Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
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Gross Anatomy:
8/5/15: Deep Muscles
1. What are the three groups of deep muscles, where are they found, and what do
they support?
2. What are the superficial muscles of the deep muscles in the back?
3. What do the splenius capitis and cervicis do?
4. What do the splenius capitis and cervicis do?
5. What are the intermediate muscles of the deep muscles in the back?
6. What are the three columns of the erector spinae?
7. What are the subregions of the umscles of the erector spinae?
8. What do the erector spinae muscles do?
9. What innervates the erector spinae muscles?
10.
What composes the deepest layer of the deep muscles of the back?
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior
major?
23.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the rectus capitis posterior
minor?
24.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis superior?
25.
Where is the origin, insertion, and action of the obliquus capitis inferior?
26.
27.
28.
Gross Anatomy:
8/5/15: Axial Skeleton; Vertebral Column
1. What are the two divisions of the skeleton and what do they encompass?
2. How many vertebrae are there? How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and
coccyx?
3. How is the vertebral column flexible?
4. What does the typical vertebra consist of?
5. What opening does the spinal cord run through?
6. What are the seven processes of a vertebral arch?
7. What are the articular processes covered with and what types of joints do they
form?
8. What goes through the intervertebral foramen?
9. What are the characteristics of a typical cervical vertebra?
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Gross Anatomy
8/7/15: Thoracic Wall
1. Where is the thorax located?
2. What forms the thoracic cage?
3. What is superior and inferior to the thorax?
4. What does the thoracic cage do?
5. What is the thoracic cavity divided into?
6. What is the thoracic wall lined by?
7. What are the boundaries of the thoracic wall?
8. What is the sternum and what three parts does it divide into?
9. What is the manubrium and what does it articulate with?
10.
What is the body of the sternum and what does it articulate with?
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
The sternal angle is formed from the articulation of what two bones?
17.
18.
19.
What are the curved, flat bones that contain red bone marrow?
20.
What are the three different types of ribs? Describe them and what they
attach to.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
What are the two joints of the chest wall (more specifically, the sternum)?
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Describe the joints of the tubercles of the ribs. On which ribs are these joints
absent?
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
What three muscles of respiration are in the intercostal spaces between ribs?
48.
49.
50.
What runs between the internal and innermost muscles? What is the space
called?
51.
What is the external intercostal muscle? What direction does its fibers run?
52.
What replaces the external intercostal muscle as it extends forward to the
costal cartilage?
53.
What is the internal intercostal muscle? What direction does its fibers run?
54.
What replaces the internal intercostal muscle as it extends backward from
the sternum to the angles of the ribs behind?
55.
56.
57.
What are the two groups of the innermost intercostal muscles and where are
they located?
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
What are the three dimensions the thoracic cavity can be increased?
66.
What three arteries do the intercostal space contain? Where do they branch
from?
67.
What are the veins in the thoracic wall called? Where do they drain and in
what direction?
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
List the structures penetrated by the needle from the skin to the pleural
cavity.
75.
76.
77.
What part of the breast extends upward and laterally into the axilla?
78.
79.
80.
What is the areola and what are the bumps near it?
81.
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83.
84.
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What are the different lymphatic pathways that drain the breast (five major
ones)?
Gross Anatomy
8/10/15: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
1. What is the spinal cord a part of and where is it located?
2. Where does the spinal cord begin and end?
3. Where are the two enlargements in the spinal cord, what do each give rise to, and
what does each innverate?
4. What is the conus medullaris?
5. What is the filum terminale?
6. What is the cauda equina?
7. Describe spinal cord development in the embryo as it grows.
8. Where does the spinal cord end at (a) 6 months gestation, (b) birth, and (c)
adulthood?
9. What occurs with the spinal nerve roots throughout development?
10.
What are the five surface features of the spinal cord and what do they
contain?
11.
Which one of the five surface features is located only in the cervical and
upper thoracic regions?
12.
13.
What does the central canal communicate with and what is it lined by?
14.
15.
16.
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18.
19.
20.
21.
What are the three regions of the spinal cord and what landmarks are they
located in between?
22.
What does the white matter of the spinal cord consist of?
23.
24.
25.
26.
What do the spinal nerves divide into after exiting the vertebral canal? Which
is bigger? Smaller?
27.
28.
29.
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? How many cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral, coccygeal?
30.
31.
What is a dermatome?
32.
What are the three meninges of the spinal cord and what are they made of?
33.
What is the dura mater made out of? Where is it begin and end?
34.
35.
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37.
38.
What is the arachnoid mater and where does it begin and end?
39.
40.
What is the subarachnoid space? What is it filled with? Where does it begin
and end?
41.
What is the lumber cistern? What procedure is usually done in this area?
42.
What is the pia mater? Where does it begin? What structure is derived from
the pia mater?
43.
List the layers and spaces you would encounter if you were to dissect a
spinal cord.
44.
What is the denticulate ligament and what does it do? Where is it located?
Gross Anatomy
8/12/15: Thoracic Cavity I
1. What does the mediastinum contain?
2. What is contained within the two pleural cavities?
3. Where does the trachea begin and end?
4. What does the trachea divide into and what is the landmark of that division called?
5. How many tracheal cartilages are there and what is their purpose? What cartilage
is it made of?
6. Describe the posterior wall of the trachea.
7. What is anterior to the trachea? Posterior? Right of? Left of?
8. What nerve is located between the trachea and esophagus on the left side?
9. Do foreign bodies enter the right or left main bronchus more often? Why?
10.
Where is the right main bronchus located and what branches does it divide
into?
11.
Where it he left main bronchus located and what branches does it divide
into?
12.
What are the lungs covered by and how are they attached to the
mediastinum?
13.
What are the four main parts of the lungs and where are they located?
14.
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16.
17.
18.
What are the bronchopulmonary segments? (apex/base, direction,
surrounded by what kind of tissue, which segments)?
19.
20.
21.
Where does the pulmonary artery lie in relation to the main bronchus on
each lung?
22.
What are the vessels that supply the lungs and what do they carry?
23.
How are the lymph of the lungs drained? (Trace the pathways).
24.
What nerve fibers do the anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses contain?
25.
26.
27.
28.
What is the pleura and what are its two layers? Which is outer and which is
inner?
29.
How are the visceral and parietal layers continuous with each other?
30.
31.
What are the (four) parts of the parietal pleura and what do they cover/line?
32.
33.
Which ribs do the bottom of the lungs extend to (midclavicular, midaxillary,
and paravertebral)?
34.
Which ribs do the bottom of the pleura extend to (imdclavicular, midaxillary,
and paravertebral)?
35.
36.
37.
Once a disease involves the _____ (parietal/visceral) pleura, pain becomes a
prominent feature.
Gross Anatomy
8/14/15: Thoracic Cavity II
1. What is the pericardium and what are the two parts?
2. What is the fibrous pericardium and what does it attach inferiorly and superiorly
to?
3. What is deep to the fibrous pericardium? What are its two layers?
4. What is the epicardium?
5. What is the pericardial activity?
6. What are the two sinuses that compose the pericardial cavity? Where are each
located?
7. Which arteries supply the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of the serous
pericardium?
8. Which arteries supply the visceral layer of the serous pericardium?
9. Which nerves supply the fibrous pericardium and parietal layer of the serous
pericardium?
10.
11.
Where is the heart located (what directions are the long axis of the heart
directed towards)?
12.
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14.
15.
What do the right and left pumps of the heart do (what is the pathway of
blood circulation via these pumps)?
16.
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18.
What are the major and minor components of the sternocostal surface?
19.
What two sulci are present on the sternocostal surface and where are they
located?
20.
21.
Where is the base of the heart located (across which vertebral segments)?
Which direction does it face? What is it formed by?
22.
What vessels open into the (a) left atrium, (b) upper part of right atrium, and
(c) lower part of right atrium?
23.
What does the coronary (atrioventricular) sulcus separate? What does it
contain?
24.
25.
What sulcus is located within the diaphragmatic surface and what does it
separate?
26.
What are the left and right pulmonary surfaces formed by?
27.
Where does the right coronary artery originate from? (Follow its pathway.)
28.
What are the four main branches of the right coronary artery?
29.
30.
31.
32.
Where does it run (pathway) and what two branches does it divide into?
33.
34.
35.
36.
What is the major structure that collects venous blood from the heart and
where does it run?
37.
What are the branches of the coronary sinus and where are they located?
38.
What are the other veins that DO NOT rain into the coronary sinus?
Gross Anatomy
8/17/15: Internal Features of the Heart
1. What are the two parts of the right atrium? What are they made of? What divides
the two parts?
2. What opens into the upper and lower part of the right atrium? Which one has a
rudimentary valve?
3. What are the openings of the right atrium? Where do they open into? What valves
line these openings?
4. What are the three cusps of the tricuspid valve?
5. What is the fossa ovalis?
6. What is the limbus of the fossa ovalis?
7. What is the foramen ovale?
8. What happens when there is a defect in the foramen ovale after birth?
9. What are the openings of the right ventricle? Where do they connect to?
10.
What separates the smooth from the muscular part of the right ventricle?
11.
How many sets of papillary muscles does the right ventricle have? What do
they connect to?
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
What happens to the pulmonary valve and sinuses during ventricular systole
and diastole?
18.
What are the two parts of the left atrium? What are they made of?
19.
20.
21.
22.
What are the openings of the left ventricle? Where do they connect to?
23.
How many sets of papillary muscles does the left ventricle have? What do
they connect to?
24.
25.
What are the aortic sinuses? What orifices are located in them?
26.
What does the interventricular septum separate? Where do its surfaces face?
Where does it bulge towards?
27.
What is the position of the interventricular septum on the surface of the
heart indicated by?
28.
What are the two parts of the interventricular septum? Which one forms the
majority of the septum? Which one is more involved with ventricular septal
defects?
29.
Where is the superior, inferior, left, and right borders of the heart?
30.
31.
32.
What are two disorders of the valves associated with heart murmurs?
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
What are the three main functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
39.
40.
41.
What are the four components of the conducting system of the heart?
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
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50.
51.
52.
53.
How does sympathetic stimulation affect the heart? Parasympathetic
stimulation?
54.
What do the visceral sensory fibers that run with the vagus nerves do?
55.
What do the visceral sensory fibers that run with the sympathetic nerves do?
Where do they terminate?
56.
Gross Anatomy
8/19/15: Mediastinum
1. What is the mediastinum?
2. What are the boundaries of the mediastinum?
3. What are the two subdivisions of the mediastinum? What divides the two?
4. What do the subdivisions of the inferior mediastinum contain?
5. Where is the thymus located?
6. It is primary a _____ organ and produces what?
7. How does the appearance of the thymus change with age?
8. What are the two lobes in the thymus held together by connective tissue?
9. What two veins form the brachiocephalic veins?
10.
11.
What is the difference between the right and left brachiocephalic vein?
Where does each run to join the other?
12.
What are the major tributaries from the neck and the thorax?
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Where does the ascending aorta begin and where does it run?
23.
Where does the ascending aorta terminate and what does it become
continuous with?
24.
25.
26.
Where does the aortic arch begin and where does it run?
27.
Where does the aortic arch terminate and what does it become continuous
with?
28.
29.
What are the three branches that originate from the aortic arch? Where do
each run?
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Where does the descending thoracic aorta begin and where does it run?
35.
Where does the descending aorta terminate and what does it become
continuous with?
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
Where do the terminal branches of the phrenic nerve pierce and supply?
42.
43.
44.
45.
What dermatones are affected by the sensory nerve supply of the phrenic
nerve (also known as referred pain)?
46.
Where does the left and right vagus nerve pass anterior to before entering
the superior mediastinum?
47.
48.
49.
What are the two trunks formed from the esophageal plexus and where do
they run?
50.
What fibers do the thoracic branches of the vagus nerve carry to the
esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and heart?
51.
52.
53.
54.
What happens when there is a lesion of the left recurrent pharyngeal nerve?
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
What are the two channels that the azygos branch into? What do the ones on
the left drain into?
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Where does the accessory hemiazygos (superior hemiazygos)
ascend/descend?
76.
77.
Where do the posterior intercostal veins of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd spaces join to
form? Where does it drain?
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
What is the thoracic duct and where does the thoracic duct begin?
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
Where do the three splanchnic nerves pierce through and terminate in?
95.
Gross Anatomy
8/21/15: Autonomic Nervous System
1. How is the nervous system divided structurally what are the two main divisions?
What does each consist of?
2. What is the difference between ganglia and nuclei?
3. How is the nervous system divided functionally what are the two divisions?
SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
4. How many neurons are involved in the somatic nervous system?
5. Where does its cell body reside?
6. Where does its axon leave?
7. What does it innervate?
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:
8. How many neurons are involved in the autonomic nervous system?
9. Where does the cell body of the first neuron reside and where does its axon leave?
10.
Where does the axon of the first neuron synapse with the second?
11.
Where does the cell body of the second neuron reside and where does its
axon leave? What does it innervate?
12.
14.
15.
Sympathetic neurons have _____ (short/long) preganglionic fibers and _____
(short/long) postganglionic fibers.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Once inside the sympathetic trunk, where do the preganglionic fibers run? (4
possible routes)
20.
What do splanchnic nerves innervate? They are _____ (myelinated/nonmyelinated).
21.
What are the three splanchic nerves? Where does each arise? Where does
each synapse with?
22.
Where are the POSTGANGLIONIC cell bodies located? Where are each
located?
23.
What are the primary neurotransmitters of the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons?
PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION OF ANS:
24.
25.
26.
27.
What are the primary neurotransmitters of the preganglionic and
postganglionic neurons?
Gross Anatomy
8/21/15: Joints of the Vertebral Column
1. What kind of joints are atlanto-occipital joints?
2. What forms atlanto-occipital joints?
3. What are the two ligaments involved with the atlanto-occipital joint and what do
they connect?
4. What movements are involved with the atlanto-occipital joint?
5. What kind of joints are atlanto-axial joints?
6. Where are the three atlanto-axial joints located?
7. What are the four ligaments involved with the atlanto-axial joint and what do they
connect?
8. What movement is involved with the atlanto-axis joint?
9. What joints are between vertebral bodies? What cartilage covers them?
10.
11.
In the lower cervical region, what joints are present on the sides of the
intervertebral discs?
12.
Intervertebral discs are responsible for _____ of the length of the vertebral
column.
13.
14.
What are the two parts that make up an intervertebral disc? What is each
made of?
15.
16.
What are the two ligaments that run from the vertebral column of the skull to
the sacrum? What are they attached to?
17.
Where are the joints between the two vertebral arches located and what
covers them?
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
What nerves supply the joints between vertebral bodies? Where do they
arise from and exit to supply the meninges, ligaments, and intervertebral discs?
24.
25.
What movements of the vertebral column and where are they most
extensive?
26.
What is circumduction?