Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Course Outline
A. Introduction of the Course
B. Highway Planning Process and
Methods
C. Highway Classification
D. Transport Demand/Forecasting
E. Road/Highway Design Criteria &
Standards
F. Geometric Design (HA & VA)
g. Types/Design of Pavement
h. Design of Road Drainage
i. Road/Highway Maintenance
Grading System:
Quiz/Exam --------70%
Project -------- 20%
Seatwork, Course Notes, Assignment, Recitation
Attendance ------- 10%
-------------------------------------------------------100%
Passing % = 70%
Passing Score (Exam/Quiz) = 70
Attendance/Late
3 Late = 1 absent
5 Absent = Dropped
Group Project: The group is required to design a road/highway
applying all the knowledge in surveying and highway engineering.
The road project will cover 20 to 30 km road ( 20 km for 4 members,
25-30 km for 5 members), passing through a flat, rolling and
mountainous terrain. The horizontal alignment and vertical
alignment shall be designed in accordance with the existing
AASHTO/DPWH Design Guide/Standards. The other components of
the project are as follows:
1. Transport analysis (traffic load analysis)
2. Drawings, details and specifications of the road/highway
3. Earthworks
4. Projected Estimate
5. 2 options and criteria of evaluation
6. Drainage Design
(Deadline of Submission: March ____, 2016)
References:
Highway Engineering, Oglesby
Highway Engineering, Wright
Intro. To Transpo Engg, Banks
Pavement Design, Wang
Traffic & Highway Engg, Garber
Highway Design Manual
Concepts of Transportation
Engineering
Elements of Transpo
Engineering
Highway Engineering
Ancient Roads
The first mode of transport was by foot.
These human pathways would have been
developed for specific purposes leading to
camp sites, food, streams for drinking water
etc. The next major mode of transport was
the use of animals for transporting both men
and materials. Since these loaded animals
required more horizontal and vertical
clearances than the walking man, track ways
emerged.
These have led to the development of footpaths. After the invention of wheel, animal
drawn vehicles were developed and the
need for hard surface road emerged. Traces
of such hard roads were obtained from
various ancient civilization
dated as old as 3500 BC. The earliest
authentic record of road was found from
Assyrian empire constructed
about 1900 BC
Ancient Roads
The first mode of transport was by foot. These
human pathways would have been developed for
specific
purposes leading to camp sites, food, streams for
drinking water etc. The next major mode of transport
was the
use of animals for transporting both men and
materials. Since these loaded animals required more
horizontal
and vertical clearances than the walking man, track
ways emerged. The invention of wheel in
Mesopotamian
civilization led to the development of animal drawn
vehicles. Then it became necessary that the road
surface
Roman roads
The earliest large scale road
construction is attributed to Romans
who constructed an extensive system of
roads radiating in many directions from
Rome. They were a remarkable
achievement and provided travel times
across Europe, Asia minor, and north
Africa. Romans recognized that the
fundamentals of good road construction
were to provide good drainage, good
material and good workmanship
British roads
The British government also gave importance to road
construction. The British engineer John Macadam
introduced what can be considered as the first
scientific road construction method. Stone size was
an important
element of Macadam recipe. By empirical observation
of many roads,he came to realize that 250 mm layers
of well compacted broken angular stone would
provide the same strength and stiffness and a better
running
surface than an expensive pavement founded on
large stone blocks. Thus he introduced an economical
method
of road construction.
British roads
The British government also gave importance to road
construction. The British engineer John Macadam
introduced what can be considered as the first
scientific road construction method. Stone size was
an important
element of Macadam recipe. By empirical observation
of many roads,he came to realize that 250 mm layers
of well compacted broken angular stone would
provide the same strength and stiffness and a better
running surface than an expensive pavement
founded on large stone blocks. Thus he introduced
an economical method of road construction..
Modern roads
The modern roads by and large follow Macadams
construction method. Use of bituminous concrete and
cement
concrete are the most important developments.
Various advanced and cost-effective construction
technologies
are used. Development of new equipments help in
the faster construction of roads. Many easily and
locally available materials are tested in the
laboratories and then implemented on roads for
making economical and
durable pavements.
Highway Types/Classification of
Roads (Political Classification)
Soil investigation
Drainage recommendation
Surface drainage
Subsurface drainage
Design Controls
Traffic volume
Traffic character
Design speed
Cultural Concerns
1. Degradation of natural history (palaeotological
significance)
2. Cultural Sites
* archaeological sites
* burial (cemetery)
* religious significance
* ethnical domain
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic Flow
* influential to vehicle to vehicle interactions
* congestion may result in increase in journey time
and accident risk
TYPE OF SURFACING
400 - 1000
MINIMUM DESIRABLE
1000 - 2000
MINIMUM DESIRABLE
70
60
40
90
80
50
80
60
50
95
80
60
90
70
60
100
90
70
160
120
50
280
220
80
220
120
80
320
220
120
260
160
180
350
280
160
5
6
8
3
5
6
4
5
7
3
5
6
4
5
7
6.7
3
4
5
7.3
6.1
1.5
30
0.10 ( MAX. )
6.7
2.5
3
30
30
0.10 ( MAX.)
3
60
0.01 (MAX.)
90
70
40
135
115
60
115
70
60
150
115
70
135
90
70
160
135
90
490
420
270
615
560
350
560
420
360
645
560
420
615
490
420
675
615
490
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic Information
* use for structural design purposes
* basis for traffic demand forecasting
* traffic volume estimation
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Description
<0.20 x 106
0.8 - 3 x 106
4 (Highway)
3 - 12 x 106
5 (Expressway)
12 - 50 x 106
Traffic Class
1 (Feeder Roads)
2 (Collector Roads)
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic forecasting
Pn = Pi (1 + r )n
where:
using a growth
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic Forecasting/Traffic Design
Data
Geometric Design
Pavement Design
number of lanes
type of pavement
width of lanes
design speed
thickness of pavement
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Safety
* optimizing by linking geometric elements to design speed
* design standards must take into account the environmental road
conditions, traffic characteristics and drivers behavior
* potential collision risk
Design Speed
* design varies with different terrain
* provide appropriate consistency between geometric elements
* mountainous and rolling areas speed limits as low as 40 kph
* review of design speed to ensure that they relate to current circumstances
Highway Geometric
Design Process
Habitat
Existing zoned land use
Functional classification
design speed
volume/capacity/LOS/Access
Horizontal controls (radius, superelevation)
Vertical controls (grades, intersections, utilities)
cross section controls and elements
Selection of routes
Identify alternate routes
sketch horizontal and vertical alignments
Screen routes and select those for preliminary design
Modifications?
Horizontal alignment
vertical alignment
cross sections
drainage features
earthworks
environmental impacts
Evaluate Design
Cost (project cost, user cost)
Detailed Design
Modifications?
Conduct (preliminary)
design
Design features
a) Cross section
Traffic way,carriage
way, median,
shoulders, parking
lane, roadside
b) Horizontal
alignment
Design
parameters
No of carriageways
no of lanes per
carriageway
Width and cross
slope
Characteristics of
median
Characteristics of
shoulders/parking
lanes
Number of curves
Characteristics of
curves
Length of curve
Available sight
distance
Design
standards
Minimum width or
lane
maximum and
minimum cross
slope
Minimum radius
and length of
circular curve
minimum
clearance
Minimum length of
transition curve
Design features
vertical curve
vertical tangent
d) Intersection
zone diagram
Intersection approach
zone
Intersection area
e) Superelevation
diagram
Superlevation rate,
Superelevation runoff
Tangent runoff
Design
parameters
types, location and
length of curve
Length and grade
of tangent
Available sight
distance
Design
standards
min and max
length of vertical
curve
max grade of
vertical alignment
number, length ad
width of lanes on
approach zone
type of
intersection area
Superelevation rate
superelevation
runoff length
tangent runoff
length
Maximum rate of
superelevation
Geometric Design
FUNDAMENTALS OF
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
GEOMETRIC CROSS
SECTION
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
The vertical alignment of a transportation
facility consists of
tangent grades (straight line in the
vertical plane)
vertical curves. Vertical alignment is
documented by the profile.
TANGENT GRADES
Vertical Curves
where
PROBLEM
or appearance criteria.
When SL
HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT
HORIZONTAL TANGENTS
CIRCULAR CURVES
ELEMENTS OF A HORIZONTAL
CURVE
Transition Curves
SUPERELEVATION
Example
Merging conflicts
Diverging
Weaving conflicts
Diverging conflicts
Merging
Crossing conflicts
Weaving
Crossing
Time-sharing Solutions
Space-sharing Solutions
Grade separation Solutions
At-grade intersections
Unchannelized T
Unchannelized Y
Flared T
3-leg
intersections
Y with turning roadways
Unchannelized
Channelized
INTERCHANGES
INTERCHANGE CONFIGURATION
- are selected on the basis of structural
cost, right-of-way costs, and ability to
serve traffic.
DIAMOND INTERCHANGE
CLOVERLEAF INTERCHANGE
Partial cloverleaf
TRumpet
FULL DIRECTIONAL
DIRECTIONAL-Y
Diamond Interchange
Cloverleaf Interchange
Employ loop ramps, in
Trumpet Interchange
ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUACY
OF DESIGN
ASSESSMENT OF ADEQUACY
OF DESIGN
Plans
Show the centerline of the project road, the width and shoulders
and the right of way
the azimuth, distance, elements of curve, coordinates,
superelevation and wideing of every curve and design speed
Contours shall be plotted at 1.0m intervals, if contour lines are
too close together, an interval of 5 m may be used
Elevation of bench marks with accurate descriptions, reference
points and controlling points with azimuth and distance shall be
shown
Profile
Cross Section
Geotechnical Drawings
GEOMETRIC DESIGN OF
ROADS AND HIGHWAYS
Concepts of Transportation
Engineering
Elements of Transportation
Engineering
Highway Engineering
Highway Types/Classification of
Roads (Political Classification)
TYPE OF SURFACING
400 - 1000
MINIMUM DESIRABLE
1000 - 2000
MINIMUM DESIRABLE
70
60
40
90
80
50
80
60
50
95
80
60
90
70
60
100
90
70
160
120
50
280
220
80
220
120
80
320
220
120
260
160
180
350
280
160
5
6
8
3
5
6
4
5
7
3
5
6
4
5
7
6.7
3
4
5
7.3
6.1
1.5
30
0.10 ( MAX. )
6.7
2.5
3
30
30
0.10 ( MAX.)
3
60
0.01 (MAX.)
90
70
40
135
115
60
115
70
60
150
115
70
135
90
70
160
135
90
490
420
270
615
560
350
560
420
360
645
560
420
615
490
420
675
615
490
DESIGN OF
HORIZONTAL AND
VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
Determination of
Horizontal
Alignment
Combination of
Horizontal and
Vertical Alignment
Determination of
Vertical Alignment
Bad design
Plan
Plan
Profile
Profile
Plan
Plan
Profile
Profile
Road Intersection
GEOMETRIC ELEMENT
DESIGN
Good design
Plan
Bad design
Plan
Obstruction
Bridge
Profile
Profile
HA & VA should be
superimposed; keep vertical
curve within horizontal curve.
Keep the balance of VA & HA
RH(m)
RVm=100[LVC/g2-g1),%]
RHm
RVm=100[LVC/g2-g1)%]
500
10000
1000
10000
700
12000
1100
30000
800
16000
1200
40000
900
20000
Highway Curves
where: e = superelevation
V = speed (Kph)
fs = coefficient of side friction
R = radius of the curve (m)
b) Danger of Overturning
1) At low speeds, there is a likelihood of offtracking while at high speeds drivers generally
experience difficulty in steering their vehicles
and thus take the outer side of the beginning of
the curve
2) To reduce the effects of these, some extra
width of pavement often provided on curves
Danger of Overturning
Danger of Overturning
X
V2
127 R
> x + ye
y xe
emax=maximum value of supreelevation (rural areas = 0.08 and urban areas =0.04 tp
0.06
AASHTO Values of Side Friction
Design
Speed
(kph)
48
64
80
96
104
112
120
128
Side
Friction
0.16
0.15
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.11
0.11
V2 [y xe]
Rso = ---------------------127 [x +ye]
(SD)2
Rsd =--------------8m
SD = sight distance
m =distance from
curve obstruction
Rsd
Line of sight
obstruction
sight distance
Superelevation
Superlevation
CL
0.105V
Wdmin=------------ + ----------
Rdmin
Extra widening
(Rdmin)0.5
Design Speed
(kph)
40
50
60
70
80
100
120
50
1.75
80
1.50
1.50
100
1.25
1.25
125
1.0
1.25
1.25
150
1.0
1.25
1.25
180
1.0
1.25
1.25
1.25
200
0.75
1.0
1.0
1.0
250
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
1.25
300
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
1.0
400
0.50
0.75
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
500
0.50
0.50
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
0.50
0.50
0.75
0.75
1.0
1.0
0.50
0.50
0.75
0.75
1.0
0.50
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.75
0.75
0.50
0.75
600
800
1000
1200
1500
Transition Curve
Transition Curve
Ls = 12R
Dynamic Condition
Ls > V [e +e] where e =NC (normal crown), %
Superelevation Runoff Condition: Ls > SR (superelevation
runoff)
Adopt Ls > the length of corresponding to the most
constraining condition
Criterion 2: Length must be consider to enable the introduction of the designed superelevation
Lss = edmax * 0.5 [W + We] /RS (if pavement is rotated about the
center)
Lss = edmax * [W + We] /RS
(if pavement is rotated about the
inner edge)
Where: Lsc, Lss = length of transition curve to fulfill rate of change of lateral acceleration and to fulfill
the rate of introduction of the designed superelevation requirements respectively
RS allowable relative slope (0.2% for 1 lane, 0.5% for 2 lanes, 1% for 3 lanes and 2% for 4 lanes)
edmax = maximum desirable rate of superelevation
W and We = normal pavement width and the extra widening at the circular curve, respectively
Lsdmin = MAX (Lsc, Lss)
Selection of a type of
horizontal curve
Selection of a type of
horizontal curve
To answer the questions, a designer needs to know
the threshold values of circular and transition
curves
Step 1: Compare Rdmin with Vd3/432: if Rdmin is less,
then transition spirals are required, otherwise, only
a circular curve is required.
Step 2: Compare the value of angle of transition curve
with the total deviation angle (angle between the
two intersecting straights). If the angle of transition
is equal to half of deviation angle, then transition
curves can be used throughout. Otherwise, a
combination of circular and transition curve is
required
Selection of a type of
horizontal curve
To answer the questions, a designer needs to know
the threshold values of circular and transition
curves
Step 3: Check whether the curve obtained through
steps 1 and 2 is compatible with the site
conditions. If yes, use the curve. If not, select a
suitable compound curve. Two criteria must be
satisfied.
1) minimum radius of the compound curve must not be
less than the minimum desirable radius
2) adequacy of the curve selected must be checked
using this figure:
Selection of a type of
horizontal curve
Sample Problem
Solution:
Step 1) Estimate the actual value of superelevation on
the horizontal curve. Assuming that emax =0.07.
Using the eqn of
edmax = MIN [0.07; (80)2/282*200]
e = 0.113
edmax = 0.07 (not safe)
Solution:
Sample 2
Solution
V=80
e=emax: 6400/127Rso = [x+ye]/[y-xe]
= [1.2+(1.5*0.07)]/[1.5-(1.2*0.07)]
= 0.92
Thus, Rso =6400/(127*0.92)
e
V2
127 R
> x + ye
y xe
Rso =55m
Vertical Curves
Gradient or Grade
Rolling
Mountainous
Freeway/Xpressw
ay
3-4%
4-5%
5-6%
Rural Arterials
3-5%
4-6%
5-8%
Urban Arterials
5-8%
6-9%
8-11%
Collector/Second
ary
4-7%
(rural)
5-9%
(urban)
Local or Minor
Street
5-8%
6-11%
10-16%
Lsd =-------------------------(a+b+2c0.5+b0.5)200
A=G1-G2
a=eye height above the road
surface
b=object height above the
road surface
Lc =[V2A]/389
La = 2V
Vcldmin=51A,
A is in %
Lc = [V2A]/389
La = 2V
CARRIAGEWAY
W = (Vd/80) + 2
Wbc = [2=3a] / 4
In parallel parking, the minimum and desirable width are 3.0 and 3.6m respectively
Ndmin = DDFR/DSFR
Ndmin = desirable minimum number of lanes
DDFR = design demand flow rate in pcph (per car per hour)
DSFR = design service flow rate (pcph per traffic lane)
The minimum width of a median or center reserve, when necessary, can be between 2m
up and 30 m depending on the available right of way. The minimum desirable width
depends on the purpose of the median.
A median may be designed for safety purposes in terms of (1) preventing accidents
caused by crossover traffic, headlight glare distraction and traffic turning left from
through lanes, (2) provide refuge for pedestrians crossing the highway
Types of Surface
To
Light
2.0%
To
1.70%
2.5%
To
2.0%
3.0%
To
2.5%
Earth Surface
4.0%
To
3.0%
Roadside Slopes
Shoulder
Cut Slope
Carriageway
Shoulder
1
S
Fill Slope
Shoulder
Carriageway
Shoulder
1
S
Roadside slopes (embankment or cut) the alternatives are either to select a steep
slope near the roadway and shield it with a traffic barrier or select a flat slope
Drainage ditches this will base from the slope of the drainage
Habitat
Existing/zoned land use
Highway
Geometric
Design Process
Evaluate Design
Costs (project costs, user costs)
Environmental impacts
Detailed Design
Modificati
ons?
Existing ground
surface
Propose road
surface
Types of Road
Intersection
Shape
Three-leg intersection
T-type
Y-type
Right Angle
Oblique
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic Forecasting/Traffic Design
Data
Geometric Design
Pavement Design
number of lanes
type of pavement
width of lanes
design speed
thickness of pavement
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic loading information may be obtained from
the following sources:
Description
<0.20 x 106
0.8 - 3 x 106
4 (Highway)
3 - 12 x 106
5 (Expressway)
12 - 50 x 106
Traffic Class
1 (Feeder Roads)
2 (Collector Roads)
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Traffic forecasting
Pn = Pi (1 + r )n
where:
using a growth
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
Sample
problem: Traffic Forecasting
STANDARDS
Soln:
Working Formula:
Pn = Pi (1 + r )n
Given: Pi = 200 ADT, r = 6% and n = 5
Pn = 200 (1 + 0.06) 1 =212
Pn = 200 (1 + 0.06) 2 =224.72~225
Pn = 200 (1 + 0.06) 3 =238.20
GEOMETRIC DESIGN
STANDARDS
Safety
* optimizing by linking geometric elements to design speed
* design standards must take into account the environmental road
conditions, traffic characteristics and drivers behavior
Design Speed
* design varies with different terrain
* provide appropriate consistency between geometric elements
* mountainous and rolling areas speed limits as low as 40 kph
Study Area
Zonal
Data
Trip Production
Trip Attraction
Transport
Networks
Trip Distribution
destination choice
Modal Split
Travel
Resistances
modal choice
Period of day
Assignment
Time choice
route choice
Network loads,
travel times, etc