of eccentricity less than one is ellipses those with eccentricity equal to one are parabolas, and
those with eccentricity greater than one is hyperbolas.
7. Define Conic section.
A conic section is a curve created as the intersection of a cone with a plane. In analytic geometry, a conic
may be described as a plane algebraic curve of degree two, and as a quadric of dimension two.
8. Define focus of a curve.
In geometry, the focus is pair of special points with reference to which any of a variety of curves is
constructed.
9. Write a short note Hermite curve.
A Hermite curve is a spline where every piece is a third degree polynomial defined in Hermite form: that
is, by its values and initial derivatives at the end points of the equivalent domain interval.
10. List out the various Bezier curves based on control points.
LinearBeziercurve,CubicBeziercurveandQuadraticBeziercurve.
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4. DRAWING OF CURVES LIKE PARABOLA, SPIRAL, INVOLUTE USING BSPLINE

OR CUBIC SPLINE
AIM:
To draw a involute of a pentagon with base width of 20mm.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4. Draw the pentagon with the base width of 20mm
5.With a as centre a1 as radius draw a circle.
6.Extend the line L1 upto the circle and delete the circle.
7. With b as centre b2 as diameter draw a circle. Extend the line L2 upto the
circle and delete the circle.Repeat the above procedure.
8.Using Spline command join the points 1-6 to get involute o the pentagon.
RESULT:
The involute of a pentagon with base width of 20mm is drawn and
detailed as per given dimensions.
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28
VIVA QUESTIONS
1.Write down the advantages and limitations of surface modeling.
i. Surface modeling can be used to check the real look of the product with coloring and shading.
ii. Surface modeling can be used to perform interference checking.
iii. As the surface models precisely define the part geometry such as surface and boundaries, they can
help to produce machine instructions automatically.
2. Write down two important solid modeling technique.
The solid modeling techniques permit for the automation of some complicated engineering calculations
that are approved as a part of the design progression. Simulation, planning, and confirmation of processes
such as machining and assembly were one of the initiations for the development of solid modeling
technique.
3. What is CGS?
Constructive solid geometry (CSG) is a method used in solid modeling for creating 3D models in CAD.
Constructive solid geometry permits a modeler to make a complex surface by applying Boolean operators
to join objects. Frequently CSG presents a model/surface that appears visually complex, but is essentially
little more than cleverly combined.
4. Classify the Visualization.
Visualization in geometric modeling
Visualization in scientific computing.
5. List out the various visualization approaches.
Parallel projections Perspective projection.
Hidden line removal
Hidden surface removal
Hidden solid removal
Shaded models
6. What is hidden line removal?
Hidden line removal (HLR) is the method of computing which edges are not hidden by the faces of parts
for a specified view and the display of parts in the projection of a model into a 2D plane.
7. Tolerance Analysis.
29
Tolerance analysis is a title to a different approaches applied in product design to know how deficiencies
in parts as they are manufactured, and in assemblies, influence the ability of a product to meet customer
needs.
8. List out the international organizations involved to develop the graphics standards:
ACM ( Association for Computer Machinery )
ANSI ( American National Standards Institute )
ISO ( International Standards Organization )
GIN ( German Standards Institute )
9. List out the various standards in graphics programming.
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
DXF (Drawing / Data Exchange Format)
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data)
10. Define NAPLPS
NAPLPS (North American Presentation- Level Protocol Syntax) describes text and graphics in the form
of sequences of bytes in ASCII code.
5. DRAWING OF FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW OF SIMPLE SOLIDS LIKE PRISM,
PYRAMID, CYLINDER, CONE ETC AND DIMENSIONING
5.1 CONE
AIM:
To draw front view and top view of cone.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
30

PROCEDURE:
4. Draw the front view and top view of the cone using line and circle
commands
RESULT:
The front view and top view of the cone is drawn and detailed as per
given dimensions.
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5. DRAWING OF FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW OF SIMPLE SOLID

5.2 CYLINDER
32
AIM:
To draw front view and top view of cylinder.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4. Draw the front view and top view of the cylinder using line and circle
commands
RESULT:
The front view and top view of the cylinder is drawn and detailed as
per given dimensions.
33
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5. DRAWING OF FRONT VIEW AND TOP VIEW OF SIMPLE SOLID

5.3 HEXAGONAL PRISM
AIM:
To draw front view and top view of Hexagonal prism.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4. Draw the front view and top view of the Hexagonal prism using line
commands
RESULT:
The front view and top view of the cylinder is drawn and detailed as
per given dimensions.
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VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are the activities of CAD?
CAD activities include product design, engineering analysis and drafting.
2. Give the general configuration of a CAD computer system.
I. Pcs were lower-cost, lower-quality toys that couldn't handle 3D.
Ii. Let the system requirements for your primary CAD application be your guide.
Iii. Choosing the CPU.
Iv. Multi-monitor support.
V.System Memory
Vi. Solid-state drives.
3. What is computer graphics?
The term computer graphics include almost every thing on computer that is not text or sound. It is an art
of drawing pictures, lines. Charts, etc. Using computers with the help of programming. Or we can say that
graphics is the representation and manipulation of image data by computer with the help from specialized
software and hardware. Graphic designing is done using the various available softwares for computers
which can produce the 3D images in the required shape and dimension. Computer graphics help us in
getting the real display experiences.
4. Write the important applications of computer graphic?
I.
Computer
graphics
is
used
in
the
field
of
computer
aided
design.
Ii. It is used to produce illustrations for reports or to generate slide for with projections.
Iii. Computer graphic methods are widely used in both fine are and commercial are applications.
Iv. The artist uses a combination of 3D modeling packages, texture mapping, drawing programs and CAD
software.
5. What are the raster and vector graphics?
RASTER- In computer graphics image, or BITMAP, is a dot matrix data structure representing a
generally rectangular grid of pixels or points of color, viewable via a monitor, paper, or other display
medium. Raster image are stored in image files with varying formats.
VECTOR- Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points, lines, curves, and shapes
or polygon, which are all based on mathematical expressions, to represent image in computer graphics.
Vector, in this context, implies more than a straight line.
6. What are the hardware devices used for computer graphics?
Input Devices
Keyboard, Mouse, Data tablet, Scanner, Light pen, Touch screen, Joystick
37
Output Devices
Raster Devices- CRT, LCD, LED, Plasma screens, Printers
Vector Devices- Plotters, Oscilloscopes.
7. What is Autocad?
Autocad is a software program built to design and shape the 2-D and 3-D images. It provides the tools by
which a detail design of the product can be done. It also has the option to create detailed design layout,
which can be automatically drawn by using source model.
8. What are the uses of Autocad?
Autocad can be used by the professionals to visualize the imaginary view of the product on a computer
system. In Autocad, it is possible by the drafter to make the changes in the product before it gets finalized
for design. It also gives the freedom for the designer to implement their various ideas and represent them
to the suppliers or their clients.
9. What are the fields where you see maximum use of Autocad?
Autocad is more popular among the architects, engineers and builders for developing their building
layouts.
10. What is the file formats used in design?
In Autocad, .dwg file format is used for design, it can be an interchangeable format. The file format
which is interchangeable has the extension as DXF and operates data operability. It provides different
languages which can be used as per the requirement.
6. DRAWING FRONT VIEW, TOP VIEW AND SIDE VIEW OF OBJECTS FROM THE
GIVEN PICTORIAL VIEWS (EG.V-BLOCK,BASE OF A MIXIE,SIMPLE
TOOL,OBJECTWITH HOLE AND CURVES)
AIM:
To draw 3-D view of the V-BLOCK and then draw front view, top view and
side view of it.
HARDWARE USED:
38
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4.Draw the 3-D view by setting view point to 1,-1,1 using VPOINT
command.
5.Set Shademode to 3d by using SHADEMODE command.
6.Draw the cross section using LINE command and extrude it using
REGION,EXTRUDE commands.
4. Draw the front view and top view LINE command.
39

40
RESULT:
The 3-D view of the V-BLOCK, front view, top view and side view of
it is drawn and detailed as per given dimensions.
41
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. How you can create a user interface in Autocad?
User interface can be created by using the command prompts to draw the plots and dialog boxes. The
dialog boxes can be displayed by the use of PLOT command and the external database commands
(ASE). Setting of CMDDIA to 1, allows the dialog boxes to run the command. The user interface
creation also needs the command line to display the entire file so that it can be edited or customized
easily.
2. What is the function of vertical integration?
To enhance the architectural designing of 3D object Autocad uses the vertical integration program. The
3D objects can include walls and other things that are associated with the data having information and
simple objects like lines and circles. The data is programmed in such away that it represents only the
architectural products and the extracted files, and can be modified according to the requirement.
3. What is the use of variant in Autocad?
In Autocad variants are used to help in creation, visualizing and rendering the 3D models that include 3D
printing as well. Variants allows you to use the functionality of different application according to the
requirement.
4. What are the benefits of using Autocad?
Saves time and helps to increase the productivity
It helps to streamline your design and documentation workflow
Physical 3D prototype of the design can be quickly created by using Autocad
3D models can be directly imported into Autocad by using application like SolidWorks
5. What is the process to draw a line more than one time and save it automatically?
When a need arises to draw a new line the process opens up a new file in a new session to write the file.
Autocad allows saving multiple drawing for each session. The files are saved by using the file extension
.dwg and it can be modified by using the browser.
6. What are the steps that enable the drag and drop feature in Autocad?
Autocad provides a way to drag and drop the elements by the use of NOUN and VERB in a dialog
box. It allows the object to move from one place to another. Likewise, the remove or editing function
can be done by using MOVE and ERASE
42
7. What are the features corrected by Autocad?

Autocad detects the problem and correct it by removing the corruption with the drawing parts. With the
available option of adding additional vertices, it also adds vertices to the poly-lines. The error can be
corrected or neglected by finding out the exact location of the poly-line that has zero vertices. The object
can be deleted or removed after there is no use of it in the system.
8. How to set up a default drawing directory?
Default drawing directory has sub directories having the information using the windows commands. The
applications, which are going to be used, are highlighted, and by using drag and drop features those
application will be placed in the default directory. The properties for the application are selected from the
menu and dialog boxes displayed on the front.
9. How you can copy a closed drawing?
The copying of the closed drawing can be done by the designer center in the toolbar of the Autocad. By
using the tree view option the copy of closed drawing can be done easily. The modification of the
drawing can be done by using graphical interface.
10. How you can hide the specific layers when plotting in Autocad?
To hide the specific layers while plotting, you can use various options like turning off the layers for
plotting, freezing the layers and turning off. Turning off for plotting will show the layers on the screen but
wont output on printing. The layers that are turned off will hide the layers and also it will not appear on
the screen.
7. DRAWING OF A PLAN OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING (TWO BED ROOMS,

KITCHEN, HALL)
AIM:
To draw the plan of residential building with two bedrooms kitchen and hall.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
43
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4. Draw each block in the plan by using line command.
5.Hatch the window by using BHATCH command.
RESULT:
The plan of residential building with two bedrooms kitchen, hall is
drawn and detailed as per given dimensions.
44
45
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What is the process of copying the dimension styles from one drawing to another in Autocad?
Copying of dimension styles require setting up the particular dimension style. To copy a dimension style,
a new document has to be created. Once it is created, this document will be saved as a drawing template.
A new reference will be created by new drawing template document and it will show all the options like
layer style, units and blocks. Drawing can be done by seeing the current drawing and dimension style
would be same as the original picture. By using the design center, Autocad tools can be used to copy the
dimension styles from one drawing to another.
2. How can you remove the empty layers from drawing?
The layers can be removed only when the object resides in the layers will be removed, once it is removed
it is an empty layer. The empty layers cannot be deleted by purge. It might be because the layer is frozen
on a viewport or referenced by an object in a block definition. By using EXPORT command it is possible
to remove the layer from drawing, which results in creating a DXF file of the drawing. You can edit the
dxf file in a text editor and rename all the instances of layers in the file, except the layer definition.
3. Why Autocad WS is more popular among mobile users?
Autocad WS provides many option for mobile application developer like edit, view and share. They can
easily share the application wherever they go and can develop an application in a matter of time. The
application can be downloaded and installed from anywhere in the world, ignoring the licensing problem.
The users can save file in any format and can run the application on any platform with ease.
4. How can you make a spring, spiral or screw thread?
To make a spiral or screw thread use an AutoLISP routine such as spiral.1sp, it will create a spiral path
according to your need. Then you can use EXTRUDE command with a reference object, using the spiral
as the path. Also, there is another way you can do this, by using Mechanical Desktop (MDT) or Autosurf
by using augmented lines as path.
5. Tell me how you assign the keyboard characters or function keys to Autocad commands?
By editing the ACCELERATORS section of the Autocad menu file we can assign keyboard characters to
Autocad commands.
6. How you can open a drawing file that was created with the automatic save features?
Autocad files have an extension of .dwg and will only open those files having this extension. To open
the drawing files you have to rename it, by using Explorer or DOS prompt you can do that. If you are
46
using EXPLORER you have to make sure that the option of Hide file extensions for known file types is
not enabled. After the file is copied you can rename and use the OPEN command in Autocad to open the
drawing.
7. What will you do when command prompts appear on the command line instead of ASE dialog
box and plot dialog box?
In Autocad, CMDDIA variable controls the display of dialog boxes. To enable these dialog boxes you
have to set CMDDIA to 1.
8. In Autocad, what is the command that is used to rotate the grid at 45 degress?
To rotate the grid at 45 degrees, command UCS is used.
9. In what situation command prompt appears instead of a dialog boxes?
If a file command is imported from a script or AutoLISP/ ObjectARX/ ADSRX a command prompt
appears instead of a dialog box.
10. What are grips?
Grips are small boxes that appear on the objects you select. You can move or edit an object by dragging a
grip.
47
8. DRAWING OF A SIMPLE STEEL TRUSS

AIM:
To draw the following steel truss in AutoCAD.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4. Draw each member by using LINE command.
5.Using MOVE ,ROTATE and TRIM commands,complete the drawing.
RESULT:
The steel truss is drawn and detailed as per given dimensions.
48
49
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What you are supposed to do when Enter Attributes dialogue doesnt display?
In this case, two variable controls this function, ATTREQ and ATTDIA , to see the Enter Attributes
dialogue , make sure both the variables are set to 1 and not 0.
2. What are projection, projector and plane of projection?
projection is an image or a view. Projectors are the lines drawn from each and every point of the object.
These lines are perpendicular to the plane of projection & parallel to each other. Plane of projection
(POP) is the plane on which image is drawn.
3. Differentiate first and third angle projection.
(i)Object is placed in first and third quadrant in first and third angle projection respectively.
ii.)Object is in between POP and observer in first angle projection, whereas in third angle projection POP
is in between object and observer.
iii.)In first angle projection, Plan (Top View) is below the Elevation (Front View).Right side view is on
the left of elevation and Left side view is on the right of the elevation.
iv) In third angle projection , Plan (Top View) is above the Elevation (Front View).Right side view is on
the right of front view (elevation) and Left side view is on the left of the elevation.
4. what is difference between orthographic and pictorial views?
Orthographic projection is commonly used because it gives 100% details of an object by drawing
different views e.g. Elevation, Plan, side views, section views auxiliary views etc. It is 2-D, whereas
Pictorial views are 3-D and dont give full details. Yes pictorial projection can be understood by a layman
easily, but orthographic projection can be understood by an engineer or concerned person only.
5. The standard size of sheets according to I.S.I. are
A0 (1189 X 841),
A1 (841 X 594),
A2 (594 X 420),
A3 (420 X 297),
A4 (297 X 210) and
A5 (210 X 148).
50
6. List out the contents of title block.

Ans8 The title block should contain the following information.
(i) Name of the institution
(ii) Title of drawing
(iii) Name, Branch, section and Roll no. of the student
(iv) Type of scale used
(v) Drawing number
(vi) Type of symbol for the method of projection
7. What is the command for UNDO option REDO
8. Command to Zoom in 50% Zoom 1/2x
9. What is .ctb File Color Settings file used with AUTOCAD
10. What is difference between associated hatching and non associated hatching The former moves with
the boundary where the later did not.
9. DRAWING SECTIONAL VIEWS OF PRISM, PYRAMID, CYLINDER, CONE

9.1 CYLINDER
AIM:
To draw sectional view of cylinder.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
51

4. Draw the sectional view of the cylinder using line and circle commands.
5. Hatch the sectional area using BHATCH Command.
RESULT:
The sectional view cylinder is drawn and detailed as per given
dimensions.
52
9. DRAWING OF SECTIONAL VIEWS OF SIMPLE SOLID

9.2 CONE
AIM:
To draw sectional view of cone.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
The sectional view cone is drawn and detailed as per given
dimensions.
53
54
9. DRAWING OF SECTIONAL VIEWS OF SIMPLE SOLID

9.3 HEXAGONAL PRISM
AIM:
To draw sectional view of hexagonal prism.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
RESULT:
The sectional view hexagonal prism is drawn and detailed as per given
dimensions.
55

VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Difference between Divide and measure command Divide command is for dividing a line in equal
dimension where measure is used to break lines as per our requirement.
2. The default workspace for AUTUCAD My workspace

3. The key for cycle through snap points TAB Key
4. AUTOCAD Drawing units Architectural, Decimal, Engineering etc
5. Settings used for Polar Tracking Increment and Additional Angles
6.
What is the use of HOT grip Move, Rotate, Scale
7. Steps to move a object Point where it should be moved then use displacement option. Now select the
object to be moved and then place it there.
56
8. What command is used for Copying many objects COPY

9. Various Filters Group Filters, Property Filters, Layer standard Filters
10. Where to find the Units options Format -> Units
10. DRAWING ISOMETRIC PROJECTION OF SIMPLE OBJECT

AIM:
To create the isometric projection of the given drawing.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4.Set snap style to isometric using SNAP command.
5.Keep the cursor in isoplane left by pressing F5 key.
6.Complete the projection using LINE, COPY,TRIM commands.
57
RESULT:
The isometric projection of the given drawing is drawn and detailed as per
given dimensions.
58
VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Format for Drawing Limits <0.00,0.00>
2. Which key will switch off the Gridlines F7
3. Options for Visual Reference GRID, SNAP Mode
4. To remove objects which command is used ERASE
5. How to repeat a Command Right click will bring a list in which first one will be the repeat
command
6. Does AutoCAD 2013 software support 64-bit operating systems?
Yes. See the system requirements above.
7. Does AutoCAD 2013 software support Mac OS X?
AutoCAD 2013 for Mac supports some versions of Mac OS- X. See the system requirements above.
8. Understanding the Cartesian coordinate system will help the beginning drafter.
Control the accuracy of the drawing.
9. What is use of this explode command in Auto Cad.
Breaks an object into its components object
10. What is use of this array polar command in Auto Cad?
Create a circular pattern of object
59
11. CREATION OF 3-D MODELS OF SIMPLE OBJECTS AND

OBTAINING 2-D MULTIVIEW DRAWINGS FROM 3-D MODEL
AIM:
To draw 3-D view of the given object and then draw 2D multi view drawing.
HARDWARE USED:
80 GB Hard Disk.
512 MB Ram.
300 GHz Speed.
PROCEDURE:
4.Draw the 3-D view by setting view point to 1,-1,1 using VPOINT
command.
5.Set Shademode to 3d by using SHADEMODE command.
6.Draw the cross section using LINE command and extrude it using
REGION,EXTRUDE commands.
4. Draw the front view ,top view and side view using LINE,CIRCLE
commands.
60

61
62
RESULT:
The 3-D view of the given object, 2D multi view drawing is drawn and
detailed as per given dimensions.
63
VIVA QUESTIONS
1.StretchStretchesanobjectafteryouhaveselectedaportionofit.
2.ArrayCreatesarepeatingpatternoftheselectedobjects.
3.LayerStartstheLayerandLinetypepropertydialogbox.
4.PANPanningallowsyoutoquicklymovearoundthedrawingareaatthesamemagnification
youcurrentlyhaveset.
5.BoundaryHatchCoversanareawithapredefinedpattern
6.ZoomAllThisoptioncausesAutoCADtodisplaythewholedrawingasfarasitsdrawing
limitsordrawingextents.
7.OffsetOffsetsanobject(parallel)byasetdistance.
8.ChamferCreatesanangledcornerbetweentwolines
9.MirrorCreatesamirrorimageofanobjectorselectionset
10.Positionofpoints:
(i)InfrontoftheVPandabovetheHP
(ii)InfrontoftheVPandintheHP
(iii)IntheVPandabovetheHP
(iv)BehindtheVPandabovetheHP
(v)BehindtheVPandintheHP
(vi)BehindtheVPandbelowtheHP
(vii)IntheVPandbelowtheHP
(viii)InfrontoftheVPandbelowtheHP
(ix)IntheVPandHP
64

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VALLIAMMAI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

ME6261 COMPUTER AIDED

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GE6261 COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING AND MODELING LABORATORY L T P C 0 1 2 2

Name of the exercise

Study Of Capabilities Of Software For Drafting & ModelingCo-Ordinate System

Creation Of SimpleFigures like Polygon and

Drawing Of A Title Block With Necessary Text And

Drawing Of Curves Like Parabola,Spiral,Involute Using

Drawing Of Front View And Top View Of Simple Solids

Drawing Front View ,Top View And Side View Of Objects

Drawing Of A Plan Of Residential Building (Two Bed

Drawing Of A Simple Steel Truss

Drawing Sectional Views Of Prism,Pyramid,Cylinder,Cone

Drawing Isometric Projection Of Simple Object

1.STUDY OF CAPABILITIES OF SOFTWARE FOR DRAFTING & MODELING-COORDINATE SYSTEM

COMPUTER AIDED DRAWING

Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects.

Select objects that enclose an area.

Advantages of using CAD:

To increase the productivity of designer.

To improve quality of design.

To create database for manufacturing.

To increase the productivity of designer:

To create database for manufacturing:

Displays information about AutoCAD

Calculates the area and perimeter of objects or of defined areas

Creates multiple copies of objects in a pattern

Sets up the background for your scene

Creates a block definition from objects you select

Creates a region or a polyline from an enclosed area

Creates a three-dimensional solid box

Erases parts of objects or splits an object in two

Evaluates mathematical and geometric expressions

Bevels the edges of objects

Changes the properties of existing objects

Closes the current drawing

Defines color for new objects

Creates a three-dimensional solid cone

Optimizes 2D polylines and associative hatches created in AutoCAD

Creates a three-dimensional solid cylinder

Accesses Dimensioning mode

Creates and modifies dimension styles

Moves and rotates dimension text

Measures the distance and angle between two points

Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc

Removes objects from a drawing

Breaks a compound object into its component objects

Extends an object to meet another object

Creates unique solid primitives by extruding existing two-dimensional

Rounds and fillets the edges of objects

Displays a dot grid in the current viewport

Creates a named selection set of objects

Fills a specified boundary with a pattern

Regenerates a three-dimensional model with hidden lines Suppressed

Imports files in various formats into AutoCAD

Places a named block or drawing into the current drawing

Creates a composite 3D solid from the common volume of two or more

Creates composite solids or regions from the intersection of two or more

Specifies the current isometric plane

Manages layers and layer properties

Creates a new layout and renames, copies, saves, or deletes an existing

Sets and controls the drawing boundaries and grid display