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NITROGENFAMILY
1.

VAgroupelementsare:Nitrogen(N);Phosphorus(P),Arsenic(As),Antimony(Sb)andBismuth
(Bi)

2.

InP4molecule,allthefouratomslieatthecornersofatetrahedron.ThePPPbondangleis60 0,
oxidationstateofPiszeroandcovalencyofPis3.

3.
4.

Mostabundantgasintheearth'satmosphereisnitrogen.About78%bymassand80%byvolumein
airisnitrogen.
Incombinedstate'N'isavailableasKNO3(Indiansaltpetre)andNaNO3(Chilesaltpetre)

5.

Nitrogeniscommerciallyproducedbytheliquefactionandfractionaldistillationofliquidair.

6.

Nitrogenispreparedinthelaboratorybytreatingaqueousammoniumchloridewithsodiumnitrite.

7.

Dinitrogenisalsopreparedfromammoniumdichromate,azide
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2+4H2O+Cr2O3
Ba(N3)2 Ba+3N2

8.

SourcesofPhosphorusintheearth'scrustareFluorapatite,3Ca 3(PO4)2.CaF2andPhosphorite,
Ca3(PO4)2

Hydroxyapatite=3Ca(PO4)2.Ca(OH)2
9.

Moststableformofphosphorusisblack.
Whitephosphorusisawhitewaxysolid.poisonousinnatureinsolubleinwatersolubleinCS 2

10.Red'P'ismuchlessreactivethanwhite'P'becauseofitspolymerisedstructure.
11.Allotropesofphosphorus
a)Yelloworwhitephosphorus
b)Redphosphorus
c)Scarletphosphorus
d)

Black P, Black P

e)Violetphosphorus
12. N2isinertduetohighbonddissociationenergy.Itis945.4KJ/mol.
13. Nitrogencanformmultiplebondsduetosmallsizeandgrateroverlapingcharacter,otherscan'tdue
totheirlargesize.
14. CatenationpowerdecreasesfromNtoAswithdecreasingbondenergiesfromNtoAs.
15.TheBasicnatureofhydridesdecreasesfromNH3toBiH3.Astheatomicsizeofthecentralatom
increasesthelonepairisspreadoveralargesurfacearea,astheresultelectrondensitydecreses
hencebasicnaturedecreases.OrderofBasicnatureNH 3>PH3>AsH3.

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16. AcidichydrideofnitrogenisN3H.
17. Pentoxidesaremoreacidicthantrioxides.Theoxideofanelementwithhigheroxidationstateis
moreacidic.
18. Theicacidsaremoreacidicthanousacids
19.Thestabilityofpentoxidesdecreasesdownthegroup
20.OxidesofNitrogen
Name

Formula

OxidationstateofNitrogen

Nature

Nitrousoxide

N2O

+1

Neutral

NitricOxide
Nitrogensesquioxide

NO
N2O3

+2
+3

Neutral
Acidic

Nitrogendioxide

NO2

+4

Acidic

Dinitrogentetroxide

N2O4

+4

Acidic

Nitrogenpentoxide

N2O5

+5

21.InsolidstatePCl5existsasionicsolidi.e.,[PCl4] [PCl6] .
+

[PCl4]

Acidic
+

istetrahedral.[PCl6] isoctahedral.

22.AbnormalPropertiesofNitrogen:
NitrogendiffersfromotherVAgroupelementsduetohighE.N.,highbonddissociationenergyand
absenceofvacantdorbitals.
a) Nitrogenisagas,othersaresolids.
b) Itisdiatomicbutothersaretetraatomic.
c) MaximumcovalencyofNis4,butforothersitis6.
d) Itformssixdifferentoxides.Nitrogenischemicallyinert,butothersarereactive.
23.Brownring[Fe(H2O)5(NO)]2+testisusedtoidentifynitrates.Theoxidationstateofironinbrownring
is+1.
24.Mixtureofconc.HNO3andconc.HClin1:3ratiobyvolumeiscalled'aquaregia'.
ItisusedtodissolvenoblemetalslikeAuandPt..
25.Oxyacidsofphosphorous:
Name
Basicity
Hypophosphorusacid

Formulae

PreparationMethod Ox.stateofP

H3PO2

WhiteP4+alkali

+1

Phosphorousacid

H3PO3

P2O3+H2O

+3

Orthophosphoricacid

H3PO4

P4O10+H2O

+5

Metaphosphoricacid

H3PO3

onstrongheating

+5

H4P2O7
Hypophosphoricacid

H4P2O6

redP4+alkali

+4

Pyrophosphoricacid

H4P2O7

ongentleheating

+5

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H3PO4
Peroxyphosphoricacid

H3PO5

P2O5+H2O2

+5

26. Haber'sProcess:
i) Habersynthesisedammoniafromelements.
ii) Itisreversible,exothermicprocess
N2+3H22NH3+92.4KJ
iii) Thereactionproceedswithadecreaseinvolume.
iv) AccordingtoLechatlierthefavourableconditionsarelowtemperatureandhighpressure.
v) Optimumconditions
Temperature :725775K
Pressure
Catalyst
Promotors

:200atm300atm
:FinelydividedIron
:molybdenumoroxidesofpotassiumandaluminium.

27.FormulaofsuperphosphateisCa(H2PO4)2H2O+2(CaSO4.2H2O)
28.HydrolysisofNCl3givesNH3andHOCl.
29.HydolysisofPCl3givesHClandH3PO3.PCl5givesHClandH3PO4.
30.PCl3fumesinmoistureduetohydrolysis.