Vents and Venting

VENTS and VENTING
Chapter 9
NATIONAL PLUMBING CODE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
1999
DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP - CEBU
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENTS REQUIRED
Section 901: Vents Required

Each plumbing fixture trap,
except as otherwise provided
in this Code, shall be protected
against siphonage and backpressure. Air circulation shall
be assured throughout all
parts of the excreta drainage
system by means of vent pipes
installed in accordance with
the requirements of this
Chapter and as required in this
Code.
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENTS REQUIRED

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENTS NOT REQUIRED
Sections 902 & 908: Vents Not

Required
902.1 & 908.1 Where permitted
by the Administrative
Authority, vent piping may be
omitted on an interceptor
when such interceptor acts as
a primary settling tank and
discharges through a
horizontal indirect waste pipe
into a secondary interceptor.
The second interceptor shall
be properly tapped and
vented.
902.2 & 908.2 Traps serving sinks

which are part of the
equipment of bars, soda
fountains and counters need
not be vented when the
location and construction of
such bars, soda fountains and
counters is to make it
impossible to do so. When
such conditions exist, said sink
shall discharge by means of
approved indirect waste pipe
into a floor sink or other
approved type receptor.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: MATERIALS

Section 903 MATERIALS
903.1 VENT PIPES
903.1.2 HORIZONTAL & VERTICAL

VENT LINES & VENT PIPES
903.2 VENT FITTINGS
CAST IRON, DUCTILE CAST IRON,

GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON
COPPER
CAST IRON
GALVANIZED STEEL
CAST IRON
GALVANIZED MALLEABLE IRON or

GALVANIZED STEEL
LEAD
GALVANIZED WROUGHT IRON
LEAD
COPPER
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
COPPER
BRASS
BRASS
Schedule 40 ABS, DWV
ABS
Series 1000 PVC, DWV
PVC
No galvanized malleable iron or galvanized steel pipes and fittings shall be buried
underground but shall be kept at least 152 mm above finish ground level.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: SIZE OF VENTS

Section 904 & 910 SIZE OF VENTS
Section 904.1 The size of vent piping shall be determined from its length and the total
number of fixture units connected thereto, as set forth in Table 7-5 of this Code. In
addition, the drainage piping of each building and each connections to a public sewer or
a private sewage disposal system shall be vented by means of one or more vent pipes,
the aggregate cross-sectional area of which shall not be less than that of the largest
required building sewer, as determined from Table 7-5, page 88.
Exception: when connected to a common building sewer, the drainage piping of 2 or
more buildings located on the same lot and under one ownership may be vented by
means of piping sized in accordance with Table 7-5 provided the aggregate crosssectional area of all the vents is not less than that of the largest required common
building sewer.
From Table 7-5

Size of Vent Piping
51
76
102
152
203
Maximum Fixture Unit
24 DFU
84 DFU
256 DFU
1380 DFU
3600 DFU
Maximum Length
37 m
65 m
91 m
155 m
228 m

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: SIZE OF VENTS

904.2 The length of horizontal
portion of a vent may exceed 1/3 of
the total length of vertical and
horizontal portions as limited by
Table 7-5 provided the vent is
increased to one pipe size larger for
its entire length.
Section 910.2 No more than 1/3 of
the total permitted length, per Table
7-5 of any minimum sized vent shall
be installed in a horizontal position.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENT PIPE GRADES and CONNECTIONS

905. 1 All horizontal vent and
branch vent pipes shall be free
from drops or sags and each
such vent shall be graded and
connected to drip back by
gravity to the drainage pipe it
serves.
SLOPE
905.2 Where vents connect to a

horizontal drainage pipe, such
vent pipe connection shall have
its invert taken off above the
drainage centerline of such pipe
downstream of the trap being
served.
Vent after the trap

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

Waste Pipes Grading
"Every drainage pipe that has a size of 3" or less, and every fixture drain shall have a
downward slope in the direction of flow of at least 1:50."
There are two main methods which can be used for grading pipes:
9-inch level
A straight piece of wood 12 inches long with a 1/4 inch strip of wood attached to one
end can be used to set the 9-inch level on. A correct level reading will indicate that
the waist pipe or drain has grade of 1:50 (1/4 inch to one foot).

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

Adjustable Grade Level
This type of level is especially
designed for grading waste
pipes. It has an adjustable
level which can be moved to
the required grade and then
locked in place.
It can be also suggested to use surveyor's

level to grade waste pipes and drains.
Calculations on Grading Waste Pipes and Drains

CHAPTER
For 3" waste pipes

and drains
grade = 1/4
( Imperial
Measurement
Units)
or
grade = 1/50
(Metric System)
Vents and Venting: VENT PIPE GRADES and CONNECTIONS

905.3 Unless prohibited by structural
conditions, each vent shall rise
vertically to a point not less than 152
mm above the highest flood level rim
of the fixtures served before offsetting
horizontally to join the vent stack or
stack vent and the bottom connection
shall be installed with approved
drainage fittings and installed with
proper grade to the horizontal drain.
Flood Level Rim
152 mm
(minimum)
Looped Vent or Island Vent

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENT STACK
Vent Stack
Purpose:
to maintain atmospheric pressure throughout the length
of the soil and waste stacks, provide a convenient
connection point for individual, branch and stack vents.
Definition:
"Vent Stack means a vent pipe that is connected at its
upper end to a header or is terminated in an open air and
that is used to limit pressure differential in a soil or waste
stack."
Section 907.1 Each soil or waste stack which extends 10
or more stories above the building drain shall be served
by a parallel vent stack which will extend undiminished
in size from its upper terminal at the roof and connect to
the soil or waste stack at ground level.

CHAPTER

Installation:
Vent Stack must be installed in conjunction with the soil or waste stack
in any building of 2 or more storeys except residential ,
in residential buildings of 4 storeys and more, where back vents, relief vents or
circuit vents (vent piping in general) are installed.

CHAPTER
Connection (lower end):

In residential buildings of 4 and more
storeys, other buildings of 2 and more
storeys:
"...at or below the lowest horizontal
sanitary drainage pipe connected to the
waste or soil stack:
"...to the building drain immediately

downstream of the stack connection":

CHAPTER

A vent stack is not required to be installed in
conjunction with the soil or waste stack in a
residential building of 3 storeys or less.
in residential buildings of 3 and less storeys:

fixtures individual vents can be the beginning
of the vent stack
On this pictures Vent Stack is not installed in

conjunction with the soil or waste stack
CHAPTER

Termination ( connection of the upper end):
The upper end of every vent pipe that is not terminated in open air shall be
connected to a venting system that is terminated in open air:

CHAPTER

Connection ( vent pipes to the vent stack ):
"The upper end of every vent pipe shall be above the flood level rim of the highest
fixture it serves before connecting to another vent pipe.
"No vent pipe shall be so arranged that it will serve as a bypass in the event of an
obstruction in the drainage pipe."

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

Branch Vent Sizing
No branch vent and its connecting branch
shall be smaller in diameter than the diameter
calculated in accordance with Table 7-5.
For the purpose of Table 7-5, the length of a
vent stack or vent shall be its developed
length of vent piping from the vent stack or
stack vent where the header terminates to
the most distant vent or stack connected to it.
Developed Length
For the purpose of Table 7-5, the length of a
vent stack or stack vent shall be its developed
length from its lower end where it connects to
the drainage piping to its upper end where it
connects to a header or goes directly to open
air.
A vent stack shall at each point of
interconnection with a branch vent be not
smaller than the minimum size permitted
by Table 7-5.
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

Fixtures can be connected to a vent stack:
if
The terminal of a vent
total hydraulic does not exceed 8 fixture units,
pipe shall be located
at least 1 fixture is connected to the vertical portion of the vent stack and upstream
of any other fixture,
no other fixtures is connected downstream of a water closet,
all fixtures are located at the lowest storey served by the vent stack.
(a) at least 900 mm above, or 3.5 m in any

other direction from air inlet, openable
window or door,
(a) at least 900 mm above, or 3.5 m in any

other direction from air inlet, openable
window or door,
Visualization of how it might be if to connect

modified stack venting to the vent stack:
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: VENT TERMINATION

Section 906 VENT TERMINATION
300 mm
(minimum)
150 mm
(minimum)
VERTICAL SURFACE
906.1 Each vent pipe or stack through roof

(SVTR) shall extend its flashing all around and
the stack vent shall terminate vertically not less
than 15 cm above the roof nor less than 0.3
meter from any vertical surface nearby.
905. 4 the vent through roof (VSTR) shall be

increased 1 pipe size above the reconnection
point of stack vent and horizontal vent.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: TERMINATION

3000 mm
900 mm
300 mm
300 mm
150 mm
900 mm
150 mm
This are Minimum Distances

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting
2100 mm
(minimum)

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: INDIVIDUAL VENT

Every waste pipe shall be installed and back
vented at the same time.
An individual vent as a vent installed to protect
one fixture trap.
Back vent may be connected to the

vertical leg of a water closet or other
S-trap fixture.
There are two types of individual vent:

back vent
continuous waste and vent
Back vent must be connected above the

horizontal center line of the fixture drain
(nominally horizontal soil or waste pipe );
The continuous waste and vent must

be installed above the hydraulic
gradient of the fixture:

CHAPTER

Vents and Venting: INDIVIDUAL VENT
Except as provided , where a vent pipe vents
one or more fixture traps, the pipe size of the
vent pipe shall be in accordance with
Sizing individual vents:
Vent, in.
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
Trap, in.
1 1/4, 1 1/2
2, 2 1/2, 3, 4
5, 6
When the vent pipe of a given diameter

reaches its maximum permitted length,
the vent pipe must be increased in diameter
to the next largest pipe size.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: DUAL VENT

Dual Vent
Dual venting is a type of
group venting where one
vent protects two fixture
traps.
Fittings for installation dual vent

Restrictions
accepted only if vertical run is of 3"
size or larger and horizontal branches
are of 1 1/4", 1 1/2" or 2" size.
Double Sanitary T or Short Turn Double TY
No restrictions
Dual vented fixtures

must connect to vertical
drainage piping.
Double Combination Y and 1/8 Bend or

Double Long Turn TY
No restrictions
Double Y and 1/8 Bend

CHAPTER

"the maximum length of a fixture outlet pipe of any fixture is 900 mm".
There is no minimum length requirements for a fixture outlet pipe. This means that
two different fixtures may be dual vented and connect at the same level with a
double Y and two 450 elbows.

CHAPTER

Drain Pipe Sizing:
The size of the vertical drainage piping serving
a dual vent is determined by the size of outlet
pipes of the dual vented fixtures and the total
fixture unit load.
Vent Pipe Sizing:

A dual vent is sized as a branch vent
according to Section 910.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: WET VENT

Wet Vent
Wet vent means a waste
pipe that also serves as
a vent pipe.
There are two types of

fixtures in a wet vent
installation:
wet venting fixture
and wet vented fixture.
Installation Requirements:
All the fixtures must be
located at the same floor.
Wet vent must connect to
the horizontal waste pipe
of P-trapped wet vented
fixture
wet vent must be installed

450 mm minimum or 1500
mm maximum
downstream from weir
of a P-trapped wet
vented fixture.

CHAPTER

Wet vent must be located within
1500 mm of the elbow serving a
water closet or any floor
mounted siphonic fixture
At least one of the wet venting fixtures must

be drained through a continuous waste and
vent
If two wet
venting fixtures
connect to the wet
vent at the same
level, the wet
venting fixtures must
be dual vented.
CHAPTER

If two wet venting fixtures
connect to the wet vent not at
the same level, they must be
separately vented with one of
the fixtures drained through a
continuous waste and vent.
Wet vent is not required to be connected above

the horizontal center line of the soil or waste pipe.
wet vent may connect to either vertical or

horizontal waste pipe of a wet vented siphonic
trap.

CHAPTER

Sizing Wet Vent:
The minimum size of a wet
vent is determined by the size
of the wet venting fixture trap
Trap, in
min Wet Vent,

in
1 1/4, 1 1/2
1 1/4
1 1/2
3, 4, 6

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: CIRCUIT VENT

Circuit Vent
Circuit vent means a vent pipe
that functions for two or more
traps connecting to a
horizontal branch where the
lowest end of the vent pipe
connects to the waste pipe on
the downstream side of the
highest fixture of the group
and the upper end connects to
branch vent, vent stack, stack
vent or extends to open air
independently and "circuit
vented" has a corresponding
meaning.
A circuit vented horizontal branch connected to a sanitary building drain

CHAPTER

Requirements for a Circuit Vent
A horizontal branch off a stack
or off a sanitary building drain
may be circuit vented where:
the circuit vented branch is of
a size 3" or larger,
the minimum number of
circuit vented fixtures is less
than 7 per vent and in any
A circuit vent may protect up to six fixtures
group of 6 or less circuit vented
installed on a circuit vented horizontal branch.
fixtures all but the last of the
The circuit vent must connect downstream of the
group are downstream of the
last fixture in the circuit vented group. If seven to
point where the circuit vent
twelve fixtures are to be circuit vented, two vents
connects to the branch.
are required. If thirteen to eighteen, three vents,
the circuit vented fixture is
and so on.
sanitary unit, floor drain, hub
A sanitary unit is: water closet, urinal, bidet,
drain, shower drain or trap
bedpan washer.
standard slop sink,
all fixtures connected to the
circuit vent are on the same DANILO V. RAVINA NAMPAP - CEBU
floor level.
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

No soil or waste stack
connects to the circuit vented
branch:
No circuit vented trap has a horizontal run of

waste pipe of more than 1 500 mm:
You should note that the standard vent to trap

requirements apply.
When installing fixture drains to a circuit vented
branch, the minimum distance between a trap and
the horizontal branch is 2 pipe diameters, and the
maximum distance is 1 500 mm.
The maximum fall between a P-trap and the
horizontal branch is one pipe diameter, and the
minimum fall is 1:50.
The maximum change of direction between a
fixture trap and the horizontal branch is 135o for a
P-trap fixture and 135o for a siphonic fixture
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: CIRCUIT VENT / RELEIF VENT

In a water closet installation,
no circuit vented trap has a
horizontal run of waste pipe
of more than 1 500 mm nor a
vertical run of more than 900
mm:
Where a stack or a sanitary building drain has a

circuit vented branch connected to it and
the stack or sanitary building drain carries
more than eight fixture units of drainage
upstream of the connection:
the circuit vented branch shall be relief vented.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

has connected to a sanitary drainage pipe
larger than 2 size:
receives drainage from a higher floor level:
the circuit
vented branch
shall be relief
vented.
CHAPTER
the circuit
vented branch
shall be relief
vented.
Vents and Venting

A relief vent required by
sentence (2) may be a wet
vent if it is of 2" size and
greater and not more than
one fixture having a
maximum of 1 1/2 fixture
units is drained into it
Where circuit vented fixture traps are connected

to 2 or more horizontal branches that connect to
the same horizontal branch, the horizontal
branches may have a combined relief vent

CHAPTER

Fixtures that have a hydraulic
load totaling not more than 1 1/2
fixture units may be connected to
a vertical section of a of a circuit
vent provided
the fixtures are located in the
same storey as the fixtures
served by the vent pipes,
not more than 2 fixtures are
connected to the vent pipe:
and where 2 fixtures are
connected to the vent pipe, the
connection is done with
a double fitting

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: STACK VENT

Stack Vent
Stack vent is an
arrangement of group
venting when fixture
traps are vented
through the soil stack
which terminates into
a header or open air
and no additional
venting is required.
Installation Requirements
The stack must be a soil stack of minimum 3" size that
extends as a stack vent that means no discharge from
any other fixture located on any other higher storey.
All stack vented fixtures must be located at the same floor.

The maximum number of stack vented fixtures is 6.
The lowest fixture in a stack vented group is a water
closet.
The maximum number of water closets in a stack vented
group is 2.
The maximum number of other fixtures connected above
the water closet is 4.
CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: STACK VENTING

Where two water closets are installed, they must be connected at the same level to
the stack.
All other fixtures must be connected directly and independently to the stack above
the center line of water closets and the uppermost fixture must be connected to
the vertical portion of the stack.

CHAPTER

Where there is only one water closet in a stack vented group, it may connect to the
vertical stack or horizontal continuation of the stack and remaining fixtures
upstream of the water closet must be connected directly and independently to the
stack and the uppermost fixture must be connected to the vertical portion of the
stack.
The total number of fixture units connected above the water closet is 8.
Maximum size of a fixture drain connected above the water closet is 2".
No siphonic trap connected above the water closet is permitted.

CHAPTER

Additional Requirements
The developed length of a
fixture drain measured from
the trap weir to the stack is 2
pipe diameters minimum or
1500 mm maximum.
The upper end of every soil or waste stack shall

terminate in a stack vent and the stack vent
shall terminate in open air outside the building
or connect directly or through a header to
another stack vent, a vent stack that does
terminate in open air outside the building.
at the same floor
at the floor as a result of alteration

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: MODIFIED STACK VENTING

Modified Stack Venting
Modified stack venting
means a stack venting
arrangement where the
stack vent above the
connection of the highest
stack vented fixture is
reduced in diameter.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: MODIFIED STACK VENT

Connection of the Modified Stack Vent
The stack vent in a modified stack vented group terminates in a vent stack above the
flood level rim of the highest fixture connected to the soil stack.
The connection may be done with a TY or a Y and 1/8 bend.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting: YOKE VENT

Yoke Vent
Installation:
"Yoke vent means a vent pipe
For each section of
that is connected at its lower
five storeys or part
end to a soil or waste stack and thereof counted
its upper end to a vent stack or from top down:
a branch vent that is connected
to a vent stack."
Its purpose is to maintain

atmospheric pressure in the
soil, waste and vent stacks.
YOKE
VENT
Yoke vent is required in

buildings 10 storeys and higher.
Buildings can be of any type:
office, institutional, hospitals,
apartments.

CHAPTER
At or immediately
above each offset or
double offset:
1.0 METER
ABOVE THE
FLOOR LEVEL
)MINIMUM)
Vents and Venting: YOKE VENT

Connection :
"Yoke vent shall be connected to the soil or waste stack by means of a drainage
fitting at or immediately below the lowest soil or waste pipe from the lowest storey
.
Connection at the lowest soil

or waste pipe
Connection immediately below the

lowest soil or waste pipe

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting

Termination:
The upper end of a yoke
vent must connect to a vent
stack at least 1000 mm
above the lowest or fifth
floor of the section.
Sizing:
2" min
Fixtures may be connected

to the yoke vent vertical section:
if
they have hydraulic load totaling not more than
1 1/2 fixture units,
not more than 2 fixtures are connected to the
vent pipe,
connection is done with a double fitting.

CHAPTER
Piping: INSTALLATION
Section 608 INSTALLATION, INSPECTION , AND
TESTING
Section 608.2.1 The bottom of the water pipe
at all points, shall be at least 0.3 meter above
the top of the sewer or drain line.
Section 603.2.2 The water pipe shall be
placed on a solid shelf excavated at one side
of the common trench with a minimum clear
horizontal distance between the sides of at
least 0.3 m from the side of sewer or drain
line and the water line
300 mm (minimum)

CHAPTER
300 mm
(minimum)
300 mm
(minimum)
Vents and Venting: AIR ADMITTANCE VALVE (STUDOR SYSTEM)

Air admittance valves offer a substitute for
running vent pipes to the outside of
buildings. These valves open automatically
to let fresh air into the sanitary system if
there is a decrease in air pressure within
the system. The valves close automatically,
to avoid the discharge of foul air, whenever
the pressure in the system is equal to or
greater than the external pressure.
You can use air admittance valves for:

trap vents
group vents
stack vents
branch drains.
These are not suitable for upstream
venting of a main drain (unless there are
two upstream vents, in which case one
may be an air admittance valve). They
should be installed in the same location
and using the same method as the vent
they are replacing.

CHAPTER
Vents and Venting
Conventional Looped Vent
Studor System

CHAPTER
End of Presentation

CHAPTER

Vents and Venting

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