1.

Back ground of the project

According to the request from the client our company as appointed consultant need to

design a residential project which contains of 11 storey apartment type F, 4 storey apartment
type G, 40 houses and 1 mosque. For this project apartment type G is chosen for the design.
The total area for this apartment is 1984m 2 and it consist of 3 block of 4 storey residential
building. The height of the floor to another floor is 3.0 m and roof height is 1.2 m. Total
height of the apartment is 13.2m. The location of the project is in Sungai Buluh, Selangor
Malaysia.
Flexible joint will be used to prevent thermal cracking due to the thermal moving of the
building. Structural material will consists of reinforced concrete. The whole structure design
must suit and fulfils architect design criteria. Basically structure design should satisfy four
concepts:a) Achievement of the designed intended life of the structure.
b) Consideration of accepted theory, experiment and experience and the need to
design for durability. Suitable materials, quality control and good supervision are
important.
c) Ensuring that the quality of the structural materials is adequate in terms of
durability, usage and serviceability.
d) Design, construction and use in service should be considered as a whole. The
realization of design objectives, production, workmanship and maintenance and
use of the structure in service.

2.0

Objectives

To design a safe, durable structure building and cost effective.

To ensure structural integrity and serviceability

3.0

Design Criteria

The main criteria to design the structure based this following Euro code 2:
CODE

DEFINITION

BS EN 1992-1-1:2004 Eurocode 2

Design of concrete structures.

General rules and rules for
buildings

BS EN 1992-1-2:2004 Eurocode 2

Design of concrete structures.

General rules. Structural fire
design

BS EN 1991-1-1:2002 Eurocode 1

Actions on structures. General

actions. Densities, self-weight,
imposed loads for buildings

3.1

Structural system:

Option 1: one way slab

Size: the size of the main beams will be (300 X 200)mm according to the
minimum depth ratio given by the Euro-code = D/26

6570
=252.67 m=260 mm Where minor beams will be = (300 X 200) mm.
26

The slab thickness is 260 mm including clear cover of 30 mm to resist

the fire for 2 hours.
Advantages:
Increase the gravity and lateral load resistance.
Simple construction and ease form work.
More economical compare to composite system and flat slab.
Disadvantages:
Head room affected
More reinforcement and thickness required compared to option2.
Deeper beams and more height required for this option.
Option 2: two way slab :( Recommended)
Size: The size of the main beams will be (300 X 2000) mm according to
the minimum depth ratio given by the Euro-code = D/26

4100
=157.7 m=160 mm Where minor beams will be = (300X 200) mm.
26

Thickness of the slab is 160 mm with clear cover of 30 mm to resist the

fire for 2 hours.

Advantages:
Cheaper than other options.
Structural envelope is shallower than option 1.
Increase the gravity and lateral load resistance.
Disadvantages:
Head room affected.
More formwork is required comparing to option 1.
M&E services are affected and restricted especially at the beams
areas.
Recommended by Engineer: Option 2
4.0

Justification

Criteria
Time

Option 1
Concrete can be cast on-site or pre

Option 2
Concrete can be cast on-site or pre cast,

cast, eliminating a long lead time for

eliminating a long lead time for

material delivery

material delivery

L/M/H
Reinforcement will incur more cost

L/M/H
Economical system

L/M/H

L/M/H

Materials used in the construction the

Materials used in the construction the

primary concern for sustainability

primary concern for sustainability

L/M/H

L/M/H

Technical

One way slab is supported on two

Two way slabs are the slabs that are

Durability

opposite side only thus structural

supported on four sides and the ratio of

action is only at one direction. Total

longer span (l) to shorter span (b) is less

Cost

Sustainability

load is carried in the direction

perpendicular to the supporting beam.
L/M/H

than 2. In two way slabs, load will be

carried in both the directions. So, main
reinforcement is provided in both
direction for two way slabs., however

require skilled laborers to place

reinforcement
L/M/H

Social, Culture

The design will convey the lawsuit

The design will convey the lawsuit and

& Politic

and also implement facilities for

also implement facilities for disabled

disabled user

user

L/M/H

L/M/H

Safety &

Structural system is safe and will give

Structural system is safe and will give

Health

low impact to the workers.

low impact to the workers.

L/M/H

L/M/H

5.0

Recommendation on Structural Floor System

Notwithstanding of any special architectural requirements, Option 1 R.C. One-way Slab

System is recommended mainly due to its straightforward construction and efficient
structural system.

2.0

Selection of Structural Floor System

2.1

Sizing of Typical Column

The typical column sizes are as follows:

Ground Floor Sixth Floor: 600 mm x 600 mm R.C. column

2.2

Structural Floor Configuration

The typical slab thickness is as follow:

Ground Floor Sixth Floor: 150 mm
2.2.1

Option 2: R.C. One-way Slab System

Advantage:

An economical system
Ease of construction with less formwork for beams

Disadvantage:

Thicker slab and/or higher reinforcement required

It has a larger system depth and a much larger weight than a steel deck and beam

system
It will cost more and will impose higher deflections for larger spans of beam

Please refer to the attached drawings for the layout details

2.2.2

Option 1: R.C. Two-way Slab System

Advantage:

Efficient structural system

Capable of carrying heavy loads

Disadvantage:

Required skilled laborers as reinforcement must be placed properly to get the required

strength from the system

Required more formwork as compared to one-way slab system

Please refer to the attached drawings for the layout details

3.0 Justification
Criteria
Time

Cost

Sustainability

Option 1
Concrete can be cast on-site or pre

Option 2
Concrete can be cast on-site or pre cast,

cast, eliminating a long lead time for

eliminating a long lead time for

material delivery

material delivery

L/M/H
Economical system

L/M/H
Reinforcement will incur more cost

L/M/H

L/M/H

Material used for the building is the

Material used for the building is the main

main concern towards sustainability

concern towards sustainability

L/M/H

L/M/H

Technical

Restricted to only shorter span, light

Carries moderate loads, however require

Durability

loads

skilled laborers to place reinforcement

L/M/H

L/M/H

Social,

The design will convey the lawsuit

The design will convey the lawsuit and

Culture &

and also implement facilities for

also implement facilities for disabled

Politic

disabled user

user

L/M/H

L/M/H

Safety &

Structural system is safe and will give

Structural system is safe and will give

Health

low impact to the workers.

low impact to the workers.

L/M/H

L/M/H

4.0 Recommendation on Structural Floor System

Notwithstanding of any special architectural requirements, Option 1 R.C. One-way Slab
System is recommended mainly due to its straightforward construction and efficient
structural system.