UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN KIMIA

PROCESS ENGINEERING LABORATORY
(CPE453)
NAME
: NURUL AIN BINTI ZULKIFLEE
STUDENT ID
: 2013452866
GROUP
:4
EXPERIMENT
: BERNOULLIS THEOREM DEMONSTRATION
DATE PERFORMED : 28TH OCTOBER 2014
SEMESTER
:3
PROGRAMME/ CODE : EH2213A / CPE453
SUBMIT TO
: ENCIK RUSMI BIN ALIAS
No.
Title
Allocated Marks (%)
Marks
1 Abstract/Summary
5
2 Introduction
10
3 Aims
5
4 Theory
10
5 Apparatus
5
6 Methodology/Procedure
10
7 Results
10
8 Calculations
10
9 Discussion
20
10 Conclusion
5
11 Recommendations
5
12 Reference / Appendix
5
TOTAL MARKS
100

Remarks:
Checked by:
--------------------------Date:
ABSTRACT
The aim of this experiment is to investigate the validity of Bernoullis equation when applied
to a steady flow of water in tapered duct and to measure the flow rate of steady flow rates

based on Bernoullis theorem by relating the pressure, velocity, and elevation in a moving
fluid the compressibility and viscosity (internal friction) of which are negligible and the flow
of which is steady, or laminar. For this experiment, FM 24 Bernoullis Apparatus Test
Equipment is used to demonstrate the Bernoullis theorem. The experiment was conducted in
order to find the time taken to collect 3L of water, the volumetric flow rates of the water, the
pressure difference at all manometer tube at different cross section. The time to collect 0.003
m

of water is recorded based on the different flow rate for each experiment.

The combination of venture meter complete with manometer tube and hydraulic bench were
used. During the experiment, water is fed through a hose connector and the flow rate can be
adjusted at the flow regulator valve at the outlet of the test section. The venture can be
demonstrated as a means of flow measurement and the discharge coefficient can be
determined the results show the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure
difference increases. From the reading of height can be calculated the data by applied the
Bernoulli equation to find the velocity of the fluid moving.
The pressure level and velocity reading for part A to F of the tube is recorded. From
Bernoullis theory, the relation between the increase and decrease in the pressure value is
inversely proportional to its velocity. Bernoulli's Principle tells that as the fluid flows more
quickly through the narrow sections, the pressure actually decreases rather than increases.
Thus, it proves the validity of Bernoullis theorem

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1: Apparatus used to investigate the validity of Bernoulli's equation

Figure above shows the apparatus used in this experiment when applied to the steady flow of
water in a tapered duct. The apparatus consists of a clear acrylic duct of varying circular cross
section known as Venturi. The duct has a series of wall tapping that allows measurement of
the static pressure distribution along the converging duct, while the total head tube is
provided to traverse along the centre line of the test section. These tapping are connected to a
manometer bank incorporating a manifold with air bleed valve. Pressurisation of the
manometer is facilitated by a hand pump.
The unit is connected to the hydraulic bench using flexible hoses. The hoses and the
connections are equipped with rapid action couplings. The flexible hose attached to the outlet
pipe which should be directed to the volumetric measuring tank on the hydraulics bench. A
flow control valve is incorporated downstream of the test section. Flow rate and pressure in
the apparatus may be varied independently by adjustment of the flow control valve and the
bench supply control valve. The unit consists of the followings:

1) Venturi
The venture meter is made of transparent acrylic with the following specifications:
Throat diameter
: 16 mm
Upstream diameter : 26 mm
Designed flow rate : 20 L/mins
2) Manometer
There are eight manometer tubes: each length 320 mm for static pressure and total
head measuring along the venture meter.
The manometer tubes are connected to an air bleed screw for air release as well as
tubes pressurization.
3) Baseboard
The baseboard is epoxy coated and designed with four height adjustable stands to
level the venture meter.
4) Discharge valve
One discharge valve is installed at the venture discharge section for flow rate control.
5) Connections
Hose connections are installed at both inlet and outlet.
6) Hydraulic Bench
Sump tank
Volumetric tank
Centrifugal pump

: 120 L
: 100 L
: 0.37 kW, 50 L/mins

AIMS
The aims of this experiment are to investigate the validity of the Bernoullis equation when
applied to the steady flow of the water in a tapered duct and to measure flow rates and both
static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a
range of steady flow rates.
THEORY

Figure 2: Pipe of varying cross section

(Giles R.V 1994) Bernoullis law indicates that, if an inviscid fluid is flowing along a pipe of
varying cross section, then the pressure is lower at constrictions where the velocity is higher,
and higher where the pipe opens out and the fluid stagnates. The well-known Bernoullis
equation is derived under the following assumptions:
1) The fluid is incompressible (density constant)

=0
2) The flow is steady; t
3) The flow is frictionless
4) Flow along a streamline

Then, it is expressed with the following equation:

P v2
+ + z=h =constant
g 2 g
Where (in SI units);
P = fluid static pressure at the cross section in N/m2
= density of the flowing fluid in kg/m3
g = acceleration due to gravity in m/s2 (its value is 9.81 m/s2)
v = mean velocity of fluid flow at the cross section in m/s
z = elevation head of the center of the cross section with respect to a datum
h = total head (stagnation) in m
The terms on the left-hand side of the above equation represent the pressure head (h), velocity
head (hv) and elevation head (z) respectively. The sum of these terms is known as the total
head (h*). According to the Bernoullis Theorem of fluid flow through a pipe, the total head
(h*) at any cross section is constant. In a real flow results will deviate from the theoretical
ones.
In our experimental setup, the centreline of all the cross sections we are considering lie on the
same horizontal plane (which we may choose as the datum, z = 0 and thus, all the z values
are zeros so that the above equation reduces to :
P v2
+ =h =constant
g 2 g

This represents the total head at a cross section.

For the experiments, the pressure head is denoted as hi and the total head as h*I, where I
represents the cross sections at different tapping points.

Other form of Bernoullis equation

If the tube is horizontal the difference in height can be disregarded z1 = z2. Hence,
P v2 P v2
+ = +
g 2 g g 2 g

Total pressure head

Water at constant head from a tank is allowed to flow through a horizontal pipe line of
varying cross section. The pressure heads h1, h2 and h* are measured from a probe with an end
hole facing into the flow such that it brings the flow to rest locally at the probe end. Thus,

h =h+

v2
where; h 1=h2
g

Volume flow rate

A5
Q=

[ ( )]
2 g ( h1h5 )
1

A5
A1

d 21
where ; A=
4

Velocity measurement
The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over a time
period, t. Thus gives the rate of volume flow (m3/s), which in turn gives the velocity of the
flow through a defined area.
v=

Q
A

Continuity equation
For an incompressible fluid, conservation of mass requires that volume is also conserved.
A 1 V 1=A 2 V 2

APPARATUS
1) Manometer Tubes
2) Test Section
3) Water Inlet
4) Unions
5) Air Bleed Screw
6) Discharge Valve
7) Gland Nut
8) Hypodermic Probe
9) Adjustable Feet
10) Stopwatch
11) Water

Figure 3: Identification Diagram

PROCEDURE
Part A: Equipment set up
1) The Bernoullis equation apparatus is set up on the hydraulic bench so that the base is
horizontal.
2) The test-section is ensured to have the 14-tappered section converging in the direction
of the flow.
3) The rig outflow tube is positioned above the volumetric tank.
4) The rig inlet is connected to the bench flow supply, where the bench valve and
apparatus flow control valve are closed and pump is started.
5)

Gradually, the bench valve is opened to fill the test rig with water. Air bubble is
removed from the tube to allow an accurate reading.

6) In order to bleed air pressure tapping point and manometers both the bench valve and
rig flow control valve are closed. The air bleed screw is opened and the cap from the
water adjacent air valve is removed.
7) A length of small-bore tubing from the air valve is connected to the volumetric tank.
8) The bench valve is opened and allowed to flow through the manometer to purge all air
from them.
9) Then, the air bleed screw is tightened where the bench valve and test rig flow control
valve are partly opened.
10) Next, the air bleed is opened slightly to allow air to enter the top of the manometers.
The screw is re-tightened when the manometer reach a convenient height.

10

Part B: Bernoullis Theorem Demonstration

1) General Start-up procedure in part A is performed.
2) All the manometer tubes are properly connected to the corresponding pressure taps
and free from air bubble.
3) The discharge valves are adjusted to a high measurable flow rate.
4) Water flow rates are measured by using volumetric method after the level are
stabilizes.
5) Slide the hypodermic tube (total head measuring) connected to manometer #H gently,
so that its end reached the cross section of venturi tube at #A and the reading are
taken.
6) The step at 5 are repeated for other sections (#B,#C,#D,#E and #F)
7) Steps 3 to 6 are repeated with three other decreasing flow rates by regulating the
venturi discharge valve.
8) The velocity, ViB is calculated using the Bernoullis equation where;
V iB= 2 g ( hB hi )
Q av
V
=
iC
9) The velocity, ViC is calculated using the continuity equation where;
Ai
10) The differences between two velocities are calculated.

11

RESULTS
Volume (L)
Average Time (s)

3L
35 s

Using Bernoullis Equation

Cross

h* =

hi

hH

(mm

(mm)

(m/s)

156

152

0.28

160

153

0.37

Section

V iB= 2 g ( hhi )

Using Continuity

Differenc

Equation
e
2
Q av
D i
V
=
iC
Ai =
A i ViB - ViC
4
(m/s)
(m2)
(m/s)
4
5.310 10
0.16
0.12
3.664 104
4

0.23

0.14

0.43

0.16

158

140

0.59

2.011 10

157

148

0.42

3.142 104

0.27

0.15

157

150

0.37

3.801 104

0.23

0.14

156

152

0.28

5.310 10

0.16

0.12

Table 1

12

Volume (L)
Average Time (s)

3L
11 s

Using Bernoullis Equation

Cross
Section

h* = hH

hi

(mm)

(mm)

V iB= 2 g ( hhi )

(m/s)

Using Continuity
equation
Ai =
D i
4

V iC =

Differenc
e

Q av
A i VIb VIc
(m/s)

(m/s)
2

200

186

0.52

(m )
5.310 1040.51

201

172

0.75

3.664 1040.75

200

64

1.63

2.011 10 1.36

0.27

200

131

1.16

3.142 1040.87

0.29

198

148

0.99

3.801 10 0.72

0.27

199

164

0.83

5.310 1040.51

0.32

Table 2

13

0.01
0.00

Volume (L)
Average Time (s)

3L
8s

Using Continuity

Using Bernoullis Equation

equation
Ai =

Cross
Section

V iB= 2 g ( hhi )

h* = hH

hi

(mm)

(mm)

Differenc

(m/s)

D i
4

V iC =

Q av
A i ViB - ViC
(m/s)

(m/s)
2

240

217

0.67

(m )
5.310 1040.71

245

193

1.01

3.664 1041.02

244

11

2.14

2.011 10 1.86

0.28

243

126

1.52

3.142 1041.19

0.33

240

154

1.30

3.801 10 0.99

0.31

240

180

1.08

5.310 1040.71

0.37

- 0.04
- 0.01

Table 3
CALCULATIONS

Area, A =

D2
4
2

Area A

( 26 X 103 )

Area C

4
= 5.310 10

( 16 X 103 )
4

4
= 2.011 10

m2

m2

Area B

( 21.6 X 103 )

Area D

= 3.664 10

m2

( 20 X 103 )
4

4
= 3.142 10 m2

14

Area E

( 22 X 103 )

Area F

4
= 3.801 10 m2

( 26 X 103 )
4

4
= 5.310 10 m2

15

Calculation: Result 1

2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000

A:

2 X 9.81 ( 156152 )
V iB=
1000

Q av
Ai

V iC =

8.57 105
4
5.310 10

= 0.16 m/s

= 0.28 m/s

Difference

V iC =

= ViB - ViC
= 0.28 0.16
= 0.12 m/s

B:

V iC =

2 X 9.81 ( 160153 )
V iB=
1000

= 0.23 m/s

= 0.37 m/s

Difference

8.57 10
4
3.664 10

= ViB - ViC
= 0.37 0.23
= 0.14 m/s

C:

V iB =

2 X 9.81 ( 158140 )
1000

V iC =

= 0.59 m/s

Difference

8.57 105
2.011 104

= 0.43 m/s

= ViB - ViC
= 0.59 0.43
= 0.16 m/s
16

D:

2 X 9.81 ( 157148 )
V iB=
1000

V iC =

= 0.27 m/s

= 0.42 m/s

Difference

8.57 105
3.142 104

= ViB - ViC
= 0.42 0.27
= 0.15 m/s

E:

V iB=

2 X 9.81 ( 157150 )
1000

V iC =

= 0.23 m/s

= 0.37 m/s
Difference

8.57 105
3.801 104

= ViB - ViC
= 0.37 0.23
= 0.14 m/s

F:

8.57 105
V iC =
4
5.310 10

2 X 9.81 ( 156152 )
V iB=
1000

= 0.16 m/s

= 0.28 m/s
Difference

= ViB - ViC
= 0.28 0.16
= 0.12 m/s

17

DISCUSSION
The objectives of this experiment is to investigate the validity of the Bernoullis equation
when applied to the steady flow of water in a tapered duct and to measure the flow rates and
both static and total pressure heads in a rigid convergent and divergent tube of known
geometry for a range of steady flow rates. This experiment is based on the Bernoullis
principle which relates between velocities with the pressure for an inviscid flow.
To achieve the objectives of this experiment, Bernoullis theorem demonstration apparatus
(FM-24) along with the hydraulic bench (FM-110) were used. This instrument was combined
with a venturi meter and the pad of manometer tubes which indicate the pressure of h A until
hF. A venturi is basically a converging-diverging section, typically placed between tube or
duct sections with fixed cross-sectional area. The flow rates through the venturi meter can be
related to pressure measurements by using Bernoullis equation. From this experiment, it is
found that the total head pressure increase for convergent and divergent flow for each
manometer tube readings. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bernoullis equation is valid
when applied to steady flow of water in tapered duct and absolute velocity values increase
along the same channel.
The result show a rise at each manometer tubes when the pressure difference increases. As
fluid flows from a wider pipe to a narrower one, the velocity of the flowing fluid increases.
This is shown in all the results tables, where the velocity of water that flows in the tapered
duct increases as the duct area decreases, regardless of the pressure difference and type of
flow of each result taken. From the analysis of the results, it can be concluded that the
velocity of water decrease as the water flow rate decrease. For flow rate of
4

3.75 10 m /s , the velocity difference at cross-section A for water flow rate is (-0.04
m/s), B (-0.01 m/s), C (0.28 m/s), D (0.33 m/s), E (0.31 m/s), F (0.38 m/s). Also for flow rate
of

2.73 10 m /s , the velocity difference at cross-section A for water flow rate is (0.01

m/s), B (0.00/s), C (0.27 m/s), D (0.29 m/s), E (0.27 m/s), F (0.32 m/s). Next is for flow rate
of

8.57 105 m3 /s , the velocity difference at cross section A for water flow rate is (0.12

m/s), B (0.14 m/s), C (0.16 m/s), D (0.15 m/s),E (0.14 m/s), F (0.12 m/s).

18

19

Although the experiment proof that the Bernoullis equation is valid for both flow but the
values obtain might be slightly differ from the actual value. This is because there is some
error maybe happened during the experiment is done. While taking the reading of the
manometer, there might be possibility that the eye position of the reads is not parallel to the
scale. Thus, this error will contribute to the different in values obtained. Other than that, the
readers must take the accurate reading from the manometers. In order to get the accurate
value, the water level must be left to be really stable. This way the experiment that has been
conduct may influence the result afterward.
CONCLUSION
From the result obtained, we can conclude that the Bernoullis equation is valid for
convergent and divergent flow as both of it does obey the equation. For both flow, as the
pressure difference increase, the time taken for 3L water collected increase and the flow rates
of the water will also increase.
The results show that the reading of each manometer tubes increase when the pressure
difference increase. Thus, as the velocity for the same channel increases, the total head
pressure will also increase for both convergent and divergent flows.
Bernoullis theorem has several applications in everyday lives. In certain cases, Bernoullis
equation can be used to find unknown pressure of the streamlines. All the flow rates and both
static and total pressure head in a rigid convergent and divergent are managed to be
calculated. The experiment was successfully conducted.

20

RECOMMENDATIONS
1) The experiment is repeated several times to get an accurate result.
2) The eye of observes should be placed parallel to the scale of manometer to get an
accurate reading.
3) Make sure the bubbles in the manometer are completely removed by adjusting the
bleed screw.
4) The valve should be control slowly so that the pressure difference can be maintained.
REFERENCES
1) Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, Prentice Hall.
2) Douglas, J.F., Gasiorek J.M., and Swaffield J.A, Fluid Mechanics, 3 rd ed. Logmans
Singapore Publisher, 1995
3) Robert L. Mott, Applied Fluid Mechanics 5th ed, Prentice Hall
4) Reynold C. Binder, Fluid Mechanics 4th ed.
5) Robert L. Street, Gary Z. Watters, John K. Vennard, Elementary Fluid Mechanics 7 th
ed, John Wiley & Sons Inc.

21

APPENDICES
Calculation: Result 2

2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000

A:

2 X 9.81 ( 200186 )
V iB=
1000

Q av
Ai

V iC =

2.73 104
4
5.310 10

= 0.51 m/s

= 0.52 m/s

Difference

V iC =

= ViB - ViC
= 0.52 0.51
= 0.01 m/s

B:

V iB=

2.73 104
V iC =
3.664 104

2 X 9.81 ( 160153 )
1000

= 0.75 m/s

= 0.75 m/s

Difference

= ViB - ViC
= 0.75 0.75
= 0.00 m/s

C:

2 X 9.81 ( 20064 )
V iB=
1000

Difference

V iC =

2.73 104
2.011 104

= 1.63 m/s

= 1.36 m/s

= ViB - ViC

= 0.27 m/s

= 1.63 1.36
22

23

D:

2 X 9.81 ( 200131 )
V iB =
1000

V iC =

= 0.87 m/s

= 1.16 m/s

Difference

2.73 104
3.142 104

= ViB - ViC
= 1.16 0.87
= 0.29 m/s

E:

V iB=

2 X 9.81 ( 198148 )
1000

V iC =

= 0.72 m/s

= 0.99 m/s
Difference

2.73 104
3.801 104

= ViB - ViC
= 0.99 0.72
= 0.27 m/s

F:

2.73 104
V iC =
4
5.310 10

2 X 9.81 ( 199164 )
V iB=
1000

= 0.51 m/s

= 0.83 m/s
Difference

= ViB - ViC
= 0.83 0.51
= 0.32 m/s

24

Calculation: Result 3

2 g ( h h i)
V iB =
1000

A:

2 X 9.81 ( 240217 )
V iB=
1000

Q av
Ai

V iC =

3.75 104
4
5.310 10

= 0.71 m/s

= 0.67 m/s

Difference

V iC =

= ViB - ViC
= 0.67 0.71
= - 0.04 m/s

B:

V iC =

2 X 9.81 ( 245193 )
V iB=
1000

= 1.02 m/s

= 1.01 m/s

Difference

3.75 10
4
3.664 10

= ViB - ViC
= 1.01 1.02
= - 0.01 m/s

C:

V iB=

2 X 9.81 ( 24411 )
1000

V iC =

= 2.14 m/s

Difference

3.75 104
2.011 104

= 1.86 m/s

= ViB - ViC
= 2.14 1.86
= 0.28 m/s
25

D:

2 X 9.81 ( 243126 )
V iB=
1000

V iC =

= 1.19 m/s

= 1.52 m/s

Difference

3.75 104
3.142 104

= ViB - ViC
= 1.52 1.19
= 0.33 m/s

E:

V iB=

2 X 9.81 ( 240154 )
1000

V iC =

= 0.99 m/s

= 1.30 m/s
Difference

3.75 104
3.801 104

= ViB - ViC
= 1.30 0.99
= 0.31 m/s

F:

3.75 104
V iC =
4
5.310 10

2 X 9.81 ( 240180 )
V iB=
1000

= 0.71 m/s

= 1.08 m/s

= 0.37 m/s
Difference

= ViB - ViC
= 1.08 0.71

26