8/2/16

Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

Hindawi Publishing Corporation

Journal of Food Processing

Journalof F ood Processing

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icleI D 8 9 3 6 7 3 , 6 pages
ht
t
p: / / dx . doi. org/ 1 0 . 1 1 5 5 / 2 0 1 5 / 8 9 3 6 7 3

Review Article

Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

A . S. A j
alaand A . G ana
D epart
m entof F ood Scienceand E ngineering, L adokeA kint
olaU niversit
y of Technology , PM B4 0 0 0 , O gbom oso,
N igeria
R eceived 1 A ugust2 0 1 5 ; A ccept
ed 5 O ct
ober2 0 1 5
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or: M aM urcia
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alaand A . G ana. Thisisan open accessart
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ion in any m edium , provided t
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ed.

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Abstract
R iceist
hem osteconom ically im port
antfood crop in m any developing count
riesand hasalso becom eam aj
orcrop in m any developed count
ries
whereit
sconsum pt
ion hasincreased considerably . I thasbecom enecessary t
o m eett
hedem and of t
heworld scurrentpopulat
ion growt
h rat
e, and
t
heleastcost
ly m eansforachieving t
hisaim ist
o increasericeproduct
ivit
y , whereverpossible. Them ain challengesencount
ered by riceprocessors
in N igeriaaret
o find appropriat
esolut
ionsforqualit
y riceprocessing. Thereforet
hisworkprovidesbasic inform at
ion aboutt
hechallengesof rice
processing and focuseson t
hechallengesfaced by t
hesm allscalericeprocessorsand reasonsforcont
inuousriceim port
at
ion wit
h aview t
o guiding
decision- m aking t
o beself- sufficientin riceproduct
ion, t
hereby m aking som eim provem entin N igerian econom y .

1. Introduction
(a) Background of Study. R ice ( Oryza sativa) a cerealbelonging t
ot
he G ram ineae, a large m onocot
y ledonousfam ily of som e 6 0 0 genera and
around 1 0 , 0 0 0 species[1 ]
. I tisvalued ast
hem ostim port
antst
aplefood foroverhalf of t
heworld populat
ion [2 ]and rankst
hird aft
erwheatand
m aize in product
ion on world basis. M oret
han half of t
he world spopulat
ion dependson riceast
he m aj
orsource of calories[3 ]
. The am ount
consum ed by allt
hesepeopleranged from 1 0 0 kg t
o 2 4 0 kg perannum in t
hey ear2 0 0 0 alone[3 ]
. Two specieshaveem erged asourm ostpopular
cult
ivat
ed rice, Oryza sativa and Oryza glaberrima; of t
heset
wo speciest
hem orewidely produced isOryza sativa.
I n N igeria, riceconsum pt
ion hasrisen t
rem endously atabout1 0 % perannum duet
o changing consum erpreferences[4 ]
. H owever, [5 ]discovered
t
hatm ostN igeriansprefert
o consum eim port
ed ricebrandsascom pared t
o localrice variet
ies. Thereason ist
hatm ostN igerian riceprocessors
lackadequat
et
echnology of riceprocessing t
o m eetint
ernat
ionalst
andard.
R iceprocessing involvesseveralst
eps: rem ovalof t
hehusks, m illing t
heshelled ricet
o rem ovet
hebran lay er, and an addit
ionalwhit
ening st
ep t
o
m eetm arketex pect
at
ionsforappearanceof t
hericekernels. Thisprocessgenerat
ed severalst
ream sof m at
erialwhich includet
hehusks, t
hebran,
and t
hem illed ricekernel[6 ]
. N igeriahast
hepot
ent
ialt
o beself- sufficientin riceproduct
ion, bot
h forfood and indust
rialraw m at
erialneedsand
forex portpurpose. H owever, anum berof const
raint
shavebeen ident
ified aslim it
ing fact
orst
o riceproduct
ion. These includeproblem swit
h
research, pestand disease m anagem ent
. A ddressing atleastm ostof t
hese problem sis good firstst
ep t
owards at
t
aining t
he t
argetof rice selfsufficiency [7 ]
. Thereforet
he aim of t
hispaperist
o review t
he causesof t
hechallengesfacing rice product
ion in N igeria and provideguide t
o
overcom et
heseproblem s.
(b) World Rice Production. Theworld riceproduct
ion foroveralm ostadecade( 2 0 0 3 2 0 1 2 ) isasshown in F igure1 . I n 2 0 0 3 , about5 8 0 m illion
t
onsof ricewasproduced worldwide, 6 0 2 m illion t
onsin 2 0 0 4 , 6 2 0 m illion t
onsin 2 0 0 5 , and 6 2 2 m illion t
onsin 2 0 0 6 . Theproduct
ion cont
inued
t
o grow y early ; by 2 0 0 7 , t
heproduct
ion had risen t
o 6 4 8 m illion t
ons. Theproduct
ion reached t
hepeakin 2 0 1 1 wit
h at
ot
alproduct
ion 7 2 0 m illion
t
onsin ordert
o feed t
heincreasing globalpopulat
ion. F urt
herm ore, t
heworld sannualproduct
ion growt
h rat
ewasst
agnat
ed in 2 0 1 2 . Thereason
could beat
t
ribut
ed t
o nat
uraldisast
ersuch asst
orm , t
ornado, and unfavourableclim at
easreport
ed by [8 ]
.
Figure 1: W orld riceproduct
ion. Source: F A O [2 4 ]
.

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Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

F urt
herm ore, [9 ]report
ed t
hatinst
antlow t
em perat
urebelow t
hecrit
icalpointcan affectseedling est
ablishm entin t
heearly growt
h st
ageand high
grain st
erilit
y in t
he lat
e crop season. U navailabilit
y of wat
erhasim peded farm ersfrom growing rice in t
hesout
hern partof California and in
Sout
hern I t
aly , even t
hough t
heseareasarem orefavourablein t
erm sof clim at
eforgrowing ricet
han t
henort
hern part
sof t
hecount
ries[1 0 ]
. A sia
account
sfor9 0 % of t
he world sproduct
ion and consum pt
ion of rice becauseof it
sfavourable warm and hum id clim at
e, butsuit
able landsfor
increasing riceproduct
ion arealm ostex haust
ed [1 1 ]
.
(c) Rice Production and Importation Trend in Nigeria. A ccording t
o H ardcast
le[1 2 ]
, riceproduct
ion st
art
ed in N igeria in 1 5 0 0 BC wit
ht
helowy ielding indigenousred grain speciesO. glaberrima St
eud and t
hen widely grown in t
heN igerD elt
aarea. W A R D A [1 3 ]report
ed aboutt
hehighy ielding whit
egrain O. Sativa L . int
roduced in 1 8 9 0 , and by 1 9 6 0 itaccount
ed form oret
han 6 0 percentof t
herice grown in t
he count
ry . A lso,
F igure2 showst
het
rend of riceproduct
ion in N igeriasince1 9 6 8 t
hrough 2 0 0 8 ( four- decade) st
udy . R iceproduct
ion rem ained atlow levelfrom
1 9 6 8 t
o 1 9 7 8 perhapsduet
o diet
ary idiosy ncrasy fort
ubers. W A R D A [1 3 ]report
ed t
hatpaddy riceproduct
ion had risen from 1 3 4 0 0 t
o3 4 4 0 0 0
t
onsin 1 9 7 0 and areawascult
ivat
ed from 1 5 6 , 0 0 0 t
o 2 5 5 , 0 0 0 ha. Sincet
hen, paddy riceproduct
ion hasbeen on t
heincrease. Trem endousincreases
in areaplant
ed, out
put
, and product
ivit
y in paddy riceproduct
ion were achieved overt
he lastt
wo decadesand now st
and at1 . 0 9 m illion t
ons.
M oreso, t
heproduct
ion cont
inued t
o risehigherfrom 1 9 7 8 and since1 9 8 0 .
Figure 2: R iceproduct
ion in N igeria. Source: U nit
ed St
at
eD epart
m entof A gricult
ure[1 6 ]
.

N igeria hasbecom e t
he highestrice product
ionscount
ry in W estA frica and t
he t
hird largestin A frica, aft
erE gy ptand M adagascar[1 3 ]
. The
product
ion reached t
hepeakin 1 9 9 0 in which t
hecount
ry wasproducing 3 . 4 m illion t
onsof ricefrom about1 . 2 m illion t
ons[1 4 ]beforeitslight
ly
fluct
uat
ed down t
heslopein 1 9 9 3 .
H owever, t
he product
ion soared up from 1 9 9 3 t
o 2 0 0 6 where t
he product
ion rem ains 3 . 8 m illion m et
ric t
ons. The graph showst
hatasy ears
increased t
heproduct
ion also increased; t
hism ay beduet
o increasein populat
ion growt
h aswellasincreasein consum pt
ion t
rend of ricein t
he
count
ry . Thishealt
hy product
ion t
rend would havebeen sust
ained butfort
heunst
eady governm entpolicy on riceim port
s. I ncreased product
ion
overt
helastt
wo decadescould beat
t
ribut
ed t
ot
heban im posed on riceim port
sin 1 9 8 5 and if t
hisrest
rict
ion had been m aint
ained, N igerian rice
farm ers would have risen t
ot
he challenge of m eet
ing t
he dom est
ic dem and for t
he com m odit
y . This hasnotbeen t
he case; however, as t
he
governm entslackened riceim portrest
rict
ion in 1 9 9 7 , t
heresult
anteffectwast
hatforeign riceflooded back ont
o N igeriam arket
s. R est
rict
ionson
rice im port
s were reint
roduced lat
er in 1 9 9 7 , and localproduct
ion has increased in response t
ot
he at
t
ract
ive prices offered [1 5 ]
. F or rice
product
ion t
o beboost
ed, N igerian governm entint
roduced inst
it
ut
ionst
o m onit
orproduct
ion and dist
ribut
ion of localrice. Table1 highlight
s
t
hespecific obj
ect
ivesof each inst
it
ut
ion.
Table 1: Sum m ary of t
hedifferentF ederalG overnm entpolicieson riceproduct
ion.

A st
hey earswentby , t
he indigenousproduct
ion of rice could notm eett
he dem and forrice. Therefore, N igeria st
art
ed im port
ing riceint
ot
he
count
ry . F igure3 showsclearly t
hericeim port
at
ion figuresasreport
ed by U nit
ed St
at
eD epart
m entof A gricult
ure[1 6 ]
. Thisim port
at
ion of rice
did notfollow aregularpat
t
ern butitisobserved from t
he figuret
hatriceim port
at
ion wasnotup t
o 1 m illion m et
ric t
on pery earsince1 9 8 3
1 9 9 8 . H owever, from 2 0 0 6 upwards, t
heim port
at
ion figuresoared y early t
o reach t
hepeakin 2 0 1 3 wit
h 3 . 5 m illion m et
ric t
ons. Them aj
orreason
ist
hepreferenceof foreign t
o indigenousricewhich hasalow levelof processing t
echnology [1 7 ]
.
Figure 3: R iceim port
at
ion in N igeria. Source: U nit
ed St
at
eD epart
m entof A gricult
ure[1 6 ]
.

F urt
herm ore, F igure4 showst
heim port
at
ion y early ricegrowt
h rat
e from 1 9 8 3 t
o 2 0 1 3 . I tisobserved t
hatgrowt
h rat
e isirregularand in som e
y earst
hereisno growt
h atallin riceim port
at
ion business. F rom t
hisfig ure, t
hegrowt
h rat
eiscount
ed when t
hecurvesareupward onesand no
growt
h rat
eoccurswhen curvesaredownward ones. Thisgrowt
h rat
eim pliest
hatt
hehighert
hegrowt
h rat
eis, t
hehighert
hecount
ry dependson
im port
at
ion of rice and t
he lesst
he product
ion of localrice is. Thism eanst
hatin 1 9 9 7 N igeria depended heavily on im port
ed rice t
o feed it
s
populace. Thishad negat
iveconsequenceon t
heeconom y .

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Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

Figure 4: R iceim port

at
ion growt
h rat
ein N igeria. Source: U nit
ed St
at
eD epart
m entof A gricult
ure[1 6 ]m odified.

(d) Rice Consumption Trend in Nigeria. A sreport

ed by I m olehin and W ada[1 4 ]t
hatin t
he1 9 6 0 sN igeriawasalm ost9 9 percentself- sufficientin
t
hericeproduct
ion consum ed by it
scit
izens. O vert
hefollowing t
wo decades( 1 9 7 0 sand 1 9 8 0 s) self- sufficiency declined t
o 3 8 percent
, leading t
o
dem and out
st
ripping supply .
Table2 showst
hepercent
ageof ex pendit
ureon cat
egoriesof foodsconsum ed in urban cent
ersin N igeria. Thet
ableshowst
hatt
ubersand plant
ain
t
ake2 3 . 9 3 % followed by ricewhich m eansN igerian spentalotof m oney on rice. Thatiswhy t
helocalricecould notbesufficient
; t
hereforeim port
isnecessary . PhilippineR iceR esearch I nst
it
ut
e[1 8 ]report
ed t
hatt
heF ederalG overnm entof N igeriaresort
ed t
o m assiveim port
at
ion of rice. M ore
t
han 5 4 0 , 0 0 0 t
onsof ricewasim port
ed in 1 9 8 3 alone. Percapit
ariceconsum pt
ion rosefrom 3 . 5 kg in 1 9 7 0 t
o m oret
han 1 4 kg in t
he1 9 9 0 s.
Table 2: H ousehold ex pendit
ureby com m odit
y , urban.

Thesam et
rend of household ex pendit
ureon riceisfound in Table3 forruraldwellersex ceptt
hatt
heex pendit
ureon riceis9 . 0 7 % which isslight
ly
highert
han t
hatof urban ex pendit
ure. Thereason ist
hatm ostof t
heot
herfood it
em sareproduced in ruralareas; hencericem ay beviewed asa
specialdietby t
heruraldwellers; t
hereforet
hey m ay com m itm orefinancet
o ricet
han t
heurban dwellers. F rom t
heseTables2 and 3 , itisobserved
t
hatriceconst
it
ut
esast
aplefood am ong N igerianst
hatt
hedem and hasalway sex ceeded t
hesupply . Becauseof t
hisreason, N igeriahasafavourable
m arketforriceproduct
ion. H owever, because of t
hepoorqualit
y of locally produced rice, m ostconsum ersprefert
he im port
ed rice from ot
her
count
riessuch asThailand, Bangkok, and Chinat
ot
heindigenousrice[1 9 ]
.
Table 3: H ousehold ex pendit
ureby com m odit
y , rural.

2. Traditional Methods of Processing Rice Paddy

Thet
radit
ionalm et
hodsof processing ricepaddy involvesoaking of t
hepaddy in wat
erfor2 t
o 3 day st
o soft
en t
hekernel, followed by st
eam ing of
t
hesoaked paddy for5 1 0 m inut
esasshown in F igure5 and dried in t
hesun asshown in F igure6 , followed by pounding t
hedried paddy in a
m ort
arand pest
ledevicet
o rem ovet
hehuskoruseof sim plem achinesfordehulling/ m illing asshown in F igure7 ; t
hen t
hegrain iscleaned using a
winnowing basket[2 0 ]
. Though t
het
radit
ionalm et
hod of processing riceissim ple, butt
edious, ithasvery low out
t
urn and result
sin breakagesof
ricekernelsand incom plet
erem ovalof husks. M oreso, ithasashortst
oragelifeast
hefatin t
hebran developsrancidit
y [2 0 ]
.
Figure 5: Sm allscalericeparboiler. Source: ht
t
p: / / www. propcom . org/ .

Figure 6: Tradit
ionalm et
hod of ricedry ing in N igeria. Source: Basorun [2 5 ]
.

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Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

Figure 7: Sm allscalericedehuller. Source: Propcom [2 1 ]

.

3. Modern Methods of Processing Rice Paddy

PropoorO pport
unit
iesin Com m odit
y and Service M arket
sProj
ect[2 1 ]carried outsurvey on m odern rice processing and discovered t
hatt
here
hasbeen im provem entin riceprocessing in N igeriacom pared t
ot
he1 9 9 0 s. I n m odern m et
hods, t
herough riceorpaddy isfirstcleaned t
o rem ove
cont
am inant
s, and t
hehusksaret
hen rem oved by t
heso- called shellers; t
hesearem ostcom m only horizont
ally spaced rot
at
ing abrasivest
ones, but
increasing useisbeing m adeof rubberrollorrubberbeltm ade shellers. Thericeand hullsareseparat
ed by aspirat
ion and any paddy rem aining
wit
ht
hericeisrem oved in apaddy separat
or. I tisdiscovered t
hatt
hem ain problem of N igerian riceist
hepresenceof st
onein t
hericegrains. The
report
ed survey showst
hatt
herehasbeen locally produced dest
onerm adein K ano, N igeria, asshown in F igure8 . Them achinecost
sN 6 5 , 0 0 0 and
wasfabricat
ed using angleiron and sheetm et
als.
Figure 8: Phot
ograph of t
hedest
onem achine. Source: Propcom [2 1 ]
.

A not
herim provem entin rice processing in N igeriareport
ed by Propcon ist
hedry ing process. Thet
radit
ionalsun dry ing hasbeen replaced by
m echanicaldry erorim proved sun dry ing m et
hod. A t
y picalex am ple of m echanicaldry erisasshown in F igure 9 . Thist
y peof dry erisfound
scat
t
ered allovert
hecount
ry . I tcan processabout3 0 0 0 kg and rem ove5 0 % m oist
ureof ricein 6 hrs.
Figure 9: A m echanicaldry er. Source: Propcom [2 1 ]
.

A partfrom t
hism echanicaldry erwhich usesdieselorelect
ricit
y , ot
herdry ershavebeen developed such assolardry erfordry ing ricepaddy . A n
ex am pleof t
hisisasshown in F igure1 0 developed in N at
ionalCent
reSolarE nergy R esearch, Sokot
o, N igeria. Thedevelopm entof t
hisisaresult
of incessantpowerout
ageallovert
hecount
ry . Thist
y peof solardry erisequipped wit
h fan t
o enhancehotairdist
ribut
ion overt
hericepaddy .
Figure 10: Showing t
hediagram of asolardry er. Source: Propcom [2 1 ]
.

4. Constraints of Rice Processing in Nigeria

Severalfact
orsare m ilit
at
ing againstrice product
ion/ processing in N igeria. W ilfred [2 2 ]report
ed t
hatt
he inadequat
e knowledge on t
he use of
herbicides and pest
icide, post
harvesthandling, processing and m arket
ing, pestand diseases, soilfert
ilit
y m anagem ent
, irrigat
ion and wat
er,
harvest
ing skillsare som eof t
heconst
raint
sfacing t
herice farm ers. A gidi[2 3 ]it
erat
ed t
he labourint
ensit
y involved such asploughing, plant
ing,
weeding, harvest
ing, t
hreshing, and t
ransport
at
ion being st
renuousand laborious; t
heproblem isworsen by lackof appropriat
ericefarm ing t
ools,
im plem ent
at
ion, and equipm ent
. Besidest
his, t
he equipm entavailable isoft
en t
oo ex pensive for t
he average farm er. M ostfarm ers depend on
rudim ent
ary , labour, and t
im econsum ing hand t
oolssuch ashoes, slashers, sickles, ax e, and rakeforvariousfarm operat
ions. O t
herfact
orsinclude
lackof indust
rialdriveduet
o poorgovernm entpolicy and high costof product
ion. Becauselocalriceisof low qualit
y, t
hericem erchant
suset
his
opport
unit
y t
o ex pand on rice im port
at
ion. The solut
ion liesin t
he provision of incent
ives, m achineries, and governm entpoliciest
o confront
t
hesechallengesfaced by riceprocessors.

5. Conclusion
I n conclusion, N igeriahasagood clim at
eforriceproduct
ion and ithasfavourablem arkett
o absorb t
heproduct
ion. Thereisneed t
o im provet
he
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Analysis of Challenges Facing Rice Processing in Nigeria

qualit
y of indigenousricet
o com pet
ewit
h foreign ricet
hrough select
ion and adapt
at
ion of m odern ricet
echnologiest
o easelabourin product
ion
and enhance nut
rit
ionalqualit
ies in rice processing and product
ion. G overnm enthasrole t
o play in form ing st
rong policies t
hatwillfavour
product
ion of localriceasitisbeing pract
iced in t
headvanced world.

Conflict of Interests
Theaut
horsdeclaret
hatt
hereisno conflictof int
erest
sregarding t
hepublicat
ion of t
hispaper.

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at
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