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DEFINATION
The term Pharmacognosy has been derived from the 2Greek words: I)
pharmakon, which means a drug & ii) gnosis, which means knowledge of or
gignosco, which means to acquire knowledge of. Thus the full meaning of the
term Pharmacognosy is `knowledge of drugs or `to acquire knowledge of drugs.
Pharmacognosy is the objective study of crud drugs & related substances.
Pharmacognosy is an applied science which is concerned with acquiring
knowledge of crud drugs by the application of various scientific disciplines.
SCOPE
SUBJET MATTERS
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STRUCTURE OF CELL
DEFINITION OF CELL
The cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
It forms the structure of the body and all organs of a living body
It regulates all life activities of a living organism
THE CYTOPLASM
EXTRACTION PROCESSES
Extraction is a process of bringing out or removal of the chemical constituents
from the plant or animal tissues with or without the use of a menstruum (solvent).
Plant constituents are extracted from both dried & fresh materials.
Dried materials must be powdered before extraction.
Fresh materials may be directly extracted or homogenized before extraction.
Extraction process may be grouped into the following two groups:
i)Extraction without the use of a menstruum, which include processes like
Expression: In this process the materials is subjected to hydraulic pressure with or
without the application of heat. Expression is again two types:
Cold expression, when no heat is applied during extraction.
Hot expression, when heat is applied with pressure during extraction.
Sublimation: Applicable only in extracting sublimable constituents, e.g., caffeine,
camphor, etc. In this process the material is directly heated & the sublimed
constituent is collected in the solid form.
Distillation: Volatile constituents are extracted by this method. The material taken
soaked in a distillation flask is heated directly or by steam. The volatile extract codistils with water, passes through a condenser and is collected in a receiver.
i)Extraction with the use of a menstruum. This process can be of two
types:
a) Extraction using aqueous solvents, such as water, dilute acid & alkali.
These solvents are used to prepare:
Infusion: An extract obtained by treating the plant material with cold or hot
water.
Decoction: An extract obtained by boiling the plant material with water.
b) Extraction using organic solvents, such as alcohol, chloroform, ether, etc.
Extractions done by using organic solvents include the following methods:
Maceration: In this method the powdered plant material is soaked in an organic
solvent for a period of time with constant or occasional stirring.
The supernatant liquid (extract) is then decanted and filtered. The process is
repeated for complete extraction.
Percolation: This method uses a percolator. The powdered material is packed in
the percolator. Enough solvent is then poured to soak the powder. Then more
solvent is poured & allowed to percolate through the material. The extract is
collected in a receiver. The process is continued until extraction is complete.
Soxhlet extraction:
This is a continuous process of extraction with a hot solvent.
Soxhlet extractors are used for this purpose. This extractor is provided with a
siphoning system.
The powdered plant material is packed in a thimble.
The solvent is boiled in a flask. The evaporated solvent passes through the
side tube of the extractor and condensed in the condenser, fitted at the top of the
extractor.
The condensed hot solvent runs into the thimble and soaks the material &
extracts the constituents.
When the chamber holding the thimble becomes full the solvent siphons down
to the flask and the process is continuously repeated till extraction is complete.
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SAPERATION TECHNIQUES