BTEC HND in QS &

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TASK NO 01
1.1
Select the appropriate instruments require for these jobs with all pertinent details.
Chain surveying:
It relies directly on the measurement of horizontal lengths and the principle of triangulation.
Instruments used in Chain surveying:
For linear measurement:
Chain
Tapes
Arrows
Ranging poles
To note down information:
Field book
Pencils
Traverse surveying:
A Traverse is a continuous series of lines called courses whose lengths have been determined
by field measurements. Instruments used in Traverse surveying:
Theodolite
Ranging poles
Plumb bob
Stand
Compass
Tapes
1- Chain
The chain is composed of 100 or 150 pieces of galvanized mild steel wire, 4mm in diameter
called links. The ends of each link are bent into a loop and connected together by means of
three oval rings. The ends of the chain are provided with handles for dragging the chain on
the ground, each wire with a swivel joint so that the chain can be turned without twisting. The
length of the chain is measured from the outside of one handle to the outside of another
handle.
Following are the various types of chain in common use:
1) Metric chains
2) Gunter` s chain or surveyors chain
3) Engineers chain
4) Revenue chain
5) Steel band or Band chain

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Metric chain:
Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and 30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length
and brass rings are provided at every meter length except where tallies are attached.
Figure: 1

2- Tapes:
The following are the various types of tapes
i. Cloth tape
ii. Metallic tape
iii.
Steel tape
iv. Invar tape
Among the above, metallic tapes are widely used in surveying. A metallic tape is made of
varnished strip of waterproof line interwoven with small brass, copper or bronze wires. These
are light in weight and flexible and are made 2m, 5m 10m, 20m, 30m, and 50m.

Figure: 2

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3- Arrows:
Arrows are made of good quality hardened steel wire of 4 mm diameter.
The arrows are made 400 mm in length, are pointed at one and the other end is bent into a
loop or circle

Figure: 3
4- Ranging poles:
Ranging rods are used to range some intermediate points in the survey line the length of the
ranging rod is either 2m or 3m. They are shod at bottom with a heavy iron point. Ranging
rods are divided into equal parts 0.2m long and they are painted alternately black and white
or red and white or red, white and black. When they are at considerable distance, red and
white or white and yellow flags about 25 cm square should be fastened at the top.

Figure: 4

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5- Cross staff:
The simplest instrument used for setting out a right angle.
The common forms of cross staff are:

Figure: 5
6- Offset rod
The offset rod is used for measuring the off set of short lengths. It is similar to a ranging rod
and is usually of 3m lengths.

Figure: 6

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7- Pegs
These are rods made from hard timber and tapered at one end; generally 25mm or 30mm
square and 150mm long wooden pegs are used to mark the position of the station on.

Figure: 7
Objectives:
This field work aimed to train the student on the following process:
1. Selection of a frame work (chain or base lines) and control points.
2. Direct method of linear measurements (horizontal distance measurement).
3. Setting out right angles (offsets).
4. Determining the direction of any line in the field with respect to magnetic north
"bearing".
5. Booking Method.
6. Plotting Method
Procedure:
1. Make a reconnaissance of the area and select a suitable framework (chain lines) and
stations.
2. Measure all the chain (based) lines once in each direction using the direct
measurement method.
3. Measure the offsets/or ties from every necessary point on the detail to the
corresponding base line.
4. You may need some measurements on the details (on the building sides).
5. Measure the bearing of one of the chain lines by using the prismatic compass.
6. Record all the information and measurements properly in the booking papers.
7. Make the necessary calculations and corrections.
8. Draw the details in a suitable scale to produce a detailed map of the area.

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Traverse surveying
Traverse is a method in the field of surveying to establish control networks. It is also
used in geodesy. Traverse networks involved placing survey stations along a line or path of
travel, and then using the previously surveyed points as a base for observing the next point.
Traverse networks have many advantages, including:
Less reconnaissance and organization needed
While in other systems, which may require the survey to be performed along a
rigid polygon shape, the traverse can change to any shape and thus can accommodate
a great deal of different terrains;
Only a few observations need to be taken at each station, whereas in other survey
networks a great deal of angular and linear observations need to be made and
considered;
Traverse networks are free of the strength of figure considerations that happen in
triangular systems;
Scale error does not add up as the traverse is performed. Azimuth swing errors can
also be reduced by increasing the distance between stations.
The traverse is more accurate than triangulation and trilateration, and sometimes even
Triangulateration (Chrzanowski and Konecny, 1965; Adler and Schmutter, 1971)
1- Theodolite
A Theodolite is a precision instrument for measuring angles in the horizontal and vertical
planes. Theodolite is mainly used for surveying applications. And have been adapted for
specialized purposes in fields like meteorology and rocket launch technology. A modern
theodolite consists of a movable telescope mounted within two perpendicular axes the
horizontal or trunnion axis, and the vertical axis. When the telescope is pointed at a target
object, the angle of each of these axes can be measured with great precision, typically
two seconds of arc.

Figure: 8

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2- Plumb bob
While chaining along sloping ground, a plumb bob is required to transfer the points to the
ground.

Figure: 9
3- Compass
Its used to level the tripod.

Figure: 10
4- Tripod
It used to keep the theodolite. It should be firmly placed on the ground.

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Figure: 11
1.2
Describe all the set up methods and temporary adjustments of Theodolite.

Figure: 12
Vertical axis:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a horizontal plane.
Horizontal axis:
It is the axis about which the telescope can be rotated in a vertical plane.
Line of collination:
It is the imaginary line joining the intersection of the cross hairs of the diaphragm to the
optical center of the object glass and its continuation.
Axis of the telescope:
It is the line joining the optical center of the object glass to the center of the eye-piece.
Axis of the level tube:
It is the straight line tangential to the longitudinal curve of the level tube at the center of the
tube.
Centering:
The process of setting the Theodolite exactly over the station mark is known as centering.

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Transiting:
It is the process of turning the telescope in vertical plane through 180 about the trunnion
axis.
Vertical circle:
It is used to measure vertical angles.
Leveling head:
It consists of two parallel triangular plates called tribrach plates.
Its uses are
To support the main part of the instrument.
To attach the theodlite to the tripod.
Lower plate:
It consists of lower clamp screw and tangent screw.
Upper plate:
The upper plate is attached to the inner axis and it carries two venires. It consists an upper
clamp screw and tangent screws. These screws are used to fix upper plate with lower plate
accurately.
Foot screws:
These are used to level the instrument
Plumb bob:
It is used to center theodolite exactly over the ground station mark.
Swinging the telescope:
It means turning the telescope about its vertical axis in the horizontal plane. A swing is called
right or left according as the telescope is rotated clockwise or counter clockwise.
Face left:
If face of the vertical circle is to the left side of the observer, then the observation of the
angles taken is known as face left observation.
Face right:
If the face of the vertical circle is to the right side of the observation, then the observation of
the angles taken is known as face right observation.
Changing the face:
It is an operation of bringing the face of the telescope from left to right and vice-versa.

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Temporary adjustment
There are three temporary adjustments of a theodolite. These are
1. Setting up the theodolite over a station.
2. Leveling up.
3. Elimination of parallax.
1. Setting up:
Centering a theodolite over a station: it done by means of plumb bob.
Approximately leveling it by tripod legs only: Done by moving tripod legs radially or
circumferentially.
Release the clamp screw of the instrument
Hold the instrument in the right hand and fix it on the tripod by turning round only the
lower part with the left hand.
Screw the instrument firmly.
Bring all the foot screws to the center of its run.
Spread the tripod legs well apart.
Fix any two legs firmly into the ground by pressing them with the hand.
Move the third leg to the right or left until the main bubble is approximately in the
center.
Then move the third leg in or out until the bubbles of the cross-level is approximately
in the center.
Fix the third leg firmly when the bubbles are approximately in the centers of their run.
2. Leveling up:
Having centered and approximately leveled the instrument, accurate leveling is done with the
help of foot screws with reference to the plate levels, so that the vertical axis shall be truly
vertical.
To level the instrument the following operations have to be done.
Turn the upper plate until the longitudinal axis of the plate level is roughly parallel to
a line joining any two of the leveling screws (A & B).
Hold these two leveling screws between the thumb and first finger of each hand
uniformly so that the thumb moves either towards each other or away from each other
until the bubble comes to the center.
Turn the upper plate through 90 i.e. until the axes of the level passes over the position
of the third leveling screw C.
Turn this leveling screw until the bubble comes to the center.
Rotate the upper plate through 90 to its original position and repeat step (2) till the
bubble comes to the center.
Turn back again through 90 and repeat step 4.
Repeat the steps 2 and 4 till the bubble is central in both the positions.
Now rotate the instrument through 180. The bubble should be remaining in the center
of its run, provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis will then be truly
vertical.
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3. Elimination of parallax:
Parallax is a condition arising when the image formed by the objective is not in the plane of
the cross hairs. Unless parallax is eliminated, accurate sighting is not possible. Parallax can
be eliminated in two steps.
a) Focusing the eye piece:
Point the telescope to the sky or hold a piece of white paper in front of the telescope. Move
the eyepiece in and out until a distant and sharp black image of the cross-hairs is seen.
b) Focusing the eye object:
Telescope is now turned towards object to be sighted and the focusing screw is turned until
image appears clear and sharp.

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TASK 2
2.1
Explain how the traverse surveying is carried out.
Step 1
The area to be surveyed is to be studied well (Reconnaissance).
Step 2
Establish the survey stations on the group using wooden pegs and mark the points on the
reconnaissance map. Points should be marked in order (preferably in anticlockwise direction)
and check the obstacles to the focusing of the instrument before selecting the locations for the
survey stations.
Step 3
Take Tie measurement for each station for the reference. Three tie measurements are to be
taken for each survey station.
Step 4
Start measuring the angles from any point. Angles are to be measured in clockwise direction.
Since angles are measured between the survey lines the angles are included angles.

Figure: 13
Step 5
Measurements are taken on the lengths of each course and important features to be plotted.
And do the calculations.

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Task 2.2
Do necessary calculation for the traverse survey and leveling.
Calculation for Traverse
Table: 1
Face

Object

Left

Right

D 2370027" 2370027"

B 3124920" 3124920"

A 3365442" 3365442"

B 3564643" 3564643"

621438"

621438"

784520"

784520"

B 1981218" 1981218"

760512"

760512"

Simple
mean

Corrected

754853"

755019"

Length
10.254
7.164

991030"

991156"
11.88

652755"

652921"
6.783

1192658"

Total

3595418"

Sum of the
angles

3600000"

Difference

000542"

Correction

000126"

1192824"

10.254

Whole circle bearing calculation

WCB of DA at D is 450 00' 00"
Bearing of (WCB) AB

= 450 + 754853"+ 1800

= 3005019"

Bearing of (WCB)

BC

= 3005019"+ 991030"+ 1800

= 220215"

Bearing of (WCB)

CD

= 220215"+ 652755" + 1800

= 1053136"

Bearing of (WCB)

DA

= 1053136"+ 1192658"+ 1800

= 450000"

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Calculate the latitude and departures
AB
Line AB Latitude

= L Cos
= 7.164 X Cos 3005019"
= 3.672

Line AB Departure

= L Sin
= 7.164 X Sin 3005019"
= (-6.151)

Line BC Latitude

= L Cos
= 11.88 X Cos 220215"
= (-9.096)

Line BC Departure

= L Sin
=11.88 X Sin 220215"
= (-7.642)

Line CD Latitude

= L Cos
= 6.783 X Cos 1053136"
= (-1.816)

Line CD Departure

= L Sin
= 6.783 X Sin 1053136"
= 6.535

Line DA Latitude

= L Cos
= 10.254 X Cos 450000"
=7.251

Line DA Departure

= L Sin
= 10.254 X Sin 450000"
= 7.251

BC

CD

DA

Table: 2
Line

Whole
circle
bearing

Length

Latitud
e

Departur
e

AB

30050
19"

7.164

3.672

-6.151

BC

220215"

11.88

-9.096

-7.642

CD

10531
36"

6.783

-1.816

6.535

DA

450000"

10.254

7.251

7.251

+0.011

-0.007

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Table: 3
Whole
Line circle
bearing

Length

Latitud
e

Departur
e

Corrections

corrected

Latitud
e

Departur
e

Latitud
e

Departure

AB

30050
19"

7.164

3.672

-6.151

-0.002

+0.001

3.670

-6.150

BC

220215"

11.88

-9.096

-7.642

-0.004

+0.003

-9.100

-7.639

CD

10531
36"

6.783

-1.816

6.535

-0.002

+0.001

-1.818

6.536

DA

450000"

10.254

7.251

7.251

-0.003

+0.002

7.248

7.253

36.081

+0.011

-0.007

-0.011

+0.007

Finding the coordinates

I assumed that point A at (20, 20)
Table: 4
Statio
n

Corrected
Latitud
e

Departur
e

Coordinates
North

East

20

20

3.67

-6.15

23.67

13.85

-9.1

-7.639

14.57

6.211

-1.818

6.536

12.75
2

12.747

7.248

7.253

20

20

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