Internship Report 14

REPORT ON
GSM

Submitted to
CSE Department,School of
Engineering
The NorthCap University Gurgaon
VANSHIKA MADAN
14-CSU-227

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ABSTRACT

This is an overview of the Ericssons GSM system and Base Station System
(BSS). It will address BSS components, functions and features. It will also
cover some of the basics about building transport networks.
GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular
communications system which has rapidly gained acceptance and market
share worldwide, although it was initially developed in a European context. In
addition to digital transmission, GSM incorporates many advanced services
and features, including ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in other
GSM networks. The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it
a model for future third-generation cellular systems, such as UMTS. This
paper will give an overview of the services offered by GSM, the system
architecture, the radio transmission structure, and the signalling functional
architecture.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the faculty of Computer

Science Engineering Department and my friends for their co-operation and
encouragement.
I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Khushagra , Mr. Ranbir (Huawei
Technologies ) and Ms.Shilpi Sethi(Evolve technologies) for their kind cooperation in completing my industrial training.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgement
2. Table Of Contents
3. List of abbreviations
4. List of figures./charts
5. About Company
6. Introduction
7. GSM Architecture
8. Intelligent Network
9. WIN Services
10. Billing, Prepaid Cellular
11. WIN Call Organization
12. Conclusion
13. References
14. Bibliography
15. Appendix

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2
3
4
11
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43
46
47
57
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List Of Figures / Charts

Fig.No

Page no.

Fig.1

15

Fig.2

23

Fig.3

24

Fig.4

25

Fig.5

28

Fig.6

32

Fig.7

36

Fig.8

44

Fig.9

47

Fig.10

49

Fig.11

51

Fig.12

53

Fig.13

55

Fig.14

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About company

Ericsson is a Swedish multinational corporation that provides communication

technology and services. The company offers services, software and
infrastructure in information and communications technology (ICT) for
telecommunications operators, traditional telecommunications and Internet
Protocol (IP) networking equipment, mobile and fixed broadband, operations
and business support services, cable television, IPTV, video systems, and an
extensive services operation. The company was founded in 1876 by Lars
Magnus Ericsson as of 2016 it is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden.
At Ericsson, we strive to connect everyone, wherever they may be. Because
by being connected, people can take part in the emerging global collaboration
that is the Networked Society - a society in which every person and every
industry is empowered to reach their full potential.. By enabling the
Networked Society, we make a real difference to people's lives, and the world
we live in.
We are a world leader in the rapidly changing environment of communications
technology providing equipment, software and services to enable
transformation through mobility.
Some 40 percent of global mobile traffic runs through networks we have
supplied. More than 1 billion subscribers around the world rely every day on
networks that we manage. With more than 39,000 granted patents, we have
one of the industrys strongest intellectual property rights portfolios. Our

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leadership in technology and services has been a driving force behind the
expansion and improvement of connectivity worldwide. We believe that
through mobility, our society can be transformed for the better.
New innovations and forms of expression are finding a greater audience,
industries and hierarchies are being revolutionized, and we are seeing a
fundamental change in the way we communicate, socialize and make
decisions together. Respect, Professionalism, Perseverance. These are the core
values that define Ericsson culture and guide us in our daily work and in the
way we do business. They guide us in our commitment to our customers a
commitment that is bound by trust, innovation and performance.
At Ericsson, we are making the Networked Society a reality, where anything
that can benefit from being connected is connected. To realize this vision, we
provide industry-leading network equipment and software, as well as services
for network and business operations. Our portfolio also includes products for
the enterprise, cable, mobile platform and power module markets
A society is only as strong as its connections. And those connections need
reliable networks. Mobile communications and particularly mobile
broadband are at the heart of todays Networked Society. Ericsson is the
worlds biggest supplier of mobile networks, chosen by around half of the
worlds operators with commercial mobile broadband networks.
The leader in the development and deployment of LTE systems around the
world, Ericsson is also continuing research into innovative solutions for GSM,
which still provides voice and data services for billions of people; WCDMA,
which brought mass mobile broadband to the world; and CDMA, which now
provides cost-effective mobile-data connections. And our mobile broadband
modules are connecting a growing range of devices, systems and even vehicles
to the internet.
Besides mobile networks, Ericsson is a strong player in core networks,
microwave transport, Internet Protocol (IP) networks and fixed-access
solutions for copper and fiber. In addition, we keep these networks running at
optimal efficiency with our portfolio of operations support systems
(OSS).With communications playing an increasing role in our Networked
Society, communications networks are expanding beyond the traditional
telecom sphere
.Our energy-efficient networks and solutions are contributing to sustainable
growth for societies around the world by making telecommunications
accessible and affordable for all. With our people, processes and partnerships,
we help customers expand their businesses and keep pace with the latest
industry developments. Operators can maximize network quality and

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performance, and focus on their customers, by having Ericsson integrate

equipment from multiple vendors, handle multi-technology change programs,
design and integrate new solutions, and manage their operations.
The rise of mobile data usage to more than 20MB per day per smartphone, an
increasing number of devices, and more complex new services and
applications are challenging operators customer experience management
systems. This calls for a rapid transformation of networks, processes and
operations and business support systems (OSS/BSS) to cope with new services
and price plans.
Business Unit Support Solutions develops and delivers software-based
solutions for OSS/BSS, TV and media solutions, as well as solutions and
services for the emerging m-commerce ecosystem .Ericsson consolidates its
position as a leading player in the OSS/BSS market with key positions in
service fulfillment, assurance, network optimization and real-time charging, as
well as significant capabilities to support operators end-to-end. An essential
part of an operators overall enterprise architecture is service enablement,
which allows the operators and brokered assets from partners to become part
of the digital services ecosystem. This therefore makes service enablement an
integral part of OSS/BSS and the network..
Ericsson predicts the m-commerce industry to process more than USD 1,000
billion globally by 2018. In this market, Ericssons ambition remains
unchanged; to accelerate access and interconnection between the m-commerce
ecosystem and the existing financial world. Ericssons evolved m-commerce
strategy reflects the understanding that a focus on fast-tracking access to the
ecosystem rather than scaling an Ericsson-branded consumer service is the
most effective way to bring our experience as a technology enabler to our
partners.
Our global team of researchers is constantly improving on todays technology
and creating the breakthroughs that will shape tomorrow.

Radio Access Technologies :The world is going wireless. To make mobile broadband ubiquitous and even
more efficient, we conduct research into radio access, advanced receivers and
antenna systems and technologies, propagation and wireless backhaul. As
leaders in HSPA and LTE, we are also invent and develop technologies that
will transform tomorrow into 5G.

Networking Technologies :-

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We develop new, innovative transport solutions for networks beyond 2020, in

order to handle the increased requirements of 5G. Activities include research
on small cell transport including the Radio Dot System, lean optical
networking for backhaul and centralized RAN front haul. We also explore and
develop solutions for information centric networking, disruptive networking,
software defined networks and cloud networking and routing.

Wireless Access Networks :Laying the foundation of the Networked Society by developing appropriate
and efficient wireless connectivity solutions using LTE, 5G and other radio
technologies to fully support the diverse needs of people, businesses,
industries and society.

Cloud Technologies :We see the future of the Cloud as a world scale computing platform that will
support the network functions, mission critical and high performance
applications of the Networked Society. It will be secure, dependable, efficient,
real-time and geographically distributed. We do research to enable this future.

Services, Media and Network Features P:Seamless operation of existing and new applications, devices, and media set
high requirements for future networks. The smart and optimized features of
the network and applications that we develop are enablers for the Networked
Society's key services, which range from communication between machines,
to real-time and contextual media, and collaboration between humans.

Security :We address security and privacy challenges in the Networked Society by
architectures, specific solutions and prototypes for platforms, networks,
services and software. We cover everything from pure cryptography over
secure networking, service/application security, identity management, privacy
and payments to methods for development and evaluation of security systems.
We work with Ericssons business and development units, focusing on new
concepts and methods, patents and standardization.

Management and Operation of Complex Systems :We are just beginning to explore the possibilities of the Networked Society.
With humans and devices connected en masse, we need to find new ways of
managing the network and its users. We use big data analytics to create new
insights that improve services offered from the network and machine learning

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technologies to improve resource utilization and to lower Opex. With a

mindset originating from the human perspective, we explore and contribute to
the evolution of users interactions with systems.

Sustainability :Information and communication technologies are an essential part of a

sustainable future. We take a broad view of sustainability that includes social,
environmental and economic aspects. Our specific fact-based research focuses
on: methodology development for impact assessment, life cycle assessment of
products and networks, the macroeconomic effects of ICT and the end-to-end
energy performance of our networks. We collaborate across Ericsson and with
customers and partners on proof points that illustrate the enablement potential
of ICT to drive sustainable development across industry and society. We also
focus on health and safety in relation to radio frequency electromagnetic fields
and we contribute to standardization in key focus area.
In the ICT and telecom industries, global standards lead to greater connectivity
by standardizing technology and ensuring interoperability between networks,
devices and operators. Ericsson complies with, and endorses, terms that are
fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) for its patent licensing
programs that make standard-essential patents widely available .
With our hands-on experience of telecommunications patents, coupled with
more than a century of industry expertise, we offer guidance on how patent
licensing works within the industry, and what rates are reasonable for patent
licensing. This makes Ericsson the partner of choice for new entrants to the
market, as well as established companies, seeking to license technology at fair
and commercially viable rates.
Additionally, we have a number of cross-licensing agreements with major
equipment manufacturers. These agreements also benefit customers that buy
Ericsson equipment as they safeguard them from potential legal action
concerning patent infringement. And our leading position on patents continues
with the next generation of mobile communication standards. For the 3GPP
LTE standard, Ericsson is the single largest contributor of approved LTE
submissions through June 2014 (report from Signals Research).
Ericsson is uniquely positioned as a leader in the development of standards for
5G systems. Our active participation and leadership in global standardization
organizations and open source communities enable us to play a key role in
shaping future technologies .Ericsson is committed to developing open
standards for global systems.

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INTRODUCTION
When the acronym GSM was used for the first time in 1982, it stood
for Group Special Mobile, a committee under the umbrella of

Conference European des Posts et Telecommunication (CEPT) ,

the European standardization organization. The task of GSM
was to define a new standard for mobile communication in the
900 MHz range. It was decided to use digital technology. In the
course of time, CEPT evolved into a new organization, the
European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI). That
however did not change the task of GSM. The goal of GSM was
to replace the purely national, already overloaded and thus
expensive technologies of the member countries with an
international standard.
In 1991, the first GSM were ready to be brought into so called
Friendly user operation. The meaning of the acronym GSM was
changed the same year to stand for Global System for Mobile
Communications. The year 1991 also saw the definition of the
first derivative of GSM, the Digital Cellular System
1800(DCS1800), which more or less translates the GSM
system into the 1800 MHz frequency range.
In the United States, DCS1800 was adapted to the 1900 MHz
band (Personal communication System 1900 or PCS 1900).
The next phase, GSM Phase 2 will provide even more end user
features than phase 1 of GSM did.
By 1992, many European countries have operational
networks, and GSM started to attract interest worldwide. Time
has brought substantial technological progress to the GSM
hardware. GSM has proved to be a major commercial success
for system manufacture as well as for network operators.
The following factors were major contributors to the success of
GSM:

The liberalization of the monopoly of

telecommunications in Europe during the 1990s and the
resulting competition, which consequently lead to lower
prices and more market.
The knowledge base and professional approach within
the Group Special Mobile, together with the active
cooperation of the industry.
The lack of competition: For example, in the United
States and Japan, Competitive standards for mobile

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services started being defined only after GSM was

already well established.
The future will show which system will prevail as the next
generation of mobile communication. ETSI and Special
Mobile Group (SMG) , renamed GSM , are currently
standardizing the Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System (UMTS). Japan is currently improving PHS. The
various satellite communications system that now pushes
into the market are another possible decisive, factor in
providing mobile communications on a global basis.

OVERVIEW

GSM stands for Global Services for Mobile communication' and is an open,
digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and dataservices.
GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 Kbit/s, together
with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service).This technology is
globally accepted and most popular among all countries. It was started in
Europe to integrate all countries with wireless communication.
Earlier each country in Europe has its own standard for wireless
communication ,so due to this a person cannot use the same mobile in two
different country and cannot even communicate with the same mobile in
different countries, so due to this fragmentation problem occurred. So to
overcome this problem European Union (EU) came with GSM technology that
is accepted by whole continent and standardized by ITU-T. It is a 2G
technology and worlds first cellular technology and it is most popular 2G
technology. Today GSM operator has largest customer base. In India total
cellular operator have more than 550 million customers and GSM has more
than 400 million customer bases alone. It is a second generation
cellular standard developed to cater voice services and data delivery using digi
tal modulation.

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OBJECTIVES OF GSM
To eliminate the fragmentation problem in European Union.
To allow interaction with ISDN and PSTN.

THE GOALS OF GSM

Improved spectrum efficiency
International roaming
Low-cost mobile sets and base stations
High-quality speech
Compatibility with ISDN and other telephone
Company services.
Support for new services

GSM SPECIFICATIONS

GSM was designed to be platform independent. The GSM specifications do

not specify the actual hardware requirements, but instead specify the network
functions and interface in detail. This allows hardware designers to be creative
in how they provide the actual functionality, but at the same time makes it
possible for operators to buy equipment from different suppliers.

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Specifications and Characteristics for GSM:

FREQUENCY BAND the frequency range specified
f o r G S M i s 1 8 5 0 t o 1990 MHz (mobile station to base station).
DUPLEX DISTANCE the duplex distance is 80 MHz Duplex
distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies.
Channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

CHANNEL SEPARATION The separation between adjacent carrier frequencies. In GSM,

this is 200 kHz.

MODULATION Modulation is the process of sending a signal by

changing the characteristics of a career frequency. This is done in GSM via
Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK).
TRANSMISSION RATE GSM is a digital system with an over-theair bit rate of 270 kbps.
ACCESS METHOD - GSM utilizes the time division multiple access
(TDMA) concept.
TDMA is a technique in which several different calls may share the same
carrier. Each call is assigned a particular time slot.
SPEECH CODER GSM uses linear predictive coding (LPC).
The purpose of LPC is to reduce the bit rate. The LPC provides parameters
for a filter that mimics the vocal tract.

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE IN GSM

GENERAL
Ericssons GSM System is a mobile telephone system containing the
frequency bands GSM 900, GSM 1800 and GSM 1900. GSM network is
divided into three major systems:Switching System (SS), Base Station System (BSS), and the
Operation and Support System (OSS).
Information transmission
Call connections and information transmission

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FIGURE 1: GSM ARCHITECTURE

SWITCHING SYSTEM (SS)

Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)
MSCs in GSM are based on AXE technology, including modularity. The
MOBILE SERVICES SWITCHING CENTER (MSC) performs the
telephony switching functions of the system. It controls calls to and from other
telephone and data systems. It also performs such functions as: toll ticketing,
network
Interfacing, common channel signalling and others.

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Gateway MSC (GMSC)

A Gateway is a node to interconnect two networks. The gateway is often
implemented in an MSC. This type of setup in an MSC
is then referred to as the GATEWAY MSC (GMSC).All MSCs in
the network can function as a gateway.

Home Location Register (HLR)

This HOME LOCATION REGISTER (HLR) is a database used for storage
and management of subscriptions. The HLR is considered the most important
database since it stores permanent data on subscribers; including subscribers
service
Profile , location information, and activity status. When an
Individual buys a subscription from an operator they are registered
in the HLR of that operator. The HLR can be implemented with
the MSC/VLR or as a stand-alone node.

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

The VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR) is a database containing
temporary subscribers information needed by the MSC to service visiting
subscribers. The VLR is always integrated with the MSC. When a mobile
station roams into a new MSC area .The VLR connected to that MSC will
request data about the mobile station from the HLR. Later, if the mobile
station makes a call the VLR will have information needed for call set-up
without having to interrogate the HLR each time.

Authentication centre (AUC)

A unit called the AUTHENTICATION CENTRE provides authentication and
encryption parameters that verify the users identity and ensure the
confidentiality of each call. The AUC protects network operators from
different types of fraud found in
todays cellular world. AUC can be implemented in the HLR in GSM
R6.1/R3.

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

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The EQUIPMENT IDENTITY REGISTER (EIR) is a database containing

information about the mobile equipment identities that prevents calls from
stolen, unauthorized, or defective mobile stations. The AUC and EIR are
implemented as standalone nodes or as a combined AUC/EIR node.

Data Transmission Interworking Unit (DTI)

The Data Transmission Interworking Unit (DTI) consists of both
hardware and software that provides an interface to various
networks for data communication. Through the DTI, users can
alternate between speech and data during the same call. Its
main functions include; modem and fax adapter pool, and the
ability to perform rate adaptation. In former releases, these
functions were performed by the GSM Interworking Unit
(GIWU).

Interworking Location Register (ILR)

The INTERWORKING LOCATION REGISTER is a product that only exists
in the GSM 1900 network. The ILR makes intersystem roaming possible,
meaning that you can roam in both an AMPS network and a GSM 1900
network. The ILR consists of an AMPS HLR and a GSM 1900 VLR.

Additional (SS) Functional Elements

There are additional optional elements that can be configured
with the Switching System (SS). These are the Message Centre (MXE),
Mobile Intelligence Node (MIN), Billing Gateway (BGW),
Service order Gateway (SOG).

Base Station System (BSS)

All radio-related functions are performed in the BASE STATION SYSTEM.
The BSS consists of the Transcoder Controller (TRC), Base Station Controller
(BSC) and the Radio Base Stations (RBSs)

Transcoder Controller (TRC)

The Transcoder Controller (TRC) provides the BSS with rate adaptation
capabilities. A device which performs rate adaptation is called a transcoder.
The bitrate per channel is decreased from 64 Kbit/s to 16 Kbit/s. This saves
transmission links between the MSC to the BSCs.

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Base Station Controller (BSC)

The Base Station Controller (BSC) manages all the radio-related functions of a
GSM network. It is a high capacity switch that provides functions such as MS
handover, radio channel assignment and the collection of cell configuration
data. A
number of BSCs may be controlled by each MSC.

Radio Base Station (RBS)

The Radio Base Station (RBS) handles the radio interface to the mobile
station. One RBS can serve 1,2 or 3 cells. A group of RBSs is controlled by
one BSC. Ericsson has two base station families, and they are RBS 200 and
RBS 2000.

OPERATION AND SUPPORT SYSTEM (OSS)

Operation and Support System (OSS) is Ericssons implementation of OMC.
OSS provides a way of supporting the centralized, regional, and local
operations and maintenance activities required by a cellular network. OSS is
the functional
entity from which the network operator monitors and controls
the system.
OSS can be viewed as a two-level management function. The
centralized control of a network through the installation of a
Network Management Centre with subordinate OPERATION AND
MAINTENANCE CENTRE is advantageous.
NMC staff can concentrate on system-wide issues; whereas local personnel at
each OMC can concentrate on short-term, regional issues. The OMC and
NMC functionality can be combined in the same physical installation or
implemented at different locations.
The OSS is designed to provide a coherent management system that supports a
number of network elements. Examples of these network elements are:
Mobile Switching centre (MSC)
Base Station Controller (BSC)
Radio Base Station (RBS)
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Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Home Location Register (HLR)
Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
Authentication Centre (AUC)
Mobile Intelligent Network nodes (MIN)
MIN
MSC
BSC

BTS
HLR
AUC /
EIR

Figure 1-2 OSS setup as NMC & OMC network elements

BASE STATION SYSTEM (BSS) ARCHITECTURE

All radio related functions are concentrated in the BASE STATION SYSTEM
(BSS). The BSS is responsible for establishing and maintaining connections to
Mobile Stations (MS). The BSS allocates radio channels for voice and data
messages, makes the radio connections, and serves as a relay station between
the MS and the MSC. The BSS consists of two or three nodes depending on
how the functions are implemented, they are:
TRANSCODE CONTROLLER- The TRC performs rate adaption
of the speech information. The function can either be implemented in a
separate hardware node or
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together with the BSC in a BSC/TRC node. The bitrate per channel is
decreased from 64 Kbit/s to 16 Kbit/s.
BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC) - The BSC controls all
the
Radio -related functions for the system. The BSC equipment
Is an AXE application.
RADIO BASE STATIONThe RBS is the radio equipment needed to serve one or more cells in the
network. The RBS 200 and the RBS 2000 are Ericsson implementations of the
GSM specification for a Base Transceiver Station (BTS),
which is the equipment that serves one cell.

Base Station Controller (BSC) and Transcoder

Controller
(TRC) There are two main options available for implementing the TRC
and BSC in Ericssons BSS:
BSC/TRC on the same AXE - This is suitable for medium and high
capacity applications, e.g. urban and suburban area networks. The node can
handle
up to 1,020 transceivers (TRXs). 15 remote BSCs can be supported from one
BSC/TRC.
Stand Alone BSC and Stand Alone TRC - The stand-alone BSC
(without transcoders) is optimized for low and medium capacity applications
and is a complement to the BSC/TRC, especially in rural and suburban areas.
It caters for up to 300 TRXs. The stand-alone TRC is located at the MSC/VLR
to increase transmission efficiency. A stand-alone TRC can support 16 remote
BSCs.

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TRANSCODER CONTROLLER (TRC)

TRC Functions
The primary functions of a TRC are to perform transcoding and to perform
rate adaptation.

Transcoding
The function of converting from the PCM coder information (following A/D
conversion) to the GSM speech coder information is called transcoding. This
function is present in both the MS and the BSS.

Rate Adaptation
Rate adaptation involves the conversion of information arriving from the
MSC/VLR at a rate of 64 Kbits/s to a rate of 16 Kbits/s for transmission to a
BSC (for a full rate call). This 16 Kbits/s contains 13 Kbits/s of traffic and 3
Kbits/s of in band signalling
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information. This is an important function. Without rate adaptation the links

to BSCs would require four times the data rate capabilities. Such transmission
capabilities form an expensive part of the network. By reducing the rate to 16
Kbits/s, it is possible to use one quarter of the transmission links and
equipment.
In Ericssons GSM systems, the TRC contains units which perform
transcoding and rate adaptation. These hardware units are called Transcoder
and Rate Adaptation Units (TRAUs). All TRAUs are pooled, meaning that any
BSC connected to the
TRC can request the use of one of the TRAUs for a particular call.
The TRC also supports discontinuous transmission. If pauses in speech are
detected, comfort noise is generated by the TRAU in the direction of the
MSC/VLR.

TR Implementation

GS - Group Switch
CP - Central Processor
RP - Regional Processor
SRS -Sub Rate Switch
Adaptation Unit

ETC - Exchange Terminal Circuit

ST-7- Signalling Terminal #7
SP- Support Processor
TRAU -Transceiver and Rate

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BASE STATION CONTROLLER (BSC)

BSC Functions
The BSC controls a major part of the radio network. Its most important task is
to ensure the highest possible utilization of the radio resources. The main
functional areas of the BSC are:
Radio Network Management
RBS Management
TRC Handling
Transmission Network Management
Internal BSC Operation and Maintenance
Handling of MS connections

Radio Network Management

Radio network management includes the following tasks:
Administration Of Radio Network Data including:
Cell Description Data (e.g. cell identity, BCCH channel number, maximum
and minimum output powers in the cell, RBS type, etc.)
System information data (e.g. information about whether or not the cell is
barred from access, maximum output power allowed in the cell, BCCH
channel identities in
neighboring cells).
Locating data (e.g. cell rank used in HCS and high traffic load situations)
Cell load sharing data, i.e. parameters for forcing early handovers from
congested cells.
Traffic And Event Measurement : (e.g. number of call attempts, congestion,
traffic levels for a cell, traffic levels for an MS, number of handovers, number
of dropped connections, etc.).
Idle Channel Measurement : the RBS collects statistics from the MSs
about signal strength and quality. These statistics are then used during the
channel allocation process, so that a channel with low interference is allocated
for a call.

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MS-Mobile station
It consists of mobile equipment and SIM. At the time of
manufacturing, an international mobile equipment number (IMEI) is
programmed in ME.A SIM is required to activate the GSM services.
A international mobile subscriber identification (IMEI) number is
programmed along with security parameter and algorithm. The
called number is not linked to ME but to SIM.A SIM
hasf o l l o w i n g d a t a s t o r e d i n i t . M S I S D N ( m o b i l e s
u b s c r i b e r i s d n ) I M S I (international mobile subscriber identity) - 15
digit number. TMSI
(temporarym o b i l e s u b s c r i b e r i d e n t i t y ) 4 o c t e t s , a l l o c a t
e d b y V L R , c o n t i n u o u s l y changed.IMEI (international mobile
equipment identity) unique, permanently assigned to MS.

AUC- Authentication centre

AUC is small unit which handles the security end of the system. Its major
task i s t o a u t h e n t i c a t e a n d e n c r y p t t h o s e p a r a m
e t e r s w h i c h v e r i f y u s e r s identification and hence e
n a b l e s t h e c o n f i d e n t i a l i t y o f e a c h c a l l m a d e b y subscriber.
Authentication centre AUC makes sure mobile operators are safe from
different frauds most likely to happen when hackers are looking for even
smallest loop wholes in systems.
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BTS The Base Transceiver Station

Subscriber, MS (Mobile Station) or mobile phone connects to mobile
network through BTS; it handles communication using radio transmission
with mobile s t a t i o n . As n a m e s u g g e s t s , B a s e t r a n s c e i v e r
S t a t i o n i s t h e r a d i o e q u i p m e n t which receive and transmit voice data
at the same time. BSC control group of BTSs

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

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SIM-Subscriber Identity Module

One of the key features of GSM is the Subscriber Identity Module, commonly
known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable smart card containing the user's
subscription information and phone book. This allows the user to retain his
or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also
change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM.

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OSS THE OPERATION AND SUPPORT SYSTEM

OMC- Operations and maintenance center is designed to connect to
Equipment o f M S C - M o b i l e S w i t c h i n g C e n t e r a n d B S C B a s e S t a t i o n C o n t r o l l e r.
The i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f O M C i s c a l l e d O S S T h e O p e r a t i o n s a n d S u p p o r t System. OSS helps in
m o b i l e n e t w o r k s t o m o n i t o r a n d c o n t r o l t h e c o m p l e x systems.
The basic reason for developing operation and support system is
to provide customers a cost effective support and solutions. It helps in
managing,
centralizing local and regional operational activities
r e q u i r e d f o r g s m networks.

Authentication & Encryption:

Authentication
Whenever a MS requests access to a network, the network must
authenticate the MS. Authentication verifies the identity and
validity of t h e S I M c a r d t o t h e n e t w o r k a n d e n s u r e s t h a t t h e
s u b s c r i b e r i s a u t h o r i z e d access to the network.

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Encryption
In
ref
ion
and

GSM, encryption
e r s t o t h e p r o c e s s o f c r e a t i n g authenticat
and ciphering crypto variables using a special key
a n encryption algorithm.

Ciphering
Ciphering refers to the process of changing plaintext data
intoe n c r y p t e d d a t a u s i n g a s p e c i a l k e y a n d a s p e c i a l e
n c r y p t i o n a l g o r i t h m . Transmissions between the MS and the BTS on
the Um link, are enciphered.

Ki
T h e K i i s t h e i n d i v i d u a l s u b s c r i b e r a u t h e n t i c a t i o n k e y. I t i s
a 1 2 8 - b i t number that is paired with an IMSI when the SIM card is
created. The Ki is only stored on the SIM card and at the
Authentication centre (AUC). The Ki should never be transmitted across
the network on any link.
The Ki is the 64-bit ciphering key that is used in the A5 encryption algorithm
to encipher and decipher the data that is being transmitted on the Um interface.

RAND
The RAND is a random 128-bit number that is generated by the AUC when
the network requests to authenticate a subscriber. The RAND
is used to generate the Signed Response (SRES) and Ki crypto variables.

Signed Response
The SRES is a 32bit crypto variable used in
t h e authentication process. The MS is challenged by being given the RAND
by the network; the SRES is the expected correct response. The SRES is never
passed o n t h e U m ( A i r ) i n t e r f a c e . I t i s k e p t a t t h e M S C / V L R ,
w h i c h p e r f o r m s t h e authentication check.

A3 Algorithm
The A3 algorithm computes a 32-bit Signed
R e s p o n s e (SRES). The Ki and RAND are inputted into the A3 algorithm
and the result is the 32-bit SRES. The A3 algorithm resides on the SIM card
and at the AUC.

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A8 Algorithm
The A8 algorithm computes a 64-bit ciphering key (K). The Ki and the
RAND are inputted into the A8 algorithm and the result is the
64- bit Kc. The A8 algorithm resides on the ISM card and at the AUC.

A5
The A5 encryption algorithm is used to encipher and decipher the
data that is being transmitted on the Um interface. The Ki and the plaintext
data are i n p u t t e d i n t o t h e A5 a l g o r i t h m a n d t h e o u t p u t i s
e n c i p h e r e d d a t a . T h e A5 algorithm is a function of the Mobile
Equipment (ME) and not a function of the SIM card. The BTS also
makes use of the A5 algorithm.
There are three versions of the A5 algorithm:

A5/1:
The current standard for U.S. and European networks. A5/1 is a stream cipher.

A5/2:
The deliberately
for export
n
c o u n t r
a m
c i p

weakened version of A5/1 that is intended

o n - w e s t e r n
i e s
A 5 / 2
i s
a
s t r e
h e r .

A5/3:
A newly developed algorithm not yet in full use. A5/3
i s a b l o c k cipher.

Triplets
The RAND, SRES, and Ki together are known as the Triplets. The AUC will
send these three crypto variables to the requesting MSC/VLR so it
can authenticate and encipher.

GSM Control Channels

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1 .

T h e

B r o a d c a s t

2.

The Common
CH]

3.

The Dedicated
[DCCH]

1.

The

C h a n n e l

Control

[ B C H ]

Channel

[CC

Control Channel

Broadcast

Channel

[BCH]

I t o p e r a t e s o n t h e f o r w a r d l i n k o f s p e c i f i c AR F C N w i t h i n
e a c h c e l l , a n d transmits data only in the first time slot (TS0) of certain
GSM frames.
I t s e r v e s a s a T D M A b a c o n c h a n n e l f o r a n y n e a r b y m o b i l e
i d e n t i f y & lock on to.
It provides synchronization for all mobiles within the cell.
It is occasionally monitored by mobiles in neighbouring cell so that
received power MAHO decisions may be made by out of cell users.
The BCH is defined by three separate channels:-

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a. Broadcast Control Channel [BCCH]

b. Frequency Correction Channel [FCCH]
c. Synchronization Channel [SCH]

a) Broadcast Control Channel [BCCH]

I t i s a f o r w a r d c o n t r o l c h a n n e l t h a t i s u s e d t o b r
o a d c a s t f o l l o w i n g information.
Cell & Network Identity
Operating characteristics of cell such as current control channel
structure, channel availability and congestion.
List of channels that are currently in use within the cell.
Information about BCCH is carried for the neighbouring cells.

b) Frequency Correction Channel [FCCH]

It is a special data burst which occupies TS0 for the very first GSM frame &is
repeated every 10 frames within a control channel multi frame.
It allows each subscriber unit to synchronize its internal frequency
to the exact frequency of the BTS.

c) Synchronization Channel [SCH]

It is broadcast in TS0 of the frame immediately following the FCCH frame.
It is also repeated every 10 frames within the control channel multi frame.
It is used to identify serving the BTS that is it is
G S M B T S ( M o b i l e transmits BSIC (Base Station Identity Code); BSIC
can only be decoded by GSM BTS.

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It allows mobile to frame synchronize with BTS

Operating characteristics of cell such as current control channel
structure, channel availability and congestion.
List of channels that are currently in use within the cell.
Information about BCCH is carried for the neighbouring cells.

2.

Common Control Channel [CCC

H]

O n t h e B r o a d c a s t c h a n n e l AR F C N , t h e s e c h a n n e l s o c c u p y
T S 0 o f e v e r y GSM frame that is not otherwise used by the BCH.
The CCCH consists of three different channels:
1. Paging Channel [PCH]
2. Random Access Channel [RACH]
3. Access Grant Channel [AGCH]

a. Paging Channel [PCH]:

It is used to broadcast the following information.
Paging Signals from the BTS to all mobiles in the cell, & notify a
specific mobile of an incoming call which originates from PSTN.
T h e I M S I o f t h e t a r g e t s u b s c r i b e r s ,
a l o n g w i t h a r e q u e s t f o r acknowledgement
from the mobile unit on the RACH.

b. Random Access Channel [RACH]:

It is used for:
To acknowledge a Page from the PCH.

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To originate call.
Al l m o b i l e s m u s t a c c e s s o r r e s p o n d t o P C H a l e r t w i t h i n
T S 0 o f a G S M frame.

c. Access Grant Channel [AGCH]:

It is used for:
To respond RACH sent by a mobile in the previous CCCH frame.
To c a r r y d a t a t h i s i n s t r u c t s t h e m o b i l e t o o p e r a t e i n a
p a r t i c u l a r p h ys i c a l channel with a particular dedicated control channel.

Access Grant Channel [AGCH]

a. Paging Channel [PCH]:

It is used to broadcast the following information.

Paging
Signals from the BTS to all mobiles in the cell, & notify a
specific mobile of an incoming call which originates from PSTN.
T h e I M S I o f t h e t a r g e t s u b s c r i b e r s ,
a l o n g w i t h a r e q u e s t f o r acknowledgement
from the mobile unit on the RACH.

b. Access Grant Channel [AGCH]:

It is used for:
To respond RACH sent by a mobile in the previous CCCH frame.
To c a r r y d a t a t h i s i n s t r u c t s t h e m o b i l e t o o p e r a t e i n a
p a r t i c u l a r p h ys i c a l channel with a particular dedicated control channel.
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3.

Dedicated Control Channels [DCC

H]:

These channels are bi directional & have the same format & function on both
forward & reverse link.
They may exist in any time slot & on any ARFCN except TS 0.

a)Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channe

l [SDCC.]
b)

Slow Associated Control

Channel [SACCH].

c)Fast Associated Control Channel [F

ACCH].
a) Stand Alone Dedicated Control Channel [SDCCH]:
It is used to send authentication and alert messages as the mobile
synchronizes itself with the frame structure and waits for TCH.
It is used for location updating

b) Slow associated Control Channel [SACCH]:

It is always associated with a TCH or a SDCCH & maps onto the
same physical channel.
On the forward link it is used to send changing control information to the
mobile, such as transmit power level instructions.
The reverse SACCH carries information about the received signal strengths,
quality of TCH & BCH measurement results from neighbouring cells.
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c) Fast Associated Control Channel [FACCH]:

It is assigned whenever a SDCCH has not been dedicated for a particular user
and there is a urgent message to be conveyed.
It is assigned only to a traffic channel & relies on frame stealing to gain
access to the traffic channel.

Value added services

Call waiting:
With Call Waiting on a Hutch phone, you can receive and hold an
incoming c a l l w h e n y o u a r e a l r e a d y t a l k i n g t o a n o t h e r
p e r s o n . W h e n t h i s s e r v i c e i s activated, the network notifies you
of a new incoming call while you have a call in progress, which
means that if another person tries calling you midway t h r o u g h a
conversation, he/she will hear a message informing him/her
t h a t your line is busy, while you will hear beeps at intervals.
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Call Divert:
In case you are busy in a meeting, or if your cell phone is switched
off, you c a n f o r w a r d i n c o m i n g c a l l s t o a l a n d l i n e o r a n o t h e r
mobile phone where s o m e o n e c a n r e c e i v e m e s s a g e s o n
y o u r b e h a l f . Y o u c a n a l s o f o r w a r d a n incoming call while
speaking to someone.

Voice response services:

By using these services one can access information, download
ringtones and logos, and more. For this one has to just dial and speak on a
no. for the desired s e r v i c e . Wit h H u t c h Wor l d , o n e c a n e n j o y a
host of GPRS-based
servicese x c l u s i v e l y o n H u t c h G P R S p h o n e . F r o m a s t r o l
o g y t o p h o t o m e s s a g i n g , gaming, chat, news and even internet
access.

Mail:
One can now send an SMS - without even using a
m o b i l e p h o n e , f r o m wherever they are. All they need to do is type
in their message and send it as e-mail.

Roaming:
Roaming is defined as the ability for a cellular customer to automatically
make& r e c e i v e v o i c e c a l l s , s e n d & r e c e i v e d a t a , o r a c c e s s
other services when traveling outside the geographical
c o v e r a g e a r e a o f t h e h o m e n e t w o r k , b y means of using a visited
network .I f t h e v i s i t e d n e t w o r k i s i n t h e s a m e c o u n t r y a s t h e
home network, this
isk n o w n a s N a t i o n a l R o a m i n g . I f t h e v i s i t e d n e t w o r k i
s o u t s i d e t h e h o m e country, this is known as International Roaming
(the term Global Roaming has also been used).
If the visited network operates on a different technical standard than the home
network, this is known as Inter-standard roaming .GSM Roaming, which
involves roaming between GSM networks, offers
thec o n v e n i e n c e o f a s i n g l e n u m b e r , a s i n g l e b i l l a
n d a s i n g l e p h o n e w i t h worldwide access to over 205
countries. The convenience of GSM Roaming has been a key driver
behind the global success of the GSM Platform.

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Mobile subscriber identities in GSM

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI):
A n I M S I i s a s s i g n e d t o e a c h a u t h o r i z e d G S M u s e r. I t
c o n s i s t s o f a m o b i l e country code (MCC), mobile network code
(MNC) (to identify the PLMN), a n d a P L M N u n i q u e m o b i l e
subscriber identification number (MSIN). The I M S I i s t h e
only absolute identity that a subscriber has within the
G S M system. The IMSI consists of the MCC followed by the MNC
and MSIN and shall not exceed 15 digits.

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI):

A TMSI is a MSCVLR specific alias that is designed t
o m a i n t a i n u s e r confidentiality. It is assigned only after
successful subscriber authentication .The correlation of a TMSI to an
IMSI only occurs during a mobile subscribers initial transaction with an MSC
(for example, location updating). Under certain condition (such as traffic
system disruption and malfunctioning of the system), the MSC can direct
individual TMSIs to provide the MSC with their IMSI.

Mobile Station ISDN Number:

The MS international number must be dialled after the international
prefix in order to obtain a mobile subscriber in another country. The
MSISDN numbers is composed of the country code (CC) followed by
the National Destination Code (NDC), Subscriber Number (SN), which
shall not exceed 15 digits. Here too the first two digits of the SN identify the
HLR where the mobile subscriber is administrated.

The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN):

The MSRN is allocated on temporary basis when the MS roams into
another numbering area. The MSRN number is used by the HLR for
rerouting calls to t h e M S . I t i s a s s i g n e d u p o n d e m a n d b y t h e
H L R o n a p e r - c a l l b a s i s . T h e MSRN for PSTN/ISDN routing
shall have the same structure as international ISDN numbers in the area
in which the MSRN is allocated. The HLR knows in what MSC/VLR
service area the subscriber is located. At the reception of the
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Internship Report 14

MSRN, HLR sends it to the GMSC, which can now

r o u t e t h e c a l l t o t h e MSC/VLR exchange where the called
subscriber is currently registered.

International Mobile Equipment Identity:

The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by each
PLMN and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), and
malfunctioning (grey) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is used
to ensure that only authorized users are granted access to the system.

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki):

It is used to authenticate the SIM card.

Pin Unblocking Key (PUK):

In case of PIN, the PUK is needed for unlocking the
S I M a g a i n . P U K i s numeric only, with eight digits. If a correct
PUK is entered, an indication is given to the user. After 10
consecutive incorrect entries the SIM is blocked . Either the IMSI or
the MSISDN Number may access the subscriber data. Some of the
parameters like IAI will be continuously updated to reflect the
current location of the subscriber. The SIM is capable of storing
additional information such as accumulated call charges. This
information w i l l b e accessible to the customer via handset key entry.

Personal Identity Number (PIN):

It is used to unlock the MS. If one enters the wrong PIN three times it will
lock the SIM. The SIM can be protected by use of PIN password.

GSM Frequency Bands:

There are a total of fourteen different recognized.
These are defined in 3G P P TS45.00 5.
There are three different frequency bands on which mobile phones are usually
operates and these are Dual Band, Tri-Band and Quad Band.
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Dual Band :
Dual frequency band operates on 900MHz and 1800 MHz,
that means mobile phone that supports dual band can
b e o p e r a t e d anywhere in the world where 900 MHz and 1800 MHz
frequencies are used. Dual Band GSM networks usually found in all
continents Europe ,Asia, Africa, Australia and South America.

Tri-Band:
Three frequencies are supported in Tri Band,
t h e s e frequencies are 900 MHz, 1800MHz and 1900 MHz
T r i b a n d i s a l s o supported all around the world these days.

Quad-Band:
Quad Band supports four frequencies which are 850 MHz, 900 MHz, 1800
MHz , 1900 MHz Quad band also enables GSM
phonest o r o a d a l m o s t a n y w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d . A l l c o u n t r
i e s s u p p o r t G S M networks hence make communication possible.

Handover:
Handover, or handoff as it is called in North America, is the
switching of an on going call to a different channel or cell. There
are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve
transferring a call between
Channels (time slots) in the same cell,
Cells (Base Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same Base Station
Controller (BSC),
Cells under the control of different BSCs, but belonging to the same Mobile
services Switching centre (MSC), and
Cells under the control of different MSCs.
The first two types of handover, called internal handovers, involve
only
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oneB a s e S t a t i o n C o n t r o l l e r ( B S C ) . T o s a v e s i g n a l i n g b
a n d w i d t h , t h e y a r e managed by the BSC without involving the
Mobile service Switching centre (MSC), except to notify it at the
completion of the handover. The last two types of handover, called
external handovers, are handled by the MSCs involved. Note that
call control, such as provision of supplementary services and
requests for further handoffs, is handled by the original MSC.
Handovers can be initiated by either the mobile or the MSC (as a
means of traffic load balancing). During its idle time slots, the
mobile scans the Broadcast Control Channel of up to 16
neighbouring cells, and forms a list of the six best candidates for
possible handover, based on the received signals strength. This
information is passed to the BSC and MSC, and is used by the
handover algorithm.

The algorithm for when a handover decision should be taken is not specified
in the GSM recommendations. There are two basic algorithms used, both
closely t i e d i n w i t h p o w e r c o n t r o l . T h i s i s b e c a u s e t h e B S C
usually does not know whether the poor signal quality is
d u e t o m u l t i p a t h f a d i n g o r t o t h e m o b i l e having moved to
another cell. This is especially true in small urban cells.
The 'minimum acceptable performance' algorithm [Bal91] gives precedence
to p o w e r c o n t r o l o v e r h a n d o v e r , s o t h a t w h e n t h e
s i g n a l d e g r a d e s b e y o n d a certain point, the power level
o f t h e m o b i l e i s i n c r e a s e d . I f f u r t h e r p o w e r increases do not
improve the signal, then a handover is considered. This is the s i m p l e r a n d
more common method, but it creates 'smeared' cell
boundaries when a mobile transmitting at peak power goes
s o m e d i s t a n c e b e y o n d i t s original cell boundaries into another cell.

Key Features
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module):
It is a memory device which is used to store the information of user
such as user privacy number, 4 digit PIN number, subscriber identification
number and user information. Called number is not associated with
mobile station but to SIM.

Increased Capacity:

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It provides better channel capacity than analog system. It provides 25KHZ

per user, that means eight conversation per 200KHZ channel pair(a
channel pair c o n s i s t s o f a f o r w a r d c h a n n e l a n d a r e v e r s e
c h a n n e l ) . C h a n n e l c o d i n g a n d modulation provided to enhance
the channel capacity and from this 12 DB is achieved as a channel
to interference ratio(C/I ration), as compare to 18db of analog system.

Frequency Hopping:
It is a feature of GSM system in which frequency
i n a s i n g l e c h a n n e l continuously hops and resultant provides a
better coverage to a specific area.

Mobile Assisted Handover (MAHO):

GSM uses Mobile assisted handover technique. The mobile itself
carries out the signal strength and quality measurement of its server
and signal strength measurement of its neighbours. This data is
passed on the Network which then uses sophisticated algorithms to
determine the need of handover.

Discontinuous Transmission:
In this GSM has a advantage of preventing system from interference and
noise b y o f f s e t t i n g t h e s i l e n t t i m e b e t w e e n t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n
a n d b y b l o c k i n g t h e undesired signals.

Support of Short Service Message (SMS):

GSM has a advantage of short service messages assisted by paging channel
of system.

Frequency Reuse:
GSM has a advantage of frequency reuse pattern from which same
frequency can be used in different cells. Normally 124 carriers are provided
by the GSM system and if we multiply it with the 7 time slots used
for traffic than we get8 6 8 n u m b e r s o f c a l l s c a n b e m a d e
a n d t h a t i s v e r y l e s s i n n u m b e r. S o t o overcome this
problem same RF carrier is used for several conversation
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Internship Report 14

i n different cells and for this there is regular pattern is defined. The pattern to
be used depends on the traffic requirement and spectrum availability. Some
typical patter are 4/12 , 7/21 etc.

Future Opportunities for GSM

2nd Generation
GSM -9.6 Kbps (data rate)
2.5 Generation ( Future of GSM)
HSCSD (High Speed ckt Switched data)
Data rate : 76.8 Kbps (9.6 x 8 kbps)
GPRS (General Packet Radio service)
Data rate: 14.4 - 115.2 Kbps
EDGE (Enhanced data rate for GSM Evolution)
Data rate: 547.2 Kbps (max)
3 Generation
WCDMA(Wide band CDMA)
Data rate : 0.348 2.0 Mbps

CONCLUSION
During the period of Evolution of mobile communication technologies various
systems were introduced and deployed to achieve standardization in
mobile industry, but all the efforts were failed. Multiple issues were
sustained like incompatibility of systems, development of digital
radio frequency. That is ,when GSM (Global System for Mobile
Communication) Technology was introduced and problems like
standardization, incompatibility were overcame.
TDMA solution was chosen in 1987, it is narrowband system and
TDMA standards for Time Division Multiple access .In 1991 in
Finland. GSM based mobile phones are operated on TDMA Systems,
in TDMA single radio frequency is offered to users with any
interference. After all these years, GSM is now the largest mobile
communication technology worldwide, all manufacturers of Mobile
phones develop their products based on GSM, and all mobile
companies provide their subscribers GSM networks .
GSM technology facilitates with high speed integrated data, voice
data, fax ,mail, voice mail and mostly used SMS feature. GSM also
make sure that all the communication made between networks are
secured and protected from intruders and frauds. SM actually brought
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Internship Report 14

the concept of being Mobile way beyond the limits. It enabled us to

communicate across the continents.
GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900
MHz1900MHz frequency is used in North America where as
1800MHz is used in o t h e r p a r t s o f t h e w o r l d . D i f f e r e n t
f r e q u e n c y b a n d s a r e u s e d b y d i f f e r e n t mobile phone operators .
Moreover, there are over 700 GSM networks available in the world
operatingi n t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e c o u n t r i e s a n d p r o v i d i n g i n t e r n a t i
o n a l r o a m i n g s e r v i c e s courtesy GSM technology. There are over 2
billion GSM subscribers in the world. Countries which are using
GSM networks on larger scales are Russia, china Pakistan, United
States, India .Giver the above facts and very good voice quality, support useful
services
ands t a n d a r d s , d e l i v e r e d b y G S M , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t G S
M s h a l l r e m a i n t h e prominent technology for offering the mobile
telephony.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. www.gsmworld.com
2. www.gsacom.com
3. www.whytelecom.com
4.www.google.com
5. www.ask.com
6. www.search.com
7. www.wikipdia.com

Annexure

GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication

CEPT: Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications

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Internship Report 14

ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network

SIM: Subscriber Identity Module
VAS: Value Aided Services
BSS: The Base Station Subsystem
NSS: The Network and Switching Subsystem
OSS: The Operation and Support Subsystem
FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access
TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access
HLR: Home Location Register
MS: Mobile station
VLR: Visitor Location Register
AUC: Authentication centre
MSC: Mobile Services Switching Centre
BTS : The Base Transceiver Station

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