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/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
Semester / Year
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
EXPERIMENT TITLE:
1. Heat Conduction along homogeneous and composite bar.
2.
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
EXPERIMENT 1: HEAT CONDUCTION ALONG HOMOGENEOUS AND
COMPOSITE BAR
Objective
The goals of the experiment are to investigate Fourier's Law for the linear conduction of
heat along a homogeneous bar. Also to study the conduction of heat along a composite
bar and evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient.
Procedures:
1. Insert a brass conductor (25mm diameter) section intermediate section into the linear
module and clamp together.
2. Turn on the water supply and ensure that water is flowing from the free end of the water
pipe to drain. This should be checked at intervals.
3. Turn the heater power control knob control panel to the fully anticlockwise position and
connect the sensors leads.
4. Switch on the power supply and main switch; the digital readouts will be illuminated.
5. Turn the heater power control to 40 Watts and allow sufficient time for a steady state
condition to be achieved before recording the temperature at all six sensor points and the
input power reading on the wattmeter (Q). This procedure can be repeated for other input
power between 0 to 40 watts. After each change, sufficient time must be allowed to
achieve steady state conditions.
6. Repeat the procedure for composite bar by change the test section with stainless steel
section or any other metals (without sensor) into the linear module and clamp together.
i)
ii)
Note:
When assembling the sample between the heater and the cooler take care to
match the shallow shoulders in the housings.
Ensure that the temperature measurement points are aligned along the
longitudinal axis of the unit.
Questions:
1. Plot the temperature profile as a function of distance for both homogeneous and
composite bar.
2. By using Fouriers Law, calculate the theoretical and actual thermal conductivity for both
cases.
3. Calculate the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U based on the knowledge of k brass and
kstainless steel and distances x1, x2 and x3.
4. Calculate the error between the calculated result and the result obtained during the
experiment.
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
Q kA
dT
dx
(1)
where,
Q = heat flow rate, [W]
W
Km
(dx H )
(dx S )
(dx C )
(2)
i.e. the temperature gradient is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area.
AC
AH
AC
XH
XS
XC
AC
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
Temperature
Distribution
Ti
To
Ri
Ro
Ri
Ro
2Lk (Ti To )
R
ln o
Ri
(3)
Where,
Q = heat flow rate, [W]
L = thickness of the material, [m]
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
W
Km
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
1. Plot a graph of power against temperature (tH-tA). Explain on the graph plotted. (Natural
Convection)
2. Plot a graph of air velocity against temperature. ( tH tA). Explain on the graph plotted.
(Forced Convection)
(Given cross sectional area = 0.0144 m2 ) and
3. Calculate the air mass flow rate, m
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
3. Vary the hot water temperatures to 65C, 60C, 55C and 50C.
4. Upon reaching steady state conditions at each temperature setting, record the
temperatures of T1 to T4.
*Please show sample calculation
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
EXPERIMENT 5: CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER
Objective
The experiment aims to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers.
Parallel and counter flow arrangements shall be used and the efficiency of the heat exchanger
will be investigated in each case.
Procedures
Design an experiment to find the best efficiency of parallel and counter flow arrangement of
concentric heat exchanger. Use previous experiment as guiding. Noted that, temperature readings
are from T1 to T6.
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
Power emitted = QH H CpH (THin - THout)
Power absorbed = QC C CpC (TCin TCout)
Power lost
power absorbed
100%
power emitted
System efficiency, =
t1 t 2
t
ln 1
t 2
Log mean temperature difference, tm =
c ,
h
,t
h ,t c ,out
t 1 =t
power absorbed
t m area
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =
where,
area = Surface area of contact
= p x ODinner tube x Length x tube count
= (3.142 x 0.0032 x 0.508) m x 55
= 0.281 m - Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
where,
/EM313 6
Element of Heat Transfer EM305
t Cout t Cin
100%
tHin t Cin
C =
b) for the hot medium
tHin t Hout
100%
tHin t Cin
H =
c) mean temperature efficiency
C H
2
mean =