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INTRODUCTION
Recognizable mobile phones with direct dialing have existed at least since the 1950s. The
first fully automatic mobile phone system, called MTA (Mobile Telephone system A), was
developed by Ericsson and commercially released in Sweden in 1956. This was the first
system that did not require any kind of manual control in base stations, but had the
disadvantage of a phone weight of 40 kg (90 lb). MTB,, an upgraded version with transistors,
weighing 9 kg (20 lb), was introduced in 1965 and used DTMF signaling. It had 150
customers in the beginning
eginning and 600 when it shut down in 1983. In the 1954 movie Sabrina,
the businessman Linus Larrabee (played by Humphrey Bogart)) makes a call from the phone
in the back of his limousine.
In 1959 a private telephone company located in Brewster, Kansas, USA, the S&T Telephone
Company, (still in Business today) with the use of Motorola Radio Telephone equipment aand
a private tower facility, offered to the public mobile telephone services in that local area of
NW Kansas. This system was a direct dial up service through their local switchboard, and
was installed in many private vehicles including grain combines, trucks,
trucks, and automobiles. For
some as yet unknown reason, the system after being placed online and operated for a very
brief time period was shut down. The management of the company was immediately
changed, and the fully operable system and related equipment was
was immediately dismantled in
early 1960.
In December 1971, AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular service to the Federal
Communications Commission (FCC). After years of hearings, the FCC approved the
proposal in 1982 for Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) and allocated frequencies in
the 824–894 MHz band. Analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS in 1990.
One of the first successful public commercial mobile phone networks was the ARP network
in Finland, launched in 1971. Posthumously, ARP is sometimes viewed as a zero generation
(0G) cellular network, being slightly above previous proprietary and limited coverage
networks.
ARP (Autoradiopuhelin, "car radio phone") was the first commercially operated public
mobile phone network in Finland. The technology is zero-generation (0G), since although it
had cells, moving between them was not seamless. The network was proposed in 1968 and
building began in 1969. It was launched in 1971, and reached 100% geographic coverage in
1978 with 140 base stations. The ARP network was closed at the end of 2000 along with
NMT-900.
ARP was a success and reached great popularity (10,800 users in the year 1977, with a peak
of 35,560 in 1986), but the service eventually became too congested and was gradually
replaced by the more modern NMT technology. However, ARP was the only mobile phone
network with 100% percent coverage for some time thereafter, and it remained popular in
many special user groups.
ARP operated on 150 MHz frequency (80 channels on 147.9 - 154.875 MHz band).
Transmission power ranged from 1 watt to 5 watts. It first used only half-duplex
transmission, meaning that receiving and transmitting voice could not happen at the same
time. Later, full-duplex car phones were introduced. Being analog, it had no encryption and
calls could be listened to with scanners. It started as a manually switched service, but was
fully automated in 1990; however, by that time the number of subscribers had dwindled down
to 980 users. ARP did not support handover, so calls would disconnect when moving to a
new cell area. The cell size was approximately 30 km.
The first ARP mobile terminals were extremely large for the time and could only be fitted in
cars' trunks, with a handset near the driver's seat. ARP was also expensive. In the 1990s,
handhelds were introduced in ARP but they never became popular as more modern
equipment was already available in other systems like NMT.
The first generation of wireless mobile communications was based on analog signalling.
Analog systems, implemented in North America, were known as Analog Mobile Phone
Systems (AMPS), while systems implemented in Europe and the rest of the world was
typically
ly identified as a variation of Total Access Communication Systems (TACS).
Earlier 2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission. The
second generation (2G) of the wireless mobile network was based on low low--band digital data
signaling. The most popular 2G wireles
wirelesss technology is known as Global Systems for Mobile
Communications (GSM). GSM systems, first implemented in 1991, are now operating in
about 140 countries and territories around the world. An estimated 248 million users now
operate over GSM systems. GSM tec technology
hnology is a combination of Frequency Division
Multiple Access (FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). The first GSM
systems used a 25MHz frequency spectrum in the 900MHz band. FDMA is used to divide the
available 25MHz of bandwidth into 124 carri
carrier
er frequencies of 200kHz each. Each frequency
is then divided using a TDMA scheme into eight timeslots. The use of separate timeslots for
transmission and reception simplifies the electronics in the mobile units. Today, GSM
systems operate in the 900MHz and
and 1.8 GHz bands throughout the world with the exception
2.5G is a stepping stone between 2G and 3G cellular wireless technologies. The term "second
and a half generation" is used to describe 2G-systems that have implemented a packet
switched domain in addition to the circuit switched domain. It does not necessarily provide
faster services because bundling of timeslots is used for circuit switched data services
(HSCSD) as well.
The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the introduction
of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks similarly evolved through
the introduction of 1xRTT. So the cellular services combined with enhanced data
transmission capabilities became known as '2.5G.'
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 114 kbit/s. It can be used for services
such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia Messaging Service
(MMS), and for Internet communication services such as email and World Wide Web access.
GPRS data transfer is typically charged per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data
communication via traditional circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time,
independent of whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
The virtual explosion of Internet usage has had a tremendous impact on the demand for
advanced wireless data communication services. However, the effective data rate of 2G
circuit-switched wireless systems is relatively slow -- too slow for today's Internet. As a
result, GSM, PDC and other TDMA-based mobile system providers and carriers have
developed 2G+ technology that is packet-based and increases the data communication speeds
to as high as 384kbps. These 2G+ systems are based on the following technologies: High
Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and Enhanced
Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) technologies.
HSCSD is one step towards 3G wideband mobile data networks. This circuit-switched
technology improves the data rates up to 57.6kbps by introducing 14.4 kbps data coding and
by aggregating 4 radio channels timeslots of 14.4 kbps. GPRS is an intermediate step that is
designed to allow the GSM world to implement a full range of Internet services without
waiting for the deployment of full-scale 3G wireless systems. GPRS technology is packet-
based and designed to work in parallel with the 2G GSM, PDC and TDMA systems that are
used for voice communications and for table look-up to obtain GPRS user profiles in the
Location Register databases. GPRS uses a multiple of the 1 to 8 radio channel timeslots in the
200kHz-frequency band allocated for a carrier frequency to enable data speeds of up to
115kbps. The data is packetized and transported over Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMN)
using an IP backbone so that mobile users can access services on the Internet, such as
SMTP/POP-based e-mail, ftp and HTTP-based Web services. For more information on
GPRS, please see Trillium's General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) White Paper at EDGE
technology is a standard that has been specified to enhance the throughput per timeslot for
both HSCSD and GPRS. The enhancement of HSCSD is called ECSD, whereas the
enhancement of GPRS is called EGPRS. In ECSD, the maximum data rate will not increase
from 64 kbps due to the restrictions in the A interface, but the data rate per timeslot will
triple. Similarly, in EGPRS, the data rate per timeslot will triple and the peak throughput,
including all eight timeslots in the radio interface, will exceed 384 kbps.
Logical Link Control (LLC): a data link layer protocol for GPRS which functions similar to
Link Access Protocol – D (LAPD). This layer assures the reliable transfer of user data across
a wireless network.
Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP): processes routing and quality of service
(QoS) information for the BSS. BSSGP uses the Frame Relay Q.922 core protocol as its
transport mechanism.
GPRS Tunnel Protocol (GTP): protocol that tunnels the protocol data units through the IP
backbone by adding routing information. GTP operates on top of TCP/UDP over IP.
GPRS Mobility Management (GMM/SM): protocol that operates in the signaling plane of
GPRS, handles mobility issues such as roaming, authentication, selection of encryption
algorithms and maintains PDP context.
Network Service: protocol that manages the convergence sub-layer that operates between
BSSGP and the Frame Relay Q.922 Core by mapping BSSGP's service requests to the
appropriate Frame Relay services.
BSSAP+: protocol that enables paging for voice connections from MSC via SGSN, thus
optimizing paging for mobile subscribers. BSSAP+ is also responsible for location and
routing updates as well as mobile station alerting.
SCCP, MTP3, MTP2 are protocols used to support Mobile Application Part (MAP) and
BSSAP+ in circuit switched PLMNs.
GPRS networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK encoding.
Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS (EGPRS), or IMT Single
Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital mobile phone technology that allows
improved data transmission rates, as an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was
deployed on GSM networks beginning in 2003—initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the
United States.
Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, are defined as "3G"
services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specification documents), but are considered
by the general public to be 2.5G services (or 2.75G which sounds even more sophisticated)
because they are several times slower than present-day 3G services.
EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family, and it is an upgrade that provides
a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS networks. The specification
achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by switching to more sophisticated methods of
coding (8PSK), within existing GSM timeslots.
3G wireless technology introduces new Radio Access Network (RAN) consisting of Node B
and RNC network elements. The 3G Core Network consists of the same entities as GSM and
GPRS: 3G MSC/VLR, GMSC, HLR/AuC/EIR, 3G-SGSN, and GGSN.
IP technology is used end-to-end for multimedia applications and ATM technology is used to
provide reliable transport with QoS. 3G wireless solutions allow for the possibility of having
an integrated network for circuit-switched and packet-switched services by utilizing ATM
technology. The BSC may evolve into an RNC by using add-on cards or additional hardware
that is co-located. The carrier frequency (5Mhz) and the bands (2.5 to 5Ghz) are different for
3G wireless technology compared to 2G/2G+ wireless technology. Evolution of BSC to RNC
requires support for new protocols such as PDCP, RRC, RANAP, RNSAP and NBAP.
Therefore, BTS' evolution into Node B may prove to be difficult and may represent
significant capital expenditure on the part of network operators. MSC evolution depends on
the selection of a fixed network to carry the requested services. If an ATM network is chosen,
then ATM protocols will have to be supported in 3G MSC along with interworking between
ATM and existing PSTN/ISDN networks. The evolution of SGSN and GGSN to 3G nodes is
relatively easier. Enhancements to GTP protocol and support for new RANAP protocol are
necessary to support 3G wireless systems. ATM protocols need to be incorporated to
transport the services. The HLR databases evolve into 3G-HLR by adding 3G wireless user
profiles. The VLR database must also be updated accordingly. The EIR database needs to
change to accommodate new equipment that will be deployed for 3G wireless systems.
Finally, global roaming requires compatibility to existing deployment and graceful fallback to
an available level when requested services are not available in the region. Towards this end,
the Operator Harmonization Group (OHG) is working closely with 3G Partnership Projects
(3GPP and 3GPP2) to come up with global standards for 3G wireless protocols.
FEATURES OF 3G
LITERATURE SURVEY
HOW 3G WORKS ?
Of course, this is not how mobile phones work. Mobile phones allow simultaneous two-way
transfer of data - a situation known as duplex (if more than two data streams can be
transmitted, it is called multiplex
multiplex):
1. TDD
2. FDD
Wireless duplexing has been traditionally implemented by dedicating two separate frequency
bands: one band for the uplink and one band for the downlink (this arrangement of frequency
bands is called paired spectrum). This technique is called Frequency Division Duplex, or
FDD. The two bands are separated by a "guard band" which provides isolation of the two
signals.
FDD uses paired spectrum – one frequency band for the uplink, one frequency band for the
downlink.
Duplex communications can also be achieved in time rather than by frequency. In this
approach, the uplink and the downlink operate on the same frequency, but they are switched
very rapidly: one moment the channel is sending the uplink signal, the next moment the
channel is sending the downlink signal. Because this switching is performed very rapidly, it
does appear that one channel is acting as both an uplink and a downlink at the same time.
This is called Time Division Duplex, or TDD.
TDD requires a guard time instead of a guard band between transmit and receive streams.
Data transmission is symmetric if the data in the downlink and the data in the uplink is
transmitted at the same data rate. This will probably be the case for voice transmission - the
same amount of data is sent both ways. However, for internet connections or broadcast data
(e.g., streaming video), it is likely that more data will be sent from the server to the mobile
device (the downlink).
FDD transmission is not so well suited for asymmetric applications as it uses equal frequency
bands for the uplink and the downlink (a waste of valuable spectrum). On the other hand,
TDD does not have this fixed structure, and its flexible bandwidth allocation is well-suited to
asymmetric applications, e.g., the internet.
For example, TDD can be configured to provide 384kbps for the downlink (the direction of
the major data transfer), and 64kbps for the uplink (where the traffic largely comprises
requests for information and acknowledgements).
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is the most common analog system.
It is a technique whereby spectrum is divided up into frequencies and then assigned to users.
With FDMA, only one subscriber at any given time is assigned to a channel. The channel
therefore is closed to other conversations until the initial call is finished, or until it is handed-
off to a different channel. A “full-duplex” FDMA transmission requires two channels, one
for transmitting and the other for receiving. FDMA has been used for first generation analog
systems.
TDMA allows each user to access the entire radio frequency channel for the short period of a
call. Other users share this same frequency channel at different time slots. The base station
continually switches from user to user on the channel. TDMA is the dominant technology for
the second generation mobile cellular networks.
CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access is based on “spread” spectrum technology. Since it
is suitable for encrypted transmissions, it has long been used for military purposes. CDMA
increases spectrum capacity by allowing all users to occupy all channels at the same time.
Transmissions are spread over the whole radio band, and each voice or data call are assigned
a unique code to differentiate from the other calls carried over the same spectrum. CDMA
allows for a “ soft hand-off” , which means that terminals can communicate with several base
stations at the same time. The dominant radio interface for third-generation mobile, or IMT-
2000, will be a wideband version of CDMA with three modes (IMT-DS, IMT-MC and IMT-
TC).
CDMA is Code Division Multiple Access. CDMA works by giving each user a unique code.
The signals from all the users can then be spread over a wide frequency band. The
transmitting frequency for any one user is not fixed but is allowed to vary within the limits of
the band. The receiver has knowledge of the sender's unique code, and is therefore able to
extract the correct signal no matter what the frequency.
This technique of spreading a signal over a wide frequency band is known as spread
spectrum. The advantage of spread spectrum is that it is resistant to interference - if a source
of interference blocks one frequency, the signal can still get through on another frequency.
Spread spectrum signals are therefore difficult to jam, and it is not surprising that this
technology was developed for military uses.
This lead to the establishment of two distinct 3G families: 3GPP and 3GPP2.
3GPP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was formed in 1998 to foster deployment of
3G networks that descended from GSM. 3GPP technologies evolved as follows.
The original scope of 3GPP was to produce Technical Specifications and Technical Reports
for a 3G Mobile System based on evolved GSM core networks and the radio access
technologies that they support (i.e., Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) both
Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD) modes).
3GPP was created in December 1998 by the signing of the "The 3rd Generation Partnership
Project Agreement". The latest 3GPP Scope and Objectives document has evolved from this
original Agreement.
The discussions that led to the signing of the 3GPP Agreement were recorded in a series of
slides called the "Partnership Project Description" that describes the basic principles and
ideas on which the project is based. The Partnership Project Description has not been
maintained since its first creation but the principles of operation of the project still remain
valid.
3GPP2
A second organization – the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) -- was formed to
help North American and Asian operators using CDMA2000 transition to 3G. 3GPP2
technologies evolved as follows.
3GPP2 was born out of the International Telecommunication Union's (ITU) International
Mobile Telecommunications "IMT-2000" initiative, covering high speed, broadband, and
Internet Protocol (IP)-based mobile systems featuring network-to-network interconnection,
feature/service transparency, global roaming and seamless services independent of location.
IMT-2000 is intended to bring high-quality mobile multimedia telecommunications to a
worldwide mass market by achieving the goals of increasing the speed and ease of wireless
communications, responding to the problems faced by the increased demand to pass data via
telecommunications, and providing "anytime, anywhere" services.
COLLABORATION
Back in 1998, when serious discussions about working on the IMT-2000 initiative began, it
became evident that the goals of globalization and convergence could not be accomplished
efficiently using traditional standards-setting processes, often characterized as "too slow"
given the speed with which technology was forging ahead. Bodies such as the Global
Standards Collaboration (GSC) and Radio Standardization (RAST) helped to forge
understanding of issues and work plans among all Participating Standards Organizations
(PSOs).
WHO IS INVOLVED?
3GPP2 is a collaborative effort between five officially recognized SDOs. They are:
These SDOs are known as the Project's Organizational Partners (OPs). 3GPP2 requires that a
participating individual member company be affiliated with at least one of the Organizational
Partners.
In addition, the Project has welcomed Market Representation Partners (MRPs) who offer
market advice to 3GPP2 and bring a consensus view of market requirements (e.g., services,
features and functionality) falling within the 3GPP2 scope. They are:
The work of producing 3GPP2's specifications resides in the Project's four Technical
Specification Groups (TSGs) comprised of representatives from the Project's Individual
Member companies.
Each TSG meets, on average, ten times a year to produce technical specifications and reports.
Since 3GPP2 has no legal status, ownership and copyright of these output documents is
shared between the Organizational Partners. The documents cover all areas of the Project's
charter, including cdma2000® and its enhancements.
All TSGs report to the Project's Steering Committee, which is tasked with managing the
overall work process and adopting the technical specifications forwarded by each of the
TSGs.
UMTS
With UMTS, one can directly dive straight into the mobile
mobi multimedia wave..
ITU-T
ITU-T is an international standards organization related to the United Nations that develops
standards for telecommunications.
Two popular standards developed by ITU-T are the V series and the X series.
IMT-2000 offers the capability of providing value-added services and applications on the
basis of a single standard. The system envisages a platform for distributing converged fixed,
mobile, voice, data, Internet and multimedia services. One of its key visions is to provide
seamless global roaming, enabling users to move across borders while using the same number
and handset. IMT-2000 also aims to provide seamless delivery of services, over a number of
media (satellite, fixed, etc…). It is expected that IMT-2000 will provide higher transmission
rates: a minimum speed of 2Mbit/s for stationary or walking users, and 348 kbit/s in a
moving vehicle. Second-generation systems only provide speeds ranging from 9.6 kbit/s to
28.8 kbit/s.
The 3G standard was created by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and is
called IMT-2000. The aim of IMT-2000 is to harmonize worldwide 3G systems to provide
global roaming. However, as was explained in the introduction to this section, harmonizing
so many different standards proved extremely difficult. As a result, what we have been left
with is five different standards grouped together under the IMT-2000 label:
• W-CDMA
• CDMA2000
• TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
• DECT
• UWC-136
Of the remainder, DECT is used for those cordless phones you have in the house, and could
be used for 3G short-range "hot-spots" (hence, it could be considered as being "part of a 3G
network"), but it does not allow full network coverage.
And UWC-136 is another name for EDGE which is generally considered to be a 2.5G
solution.
W-CDMA
The 3G standard that has been agreed for Europe and Japan (very important markets) is
known as UMTS. UMTS is an upgrade from GSM via GPRS or EDGE. UMTS is the
European vision of 3G, and has been sold as the successor to the ultra-successful GSM.
The terrestrial part of UMTS (i.e., non-satellite) is known as UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio
Access - don't you just love acronyms made from other acronyms!). The FDD component of
UTRA is based on the W-CDMA standard (a.k.a. UTRA FDD). This offers very high
(theoretical!) data rates up to 2Mbit/sec (the rumour is that the achievable rate is far lower:
W-CDMA systems have been plagued with technical difficulties). The TDD component of
UTRA is called TD-CDMA (or UTRA TDD).
W-CDMA has recently been renamed 3GSM (to avoid confusion with CDMA2000).
CINGULAR VIDEO
In the USA, Cingular has launched a UMTS service called Cingular Video. Cingular Video is
the only service to offer Fox News clips in addition to news broadcasts from CNN and NBC.
Cingular Video will initially be available in the markets of Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore,
Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Las Vegas, New York, Phoenix, Portland, Salt Lake City,
San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose, Seattle, Tacoma and Washington, D.C. with additional
areas expanding rapidly. For more details, see the Cingular 3G demonstration here.
FOMA
NTT DoCoMo has gone live with 3G in Tokyo. Its service is called FOMA. This is the
world's first IMT-2000 W-CDMA service (there are small but significant differences between
the Japanese and European versions of W-CDMA - nothing is ever simple in 3G).
Since the launch of the service, coverage has been extended to almost 100% of the Japanese
population, and the release of new terminals with higher level functionality continues to
attract ever more subscribers - now exceeding 20 million users.
C D M A 2000
Even though "W-CDMA" and "CDMA2000" both have "CDMA" in their names, they are
completely different systems using different technologies. However, it is hoped that mobile
devices using the two systems will be able to talk to each other.
CDMA2000 has two phases: phase one is 1XRTT (144 Kbps) (also known as 1X). The next
evolutionary step is to the two CDMA2000 1X EV ("EV" = "Evolution") standards.
CDMA2000 1X EV-DO ("Data Only") will use separate frequencies for data and voice. The
South Korea's SK Telecom launched the world's first 3G system in October 2000. Their
system is based on CDMA2000 1X. They were followed by LG Telecom and KT Freetel
(both Korean). Operational 3G systems based on CDMA2000 1X are now appearing around
the world.
In the USA, Sprint has launched its nationwide CDMA2000 1X service called Sprint Power
Vision. With Sprint PCS Vision Multimedia Services, customers get streaming audio and
video content from familiar sources, including ABC News Now, NFL Network, Fox Sports,
ESPN, NBC Discovery Channel, and many more. Sprint offer a range of multimedia phones
including the Fusic.
TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
The UMTS standard also contains another radio transmission standard which is rarely
mentioned: TD-CDMA (a.k.a. TDD UTRA because it is the TDD component of UTRA). TD-
CDMA was developed by Siemens. While W-CDMA is an FDD technology (requiring paired
spectrum), TD-CDMA is a TDD technology and thus can use unpaired spectrum (see the
section on 3G Technology for an explanation of TDD and FDD). TDD is well-suited to the
transmission of internet data
China has more mobile phone users than any other country in the world, so anything China
does in 3G cannot be ignored. The Chinese national 3G standard is a TDD standard similar to
TD-CDMA: TD-SCDMA. TD-SCDMA was developed by the China Academy of
Telecommunications Technology (CATT) in collaboration with Siemens. TD-SCDMA
eliminates the uplink/downlink interference which affects other TDD methods by applying
"terminal synchonisation" techniques (the "S" in TD-SCDMA stands for "synchronisation").
Because of this, TD-SCDMA allows full network coverage over macro cells, micro cells, and
pico cells.
1. Flexibility
With the large number of mergers and consolidations occurring in the mobile
industry, and the move into foreign markets, operators wanted to avoid having to
support a wide range of different interfaces and technologies. This would surely have
hindered the growth of 3G worldwide. The IMT-2000 standard addresses this
problem, by providing a highly flexible system, capable of supporting a wide range of
services and applications. The IMT-2000 standard accommodates five possible radio
interfaces based on three different access technologies (FDMA, TDMA and CDMA).
2. Affordability
There was agreement among industry that 3G systems had to be affordable, in order
to encourage their adoption by consumers and operators.
4. Modular Design
The vision for IMT-2000 systems is that they must be easily expandable in order to
allow for growth in users, coverage areas, and new services, with minimum initial
investment.
NEW TRENDS
It's well known how IP has changed the way people communicate. After data communication
the buzz was VoIP. Now VoIP has become an integral part of our lives and people are
hooked on to VoIP without even realizing. Now the latest buzz is Video over IP as well as on
mobiles. In this
is story we look at some of the hot communication trends taking place over IP
and some of latest developments which will pave the way to what we like to call 'Everything
over IP’
Modern cellphones enable you to do everything a regular desktop PC does, with the added
advantage of mobility. Lately the buzz has been around technologies that allow video
conferencing between two cellphones, and between a cellphone and a PC. The latter happens
over the Internet. Now many of the latest camera
camera-equipped cellphones
nes are ready for video
conferencing as they are designed with a rotating camera. Some also ship with a compact
stand which houses a camera lens. You can mount a cellphone and initiate a conference call.
You will be able to see the participant and yourself on the cellphone screen. Your images will
be transmitted to the viewer on the other side via the camera on the stand.
FUTURE POSSIBILITIES
EVOLUTION TOWARDS 4G
Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 are currently working on further extensions to 3G standards, named
Long Term Evolution and Ultra Mobile Broadband respe respectively.
ctively. Being based on an all
all-IP
network infrastructure and using advanced wireless technologies such as MIMO, these
specifications already display features characteristic for IMT-Advanced
IMT Advanced (4G), the successor
of 3G. However, falling short of the bandwidt
bandwidthh requirements for 4G (which is 1 Gbit/s for
stationary and 100 Mbit/s for mobile operation), these standards are classified as 3.9G or Pre
Pre-
4G.
By using 3G, users can access three main families of applications and services:
services
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to applications not
previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the applications are:
CONCLUSION
The explosive growth of mobile wireless usage and the ever-increasing need for high-speed
data services, have accelerated the need for the deployment of 3G technologies. 3G systems
will offer a plethora of telecommunications services characterized by mobility and advanced
multimedia capabilities including voice, low and high-bit-rate data, full-motion video,
Internet access and video conferencing. This paper has discussed the key technological
aspects of 3G, starting with a brief overview of first generation, second generation, and 2-1/2
G wireless technologies. Mainly, the three main 3G proposals that address IMT-2000
requirements have been discussed in as much detail as possible. This paper also provides
information on other topics which are considered relevant to the field of third generation (3G)
wireless technologies, and addresses key marketing issues from the point of view of service
providers and equipment vendors.
i. http://www.three-g.net/3g_technology.html
ii. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3G
iii. http://www.wikinvest.com/concept/3G
iv. http://www.mobilein.com/3G.htm
v. http://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid103_gci214486,00.html
vi. http://www.esnips.com/doc/f8522780-3193-40ff-8374-
8aacc2ddedb/3G_Wireless_technologies
vii. http://www.esnips.com/doc/2d8a96ef-f458-4fe5-82da-bffb243d1d09/3G-ARNOLD
viii. http://www.esnips.com/doc/cb1ff7d9-7c89-4abc-82eb-afe140700e84/ebook---IP-for-
3G
ix. http://www.envoynetworks.com/
x. http://www.sasken.com/
xi. http://www.itu.int/home/index.html
xii. http://www.telecombulletin.com/index1.htm
xiii. http://www.telecomnames.com/3g_info.htm
xiv. http://www.3g.co.uk/3GHomeStore.htm://www.3g-generation.com/what_is.htm
xv. http://www.telecomspace.com/3g.html
xvi. http://www.wiziq.com/tutorial/9219-3G-Brief-Introduction