PERSONALITY 2

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

wan_ainun@yahoo.com
0123981154
}

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Nature or Nurture ?

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Construct a story about what you see on the
following picture
Describe:
- what led up to the scene
- what is happening
- what the characters in the story might think
or feel
- how the story will end

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Thematic Apperception Tests

z The Thematic Apperception Test

(TAT): 30
grayscale pictures + one blank for elicitation of
stories each contain a dramatic event or critical
situation
z Most subjects see 10-12 cards, over two sessions
z Based on Murray's (1938) theory of 28 social needs
(sex, affiliation, dominance, achievement, attitudes
etc.)
z People would project into their story their needs
z Attention is paid to the protagonist in each story and
his/her environmental stressors
z Many variations on this 'story-telling' test exist

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

TAT (cont.)
z

Administration: not
standardized
zNot the same 20 cards
zNot the same order
zSeldom 2 sessions
zInstructions differ

z Scoring is Minimal
z Low Reliability & Validity

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

TAT scoring/interpretation
Scoring
Congruence with picture stimuli
Conformity with directions
Conflict

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Psychometric properties:
internal consistency is low;
high reliability but diminishes with
time,
Inter-rater reliability vary with studies:
range

Administering the Rorschach

The test is usually administered with as little

instruction and information as possible
The tester asks 'What might this be? and
gives no clues or restrictions on what is
expected as a response
Anxious subjects often do ask questions,
and vague answers are offered
Some advocate sitting beside the subject
to avoid giving clues by facial expression
If only one response is given, some hint to
find more may be offered: "Some people
see more than one thing.

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Rorschach (cont.)
Exners Comprehensive Scoring System
1. Location
- W = whole (intellectual potential)
- D = subdivisions (common sense)
- Dd = details (compulsive tendencies)
- DW (confabulated detail)
2. Content (i.e., general class to where response belongs)
- people, part of a person, clothing, animal,part of an animal, nature, anatomical
3. Determinants (i.e., specific property of the blot)
- F = shape/outline (rational approach)
- M = movement (imagination)
- C = color (emotional reactions)
- Y = shades of grey (depression)
4. Form Quality
5. Typical vs. Unusual response
6. Time

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Psychometric Properties of the Rorschach

The Rorschach is a popular test, however, it has been plagued by low

reliability and validity.

Obviously, it is difficult to measure any of the usual psychometric

properties in the usual way
Validity and reliability are usually low because of the open-ended
multiplicity of possibility that is allowed and by the lack of
universally-accepted standardized instructions, administration
protocol, and scoring procedure

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Somatology Herbert Sheldon

Introverted &
intellectual

Assertive &
bold

Assertive &
bold

Scientific research did not validate the predictions of the theory, and somatology has now been
discredited in contemporary psychology
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Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Ability, Intellect, and Intelligence

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Definition - PERSONALITY
Personality = Greek word persona = mask worn by an actor
to perform a role in a play
Enduring characteristics in a person and the way the
characteristics are expressed
A brief definition :

Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of

thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique.
In addition to this, personality arises from within the
individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
The personality of an individual is that which enables us to
predict what he will do in a given situation
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Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Sequence I : The Divine Creation

(Khaliq)
The Original Spiritual Essence

Sequence II : The Divine Spirit (Ruh)

Sets the process of creation in motion for
which ruh forms the basis of human
personality
Source of consciousness, understanding,
intuition
Sequence III : The Original Blueprint
A natural, innate inclination

Sequence V : The Paradox of Life

Nature vs Nurture
Heredity vs Environment
Pattern of Socialization and Acculturation

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Sequence IV : Self Awareness, Consciousness & Self

Concept
Self-worth, Selfesteem, Self-recognition, Selfintrospection
Essentially Knowing Oneself
Al Nafs alamarah (the commanding self)
Al Nafs allawwamah (the blaming self)
Al Nafs almutmainnah (contented self)

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Johari Window

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Personalityas a construct may include:

Emotional responses
Social behavior
Emotional thoughts and behaviour
Motivations
Values
Interests

Methods of Measuring Personality:

Paper & pencil tests: questionnaires, inventories , online

Situational exercises
Field or natural observations
Projective measures

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Methods of Measuring Personality:

Paper & pencil tests: questionnaires, inventories , online

Situational exercises
Field or natural observations
Projective measures

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Administration of
DiSC Personal Profile

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

DIMENSIONS of BEHAVIOUR

Dominance

influencing

Compliance

Steadiness

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Fundamental characteristics of personality include:

Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and
regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same
ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
Psychological and physiological - Personality is a
psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also
influenced by biological processes and needs.
Impact behaviors and actions - Personality does not just
influence how we move and respond in our environment; it
also causes us to act in certain ways.
Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than
just behavior. It can also be seen in out thoughts, feelings,
close relationships, and other social interactions.

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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PERSONALITY THEORIES
Personality theories help in understanding:
What individuals are like
Why they behave the way they do
The different types of Personality Theories:
Trait Theories
Type Theories
Psychoanalytic Theories
Behaviourist Theories

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Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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TRAIT THEORIES
A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that causes individuals to behave in certain ways.
Trait theories focus on :
the combination and interaction of various traits combine to form a personality that
is unique to each individual.
identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Personality traits are "enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about
the environment and oneself that are exhibited in a wide range of social and personal
contexts (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association)
Assumptions:
a) Traits are relatively stable over time
b) Traits differ among individuals (e.g. outgoing vs. shy)
c) Traits influence behaviour

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Trait Theorists

Raymond Cattell's research propagated a two-tiered personality

structure with sixteen "primary factors" (16 Personality Factors) and five
"secondary factors."

Hans Eysenck believed just three traitsextraversion, neuroticism and

psychoticismwere sufficient to describe human personality.

Today, the Big Five factors have the weight of a considerable amount of
empirical research behind them, building on the work of Cattell and others.

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Trait Theorists

Lewis Goldberg proposed a five-dimension personality model, nicknamed

the "Big Five":
Openness to Experience: the tendency to be imaginative, independent, and
interested in variety vs. practical, conforming, and interested in routine.
Conscientiousness: the tendency to be organized, careful, and disciplined vs.
disorganized, careless, and impulsive.
Extraversion: the tendency to be sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate vs.
retiring, somber, and reserved.
Agreeableness: the tendency to be softhearted, trusting, and helpful vs.
ruthless, suspicious, and uncooperative.
Neuroticism: the tendency to be calm, secure, and self-satisfied vs. anxious,
insecure, and self-pitying

Some personality researchers argue that this list

of major traits is not exhaustive. Some support
has been found for two additional factors:
excellent/ordinary and evil/decent. However, no
definitive conclusions have been established.

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung

developed a theory early in the 20th
century to describe basic individual
preferences and explain similarities and
differences between people
Main theory is that people have
inborn behavioral tendencies and
preferences
Your natural response in daily
situations
Used when we are generally not
stressed and feel competent, and
energetic
Could be defined as those
behaviors you often dont notice

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Type Theories
}

refers to the psychological classification of different types of people.

Personality types are sometimes distinguished from personality traits,

with the latter embodying a smaller grouping of behavioral tendencies.
Types are sometimes said to involve qualitative differences between people,
Traits might be construed as quantitative differences.

According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are

two fundamentally different categories of people.

According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of

a continuous dimension, with many people in the middle.

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Personality Types
Type As
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly

Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place
Strive to think or do two or more things at once
Cannot cope with leisure time
Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in
terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire

Type Bs

Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its

accompanying impatience
2. Feel no need to display or discuss either their
achievements or accomplishments
3. Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their
superiority at any cost
4. Can relax without guilt
1.

Meyer Friedman et. al

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Type Theories

Building on the writings and observations of Jung, Isabel Briggs Myers

and her mother, Katharine C. Briggs, outlined personality types by
constructing the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

The model accepts extraversion and introversion as basic

psychological orientations in connection with two pairs of
psychological functions:
Perceiving functions: Sensing and Intuition (trust in concrete, sensory-oriented facts vs.
trust in abstract concepts and imagined possibilities)

Judging functions: thinking and feeling (basing decisions primarily on logic vs.
considering the effect on people).

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Four MBTI Dichotomies

Extraversion Introversion
E - I Dichotomy

Where do you prefer to focus

your attention and get your
energy?

Sensing Intuition
S - N Dichotomy

How do you prefer to take in

information?

Thinking Feeling
T - F Dichotomy

How do you make decisions?

Judging Perceiving
J - P Dichotomy

How do you deal with the

outer world?

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Psychoanalytic Theories
}
}

Founded by Sigmund Freud who drew on the physics of his day (thermodynamics) to
coin the term psychodynamics.
Based on the idea of converting heat into mechanical energy, he proposed psychic
energy could be converted into behavior.

Freud's theory places central importance on dynamic, unconscious psychological

conflicts.

Freud divides human personality into three significant components:

the id - pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification of its needs regardless of

external environment
the ego then must emerge in order to realistically meet the wishes and demands of the id
in accordance with the outside world, adhering to the reality principle.
, the superego(conscience) inculcates moral judgment and societal rules upon the ego,
thus forcing the demands of the id to be met not only realistically but morally.
}

. According to Freud, personality is based on the dynamic interactions of these three

components

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Psychoanalytic Theories
}

Freud proposed 5 psychosexual stages of personality development in 3

stages:

1. The Infantile stage : birth 5 years

Oral stage : birth 18 months
Anal Stage : 18 months- 3 years
Phallic stage : 3 5 years

2. Latency period: about 6 years - puberty

Oral stage : birth 18 months

3. Genital stage : adolescence - adulthood

Oral stage : birth 18 months
}

Freud believed adult personality is dependent upon early childhood

experiences and largely determined by age 5

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Borderline personality disorder (BPD)

is a mental health condition in which a person has LT patterns of unstable or

turbulent emotions.

These inner experiences often result in impulsive actions and chaotic relationships
with other people. Cause of borderline personality disorder is unknown. Genetic
family, and social factors are thought to play roles.
Risk factors for BPD include:
} Abandonment in childhood or adolescence
}

Disrupted family life

Poor communication in the family

Sexual, physical, or emotionalabuse

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Symptoms BPD
uncertain about their identity. As a result, their interests and
valuescan change rapidly.
}

Theyalso tend toview things in terms of extremes, such as either all good or all
bad. Their views of other peoplecan change quickly. A person who is looked up to
one day may be looked down on the next day. These suddenly shifting feelings
often lead to intense and unstable relationships.

Other symptoms of BPD include:

} Intense fear of being abandoned
} Cannot tolerate being alone
} Frequent feelings of emptiness and boredom
} Frequent displays of inappropriate anger
} Impulsiveness, such as with substance abuse orsexual relationships
} Repeated crises and acts of self-injury, such as wrist cutting or overdosing

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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Why should we care?

}

Individual Benefits: Gain insights into personality

Reduce your defensiveness when involved in a disagreement
Increase your openness to feedback (clues) from what is going on
around you
Improve your ability to see others more accurately
Enhance your ability to appreciate differences in yourself and in
others
Improve your ability to choose realistic goals

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Why should we care?

}

Staff Benefits: Appreciate others

Make constructive use of individual approaches
Allow for creative problem-solving; Different types approach
problems in different, yet valid ways
Understand and adapt to leaderships management style
Respect peoples work preferences
Improve communication among supervisors, peers, employees,
customers

Example
Approach to staff meetings that accommodate both introverts
and extraverts?

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Value of Psychometrics/Personality Profiles such as the

MBTI

Distinctions from other psychological or

career based tools
Does not assess psychological health
Does not tell the client what to do or be
Involves client feedback and agreement to Type
Involves no scaling or value
Inherent strengths and weaknesses associated with
each type profile

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Application at the Workplace

Hiring and Selection

With similar types on a team:

The team will understand each other easily and quickly

Will reach decisions quickly, but will be more likely to
make errors due to not taking in all viewpoints
May fail to appreciate gifts of the outlying types

With a variety of types on a team:

Longer to establish communication between the

members of the team
Less likely to overlook possibilities and details
Longer to reach consensus

}
Wan Ainun
Wan Ainun Radzi

Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

Rasululllah (saw) said:

By Allah, this world in comparison to the

hereafter is nothing but as though one of
you dipped his finger in the sea.
So ponder how much (of sea water), the
finger returns with. [Mishkaat]

Wan Ainun Zarina Wan Ahmad Radzi

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