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Senin, 13 April 2015

makalah linguistic varieties

MAKALAH LINGUISTIC VARIETIES AND MULTILINGUAL NATIONS

Diajukan untuk Memenuhi Tugas Tersrtuktur Mata Kuliah

An Introduction To Sociolinguistics

Oleh:
AFNI FITRI
LIDHYA MARTALIANA
VEBIOLA VANESSA
YEYEN SURYA ANGGARA
Dosen Pembimbing:

: 2313.074
: 2313.087
: 2313.106
: 2313.108

IRWANDI, S. S., M.Pd

PROGRAM STUDI PENDIDIKAN BAHASA INGGRIS

SEKOLAH TINGGI AGAM ISLAM NEGERI (STAIN)
SJECH M DJAMIL DJAMBEK BUKITTINGGI
2014/2015

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Over half the worlds population is bilingual and many people are multilingual. They
acquire a number of language because they need them for different purposes in their everyday
interactions
B. Problem Formulation
1.
What the meaning of Vernacular Languages?
2.
What the meaning Standard Languages?
3.
What the meaning of Lingua Franca?
4.
What the meaning of Pidgin and Creoles?
5.
Why do Pidgins Develop?
6.
What kind of linguistic structure does a pidgin language have?

C. Aims
Understand some major theories about Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations
Have skills in reading, comprehending and making an opinion aboutVarieties and Multilingual
Nations different theories
Be able to ask questions about different forms and sites of and their impact on people.
D. Destination

In the manufacture of this paper aims to find out a little more aboutLinguistic Varieties
and Multilingual Nations

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
Linguistic Varieties and Multilingual Nations
A. Definition
Linguistic Varieties is the diversity of language which used by many people in the
world, and meanwhile the term Multilingual Nation can be define as variations of language or
diversity of language which used by many people in a community or in a particular domain, for
instance is India. The fact that India is the most multilingual nation in the world. With a
population of over 700 hundred million, Indians use hundreds of different language the exact
number depends on what counts as a distinct language, and what is rather a dialect of another
language. One language is their ethnic or tribal language, another is the language of their
education, another served as a useful language of wider communication in particular context,
such as the market place, at the railway station, or with outsiders or tourist. With this kind of
linguistic diversity it is easy to understand, the problem facing the country at the national level.
Should a country use the same language for internal administration and for
official communication with other nations? Which use or languages should be used by the
government and the courts? In order to asses the relatively claims of different languages it
isnecessary to look at their status and the functions which they serve.
B. Vernacular Language
The term vernacular is used in numbers of ways. It generally refers to a language
which has not been standardized and which does not have official status. Vernacular are usually
the first language learned by people in multilingual language communities, and they are often

used for a relatively narrow range of informal functions. The function of vernacular language is
to shows their identity when they talking with the other person from the other place.
There are three components of the meaning of the term vernacular, then. The most
basic refers to the fact that a vernacular is an uncodified or understandardised variety. The
second refers to the way it is acquired in the home, as a first variety. The third is the fact that it is
used for relatively circumscribed functions. The first component has been most widely used as
the defining criterion, but emphasis on one or other of the components had led to the use of the
term vernacular with somewhat different meanings.
Finally the term vernacular is sometimes used to indicate that a language is used
for everyday interaction, without implying that it is appropriate only in informal domains.
For example:
like a children are talking with their friends used informal language from his
places.
C. Standard Languages
Standard language is the language which has undergone some degree of
regulation or codification in grammar and a dictionary. Usually standard language is used in the
country which have there so many dialect or the country which use multilingual nations.
Or standard language can be defined is a language variety used by a group of
people in their public discourse. Alternatively, varieties become standard by undergoing a
process of standardization, during which it is organized for description in grammars and
dictionaries and encoded in such reference works.Typically, varieties that become standardized
are the local dialects spoken in the centers of commerce and government, where a need arises for
a variety that will serve more than local needs.
Standard varieties are codified varieties. Codification is usually achieved through
grammars and dictionaries which record, and sometimes prescribe, the standard forms of the
language.
The development of standard English illustrates the three essential criteria which
characterise a standard: it was an influential or prestigious variety, it was codified and stabilized,
and it served H function in that it was used for communication at court for literature and for
administration. It also illustrates that what we refer to as a standard language is always a

particular dialect which has gained its special position as a result of social economic and political
influenced.
Standard languages developed ina similar way in many other european countries
during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In Italy, Spain, France, Romanian, for
example, there were a variety of dialects of the vernacular languages (which all derived from
varieties of colloquial Latin) which served the L functions of their communities, alongside
classical Latin, the H language. From these dialects there gradually emerged a standard,
generally based on the dialect of the political, economic and social center of the country.
For Example:
Human in their places use standard language in their places.
Pakistan persons are use urdu as in their country,
Why they are use that language cause urdu language had decided as standard

language there.

D. Lingua Francas
Lingua franca can be describe as a language which is serving as a regular means of
communication between different linguistic groups in a multilingual nation and used habitually
by people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between
them.
Lingua franca tend used for communication between people who has distinct
language and social interaction. This language doesnt has standard variety.
For example:
Like in Bali, many people want to talk with other people use Balinese language.
Minang Bukittingi language can be used to Batusangkar language. Lingua franca become
officially for example is Indonesia, Indonesia is used Lingua franca officially. Lingua franca has
a strong influence.
Java language, (this language is used in trade and daily language in family interaction).
E. Pidgin
A pidgin is a language which has no native spekers. Pidgin language are created
from the combined efforts of people who speak different language. Pidgin develop from 2 group
are different, seems like a sign language where only them who known those language but no
ones native language or nobody who created that language.
Pidgin language do not have high status or prestige and to those who dont speak
them, they often speak seem ridiculous languages.

For example:
A gang who has code language to explain some things secret foer instance: police they
called cops.
Bahasagaul (slang), this language just used by the group to group who just know
this language.
F. Creoles
A creole is a pidgin which has acquired native speakers. Many of the languages
which are called pidgins are in fact now creole languages. They are learned by children as their
first language and used in a wide range of domains.
Actually this language is a development from pidgin, but the different is Pidgin doesnt has
native speaker but creoles has native speaker.
For example : if someone has a small vocabulary and hes can be add to by creole
G. PIDGIN AND CREOLE PIDGIN
Have no native speakers. Creoles Have native speakers. Are the result of extended
contact Develop from pidgins, they are learnt as between groups with no language in a first
language by a large number of common, they are used mostly for trade. speakers. Have simple
grammatical structures. Are more complex in structure, they also have a wider range of
vocabulary to express a wide range of meanings. Are not used for group identification. May take
on national and official functions.

CHAPTER II
CONCLUSION

Over half the worlds population is bilingual and many people are multilingual.
They acquire a number of languages because they need them for different purposes in their
everyday interactions.

REFERENCE
Janet, Holmes (1992)An Introduction to Sociolinguistics : United States of America 80-101

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