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MainframeinterviewQuestionsand
Answers:
1.WhatisDRDA?
DRDAstandsforDistributedRelationalDatabaseArchitecture.DRDAisa
connectionprotocolforrelationaldatabaseprocessingwhichIBMandvendor
databasesuse.Itconsistsofrulesforcommunicationbetweenaremoterelational
DBMSandtheapplication.
2.ExplaintheuseoftheWHERE?
TheWHEREclauseisolatesanelementorrowwheneveritisusedwitha
relationalstatement.
3.HowcanaLIKEtablebecreated?
ItcanbemadebytheuseoftheLIKEparameterinthestatementCREATE.These
tablesaregenerallyrequiredfortestingtheproductionenvironment.

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QuestionsandAnswers

4.Whatistheneedofrunningrunstatsinthetestenvironment?
Itisforclearingthedefaultvaluesfromthecatalogcolumns.Becauseifthe
columnshavedefaultvaluesthentheresultmightnotbeanexpectedone.
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5.WhatistheneedofasecondaryindexinIMS?
ItisasubstitutepathintoanyIMSdatabase.Itcanbeusedasafiletoacquire
requireddata.
Mainframe
Mainframe
6.Explainforeignkeys?
Foreignkeysarepropertiesofaparticulartablehavingmatchingentriestoa
primarykeyinsomeanothertable.Thisresultsintheformationofarelation
betweenthetwotables.
7.Writeabouttheselfreferencingconstraint?
Itlimitsthechangesthatcanbemadetotheprimarykeyfromaforeignkey.For
thispurpose,theforeignkeyhastodefineaDELETECASCADErule.
8.WhatdoesadeadlockmeaninDB2?
Whentwoindependentprocessescontendforthesameresourceortheresources
reservedbyoneanother,itiscalledadeadlock.911and913aretheSQLcodefor
adeadlock.
9.WhatisthefunctionofDBCTL?
ItisusedtoaccessIMSfilesforCICSTransactionsanditisanaddressspace.
PSBs,DBDs,IMSfilesandACBsarefixedintoDBCTLforfileaccess.Nowifan
IMScallisgeneratedbyaCICSprogramtheprocessinggetstransferredtoDBCTL
tobecarried,andtheresultissentasreply.
10.HowareTYPE1andTYPE2indexesdifferent?
TYPE2indexisavailableforDB2V4.Inthistype,thedatapagesgetlocked,but
theindexpagesarenotlocked.Therefore,TYPE2indexarefaster.
11.WhatarethedifferenttypesofTablespaces?
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Therearethreetablespaces,namely:
Simple
Segmented
Partitioned
12.WritethedifferencebetweenHIDAMandHDAMdatabases?
HIDAMhasaseparateindexfilewhichisbasedontherootsegment.Thisfilehas
informationregardingthepointerthatmarksthepositionofthedata.Onthe
otherhand,HDAMfiledoesnothaveseparateindexfile,butthekeyfieldofevery
recordispassedthrougharandomizerwhichplacestherecordtoaparticular
positioninthedatabase.
13.Explainreferentialintegrity?
Itistherulethatstatesthatconsistencyneedstobeconservedbetweenthe
foreignandprimarykeys.Thismeansthateachforeignkeyentryneedstohavea
fittingprimarykeyentry.
14.Howarecompositeandmultipleindexesdifferent?
Multipleindexaretwoindexes,oneeachforacolumnofthesametable.
Compositeindexisonlyoneindex,whichconsistsofcombinedvaluesof2
columnsofatable.

15.WhatistheadvantageinDenormalizingtablesinDB2?
Itlowerstherequirementforexecutingintensiverelationaljoins.Italsocutsthe
numberofrequiredforeignkeys.
16.ExplainDatabaseDescriptorinbrief?
DBD,shortforDatabaseDescriptor,restrictsaccesstothedatabasewhenobjects
getaltered,createdordropped.

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17.Statethemaximumvalueuptowhichvolumescanbeinsertedto
anSTOGROUP?
Volumescanbeinsertedupto133.Practicallythough,only34volumes,when
addedtoanSTOGROUP,becomeshardtomanageandmonitor.
18.Explaindeleteconnectedtables?
Tables,whicharerelatedthroughaforeignkey,areknownasdeleteconnected
tables.Thisisbecausewheneveranyentryintheprimarykeyisdeleted,itaffects
thevaluesintheforeignkeytabletoo.
19.Explainlockcontention?
TheDBDonlyallowsentrytooneobjectataparticulartime.Lockcontentionis
saidtohappenwhenmorethanoneobjectseekspermissionforexecution
simultaneously.
20.WhatisSPUFI?
SPUFIistheabbreviatedformofSQLProcessingUsingFileInput.Itisamenu
driventoolwhichthedevelopersusetomakeobjectsinthedatabase.
21.Whatisanalias?
Itisasubstitutetoasynonym.Aliasesaredevelopedfordistributedenvironments
soastoavoidtheuseoflocationqualifierofaviewortable.Itisnotdropped
whenthetablegetsdeleted.
22.WhatistheplaceforVSAMKSDS?
ItistheBSDS.
23.Nameandexplainthetypeoflocks?
Therearethreetypesoflock,namely:

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SharedThistypeoflockpermitstwoormoreprogramstoreadfromthelocked
spacebutdoesnotallowthemtochangeit.
UpdateThislockismorelenient.Itpermitstheprogramtoreadandchangethe
lockedspace.
ExclusiveThislockrestrictsallusersfromaccessingthelockedspace.
24.Explainisolationlevel?
Isolationlevelisthedegreetowhichtheactivationgroupinfocusisisolatedfrom
theactivationgroupsexecutingatthesametime.
25.WhatisNOTCAT2?
ItisanMVSmessagethatindicatesthepresenceofaduplicatecatalogueinthe
database.Thisproblemcanbefixedbyremovingoneoftheentriesandthen
addinganewone.
26.WhatwillhappenifbothSTEPLIBandJOBLIBarespecified?
JOBLIBisaDataDefinitionstatement.Itdeterminesthelocationoftheprogram,
whichcalledtheEXECstatement.JOBLIBappliestoallstepspresentinthat
wholejob.Itisnotpossibletouseitforcataloguedprocedures.STEPLIBisvery
similarJOBLIB.Itdeterminesthedatasetinwhichtheprogramexists.Itapplies
onlytoonestepandnottheentirejob.STEPLIBcanbeusedatanypositioninthe
jobstepandcanalsobeusedforcataloguedprocedures.
InasituationwhenbothSTEPLIBandJOBLIBarespecified,JOBLIBwillbe
ignoredbythesystem.
27.StatethedifferencebetweenJES2andJES3?
InJES3,theallocationofdatasetsforthestepstakesplaceevenbeforethejobis
scheduledforexecution.WhileinJES2,thisallocationtakesplacejustbeforethe
executionofeachstep.
28.StatealltheFileOPENmodes?
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ThefourFileOpenmethodsare:
INPUT
OUTPUT
EXTEND
IO
29.IstheorderoftheWHENclausesignificantinanEVALUATE
statement?
Yes,theorderissignificantastheevaluationtakesplaceinthetoptobottom
mannerand,therefore,theorderhasalargeimpactinthedeterminationof
results.
30.Whenarescopeterminatorscompulsory?
TheyarecompulsoryforEVALUATEstatementsandinlinePERFORMS.Scope
terminatorsarealwaysdeclaredexplicitlytoimprovereadability.
31.Whatislinkagesection?
Itisapartofaprogramthatisbeingcalledandmapstodataitemsinthe
programs(calling)workingstorage.LinkageSectionsiswhereshareditemsare
declaredanddefined.
32.HowisNEXTSENTENCEandCONTINUEdifferent?
TheNEXTSENTENCEhandstheflowofcontroltothestatementthatfollowsthe
nextperiod.Ontheotherhand,CONTINUEhandstheflowofcontroltothenext
statementafterthescopeterminator.
33.WhatistheneedtocodeCOMMITSinbatchprograms?
COMMITstatementsareusedtoreleaselockswhicharerequiredforthatunitof
work,andthenpermitanewunitofwork.Inotherwords,ifCOMMITSarenot
codedintheprogramandtheprogramhasbeensentforexecution,thenwhile

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processing,inplaceofjustgoingbacktoafewinsertssincethenearestcommit,
theprogramhastogobacktotheinsertswhichweremadeduringtheentirerun
oftheprogram.Thisextraprocesstakesaroundtwiceorthricethetimetaken
normally.
34.HowisdataretrievedfrommultipletablesusingasingleSQL
statement?
Datacanberetrievedfrommultipletablesbyusingjoins,nestedselectsand
unions.
35.Writeaboutaviewinbrief?
Itisavirtualtablethatismadeusingdatafrombasetablesandotherviews.This
tableisnotstoredseparately.

36.WhatparametersareusedtocontrolthefreespaceinDB2?
Freespacepermitstheadditionofnewrows.
Therearetwoparameters,whichareusedtocontrolthefreespaceinDB2,they
are:
PCTFREEItdefinesthefreespacepercentagethatwillbepresentineachpage.
FREEPAGEItspecifiesthenumberofpagestobeloadedbeforeleavingapage
empty.

37.WhatisthefunctionofCURRENTDATAoptioninbind?
Itallowsblockfetchwhenselectingrowsinatable.ItissettoNObydefaultfrom
DB2V4.SoitisimportanttochangeCURRENTDATA(YES),inthebindcards,to
NOinDB2V3&earlier,asYESisthedefaultvalueforthem.

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38.HowcanrecordlockingbeachievedinthoseDB2versionswhich
donotsupportit?
Itcanbedonebysettingtherecordlengthssizetomorethanhalfofthepages
size.
39.Statethemaximumnumberoftablesthatcanbejoined?
Themaximumnumbersoftablesthatcanbejoinedarefifteen.
40.Explainindexcardinality?
Indexcardinalityisthenumberofdiscreteentriesinacolumn.InDB2,autility
RUNSTATSexaminesthecolumnvalueredundancytofindifanindexscanor
tablespaceisrequiredforsearchingofdata.
41.Defineclusteredindex?
Aclusteredindexistheoneinwhichcolumnsaremaintainedinthesame
sequenceastherowsuntilthereisstillfreespaceinthememory.DB2then
processesthetableinthegivenorderexpeditiously.
42.NamethelockableunitsinDB2?
DB2implementslockingonfourtypesofunits:
Pages
Indexessubpage
Tables
Tablespace
43.WhatisthefunctionoftheverbINITIALIZE?
ThisverbsetsAlphanumeric,alphabeticandalphanumericfielditemsto
(Space)andNumericandNumericeditedfielditemsto0(Zero).The
INITIALIZEverbleavesFILLERitemsunchanged.
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44.WhatistheimportanceofCOMMONAttribute?
ItsfunctionsareutilizedinnestedCOBOLprograms.IfCOMMONattributewill
notbespecified,thenestedprogramswillfinditimpossibletoaccessthe
program.AnexampleofCOMMONprogramisPgmname.
45.WhatwillbetheresultifONSIZEERRORphraseisdeclared?
Whentheconditionistrue,thecodewrittenintheONSIZEERRORphraseis
performed.Duringthisprocess,thecontentofthedestinationfielddoesnot
change.
Ifthisphraseisnotmentioned,thenthestatementisexecutedwithtruncation.
MOVEstatementdoesnotsupporttheONSIZEERRORphrase.
46.CanrecordsbeaccessedrandomlyinESDS?
Yes,recordscanbeaccessedrandomly.ItcanbedonebyreferenceofRelative
ByteAddress(RBA).However,itisnotpossibletodeleterecords.

47.WhyisfreespaceleftinKSDSDataset?
WhileallocatingKSDSDatasets,freespaceisdeclaredatregularintervalsatthe
timeofinitialloading.Thisisdonebecausethisfreespaceisutilizedforkeeping
thedataarrangedinsequencephysically,eventhoughinsertedrandomly.
48.Writeinbriefaboutclusters?
Itisacombinationconsistingofthesequenceset,indexanddataportionsinthe
Dataset.TheclusterhastheprogramaccessgiventoitbytheOperatingSystem,
andthisallowsaccesstobegrantedtoallpartsoftheDatasetatthesametime.
49.Explainpath?
Itisafilethatmakesaccessingafilebyalternateindexpossible.Thepathdefines
arelationbetweenthebaseclusterandtheAIX.

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50.WhatisthefunctionofIEBGENER?
IEBGENERhelpsincopyingoneSAMFiletosomeotherSource.Itisalsousedto
performsimpledatareformattingthroughthesupplyofcontrolcardsviaSYSIN.

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