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15. Assuming drop across the diode is .6 V, find the output voltage V0?
16. Find the maximum and minimum value of zener diode current.
17. A CRO is set to a time base of .1ms/div with a 2 V/div amplitude.Sketch the display of a pulse signal
waveform with a frequency 1KHz and amplpitude 8V peak.
18.What is a precision and resolution of measuring instruments?
19. Compare an analog multimeter and a digital multimeter.
20. How testing of a diode is carried out?
PART B
Answer any 4 complete questions each having 10 marks
21. Differentiate the capacitors based on the types of dielectric used and explain their construction.
(10)
(5)
B) Explain the formation of a potential barrier in a p-n junction and show the polarity of barrier potential.
(5)
23. A) Explain the working of RC coupled amplifier with a neat circuit diagram.
(6)
(4)
24. A) With reference to the following circuit, draw the load line and mark Q point of a silicon transistor operating
in CE mode based on the following data( = 80,Rs=47K RL=1K and neglect ICBO).
(6)
B) Sketch the forward characteristics of a SCR. Explain the importance of Holding current in a SCR.
(4)
25. With a neat diagram draw structure of n channel E-MOSFET and explain different regions of operation. (10)
(5)
B) Derive the expression for Vrms,Vdc,ripple factor and rectification efficiency, peak inverse voltage. (5)
27. A) With the help of suitable block diagram, discuss the working principle of the electronic device
which is used in the laboratories for generating the various standard waveforms.
(5)
B) Draw the block diagram of DC power supply and list out the functions of each block.
(5)
28. With neat schematic diagram, explain tne working of a CRO. List its applications.
(10)
ln (1+ )
We know that
Solution
15. Assuming drop across the diode is .6 V, find the output voltage V0?
Ans: Here we take a 5 volt battery as DC source connected in series with the diode in such a way that negative
terminal of the battery is connected to the anode terminal of the diode. During the negative half cycle of the input
sine wave, the diode conducts and capacitor charges through diode and the DC source till (Vm -5) volts with positive
polarity at the right side of the capacitor. The charging of the capacitor is limited to (Vm -5) volts due to the presence
of the DC source. If we take the voltage drop across the diode is .6 volt.
The output is then represented as Vo= (Vm -5-.6)+ Vm sin t. Here the Vm is 10 volt. Therefore the output
voltage is Vo = (10-5-.6)+ 10 sin t = 14.4 volt.
16. Find the maximum and minimum value of zener diode current.
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Solution
The zener diode will conduct maximum current, when the input voltage is maximum. i.e. 120 V.
The total current is the current through 5K resistor and is
Load Current
Maximum zener current
For minimum input voltage, zener current will be minimum. Therefore,
17. A CRO is set to a time base of .1ms/div with a 2 V/div amplitude.Sketch the display of a pulse
signal waveform with a frequency 1KHz and amplpitude 8V peak.
Ans:
1 KHz frequency means,Time period is 1/1103 sec = 1 ms.
Resolution is defined as the smallest change in the measured value to which the instrument will respond.
19. Compare an analog multimeter and a digital multimeter.
Ans:
Analog multimeters give the output as a reading on a scale against a pointer, while digital multimeter output is in
numerical form displayed on a LCD.
Analog multimeters give a continuous output and carry a greater uncertainty in the measurement (about 3%), while
digital multimeter measurements have a far less uncertainty (about 0.5% or less). Digital multimeters are more
accurate than analog multimeters.
Digital multimeters have a better range of measurements than analog multimeters.
Analog multimeters are less costly while digital multimeters are expensive.
20. How testing of a diode is carried out?
Ans:
Insert the black test lead banana plug into the negative COM jack and the red test lead banana plug into the
positive diode jack.
Touch the test probes to the diode under test. Forward voltage will indicate .4 to .5V. Reverse voltage will
position.
indicate 1. Shorted devices will indicate near 0mV. Shorted devices will indicate near 0mV and an open
device will indicate 1 in both polarities.
PART B
21. Differentiate the capacitors based on the types of dielectric used and explain their construction.
Ans:
The dielectric material can be made from a number of insulating materials or combinations of these materials with
the most common types used being: air, paper, polyester, polypropylene, Mylar, ceramic, glass, oil, or a variety of
other materials.
Mica Capacitors
Mica capacitors are made from plates of Aluminium foil separated by sheets of mica. The plates are
connected to two electrodes. The mica capacitors have excellent characteristics under stress of temperature
variations and high voltage applications (~500 V). Available capacitances range from 5 to 10,000 pF. Its leakage
current is very small (Rleakage is about 1000 MW).
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large plate area in a small volume. Paper capacitors have capacitances ranging from 0.0005 mF to several mF, and
are rated from about 100 V to several thousand volts. They can be used for both dc and ac circuits. Its leakage
resistance is of the order of 100 MW.
carbon composition resistor is very simple. It is also commonly referred as carbon resistor. It is mainly
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made of carbon clay composition covered with a plastic case. The lead of the resistor is made of tinned
copper. The main advantages of these resistors are that they are easily available in local market in very
low cost and they are very durable too. But the main disadvantage is that they are very much temperature
sensitive. These resistors are available in wide range of values. It is available in as low as 1 value and it
is also available in as high as 22 Mega value. The tolerance range in resistance of carbon composition
resistor is of 5 to 20 %. Such resistor has a tendency of electric noise due to passage of electrical
current from one carbon particle to other. Where low cost is the main criteria of designing a circuit rather
than it's performance, these resistors are normally used.
22 B). Explain the formation of a potential barrier in a p-n junction and show the polarity of barrier
potential.
Ans:
When P-type and N-type semi conductor is suitably joined to an N-type semi conductor, PN junction is
formed. Such a PN junction is the basic building block on which the operation of all semi conductor devices
depends. The P-region has holes and acceptor ions and N-region has electrons and doner ions. Here electrons and
holes are mobile and ions are immobile. The electrons in the N-type material diffuse into the P-type and combine
with holes in P-type material, creating negatively charged ions in the P-type material nearby junction. Similarly
holes from P-type material diffuse into the N-type material and combine with electrons in the N-type material,
creating positively charged ions particularly in the region close to the junction in N-type material.
After a few recombination of electrons and holes, a narrow width of fixed positive charge on N-side of the
junction and fixed negative charge on P-side of the junction formed as shown in figure. This region is known as
depletion region. This region has immobile ions which are electrically charged, hence the region is also called space
charge region. Due to this region further diffusion is prevented, because now positive charge on N-side repels holes
to cross from P-type to N-type and negative charge on P-type repels electrons to enter from N-type to P-type. Thus
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barrier is setup against further movement of charge carriers and is called potential barrier or junction barrier. For
Silicon PN junction barrier potential is about .7 volt where as for Germanium, it is .3 volt.
23. A) Explain the working of RC coupled amplifier with a neat circuit diagram.
Ans:
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The magnitude of these bias voltages are adjusted to operate the transistor in active region. In this arrangement base
is the input terminal and collector is the output terminal.
Working
When an input signal is applied in the emitter-base junction of the transistor,the signal is superimposed in
the d.c voltage at emitter-base junction.Therefore during the positive half-cycle of the input signal the forward bias
across the junction increases,because it is already positive with respect to ground.This increase in forward bias
increases the base current IB.Due to increase in base current the collector current also increases. In CE configuration
the corresponding increase in collector current will be times the increase in IB. This increase in collector current
produces more voltage drop across the output terminal. During negative half-cycle of the input signal the forward
bias across emitter junction will be decreased and decreases base curent. This decrease in base current results in
corresponding (-times) decrease in collector current.Consequently the drop across output terminals will be
decreased.It is clear that the collector current varies according to the input signal applied and variation is -times to
that of input current variation.Due to this action an amplified form of input signal can be obtained at the output
terminal.
23 B) Explain the frequency response curve.
Ans:
The frquency response curve of a typical R-C Coupled amplifier is shown in figure.
At lower frequencies (below 50Hz) higher capacitive reactance of coupling capacitor allows very small part
of signal to pass from one stage to next and also because of higher reactance of emitter bypass capacitor CE,the
emitter resistor RE is not shunted. Thus the voltage gain falls off at low frequencies.
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In the mid frequency range (50Hz -20KHz),the voltage gain of the amplifier is constant.With increase in
frequency in this range ,the reactance of the coupling capacitor reduces thereby increasing the gain but at the same
time lower capacitive reactance causes higher loading resulting in lower voltage gain.Thus the two effect cancel
each other and uniform gain is obtained in mid frequency range.
At high frequencies (exceeding 20 KHz),gain of amplifier decreases with increase in frequency. At high
frequencies,the reactance of coupling capacitor become very small and it behaves as a short-circuit.This increases
the loading of the next stage and reduces the voltage gain. The other factor responsible for the reduction in gain at
higher frequencies is the presence of inter electrode capacitance Cbc between base and collector.It connects the
output with the input. Because of this, negative feedback takes place in the circuit and the gain decreases. This
feedback effect is more, when Cbc provides a path for higher frequency ac currents.
In the figure f1 and f2 are lower and upper cut-off frequencies respectively.The difference between upper
cut-off frequency(f2) and lower cut-off frequency(f1) is called the Bandwidth(BW).
Am is the maximum gain or mid frequency of the amplifier.It means at these frequencies ,the output voltage
is 1/ 2 times the maximum voltage.Since the power is proportional to the square of the voltage,the output power
at these cut-off frequencies become one half of the power at mid-frequencies.On dB scale this is equal to a reduction
in power by 3dB.For this reason these frequencies are also called 3 dB frequencies.
24. A) With reference to the following circuit, draw the load line and mark Q point of a silicon transistor
operating in CE mode based on the following data( = 80,Rs=47K RL=1K and neglect ICBO).
Ans: Here the co-ordinates of A are obtained by writing Ic=0 in equation of Vcc.
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The
co-ordinates
of
end
are
obtained
by
writing
in
the
equation
= 20mA
Thus the co-ordinates of end B are
24 B) Sketch the forward characteristics of a SCR. Explain the importance of Holding current in a SCR.
V-I Characteristics of a SCR (Thyristor) is shown in figure.
17
18
If the substrate is grounded and Positive voltage is applied at the gate, the positive charge on the gate
induces an equal negative charge on the substrate side between source and drain regions as shown in figure. Thus
electric field will be formed normal to SiO2 layer. As the positive voltage on the gate increases, the induced
negative charge in semiconductor also increases. Hence conductivity increases and current flows from source to
drain through the induced channel. It is observed that drain current has been enhanced on the application of positive
voltage. Therefore these types of FETs are called Enhancement MOSFET.
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26. B) Derive the expression for Vrms,Vdc,ripple factor and rectification efficiency, peak inverse
voltage.
Ans:
DC output (Vdc):
The DC output voltage or a current of the rectifier is the average value of the output voltage or current.
Ie,
Let,
Alternating voltage appearing across the secondary winding of the transformer
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Here area
=0
=
=2
Time period
Now,
Voltage across RL,
=
While diode forward resistance
=
Since,
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Hence,
Irms = Im / 2
Vrms = Vm / 2
Ripple Factor:
= .482
Efficiency:
22
( Where
PIV = Vm
27. A) With the help of suitable block diagram, discuss the working principle of the electronic device
which is used in the laboratories for generating the various standard waveforms.
Ans:
23
Function generator is the electronic device that has the capability of producing different types of waveforms as its
output signal. The most common output waveforms are sine-waves, triangular waves, square waves, and sawtooth
waves.
Block Diagram of a Function Generator
The block diagram of a function generator is given in the figure. In this instrument the frequency is
controlled by varying the magnitude of current that drives the integrator. This instrument provides different types of
waveforms (such as sinusoidal, triangular and square waves) as its output signal with a frequency range of 0.01 Hz
to 100 kHz.
The frequency controlled voltage regulates two current supply sources. Current supply source 1 supplies
constant current to the integrator whose output voltage rises linearly with time. An increase or decrease in the
current increases or reduces the slope of the output voltage and thus controls the frequency.
The voltage comparator multivibrator changes state at a predetermined maximum level, of the integrator
output voltage. This change cuts-off the current supply from supply source 1 and switches to the supply source 2.
The current supply source 2 supplies a reverse current to the integrator so that its output drops linearly with time.
When the output attains a predetermined level, the voltage comparator again changes state and switches on to the
current supply source. The output of the integrator is a triangular wave whose frequency depends on the current
supplied by the constant current supply sources. The comparator output provides a square wave of the same
frequency as output. The resistance diode network changes the slope of the triangular wave as its amplitude changes
and produces a sinusoidal wave with less than 1% distortion.
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A simple cathode ray oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube, a vertical amplifier, a time base,
a horizontal amplifier,a trigger circuit and a power supply.
Like a televison screen, the screen of an oscilloscope consists of a cathode ray tube. Although the size and
shape are different, the operating principle is the same. Inside the tube is a vacuum. The electron beam emitted by
the heated cathode at the rear end of the tube is accelerated and focused by one or more anodes, and strikes the front
of the tube, producing a bright spot on the phosphorescent screen.
The electron beam is bent, or deflected, by voltages applied to two sets of plates fixed in the tube. The
horizontal deflection plates, or X-plates produce side to side movement. As you can see, they are linked to a system
block called the time base. This produces a sawtooth waveform. During the rising phase of the sawtooth, the spot is
driven at a uniform rate from left to right across the front of the screen. During the falling phase, the electron beam
returns rapidly from right ot left, but the spot is 'blanked out' so that nothing appears on the screen.In this way, the
time base generates the X-axis of the V/t graph.
The slope of the rising phase varies with the frequency of the sawtooth and can be adjusted, using the
TIME/DIV control, to change the scale of the X-axis. Dividing the oscilloscope screen into squares allows the
horizontal scale to be expressed in seconds, milliseconds or microseconds per division (s/DIV, ms/DIV, s/DIV).
Alternatively, if the squares are 1 cm apart, the scale may be given as s/cm, ms/cm or s/cm.
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The signal to be displayed is connected to the input. The AC/DC switch is usually kept in the DC position
(switch closed) so that there is a direct connection to the Y-amplifier. In the AC position (switch open) a capacitor is
placed in the signal path. The capacitor blocks DC signals but allows AC signals to pass.
The Y-amplifier is linked in turn to a pair of Y-plates so that it provides the Y-axis of the the V/t graph. The
overall gain of the Y-amplifier can be adjusted, using the VOLTS/DIV control, so that the resulting display is
neither too small or too large, but fits the screen and can be seen clearly. The vertical scale is usually given in
V/DIV or mV/DIV.
The trigger circuit is used to delay the time base waveform so that the same section of the input signal is
displayed on the screen each time the spot moves across. The effect of this is to give a stable picture on the
oscilloscope screen, making it easier to measure and interpret the signal.
Changing the scales of the X-axis and Y-axis allows many different signals to be displayed. Sometimes, it
is also useful to be able to change the positions of the axes. This is possible using the X-POS and Y-POS controls.
For example, with no signal applied, the normal trace is a straight line across the centre of the screen. Adjusting YPOS allows the zero level on the Y-axis to be changed, moving the whole trace up or down on the screen to give an
effective display of signals like pulse waveforms which do not alternate between positive and negative values.
Applications of CRO
1.
Measurement of voltage Voltage waveform will be made on the oscilloscope screen. From the
screen of the cro, the voltage can be measured by seeing its amplitude variation on the screen.
2.
Measurement of current Current waveform will be read from the oscilloscope screen in the
similar way as told in above point. The peak to peak, maximum current value can be measured from
the screen.
3.
Measurement of phase Phase measurement in CRO can be done by the help of Lissajous
pattern figures. Lissajous figures can tell us about the phase difference between two signals.
Frequency can also be measured by this pattern figure.
4.
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