Theoretical Study On Pipe of Tapered Thickness With An Internal Flow To Estimate Natural Frequency

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)
Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 105120, Article ID: IJMET_07_02_014

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IAEME Publication
THEORETICAL STUDY ON PIPE OF

TAPERED THICKNESS WITH AN
INTERNAL FLOW TO ESTIMATE
NATURAL FREQUENCY
Nawal H. Al Raheimy
College of Engineering / Mechanical Department,
Babylon University / Babil-Iraq
ABSTRACT
This research study the effect of tapered thickness on the free transverse
vibration of clamped free pipe which have uniform circular cross section
conveying water by using Raighly Ritz method in the two case, the first
involves the pipe have a constant wall thickness (t1) at clamped end equal to
(1mm & 2mm) while the thickness (t2) at free end changes according to the
ratio (t2/t1=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1). In the second case the thickness at free end
(t2) is constant (1mm & 2mm) whereas the thickness at clamped end (t1)
changes at ratio (t1/t2=0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1). The pipe has a constant inner
radius (Ri) of (1 cm or 2 cm) and different values of length (1m & 2m). This
study shows in the 1st case the critical velocity (Vc) of the fluid can be
decreased at the increase in length of the pipe at the same values of Ri & t1 but
the value of critical velocity is increased with increasing t1, Ri and the
thickness ratio (t2/t1) at the same length of the pipe. In addition at absence the
flow of water the natural frequency of system is decreased with the increase in
the ratio of thickness (t2/t1) and length of pipe, whereas Ri and t1 are
decreased. In the 2nd case the dynamic behaviors of the system at the same
that in the 1st case except that the natural frequency increase with increasing
the thickness ratio t1/t2. At any formation of the pipe for uniform section the
natural frequency decreased when the velocity of water increased from zero to
critical velocity. Results are compared with those available in literature and
are found to be in excellent agreement.
Key words: Cantilever Pipe, Internal Flow, Tapered Thickness
Cite this Article: Nawal H. Al Raheimy, Theoretical Study on Pipe of
Tapered Thickness with an Internal Flow to Estimate Natural Frequency
International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 7(2), 2016,
pp. 105120.
http://www.iaeme.com/currentissue.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=7&IType=2
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105
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
1. INTRODUCTION
The vibrations resulting from fluid flow causing noisy problems occur in a wide range
in industrial field from civil engineering, chemical processing, aerospace and marine
structures. Nabeel and et.al. [1], fluid flow and the pipe line will be an interactive
system dynamics where coupled by the force of fluid exerted on the pipe this force
causes the deformation pipe thus change the direction the flow also change fluid
force. Chol [2] investigated the natural frequencies of piping system under effect fluid
velocity and coriolis force. It is obtained that at certain critical velocities causing
bucklingtype instability for different boundary conditions. Alaa [3] studied the effect
of the fluid flow through a pipe with restriction affect the dynamic behavior on the
vibration of system. Wang [4] investigated the static and dynamic behavior pipes
conveying fluid mathematically by using finite difference method. Shintaro [5]
investigated experimentally the vibration of hanging tube conveying fluid with
varying the length of the tube. Marijonas [6] investigated flow induced vibration in
rotation pipe conveying fluid in hypothesis that the fluid is incompressible and in
viscid by using non linear equations of motion which is derived by finite elements
method. Kuiper[7] gave analytical proof of stability of pipe transmitted fluid in
clamped pinned by at low speed by using a plug flow model after consideration a
tensioned Euler Bernoulli beam in arrangement. Muhsin [8] studied the effect of
boundary conditions of pipes on the natural frequency of the system conveying fluid
at different diameter, length, pipe materials and velocity of fluid by using beam
theory. Ivan[9] investigated the flow induced vibration at uniform and tapered
thickness in different boundary conditions (clamped clamped & pined pined ) by
using finite elements method. A. Marzani and et.al. [10] used Winkler type elastic
foundation to study it is effect on the stability pipe fluid conveying fluid at transverse
motion to determine the flutter velocity. Ali [11] studied the dynamic manners of a pipe
transmission fluid at laminar flow taking into consideration general boundary
conditions as complaint material with linear and rotational springs. Shankarachar
and et.al. [12] investigated the dynamic behavior of pipe conveying fluid the frequency
equations is derived for classical boundary conditions where the frequency of system
decreased with increasing the velocity of flow.
In this paper, can be obtained the frequency by using approximate form which
represented by Rayleigh Ritz method of cantilever pipe with an internal flow which
have tapered thickness in the two cases which have different ratio between thickness
at clamped and free end, estimated the natural frequency of vibrations at different
values of inner radius, the thickness at clamped and free end, different values of
velocity flow of water and different values of length.
2. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Figures (1) show the uniform cross section of clamped free pipe at tapered thickness
of length L, inner radius Ri, the thickness at clamped end t 1, and at free end t2 can be
derived
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Theoretical Study on Pipe of Tapered Thickness with An Internal Flow To Estimate Natural
Frequency
Fig (1-a) Cantilever pipe of tapered

Thickness t2/t1 1
Fig (1-b) Cantilever pipe of tapered

Thickness t 1/t 21
From Fig.(1-a) :- (tx t2 ) / (L-x) = (t1 t2) /L
(1-a)
From fig (1-b):-(tx t1 ) / x = (t2 t1) /L
(1-b)
After simplify above relations yields:

tx = t1(1-x/L )+ t2 (x/L)
(2)
2
In tapered thickness of pipe at length of part of pipe (x), A(x) = ( Rxo
Ri2 ) = 2 Ri tx,
where Rxo = (Ri+tx), therefore mp(x) = p * A(x), and
4
I(x) = /4( Rxo
Ri4 ), therefore I ( x)
4 t x Ri3 6 t x2 Ri2 4 t x3 Ri t x4 .
4
Now the procedure of Rayeigh-Ritz to is applied derive the natural frequency for
transverse motion of tapered cross section of cantilever pipe. Let us use the simple
two term approximation Benoray [13].
Yr c1 y1( x) c2 y2 ( x)
2
(3)
3
x
x
(4)
Yr c1 c2
L
L
By using above equations the values of mij and kij can be estimated Benoraya[13]:
L
mi j m( x) yi y j dx
(5)
ki j E I ( x) yi'' y 'j'
(6)
After integration equation (5) according to pipe where the pipe is empty from fluid
can be yielded:m11p = 2 p Ri L [t1/30 + t2/6],
m22p = 2
p Ri L [t1/56 + t2/8],
m12p = 2 p Ri L [t1 /42 + t2/7]

m12p = m21p.
107
(5-a)
editor@iaeme.com
Nawal H. Al Raheimy
m f (x) = f *Af (x) therefore m f (x) = f Ri2

Now after using equation (5) and integration yields:
{m11f =mf* L/5 , m12f =mf *L/6 =m21f, m22 =mf* L/7 }
(5-b)
Now the employment superposition between equations (5-a) and equations (5-b)
will be obtained:
m11 m11p m11f , m12 m12 p m12 f , m21 m21p m21f , m22 m22 p m22 f (7)
After integration of equation (4) the following relations which represent the
stiffness of pipe as follows:-
3
2 Ri t1 t 2 2 R 2i t12 t1 t 2 t 23
E
k11p 3 Ri t13 t12 t 2 t1t 22 t 23
L
1
t14 t13 t 2 t12 t 22 t13t 2 t 24
5
(8)
31
1
1 3
2 1 2 1
4 Ri 6 t1 3 t 2 6 R i 12 t1 6 t1 t 2 4 t 2
3E
1
3
1
1
k12 p 3 4Ri t13 t12 t 2 t1t 22 t 23
10
20
5
L
20
1 4 1 3
2 3
1 4
1 2 2
t1 t1 t 2 10 t1 t 2 t1 t 2 t 2
15
15
6
30
(9)
k21p k12 p
(9-a)
31
3
6 3
21 2
Ri 3 t1 t 2 R i 5 t1 5 t1 t 2 5 t 2
9E
2 2 2 3
1 3 1 2
k 22 p 3 Ri t1 t1 t 2 t1t 2 t 2
5
5
3
L
15
1 4 1 3
6 2 2 4 3
1 4
t1 t1 t 2
t1 t 2 t1 t 2 t 2

35
105
42
7
105
(10)
Now can be write the other relations of mass and stiffness in the matrix form as
follow :
k11p n2 m11 k12 p n2 m12 c 0

1 =
2
2
k12 p n m12 k22 p n m22 c 2 0
or in general matrix notation as :
(11)
K M c 0
2
n
(12)
The evaluation of this determinant provides an estimation of the two fundamental

natural frequencies 12 and 22 for the pipe carrying fluid which is not moved. In
order to complete the natural frequency of pipe when the fluid moves at any velocity,
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Frequency
firstly the critical velocity of flow should be determined for uniform cantilever pipe
from the flowing equation Ivan[9] ,
1.875
(13)
E I / f Af
L
Thus the natural frequency () of a pipe at any velocity of fluid can be found from
the following equation:
Vc =
Vf
1 Blivens [14]
n
Vc
(14)
Thus Vf is represented the velocity of the flow.
3. RESULTS AND DISCCUSION

The construction of pipes effect on the practical application subsequently effect on
quality performance. Table (1) shows comparison of the natural frequency of the first
mode for transverse free vibrations of pipe comparison of the natural frequency of the
first mode in the different values of velocity of flow from V f =0 to Vf = Vc where
those are compared between the Rayleigh-Ritz method in the present work and the
finite element method (FEM) in Ivan[9] at clamped-free boundary for uniform pipe,
D=0.01m, t=0.0001m, L=2m. The results based on the main properties of material
E=207 Gpa, =8000 kg/m3. Figures (2 &3) show that the first mode of vibration of
tapered thickness in absence flow (Vf =0) as a function of the ratio (t2/t1) obtain for the
Rayleigh Ritz method for variation values of inner radius (R i), the length of pipe (L)
and thickness at clamped end ( t1). It is clearly seen that the natural frequency
increased with the increased in thickness (t1) and the inner radius (Ri), This manners
illustrated the strain energy of structure increased with increase in the thickness and
the radius therefore that is caused increased the stiffness of system. In the same
figures the natural frequency decreased with increase in the ration of thickness (t 2/t1)
and the length (L) that is causes increasing in the mass for the pipe and the water
which caused an increase in the kinetic energy of the structure. In the figures ( 4 to 9)
the natural frequency as a function with the velocity of flow (V f) of water for of pipe
at different values of (t2/t1), Ri, ti &L where the natural frequency decreased with
increased in the velocity of flow. Figures (10 & 11) show that the first mode of
vibration of tapered thickness in absence flow (V f =0) as a function of the ratio (t1/t2)
for variation values of inner radius (Ri), the length of pipe (L) and thickness at free
end ( t2). Can be seen that the natural frequency increased with the increase in
thickness (t2), the inner radius (Ri) and ratio of thickness (t1/t2).This behavior
illustrated the strain energy of structure increased with increase in the thickness and
the radius. In the same figures the natural frequency decreased with increased in the
length of pipe as like in the above case. Figures (12 to 19) show the natural frequency
also decrease with increased the velocity of flow of all different structures of pipe
because of velocity of flow impose pressure on the wall and caused deformation of
the pipe therefore caused decrease in the elasticity of pipe and the natural frequency
of the system.
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
Table 1 Natural frequency (rad/sec) of transverse vibrations of pipe in different value of
velocity of flow
Velocity Vf (m/s)
R.R.M.
F.E.M.
Difference %
7.99
7.794
2.45 %
7.81
7.5968
2.73 %
7.26
6.9807
3.847 %
6.23
5.8549
6.021 %
4.39
3.8825
11.56 %
2.47
1.9897
19.445 %
Vc=9.5872
= [(R-Ritz method FEM method)/ R-Ritz method] *100%
280
1st. mode, t1=1mm, Vf=0

L=1m, Ri=0.01m
L=1m, Ri=0.02m
240
L=2m, Ri=0.01m
Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)
L=2m, Ri=0.02m
200
160
120
80
40
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
Thickness ratio (t2/t1)
Figure 2 Natural frequency for 1st mode as a function of thickness ratio (t2/t1) in different
values of radius & length, absence flow and t1=1mm.
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Frequency
350
325
L=1m, Ri=0.01m
300
L=1m, Ri=0.02m
275
L=2m, Ri=0.01m
L=2m, Ri=0.02m
250
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
180
L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t1=1mm

160
t2/t1=0.2
t2/t1=0.4
140
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t1=0.8
t2/t1=1
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)
Figure 4 Natural frequency for 1st mode as a function of velocity of flow Vf in different
values of thickness ratio (t2/t1) at one meter length, radius =0.01m and t1=1mm.
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
200
L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t1=1mm

180
t2/t1=0.2
t2/t1=0.4
160
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t2=0.8
140
t2/t1=1
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Velocity of flwo Vf (m/sec)
35
L=2m, Ri= 0.01m, t1=1mm

t2/t1=0.2
30
t2/t1=0.4
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t0.8
25
t2/t1=1
20
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
values of thickness ratio (t2/t1) at two meter length, radius =0.01m and t1=1mm.
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Frequency
60
L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t1=1mm

t2/t1=0.2
50
t2/t1=0.4
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t1=0.8
t2/t1=1
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
45
L=2 m, Ri=0.01m, t1=2mm

40
t2/t1=0.2
t2/t1=0.4
35
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t1=0.8
30
t2/t1=1
25
20
15
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
70
L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t1=2mm

t2/t1=0.2
60
t2/t1=0.4
t2/t1=0.6
t2/t1=0.8
50
t2/t1=1
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
240
220
L=1m, Ri=0.01m
200
L=1m, Ri=0.02m
L=2m, Ri=0.01m
180
L=2m,Ri=0.02m
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
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Frequency
300
275
L=1m, Ri=0.01m
250
L=1m, Ri=0.02m
L=2m, Ri=0.01m
225
L=2m, Ri=0.02m
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
120
L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t2=1mm

t1/t2=0.2
100
t1/t2=0.4
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
t1/t2=1
80
60
40
20
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
180
L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t2=2mm

160
t1/t2=0.2
t1/t2=0.4
t1/t2=0.6
140
t1/t2=0.8
t1/t2=1
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Velocity of floww Vf (rad/sec)
Figure 13 Natural frequency for 1st mode as a function of velocity of flow V f in different
200
L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t2=1mm

180
t1/t2=0.2
t1/t2=0.4
160
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
140
t1/t2=1
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
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Frequency
250
L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t2=2mm

225
t1/t2=0.2
t1/t2=0.4
200
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
175
t1/t2=1
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
35
L=2m, Ri=0.01m, t2=1mm

t1/t2=0.2
30
t1/t2=0.4
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
25
t1/t2=1
20
15
10
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Velocity of floww Vf(m/sec)
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
45
L=2m, Ri=0.01m, t2=2mm

40
t1/t2=0.2
t1/t2=0.4
t1/t2=0.6
35
Natural fequency wn (rad/sec)
t1/t2=0.8
t1/t2=1
30
25
20
15
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Velocity of floww Vf (m/sec)
50
L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t2=1mm

45
t1/t2=0.2
t1/t2=0.4
40
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
Natural frequencu wn (rad/sec)
35
t1/t2=1
30
25
20
15
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
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Frequency
70
L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t2=2mm

t1/t2=0.2
60
t1/t2=0.4
t1/t2=0.6
t1/t2=0.8
50
t1/t2=1
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
values of thickness ratio (t1/t2) at tw0 meter length, radius =0.02m and t2=2mm.
4. CONCLUSION
The flowing conclusions can be deduced from the results of the present study, the
natural frequency of pipes conveying flow of fluid at thickness ratio t2/t11 decrease
with increased the ratio of thickness against that pipes which thickness ratio t1/t21
where the natural frequency increased with increasing the ratio of thickness. In the
other hand the increasing of inner radius of the system will rise the natural frequency
but the increasing the length of the pipe caused reduced the natural frequency also
increasing the velocity of flow caused decreasing the frequency of the system.
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A1
Cross section area at of pipe clamped end (m2).
A2
Cross section area of pipe at free end (m2)
A(x) Cross section area of pipe at part of length (x) (m2)
Af
Cross section area of fluid (m2)
c1 & c2 Constants
E
Modulus of elasticity (N/m2)
L
Length of the pipe (m)
I
Second moment of area (m4)
I(x)
Second moment of area at part of length(x) (m 4)
mf
Mass of fluid per unit length (kg/m)
mp (x) Mass of pipe per part of length x (kg/m)
t1
Thickness of pipe at clamped end (mm)
t2
Thickness of pipe at free end (mm)
tx
Thickness of pipe at any part of length of pipe
Ri
Inner radius of pipe (m).
Ro1
Outer radius of pipe at clamped end (m)
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Nawal H. Al Raheimy
Ro2
Rxo
Vf
Vc
x
Yr
p
f
Outer radius of pipe at free end (m)

Outer radius of pipe at part of length x
Velocity of fluid (m/sec)
Critical velocity of fluid flows in the pipe (m/sec).
Length of part of pipe (m).
Displacement (amplitude of pipe (m)
Mass density of pipe material (kg/m3)
Mass density of fluid in the pipe (water) (kg/m3)
Natural frequency of pipe at velocity of flow V f (rad/sec)
Fundamental natural frequency of pipe in absence of flow (rad/sec)
REFRENCESES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
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Theoretical Study On Pipe of Tapered Thickness With An Internal Flow To Estimate Natural Frequency

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

Volume 7, Issue 2, March-April 2016, pp. 105120, Article ID: IJMET_07_02_014

THEORETICAL STUDY ON PIPE OF

Fig (1-a) Cantilever pipe of tapered

Fig (1-b) Cantilever pipe of tapered

From Fig.(1-a) :- (tx t2 ) / (L-x) = (t1 t2) /L

From fig (1-b):-(tx t1 ) / x = (t2 t1) /L

After simplify above relations yields:

m12p = 2 p Ri L [t1 /42 + t2/7]

m f (x) = f *Af (x) therefore m f (x) = f Ri2

k11p n2 m11 k12 p n2 m12 c 0

The evaluation of this determinant provides an estimation of the two fundamental

Thus Vf is represented the velocity of the flow.

3. RESULTS AND DISCCUSION

= [(R-Ritz method FEM method)/ R-Ritz method] *100%

1st. mode, t1=1mm, Vf=0

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Thickness ratio (t2/t1)

1st. mode, t1=2mm, Vf=0

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Thickness ratio (t2/t1)

L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t1=1mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t1=1mm

Velocity of flwo Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri= 0.01m, t1=1mm

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t1=1mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=2 m, Ri=0.01m, t1=2mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t1=2mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

1st. mode, t2=1mm, Vf=0

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Thickness ratio (t1/t2)

1st. mode, t2=2mm, Vf=0

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Thickness ratio (t1/t2)

L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t2=1mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=1m, Ri=0.01m, t2=2mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of floww Vf (rad/sec)

L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t2=1mm

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=1m, Ri=0.02m, t2=2mm

Natural frequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.01m, t2=1mm

Velocity of floww Vf(m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.01m, t2=2mm

Natural fequency wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of floww Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t2=1mm

Natural frequencu wn (rad/sec)

Velocity of flow Vf (m/sec)

L=2m, Ri=0.02m, t2=2mm