Scilab Textbook Companion for Theory of Alternating Current Machinery

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Theory of Alternating Current Machinery

by A. S. Langsdorf1
Created by
Ajay Kumar G
Bachelor of Engineering (B.E.)
Electrical Engineering
Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering
College Teacher
R S Ananda Murthy
Cross-Checked by
May 19, 2016
1 Funded
by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. This Textbook Companion and Scilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the Textbook Companion Project
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Theory of Alternating Current Machinery
Author: A. S. Langsdorf
Publisher: Tata McGraw - Hill Education
Edition: 1
Year: 1999
ISBN: 978-0-07-099423-2
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
For example, Exa 3.51 means solved example 3.51 of this book. Sec 2.3 means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
Contents
List of Scilab Codes
1 Fundamental Principles of Transformer
2 Transformer Connections and Operation
19
3 Transformer structure Insulation Heating and Load Stresses
31
10 The Synchronous Generator
33
16 The Mercury Arc Rectifier
40
List of Scilab Codes

Exa 1.6.14 To find secondary resistance and reactance . .
Exa 1.9.18 To find the secondary terminal voltage . . . . .
Exa 1.13.28To find the regulation of transformer . . . . . .
Exa 1.14.29To find regulation by percent method . . . . .
Exa 1.14.31To find the per unit regulation . . . . . . . . .
Exa 1.14.33To find the load loss of transformer . . . . . . .
Exa 1.16.37To measure the core loss of transformer . . . .
Exa 1.17.41To find the efficiency at different loads . . . . .
Exa 2.3.69 To find primary voltage and current supplied .
Exa 2.6.76 To find branch currents and voltages . . . . . .
Exa 2.22.111Conductively and Inductively transferred power
Exa 2.29.130Positive and negative sequence voltages . . . .
Exa 2.29.131Positive Negative and Zero sequence voltages .
Exa 3.16.161To find radial force due to current . . . . . . .
Exa 10.9.407To find the field excitation required . . . . . .
Exa 10.10.413
Regulation by emf method . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 10.12.416
Regulation by mmf method . . . . . . . . . . .
Exa 16.9.617Effect of phase control . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Chapter 1
Fundamental Principles of
Transformer
Scilab code Exa 1.6.14 To find secondary resistance and reactance

// E x a m p l e 1 6 p g 1 4 . s c e
// To f i n d s e c o n d a r y r e s i s t a n c e and r e a c t a n c e
// Theory o f A l t e r n a t i n g C u r r e n t M a c h i n e r y by
Alexander Langsdorf
4 // F i r s t E d i t i o n 1 9 9 9 , T h i r t y S e c o n d r e p r i n t
5 // Tata McGraw H i l l P u b l i s h i n g Company
6 // Example i n Page 14
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16
clear ; clc ; close ;

// Given d a t a
volt_amp = 10 e +3; // V o l t Ampere r a t i n g o f
t r a n s f o r m e r i s 10kA
volt_ratio = 440/110; // T r a n s f o r m e r v o l t a g e r a t i o
freq_tr = 60; // F r e q u e n c y o f t r a n s f o r m e r u s a g e i s
60 c p s o r 60 Hz
pri_res = 0.50; // Primary r e s i s t a n c e i s 0 . 5 0 Ohm
sec_res = 0.032; // S e c o n d a r y r e s i s t a n c e i s 0 . 0 3 2
5
Ohm
17 pri_reac = 0.90; // Primary l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e i s
0 . 9 0 Ohm
18 sec_reac = 0.06; // S e c o n d a r y l e a k a g e r e a c t a n c e i s
0 . 0 6 Ohm
19
20
21
// C a l c u l a t i o n s
printf ( The r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s %d ,
volt_ratio ) ;
22 sec_res_ref_pri = sec_res *( volt_ratio ^2) ; // Ohms
23 sec_reac_ref_pri = sec_reac *( volt_ratio ^2) ; // Ohms
24
25
26
disp ( Hence , ) ;
printf ( S e c o n d a r y r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d
= %0 . 3 f Ohm \n , sec_res_ref_pri ) ;
27 printf ( S e c o n d a r y r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d
= %0 . 2 f Ohm , sec_reac_ref_pri ) ; //
to the primary
// Ohms
to the primary
Ohms
28
29
30
31
// R e s u l t
// The r a t i o o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i s 4
// S e c o n d a r y r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e p r i m a r y i s
0 . 5 1 2 Ohm
32 // S e c o n d a r y r e a c t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o t h e p r i m a r y i s
0 . 9 6 Ohm
Scilab code Exa 1.9.18 To find the secondary terminal voltage

// E x a m p l e 1 9 p g 1 8 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e s e c o n d a r y t e r m i n a l v o l t a g e
Alexander Langsdorf
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19
// Example i n Page 18
// Given d a t a
v1 = 2000; // Primary v o l t a g e , v o l t s
v2 = 400; // S e c o n d a r y Open V o l t a g e , v o l t s
pf = +0.8; // Power f a c t o r l a g g i n g 80%
r1 = 5.5; // R e s i s t a n c e R1 , Ohms
r2 = 0.2; // R e s i s t a n c e R2 , Ohms
x1 = 12; // R e a c t a n c e X1 , Ohms
x2 = 0.45; // R e a c t a n c e X2 , Ohms
va_rating = 10 e +3 // v o l t ampere r a t i n g o f
t r a n s f o r m e r , VA
20 voltage1 = v1 ; // S u p p l y i n p u t v o l t a g e , V o l t s
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current1 = va_rating / voltage1 ; // Amperes
current2 = current1 ; // Amperes
turns_ratio = v1 / v2 ;
r2dash = turns_ratio ^2 * r2 ; // r 2 a s r e f e r r e d t o
p r i m a r y s i d e , Ohms
sum_ofr = r1 + r2dash ; // t o t a l e q u i v a l e n t
r e s i s t a n c e r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y , Ohms
x2dash = turns_ratio ^2 * x2 ; // x2 a s r e f e r r e d t o
p r i m a r y s i d e , Ohms
sum_ofx = x1 + x2dash ; // Sum o f r e a c t a n c e s , Ohms
// Taking c u r r e n t a x i s a s t h e r e f e r e n c e a s p e r t h e
problem
vec_current1 = 5 + 0* %i ; // V e c t o r C u r r e n t 1 ,
Amperes
vec_current2 = vec_current1 ; // V e c t o r C u r r e n t 2 ,
Amperes
theta = acos (0.8) ; // l a g g i n g p h a s e a n g l e i n r a d i a n s
vector_volt1 = voltage1 ; // V o l t s
function y = ff ( voltage2 )
// To s o l v e f o r s e c o n d a r y v o l t a g e from t h e
7
37
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39
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equation
//
vector volt1 = vector volt2 + vec current2
( ( s u m o f r ) +( s u m o f x ) %i ) ;
//
v e c t o r v o l t 2 = v o l t a g e 2 ( c o s ( t h e t a )+s i n (
t h e t a ) %i ) ;
//
v e c t o r v o l t 1 = v o l t a g e 2 ( c o s ( t h e t a )+s i n (
t h e t a ) %i ) + v e c c u r r e n t 2 ( ( s u m o f r ) +( s u m o f x )
%i ) ;
// S e p a r a t i n g r e a l and i m a g i n a r y p a r t s and
c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a b s o l u t e v a l u e s , and e q u a t i n g
i t t o z e r o ( o r h e r e y ( 1 ) ) , t h e e x p r e s s i o n would
l o o k l i k e below
// y ( 1 ) = ( v e c t o r v o l t 1 2 ) + ( c o s ( t h e t a )
v o l t a g e 2 ( 1 ) + a b s ( v e c c u r r e n t 2 ) s u m o f r ) 2 + (
v o l t a g e 2 ( 1 ) s i n ( t h e t a ) + abs ( v e c c u r r e n t 2 )
sum ofx ) 2 ;
y (1) = -( vector_volt1 ^2) + ( cos ( theta ) * voltage2 (1)
+ abs ( vec_current2 ) *( sum_ofr ) ) ^2 + ( sin ( theta )
* voltage2 (1) + abs ( vec_current2 ) *( sum_ofx ) ) ^2;
endfunction
sec_volt_in_terms_of_pri = fsolve ([0.1] , ff ) ; // i n
Volts
sec_voltage = sec_volt_in_terms_of_pri / turns_ratio ;
// i n V o l t s
printf ( \ n S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e a s r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y
i s %. 2 f v o l t s \n , sec_volt_in_terms_of_pri ) ;
printf ( S e c o n d a r y T e r m i n a l V o l t a g e a t f u l l l o a d i s %
. 2 f v o l t s \n , sec_voltage ) ;
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// R e s u l t
// S e c o n d a r y V o l t a g e a s r e f e r r e d t o p r i m a r y i s
1887.30 volts
52 // S e c o n d a r y T e r m i n a l V o l t a g e a t f u l l l o a d i s 3 7 7 . 4 6
volts
Scilab code Exa 1.13.28 To find the regulation of transformer

// E x a m p l e 1 1 3 p g 2 8 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e r e g u l a t i o n o f t r a n s f o r m e r
Alexander Langsdorf
1
2
3
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8
9 clear ; clc ; close ;
10
11 // Given d a t a
12 v1 = 1100; // Primary v o l t a g e , V o l t s
13 v2 = 110; // S e c o n d a r y Open V o l t a g e , V o l t s
14 volt_sc = 33; // V o l t a g e f o r S h o r t C i r c u i t
f u l l load
current , Volts
15 pow_sc_in = 85; // S h o r t C i r c u i t i n p u t Power , Watts
16 pf = +0.8; // Power f a c t o r l a g g i n g 80%
17 va_rating = 5 e +3 // v o l t ampere r a t i n g o f
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// Method b a s e d on Eq . 135
// v1 2 = ( v2 + v o l t s c c o s ( t h e t a e t h e t a 2 ) ) 2 + (
v o l t s c sin ( thetae theta2 ) ) 2;
current1 = va_rating / v1 ; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
thetae = acos ( pow_sc_in /( volt_sc * current1 ) ) ;
theta2 = acos ( pf ) ;
function y = ff1 ( v2 )
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y (1) = -( v1 ^2) + ( v2 + volt_sc * cos ( thetae - theta2

) ) ^2 + ( volt_sc * sin ( thetae - theta2 ) ) ^2;
endfunction
volt2 = fsolve ([0.1] , ff1 ) ; // v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
// R e g u l a t i o n = ( ( v1 v o l t 2 ) / v1 ) 100
Regulation1 = (( v1 - volt2 ) / v1 ) *100;
printf ( \ n R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by method 1
i s %. 2 f %% \n , Regulation1 ) ;
// v1 2 = ( v2 + c u r r e n t 1 r e c o s ( t h e t a 2 ) + c u r r e n t 1
xe s i n ( t h e t a 2 ) ) 2 + ( c u r r e n t 1 xe c o s ( t h e t a 2 )
current1 re sin ( theta2 ) ) 2;
ze = volt_sc / current1 ; // i m p e d a n c e i n Ohms
re = pow_sc_in /( current1 ^2) ; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
xe = ( ze ^2 - re ^2) ^0.5; // R e a c t a n c e i n Ohms
function y = ff2 ( v2 )
y (1) = -( v1 ^2) + ( v2 + current1 * re * cos ( theta2 ) +
current1 * xe * sin ( theta2 ) ) ^2 + ( current1 * xe * cos (
theta2 ) - current1 * re * sin ( theta2 ) ) ^2;
endfunction
volt2 = fsolve ([0.1] , ff2 ) ;
// R e g u l a t i o n = ( ( v1 v o l t 2 ) / v1 ) 100
Regulation2 = (( v1 - volt2 ) / v1 ) *100;
printf ( R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by method 2 i s
%. 2 f %% \n , Regulation2 ) ;
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// R e s u l t
// R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by method 1 i s 2 . 8 5
%
52 // R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by method 2 i s 2 . 8 5
%
10
Scilab code Exa 1.14.29 To find regulation by percent method

// E x a m p l e 1 1 4 p g 2 9 . s c e
// To f i n d r e g u l a t i o n by p e r c e n t method
Alexander Langsdorf
1
2
3
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11 // Given d a t a
12 v1 = 1100; // Primary v o l t a g e , v o l t s
13 v2 = 110; // S e c o n d a r y Open V o l t a g e , v o l t s
14 volt_sc = 33; // V o l t a g e f o r S h o r t C i r c u i t
f u l l load
current , volts
15 pow_sc_in = 85; // S h o r t C i r c u i t i n p u t Power ,
16 pf = +0.8; // Power f a c t o r l a g g i n g 80%
17 va_rating = 5 e +3 // v o l t ampere r a t i n g o f
watts
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26
// % r e g u l a t i o n = r p c c o s ( t h e t a 2 ) + xpc s i n ( t h e t a 2 ) +
( ( xpc c o s ( t h e t a 2 ) r p c s i n ( t h e t a 2 ) ) 2 ) / 2 0 0 ;
ze = volt_sc / current1 ; // Impedance i n Ohms
11
re = pow_sc_in /( current1 ^2) ; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms

xe = ( ze ^2 - re ^2) ^0.5; // Impedance i n Ohms
rpc = ( current1 * re / v1 ) *100;
xpc = ( current1 * xe / v1 ) *100;
percent_regulation = rpc * cos ( theta2 ) + xpc * sin (
theta2 ) + (( xpc * cos ( theta2 ) - rpc * sin ( theta2 ) ) ^2)
/200;
32 printf ( R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by per c e n t
method i s %. 2 f %% \n , percent_regulation ) ;
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35
// R e s u l t
// R e g u l a t i o n o f t h e T r a n s f o r m e r by per c e n t method
i s 2.85 %
Scilab code Exa 1.14.31 To find the per unit regulation

// E x a m p l e 1 1 4 p g 3 1 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e p e r u n i t r e g u l a t i o n
Alexander Langsdorf
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16

// Given d a t a
r_pu = 0.017; // Peru n i t r e s i s t a n c e
x_pu = 0.0247; // Peru n i t r e a c t a n c e
power_factor = 1; // U n i t y Power F a c t o r
overload = 0.25; // 25% o v e r l o a d
12
17 // C a l c u l a t i o n s
18 phi = acos ( power_factor ) ;
19 OL_factor = 1.00 + overload ;
20 r_pu = r_pu * OL_factor ; // Base v a l u e h a s t o be
changed f o r 0 . 2 5 o v e r l o a d
21 x_pu = x_pu * OL_factor ; // Base v a l u e h a s t o be
changed f o r 0 . 2 5 o v e r l o a d
22 // Formula f o r r e g u l a t i o n i s , Peru n i t r e g u l a t i o n =
r pu c o s ( phi ) + x pu s i n ( phi ) + 0 . 5 ( x pu c o s ( phi
) r p u s i n ( p h i ) ) 2
23 perunit_regulation = r_pu * cos ( phi ) + x_pu * sin ( phi ) +
0.5*( x_pu * cos ( phi ) - r_pu * sin ( phi ) ) ^2;
24
25
26
27
28
29
// d i s p ( Hence , ) ;
printf ( Peru n i t r e g u l a t i o n = %0 . 4 f ,
perunit_regulation ) ;
// R e s u l t
// Peru n i t r e g u l a t i o n = 0 . 0 2 1 7
Scilab code Exa 1.14.33 To find the load loss of transformer

// E x a m p l e 1 1 5 p g 3 3 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e l o a d l o s s o f t r a n s f o r m e r
Alexander Langsdorf
1
2
3
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8
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13
// Given d a t a
Total_Culoss1 = 630; // T o t a l Copper L o s s a t 20
degree c e l c i u s , watts
13 TrueCopper_loss1 = 504; // Copper l o s s due t o True
Ohmic r e s i s t a n c e a t 20 d e g r e e c e l c i u s , w a t t s
14 temp1 = 20; // Temperature , d e g r e e c e l c i u s
15 temp2 = 75; // Temperature , d e g r e e c e l c i u s
11
12
16
17
18
eddy_loss1 = Total_Culoss1 - TrueCopper_loss1 ; //
Eddy C u r r e n t l o s s a t 20 d e g r e e c e l s i u s , w a t t s
19 TrueCopper_loss2 = TrueCopper_loss1 * ( temp2 +
234.5) / ( temp1 + 234.5) ; // True Copper l o s s a t
75 d e g r e e c e l c i u s , w a t t s
20 eddy_loss2 = eddy_loss1 * ( temp1 + 234.5) / ( temp2 +
234.5) ; // Eddy C u r r e n t l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l s i u s
, watts
21 load_loss = TrueCopper_loss2 + eddy_loss2 ; // Load
l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l s i u s , w a t t s
22
23
printf ( Eddy C u r r e n t l o s s a t 20 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = %. 0
f w a t t s \n , eddy_loss1 ) ;
24 printf ( True Copper l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = %. 0 f
w a t t s \n , TrueCopper_loss2 ) ;
25 printf ( Load l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = %. 0 f w a t t s
, load_loss ) ;
26
27
28
// R e s u l t
// Eddy C u r r e n t l o s s a t 20 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = 126
watts
29 // True Copper l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = 613 w a t t s
30 // Load l o s s a t 75 d e g r e e c e l c i u s = 717 w a t t s
14
Scilab code Exa 1.16.37 To measure the core loss of transformer

// E x a m p l e 1 1 6 p g 3 7 . s c e
// To m e a s u r e t h e c o r e l o s s o f t r a n s f o r m e r
Alexander Langsdorf
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31

//
f1
B1
P1
f2
B2
P2
P3
Given d a t a
= 30; // F r e q u e n c y , Hz
= 8; // Flux D e n s i t y , k i l o g a u s s
= 0.135; // Core l o s s , w a t t s p e r l b
= 60; // F r e q u e n c y , Hz
= 12; // Flux D e n s i t y , k i l o g a u s s
a = f2 / f1 ;
x =( log ( B2 ^2*( P2 - a ^2 * P3 ) /(( P2 - a * P3 ) * B1 ^2 - a *( a
-1) * P1 * B2 ^2) ) ) /( log ( B2 / B1 ) ) ;
kh = ( P2 - a ^2 * P3 ) /( f2 *(1 - a ) *( B2 ^ x ) ) ;
ke = (( P2 - a * P3 ) * a ) /(( a -1) * f2 ^2* B2 ^2) ;
Ph1 = kh * f1 * B1 ^ x ; Pe1 = ke * f1 ^2* B1 ^2; // H y s t e r e s i s
Power l o s s , w a t t s
Pt1 = Ph1 + Pe1 ; // T o t a l Power l o s s , w a t t s
disp ( V a l u e o f x i s ) ; disp ( x ) ;
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disp ( V a l u e o f kh i s ) ; disp ( kh ) ;
disp ( V a l u e o f ke i s ) ; disp ( ke ) ;
printf ( \n
\
n
f
| B , k i l o g a u s s | Ph , w a t t s p e r l b | Pe , w a t t s
per lb
\n
\
n
%d |
%d
|
%. 3 f
|
%. 3
f
\n
%d |
%d
|
%. 3 f
|
%. 3 f
\n
%d |
%d
|
%. 3 f
|
%. 3 f
\n
\
n , f1 , B1 , Ph1 , Pe1 , f2 , B2 , Ph2 , Pe2 , f1 , B2 ,
Ph3 , Pe3 ) ;
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Result
Value o f x i s
2.0637323
V a l u e o f kh i s
0.0000484
V a l u e o f ke i s
0.0000005
52
//
53
//
f
| B , k i l o g a u s s | Ph , w a t t s p e r l b | Pe , w a t t s
per lb
16
54
55
56
57
//
//
//
//
30 |
60 |
30 |
8
12
12
|
|
|
0.106
0.490
0.245
|
|
|
0.029
0.260
0.065
Scilab code Exa 1.17.41 To find the efficiency at different loads

// E x a m p l e 1 1 7 p g 4 1 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y a t d i f f e r e n t l o a d s
Alexander Langsdorf
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// Given d a t a
va = 50 e +3; // VA r a t i n g o f t r a n s f o r m e r , VA
v1 = 2200; // V o l t s
v2 = 220; // V o l t s
f = 60; // F r e q u e n c y , Hz
core_loss = 350; // Power l o s s , w a t t s
cu_loss = 630; // Power l o s s , w a t t s
pf0 = 1;
pf1 = 0.8;
turns_ratio = v1 / v2 ;
upf_full_load_eff = ( va * pf0 /( va * pf0 + core_loss +
17
cu_loss ) ) *100; // F u l l Load E f f i c i e n c y a t u p f

24 upf_three_fourth_eff = ((0.75* va * pf0 ) /(0.75* va * pf0 +
core_loss + (0.75^2) * cu_loss ) ) *100; //
E f f i c i e n c y a t t h r e e f o u r t h l o a d a t u p f
25 full_load_eff = (( va * pf1 ) /( va * pf1 + core_loss +
cu_loss ) ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y a t f u l l l o a d a t 0 . 8
pf
26 three_fourth_eff = ((0.75* va * pf1 ) /(0.75* va * pf1 +
core_loss + (0.75^2) * cu_loss ) ) *100; // E f f i c i e n c y
a t t h r e e f o u r t h l o a d a t 0 . 8 p f
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printf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t F u l l l o a d & u n i t y power f a c t o r

= %. 1 f %% \n , upf_full_load_eff ) ;
29 printf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t Threef o u r t h t h e f u l l l o a d &
u n i t y power f a c t o r = %. 1 f %%\n ,
upf_three_fourth_eff ) ;
30 printf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t F u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y a t 80%%
power f a c t o r = %. 1 f %%\n , full_load_eff ) ;
31 printf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t t h r e e f o u r t h l o a d e f f i c i e n c y
a t 80%% power f a c t o r = %. 1 f %%\n ,
three_fourth_eff ) ;
32
33
34
// R e s u l t
// E f f i c i e n c y a t F u l l l o a d & u n i t y power f a c t o r =
98.1 %
35 // E f f i c i e n c y a t Threef o u r t h t h e f u l l l o a d & u n i t y
power f a c t o r = 9 8 . 2 %
36 // E f f i c i e n c y a t F u l l l o a d e f f i c i e n c y a t 80% power
factor = 97.6 %
37 // E f f i c i e n c y a t t h r e e f o u r t h l o a d e f f i c i e n c y a t 80%
power f a c t o r = 9 7 . 7 %
18
Chapter 2
Transformer Connections and
Operation
Scilab code Exa 2.3.69 To find primary voltage and current supplied
// E x a m p l e 2 3 p g 6 9 . s c e
// To f i n d p r i m a r y v o l t a g e and c u r r e n t s u p p l i e d
Alexander Langsdorf
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3
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8
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11 // Given d a t a
12
13 // T r a n s f o r m e r A d a t a
14 va_A = 100 e +3; // VA r a t i n g o f T r a n s f o r m e r
15 v1_A = 4600; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
16 v2_A = 230; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
17 x_A = 0.027; // R e a c t a n c e i n Ohms
18 r_A = 0.008; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
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// T r a n s f o r m e r B d a t a
va_B = 200 e +3; // VA r a t i n g o f T r a n s f o r m e r
v1_B = 4610; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
v2_B = 225; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
x_B = 0.013; // R e a c t a n c e i n ohms
r_B = 0.003; // R e s i s t a n c e i n ohms
// Common Data
P_load = 150 e +3; // Power i n Watts
pf = +0.85; // + d e n o t e s l a g g i n g power f a c t o r
vg = 225; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
// T r a n s f o r m e r A
a_1 = v1_A / v2_A ;
z_1 = r_A + x_A * %i ;
y_1 = 1 / z_1 ;
y_1_HVside = y_1 / a_1 ;
// T r a n s f o r m e r B
a_2 = v1_B / v2_B ;
z_2 = r_B + x_B * %i ;
y_2 = 1 / z_2 ;
y_2_HVside = y_2 / a_2 ;
y_K = y_1 + y_2 ;
y_K_HVside = y_1_HVside + y_2_HVside ;
// To f i n d t h e c u r r e n t
I = P_load / ( vg * pf ) ;
V2_vec = vg ;
theta = acos (0.85) ;
I_vec = I *( cos ( theta ) - sin ( theta ) * %i ) ; // s i g n
indicates I lags V
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20
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V1_vec = (( V2_vec * y_K ) + I_vec ) / ( y_K_HVside ) ;

I1_vec = ( I_vec + V1_vec *(( y_K / a_1 ) - y_K_HVside ) )
/ ( z_1 * y_K ) ;
I2_vec = I_vec - I1_vec ;
printf ( Primary V o l t a g e o f t r a n s f o r m e r = %f / %f
V o l t s \n , abs ( V1_vec ) , ( atan (( imag ( V1_vec ) ) /( real
( V1_vec ) ) ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
63 printf ( C u r r e n t S u p p l i e d by t r a n s f o r m e r A = %f /
%f V o l t s \n , abs ( I1_vec ) , ( atan (( imag ( I1_vec ) ) /(
real ( I1_vec ) ) ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
64 printf ( C u r r e n t S u p p l i e d by t r a n s f o r m e r B = %f /
%f V o l t s \n , abs ( I2_vec ) , ( atan (( imag ( I2_vec ) ) /(
real ( I2_vec ) ) ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
65
66
67
// R e s u l t
// Primary V o l t a g e o f t r a n s f o r m e r = 4 6 7 8 . 8 6 7 6 9 8 /
1.211839 Volts
68 // C u r r e n t S u p p l i e d by t r a n s f o r m e r A = 3 6 1 . 3 2 4 4 0 3 /
4 4. 4 00 7 1 5 V o l t s
69 // C u r r e n t S u p p l i e d by t r a n s f o r m e r B = 4 3 8 . 8 5 8 3 8 6 /
2 1. 4 31 5 5 3 V o l t s
Scilab code Exa 2.6.76 To find branch currents and voltages

// E x a m p l e 2 6 p g 7 6 . s c e
// To f i n d b r a n c h c u r r e n t s and v o l t a g e s
Alexander Langsdorf
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// Given d a t a
// T r a n s f o r m e r d a t a
va = 100 e +3; // VA r a t i n g o f T r a n s f o r m e r
v1 = 11500; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
f = 60; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
OC_pow = 560; // Power i n w a t t s
pf = +0.155;
sc_volt = 217.5; // V o l t s
sc_curr = 8.7; // Amperes
sc_pow = 1135; // Power i n w a t t s
ll_volt = 15000; // L i n e t o l i n e v o l t a g e
z_1 = 0.6; // Impedance
pf2 = +0.866;
pf3 = -0.5;
power_factor = sc_pow / ( sc_volt * sc_curr ) ;
theta_e = acos ( power_factor ) ;
transformation_ratio = v1 / v2 ;
// HT v a l u e s
z = sc_volt / sc_curr ;
r = z * cos ( theta_e ) ;
x = z * sin ( theta_e ) ;
// LT v a l u e s
z_lt = z /( transformation_ratio ^2) ;
r_lt = r /( transformation_ratio ^2) ;
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x_lt = x /( transformation_ratio ^2) ;

zz = r_lt + %i * x_lt ;
// R e f e r r i n g t o f i g u r e 2 . 1 6 ( b ) i n p a g e 77
z1 = z_1 + zz ;
z_2 = z_1 *( pf2 + %i * abs ( pf3 ) ) ;
z2 = z_2 + zz ;
z_3 = z_1 *( abs ( pf3 ) - %i * pf2 ) ;
z3 = z_3 + zz ;
disp ( z 1 = )
disp ( z1 ) ;
disp ( z 2 = )
disp ( z2 ) ;
disp ( z 3 = )
disp ( z3 ) ;
disp ( By r e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 2 . 1 6 ( b ) i n p a g e 7 7 , E A
, E B , E C can be w r i t t e n i n t e r m s o f t h e
unknowns x and y . ) ;
66
67
printf ( \nE A = (x 1 5 0 ) + j ( 2 5 9 . 8 y ) \ nE B = x
j y \nE C = ( 3 0 0 x ) j y ) ;
68 printf ( \n\ nI A = E A / z 1 \ n I B = E B / z 2 \ n I C =
E C / z 3 \n ) ;
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printf ( \ nI A = 1.649 x 0.0218 y + 2 5 3 . 0 1 + j ( 4 2 5 . 1 4

1.649 y + 0 . 0 2 1 8 x ) \ n I B = 1.415 x 0.829 y + j
( 0 . 8 2 9 x 1 . 4 1 5 y ) \ n I C = 0.860 x + 1 . 4 3 9 y +258 +
j ( 1 . 4 3 9 x 0.860 y + 4 3 1 . 7 ) \n ) ;
// I A + I B + I C = 0 ;
disp ( On s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and by s e p a r a t i n g t h e r e a l
23
and i m a g i n a r y p a r t s , we g e t two e q u a t i o n s
c o n s i s t i n g o f x and y a s v a r i a b l e s a s shown ) ;
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printf ( \n 3.924 x + 0 . 5 8 8 y + 5 1 1 . 0 1 = 0\ n 0.588 x

3.924 y + 8 5 6 . 8 4 = 0\ n ) ;
function y = ff ( x ) ;
y (1) = -3.924* x (1) +0.588* x (2) +511.01;
y (2) = -0.588* x (1) -3.924* x (2) +856.84;
endfunction
answer = fsolve ([100;100] , ff ) ;
// Answers g i v e n i n p r o b i s s u p p o s e d t o have some
m i s t a k e i n v a l u e s o f x and y
x = answer ([1]) ;
y = answer ([2]) ;
E_A = -( x - 150) + %i *(259.8 - y ) ;
E_B = -x - %i * y ;
E_C = (300 - x ) - %i * y ;
I_A = E_A / z1 ;
I_B = E_B / z2 ;
I_C = E_C / z3 ;
printf ( \n\ nI A = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f Amps , abs ( I_A ) ,
atan ( imag ( I_A ) / real ( I_A ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
printf ( \n\ n I B = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f Amps , abs ( I_B ) ,
atan ( imag ( I_B ) / real ( I_B ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
printf ( \n\ n I C = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f Amps , abs ( I_C ) ,
atan ( imag ( I_C ) / real ( I_C ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
printf ( \n\nE A = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f V o l t s , abs ( E_A ) ,
atan ( imag ( E_A ) / real ( E_A ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
printf ( \n\ nE B = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f V o l t s , abs ( E_B ) ,
atan ( imag ( E_B ) / real ( E_B ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
printf ( \n\nE C = %0 . 2 f / %0 . 2 f V o l t s , abs ( E_C ) ,
atan ( imag ( E_C ) / real ( E_C ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
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//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
Result
z1 =
0.6059982 + 0.0080014 i
z2 =
0.5255982 + 0.3080014 i
z3 =
0.3059982 0.5115986 i
By r e f e r r i n g t o F i g u r e 2 . 1 6 ( b ) i n p a g e 7 7 , E A ,
E B , E C can be w r i t t e n i n t e r m s o f t h e unknowns
x and y .
118 // E A = (x 1 5 0 ) + j ( 2 5 9 . 8 y )
119 // E B = x j y
120 // E C = ( 3 0 0 x ) j y
121 //
122 // I A = E A / z 1
123 // I B = E B / z 2
124 // I C = E C / z 3
125 //
126 // I A = 1.649 x 0.0218 y + 2 5 3 . 0 1 + j ( 4 2 5 . 1 4 1.649 y
+0.0218 x )
127 // I B = 1.415 x 0.829 y + j ( 0 . 8 2 9 x 1 . 4 1 5 y )
128 // I C = 0.860 x + 1 . 4 3 9 y +258 + j ( 1 . 4 3 9 x 0.860 y
+431.7)
129 //
130 // On s i m p l i f i c a t i o n and by s e p a r a t i n g t h e r e a l and
i m a g i n a r y p a r t s , we g e t two e q u a t i o n s c o n s i s t i n g
o f x and y a s v a r i a b l e s a s shown
131 //
132 // 3.924 x + 0 . 5 8 8 y + 5 1 1 . 0 1 = 0
133 // 0.588 x 3.924 y + 8 5 6 . 8 4 = 0
134 //
25
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//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
//
I A = 108.89 /
82.59 Amps
I B = 412.73 /
2 0 . 3 0 Amps
I C = 402.59 /
4 . 9 9 Amps
E A = 65.99 /
81.84 V o l t s
E B = 251.44 /
50.67 Volts
E C = 240.00 /
54.13 V o l t s
Scilab code Exa 2.22.111 Conductively and Inductively transferred power

// E x a m p l e 2 2 2 p g 1 1 1 . s c e
// C o n d u c t i v e l y and I n d u c t i v e l y t r a n s f e r r e d power
Alexander Langsdorf
1
2
3
7
8
10
11 // Given d a t a
12
13 // T r a n s f o r m e r d a t a
14 va = 10 e +3; // VA r a t i n g o f T r a n s f o r m e r , VA
15 v1 = 2300; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
16 v2 = 230; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
17 disp ( R e f e r r i n g t o F i g 2 . 5 7 , we have ) ;
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V_1 = v1 + v2 ; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
I_1 = va / v2 ; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
I_3 = va / v1 ; // V o l t a g e i n v o l t s
I_2 = I_1 + I_3 ; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
a = V_1 / v1 ;
P = V_1 * I_1 ; // Power i n w a t t s
P_i = P * ( a - 1) / a ; // Power i n w a t t s
P_c = round ( P / a ) ; // Power i n w a t t s
printf ( \n\ n T o t a l v o l t a m p e r e s s u p p l i e d from t h e
s o u r c e i s = %d VA \ nVolt Amperes s u p p l i e d
i n d u c t i v e l y i s = %d VA\ nPower s u p p l i e d
c o n d u c t i v e l y i s %d VA\n , P , P_i , P_c ) ;
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31
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34
35
// R e s u l t
// R e f e r r i n g t o F i g 2 . 5 7 , we have
//
//
// T o t a l v o l t a m p e r e s s u p p l i e d from t h e s o u r c e i s =
1 1 0 0 0 0 VA
36 // Volt Amperes s u p p l i e d i n d u c t i v e l y i s = 1 0 0 0 0 VA
37 // Power s u p p l i e d c o n d u c t i v e l y i s 1 0 0 0 0 0 VA
Scilab code Exa 2.29.130 Positive and negative sequence voltages

// E x a m p l e 2 2 9 p g 1 3 0 . s c e
// P o s i t i v e and n e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e s
Alexander Langsdorf
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20

// Given d a t a
V_1
V_2
V_3
a =
= 1000 + %i *50;
= -800 + %i *100;
= -200 - %i *150;
cos (2* %pi /3) + %i * sin (2* %pi /3) ;
disp ( A c c o r d i n g t o E q u a t i o n s 288 and 289 i n p a g e

130 ) ;
21 V_1p = ( V_1 + V_2 * a + V_3 * a ^2) /3;
22 V_1n = ( V_1 + V_2 * a ^( -1) + V_3 * a ^( -2) ) /3;
23
24
printf ( \n\ n P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = %0 . 4 f /
%0 . 2 f V o l t s \ n N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = %0 . 4
f / %0 . 2 f V o l t s \n , abs ( V_1p ) , atan ( imag ( V_1p ) /
real ( V_1p ) ) *180/ %pi , abs ( V_1n ) , atan ( imag ( V_1n ) /
real ( V_1n ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
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26
27
28
29
30
// R e s u l t
// A c c o r d i n g t o E q u a t i o n s 288 and 289 i n p a g e 130
//
//
// P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = 4 5 2 . 7 7 4 0 / 19.11
Volts
31 // N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = 6 0 5 . 5 2 6 5 /
19.11
Volts
28
Scilab code Exa 2.29.131 Positive Negative and Zero sequence voltages
// E x a m p l e 2 2 9 p g 1 3 1 . s c e
// P o s i t i v e N e g a t i v e and Z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e s
Alexander Langsdorf
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// Given d a t a
V_1 = 1000 + 50* %i ;
V_2 = -800 + 100* %i ;
V_3 = -1100 - 270* %i ;
a = cos (2* %pi /3) + %i * sin (2* %pi /3) ;
disp ( A c c o r d i n g t o E q u a t i o n s 2 90 , 288 and 289 ) ;
V_0 = ( V_1 + V_2 + V_3 ) /3;
V_1p = ( V_1 + V_2 * a + V_3 * a ^2) /3;
V_1n = ( V_1 + V_2 * a ^( -1) + V_3 * a ^( -2) ) /3;
printf ( \n\ n Z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = %0 . 4 f / %0 . 2
f V o l t s \ n P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = %0 . 4 f /
%0 . 2 f V o l t s \ n N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = %0
. 4 f / %0 . 2 f V o l t s \n , abs ( V_0 ) , atan ( imag ( V_0 ) /
real ( V_0 ) ) *180/ %pi , abs ( V_1p ) , atan ( imag ( V_1p ) /
real ( V_1p ) ) *180/ %pi , abs ( V_1n ) , atan ( imag ( V_1n ) /
real ( V_1n ) ) *180/ %pi ) ;
// R e s u l t
// A c c o r d i n g t o E q u a t i o n s 2 90 , 288 and 289
//
//
// Z e r o s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = 3 0 2 . 6 5 4 9 / 7 . 5 9 V o l t s
29
// P o s i t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = 5 5 8 . 9 0 5 0 /
Volts
31 // N e g a t i v e s e q u e n c e v o l t a g e i s = 7 5 7 . 9 5 2 4 /
Volts
30
30
13.62
3.15
Chapter 3
Transformer structure
Insulation Heating and Load
Stresses
Scilab code Exa 3.16.161 To find radial force due to current

// E x a m p l e 3 1 6 p g 1 6 1 . s c e
// To f i n d r a d i a l f o r c e due t o c u r r e n t
Alexander Langsdorf
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16

// Given d a t a
va = 200 e +3; // V o l t Amperes o f t r a n s f o r m e r , VA
T = 46.3; // Mean l e n g t h o f t h e t u r n , i n c h e s
n = 455; // Number o f t u r n s
31
17 I = 1320; // C u r r e n t i n Amperes
18 l = 35; // l e n g t h i n i n c h e s
19 k = 1.8;
20 zeq_ht = 8.33;
21
23
24 F_av = (0.45/1 e +7) *(( T * n ^2* I ^2) /( k * l ) ) ;
25 printf ( \n The r a d i a l f o r c e due t o t h e c u r r e n t
o f %d
Amps f o r g i v e n d a t a i s %d l b \n , I , round ( F_av ) )
;
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28
// R e s u l t
// The r a d i a l f o r c e due t o t h e c u r r e n t o f 1 3 2 0 Amps
f o r g i v e n data i s 11930 l b
32
Chapter 10
The Synchronous Generator
Scilab code Exa 10.9.407 To find the field excitation required

// E x a m p l e 1 0 9 p g 4 0 7 . s c e
// To f i n d t h e f i e l d e x c i t a t i o n r e q u i r e d
Alexander Langsdorf
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// Given d a t a
va = 2500 e +3; // V o l t Ampere r a t i n g o f machine , VA
vll = 6600; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
N = 3000; // Number o f t u r n s
f = 50; // F r e q u e n c y i n Hz
slots = 60;
n = 4;
poles =2;
r = 0.073;
x = 0.87;
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pf1 =
pf2 =
pf3 =
phase
0.8;
1;
0;
= 3;
// For 80% power f a c t o r
phi = acos ( pf1 ) ;
V = vll / sqrt (3) ;
I = round ( va / ( phase * V ) ) ;
IR_a = I * r ;
IX_a = I * x ;
V_vec = V *( cos ( phi ) + %i * sin ( phi ) ) ;
E = V_vec + I *( r + %i * x ) ;
E_mag = sqrt ( real ( E ) ^2 + imag ( E ) ^2) ;
conductors = slots * n ;
turns = conductors /2;
N_p = turns / ( poles * phase ) ;
q = slots / ( poles * phase ) ;
gama = 360 / slots ;
gama = gama * %pi /2;
k_b1 = ( sin ( q * gama /2) ) /( q * sin ( gama /2) ) ;
k_p1 = 1;
A = (2* sqrt (2) / %pi ) * phase * k_b1 * k_p1 * N_p * I ;
cos_alpha = ( real ( E ) / E_mag ) ;
sin_alpha = ( imag ( E ) / E_mag ) ;
alpha = acos ( cos_alpha ) ;
F_r_mag = 17500;
F_r = F_r_mag *( cos ( alpha + %pi /2) + %i * sin ( alpha +
%pi /2) ) ;
F = F_r - A ;
F_mag = sqrt ( real ( F ) ^2 + imag ( F ) ^2) ;
disp ( The open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s
e x c i t a t i o n , d e t e r m i n e d from F i g . 10 12 , i s 4 4 5 0
v o l t s ; );
oc_volt = 4450;
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regulation80 = (( oc_volt - V ) / V ) *100;

printf ( \n\ nThe r e g u l a t i o n f o r 80%% power f a c t o r i s
%0 . 1 f %% , regulation80 ) ;
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59 // For power f a c t o r 1 . 0
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61 phi = acos ( pf2 ) ;
62 V_vec = V *( cos ( phi ) + %i * sin ( phi ) ) ;
63 E = V_vec + I *( r + %i * x ) ;
64 E_mag = sqrt ( real ( E ) ^2 + imag ( E ) ^2) ;
65 cos_alpha = ( real ( E ) / E_mag ) ;
66 sin_alpha = ( imag ( E ) / E_mag ) ;
67 alpha = acos ( cos_alpha ) ;
68 F_r_mag = 16500;
69 F_r = F_r_mag *( cos ( alpha + %pi /2) + %i * sin ( alpha +
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%pi /2) ) ;
F = F_r - A ;
disp ( The open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s
v o l t s ; );
oc_volt = 4150;
printf ( \n\ nThe r e g u l a t i o n f o r 100%% power f a c t o r i s
%0 . 1 f %% , regulation100 ) ;
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77 // For power f a c t o r 0
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79 phi = acos ( pf3 ) ;
80 E = V + I *( x ) ;
81 F_r_mag = 18000;
82 F_r = F_r_mag + 11300;
83 printf ( \ nThe v a l u e F R c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o F i g 1012
i s %d V o l t s \n , F_r ) ;
84 disp ( The open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s
v o l t s ; );
85 oc_volt = 4500;
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printf ( \ nThe r e g u l a t i o n f o r 0%% power f a c t o r i s %0
. 1 f %% \n , regulation0 ) ;
// R e s u l t
// The open c i r c u i t v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h i s
volts ;
//
// The r e g u l a t i o n f o r 80% power f a c t o r i s 1 6 . 8 %
volts ;
//
// The r e g u l a t i o n f o r 100% power f a c t o r i s 8 . 9 %
// The v a l u e F R c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o F i g 1012 i s 2 9 3 0 0
Volts
//
volts ;
//
// The r e g u l a t i o n f o r 0% power f a c t o r i s 1 8 . 1 %
Scilab code Exa 10.10.413 Regulation by emf method

// E x a m p l e 1 0 1 0 p g 4 1 3 . s c e
// R e g u l a t i o n by emf method
Alexander Langsdorf
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11 // Given d a t a
12 va = 2500 e +3; // Volt Ampere r a t i n g
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of the
vll = 6600; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
r = 0.073; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
pf1 = 0.8;
phase = 3;
vref = 3640; // R e f e r e n c e f o r v o l t a g e i n v o l t s
iref = 340; // R e f e r e n c e f o r c u r r e n t i n Amperes
z_s = vref / iref ;
x_s = sqrt ( z_s ^2 - r ^2) ;
disp ( By R e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 1019 ) ;
E = V_vec + I *( r + %i * x_s ) ;
Regulation = (( E_mag - V ) / V ) *100;
printf ( R e g u l a t i o n i s f o u n d t o be %. 2 f %% ,
Regulation ) ;
// R e s u l t
// By R e f e r r i n g t o F i g . 10 19
// R e g u l a t i o n i s f o u n d t o be 4 5 . 7 3 %
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Scilab code Exa 10.12.416 Regulation by mmf method

// E x a m p l e 1 0 1 2 p g 4 1 6 . s c e
// R e g u l a t i o n by mmf method
Alexander Langsdorf
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10 // Given d a t a
11 va = 2500 e +3; // V o l t Ampere r a t i n g
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of the
vll = 6600; // L i n e t o L i n e v o l t a g e , V o l t s
r = 0.073; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms
x = 0.87; // R e a c t a n c e i n Ohms
pf1 = 0.8;
phase = 3;
IR_a = I * r ;
IX_a = I * x ;
E = V_vec + IR_a ;
F_r1_mag = 16500;
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cos_alpha = ( real ( E ) / E_mag ) ;

sin_alpha = ( imag ( E ) / E_mag ) ;
alpha = acos ( cos_alpha ) ;
F_r1 = F_r1_mag *( cos ( %pi /2 + alpha ) + %i * sin ( %pi /2 +
alpha ) ) ;
A_plus_Ax = 10000;
F = F_r1 - ( A_plus_Ax ) ;
printf ( \n Magnitude o f F i s %0 . 2 f ampt u r n s p e r
p o l e , F_mag ) ;
disp ( T h i s m a g n i t u d e o f F c o r r e s p o n d s t o Open
c i r c u i t v o l t a g e o f 4330 V o l t s );
oc_volt = 4330;
regulation = (( oc_volt - V ) / V ) *100;
printf ( \ n R e g u l a t i o n i s f o u n d t o be %0 . 1 f %% \n ,
regulation ) ;
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// R e s u l t
// Magnitude o f F i s 2 3 8 6 6 . 0 2 ampt u r n s p e r p o l e
// T h i s m a g n i t u d e o f F c o r r e s p o n d s t o Open c i r c u i t
v o l t a g e o f 4330 V o l t s
45 //
46 // R e g u l a t i o n i s f o u n d t o be 1 3 . 6 %
39
Chapter 16
The Mercury Arc Rectifier
Scilab code Exa 16.9.617 Effect of phase control

// E x a m p l e 1 6 9 p g 6 1 7 . s c e
// E f f e c t o f p h a s e c o n t r o l
Alexander Langsdorf
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11 // Given d a t a
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13 phi = 20;
14 alpha1 = 30;
15 alpha2 = 0;
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19 ans1 = ( cos ( phi * %pi /(180*2) ) * cos ( phi * %pi /(180*2) +
alpha1 * %pi /180) *100) ;

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ans2 = round ( cos ( phi * %pi /(180*2) ) * cos ( phi * %pi

/(180*2) + alpha2 * %pi /180) *100) ;
21 Effect = ( ans1 / ans2 ) *100;
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printf ( \n\ n E f f e c t o f p h a s e c o n t r o l h e r e i s t o
r e d u c e t h e dc v o l t a g e t o %0 . 2 f %% o f t h e v a l u e i t
would have i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p h a s e c o n t r o l \n ,
Effect ) ;
// R e s u l t
// E f f e c t o f p h a s e c o n t r o l h e r e i s t o r e d u c e t h e dc
v o l t a g e t o 7 7 . 7 7 % o f t h e v a l u e i t would have i n
the absence o f phase c o n t r o l
41

Scilab Textbook Companion for Theory of Alternating Current Machinery

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Scilab Textbook Companion for

Theory of Alternating Current Machinery

May 19, 2016

by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,

1 Fundamental Principles of Transformer

2 Transformer Connections and Operation

3 Transformer structure Insulation Heating and Load Stresses

10 The Synchronous Generator

16 The Mercury Arc Rectifier

List of Scilab Codes

Scilab code Exa 1.6.14 To find secondary resistance and reactance

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 1.9.18 To find the secondary terminal voltage

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 1.13.28 To find the regulation of transformer

y (1) = -( v1 ^2) + ( v2 + volt_sc * cos ( thetae - theta2

Scilab code Exa 1.14.29 To find regulation by percent method

re = pow_sc_in /( current1 ^2) ; // R e s i s t a n c e i n Ohms

Scilab code Exa 1.14.31 To find the per unit regulation

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 1.14.33 To find the load loss of transformer

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 1.16.37 To measure the core loss of transformer

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 1.17.41 To find the efficiency at different loads

clear ; clc ; close ;

cu_loss ) ) *100; // F u l l Load E f f i c i e n c y a t u p f

printf ( E f f i c i e n c y a t F u l l l o a d & u n i t y power f a c t o r

V1_vec = (( V2_vec * y_K ) + I_vec ) / ( y_K_HVside ) ;

Scilab code Exa 2.6.76 To find branch currents and voltages

clear ; clc ; close ;

x_lt = x /( transformation_ratio ^2) ;

printf ( \ nI A = 1.649 x 0.0218 y + 2 5 3 . 0 1 + j ( 4 2 5 . 1 4

printf ( \n 3.924 x + 0 . 5 8 8 y + 5 1 1 . 0 1 = 0\ n 0.588 x

Scilab code Exa 2.22.111 Conductively and Inductively transferred power

Scilab code Exa 2.29.130 Positive and negative sequence voltages

// Example i n Page 130

clear ; clc ; close ;

disp ( A c c o r d i n g t o E q u a t i o n s 288 and 289 i n p a g e

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 3.16.161 To find radial force due to current

clear ; clc ; close ;

Scilab code Exa 10.9.407 To find the field excitation required

clear ; clc ; close ;

regulation80 = (( oc_volt - V ) / V ) *100;

regulation0 = (( oc_volt - V ) / V ) *100;

Scilab code Exa 10.10.413 Regulation by emf method

Scilab code Exa 10.12.416 Regulation by mmf method

cos_alpha = ( real ( E ) / E_mag ) ;

Scilab code Exa 16.9.617 Effect of phase control

alpha1 * %pi /180) *100) ;

ans2 = round ( cos ( phi * %pi /(180*2) ) * cos ( phi * %pi

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ans2 = round ( cos ( phi * %pi /(1802) ) cos ( phi * %pi