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Electrical Double Layer:

Electrical Double Layer The development of a net charge at the particle


surface affects the distribution of ions in the surrounding interfacial region,
resulting in an increased concentration of counter ions (ions of opposite
charge to that of the particle) close to the surface . Thus an electrical double
layer exists around each particle.
Electrical Double Layer Consist:
Tightly bound layer
Diffuse second layer
Tightly bound layer :
Tightly bound layer Also called Stern Layer once adsorption is complete
Cations attract few anions and repel the cations At equilibrium some excess
anions are present in this region. Anions number less than cations , therefor
layer have positive charge Anions are act as counter ions or gegenions (ions
of opposite charge to that of the particle ) Shear plane is present.
Diffuse Second Layer :
Diffuse Second Layer Excess of negative ions are present . Distribution of
ions uniform after Diffuse second layer this region is called bulk liquid phase.

Differential Aeration Corrosion


Corrosion of metals arising as a result of the formation of an oxygen
concentration cell due to the uneven supply of air on the metal surface is
known as differential aeration corrosion.

Differential aeration corrosion occurs when a metal surface is exposed to


differential air concentrations or oxygen concentrations. The part of the
metal exposed to higher oxygen concentration acts as cathodic region and
part of the metal exposed lower oxygen concentration acts as anodic region.
Consequently, poorly oxygenated region undergoes corrosion.
At the anode (less O2 concentration),

M ------------Mn+ + ne

At the cathode (more O2 concentration), H2O + O2 + 2e------ 2OHWaterline corrosion is a case of differential aeration corrosion,The waterline
corrosion takes place due to the formation of differential oxygen
concentration cells. The part of the metal below the water line is exposed
only to dissolved oxygen while the part above the water is exposed to higher
oxygen concentration of the atmosphere. Thus, part of the metal below the
water acts as anode and undergoes corrosion and part above the waterline is
free from corrosion. A distinct brown line is formed just below the water line
due to the deposition of rust.
A relation chemical energy to electrical energy
In oxidationreduction (redox) reactions, electrons are transferred from one
species (the reductant) to another (the oxidant). This transfer of electrons
provides a means for converting chemical energy to electrical energy or vice
versa. The study of the relationship between electricity and chemical
reactions is called electrochemistry. Electrochemistry is that branch of
chemistry which deals with the relationship between chemical energy and
electrical energy. Chemical reactions produce electrical energy and
conversely, electrical energy can carry out chemical reactions. These
transformations take place through the flow of electrons. Electrons are
evolved at one place (oxidation), transferred through a conductor (metal
wire) and absorbed at another place (reduction).
A chemical reaction can generate electrical energy if it takes place
spontaneously, when carried out under appropriate conditions.

The former reaction generates heat (energy) whereas the latter reaction
requires electrical energy under appropriate conditions.

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