SECURITY ASSESSMENT

Problem:
Operation Requirement: Reliable Service
Requires that system designed and operated such that
Meet the demand and operate under normal state all the time
NERC Reliability Standards: Specifies the conditions the utilities needs to meet
http://www.nerc.com/pa/stand/Pages/ReliabilityStandardsUnitedStates.aspx?jurisdiction=United%20States

An operating point X is feasible only if

1. There are no voltage violations i.e Vi mn Vi Vi mx
2. There are no line overloads

i.e

Sl Sl mx

Challenge: outages
Type 1: planned outages
Type 2: un-planned outages, i.e Contingencies
Contingency
The two main reasons for the contingencies in a power system are:
1. Line Outage due to a fault
2. Tripping of the Generator
Power system operating condition/states
Contingencies in a power system cause considerable shift of the operating point
NORMAL
X is feasible

Restorative
Action

Contingency

Corrective
Action

Contingency

RESTORATIVE
cannot meet demand

EMERGENCY
Overload

A power system needs to operate securely so that any (possible) single contingency does not
cause the system to move into restorative or emergency state.

Security Assessment (SA)

For each expected contingency, it is necessary to determine if the system will remain normal.
If thats the case then the system is said to be in a secure operating state.

SA Methods:
Static Security Assessment:
Assume that the system reaches a new operating point after a contingency
SA Problem:
Given an initial operating point Xo, determine the new operating point Xn after an expected
contingency.

Approach 1: Power Flow

For each contingency considered:
- Simulate the contingency
- Run a PF to determine the new operating point

Ex: 4 bus system

1

Challenge: No of expected contingencies

NERC: reliability has two components

Adequacy: Ability to supply the power and energy demand at all times
Security: Ability to withstand contingencies
Standard TPL-001-1 System Performance Under Normal Conditions
Title: System Performance Under Normal (No Contingency) Conditions (Category A)
2. Number: TPL-001-1
3. Purpose: System simulations and associated assessments are needed periodically to ensure that
reliable systems are developed that meet specified performance requirements with sufficient lead
time, and continue to be modified or upgraded as necessary to meet present and future system needs.
B. Requirements
R1. The Planning Authority and Transmission Planner shall each demonstrate through a valid
assessment that its portion of the interconnected transmission system is planned such that, with all
transmission facilities in service and with normal (pre-contingency) operating procedures in effect,
the Network can be operated to supply projected customer demands and projected Firm (nonrecallable reserved) Transmission Services at all Demand levels over the range of forecast system
demands, under the conditions defined in Category A of Table I.

Contingency Screening
SA: Approach 2: Contingency Screening
Determine the new operating point for a given contingency approximately to assess the severity
of the contingency
Elementary Method: Nodal Analysis based
For approximate solution for line outage type contingency screening.
Model : based on the current operating point xo

Xs
AC

E
o
f

Where,

o
E of =
Vgo + jX s I go

Vgo

C
I Lo

Nodal Analysis based Method:

o
o
Assume E f and I L remain the same

Step 0: Convert Gen Thevenin model to Northon Equiv

I gn =

Ef

I Lo

Xs

jX s

Fig 2
n
Ybus

Note:

n
[Ybus
]V n = I inj

n
c
Step 1: Simulate Contingency: branch outage affects Ybus
-> Ybus

Step 2: Use Nodal Analysis to solve for new V

i.e., solve

c
[Ybus
]V c = I inj

Step 3: Check the feasibility of new Vc

Voltage violations

Branch overloads:

Vi mn Vi Vi mx

Calculate Branch Flows Sij = Vi . I ij*

Check

S=
Sij Sl mx
l

Contingency Screening Algorithm:

For the current/initial operating condition,

o
- perform Power Flow to determine the current operating point V
- calculate the current injections and construct Iinj
For each contingency
Step 1: Revise Ybus to simulate contingency.
Step 2: Use nodal analysis to calculate new voltages V
Step 3: Check for feasibility and determine the severity of contingency.

Example
2

BUS
1
2
3
4

Initial state:

x=
x=
0.05
g1
g2

Option 1: Run Power Flow

=
V n 1 0, 1 0.035, 0.971 0.088, 0.956 0.111 radians

Option 2: Contingency Screening

Step 0:

o
o
o
=
I inj
Y=
V
*
[ 1.0002 - 0.4755i
bus
3.0146 - 0.9454i
-1.0199 + 0.0684i
-2.9949 + 1.3525i ]
Calculate Iinj

For Load bus:

3
-1
-3

0
-1

=
x23 0.1;
=
x24 0.06;
=
x34 0.03;

Contingency (branch 2 - branch 3)

For Gen bus:

=
x12 0.05;
=
x13 0.05;

V o = 1 0, 1 0.015,
0.979 0.067, 0.962 0.102

E=
Vgo + jX g I go => =
I gN
f

V
1
1

Ef
=
jX s

Vgo
jX s

I gN (1)= 1 j 20.475
+ I go =>

I gN =
(2) 3.23 j 20.94

(1) = (1); (2) = (2);

0 (3);
0 (4);
(4) =
(3) =

Step 1: Simulate Contingency

n
Modify Ybus
to simulate branch outage

y
c
n
+ l
Y=
Ybus
bus
yl

yl
yl

n
corresponds to Ybus of Fig. 2
note Ybus

Step 2: Calculate new Voltage

c
[Ybus
]V c = I inj

0.998 0.007, 1.002 0.022, 0.972 0.096, 0.9593 0.12

---> V c =

Step 3: Check feasibility of new operating condition

0.95 < Vi < 1.05
Sl < Slmx

Sample Output is on next page.

On-line Security Assessment:

Ref
[1] Neal Balu, et al, On-line Power System Security Analysis, Proceedings of IEEE, Feb.
1992

[2] Power System Security Assessment, K. Morison, L. Wang, P. Kundur, IEEE Power & Energy
Magazine, Sept/Oct 2004
Goal: Determine Security region

figure 2. Security nomogram showing a secure region in which the operator can maneuver the system without
encountering operating criteria violations. This is a two dimensional nomogram representative of the case of two
generation groups. The boundaries are determined from assessment of thermal loadings, transient security, voltage
security, and small-signal stability.