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A STUDY OF THE TRADITIONAL MANIPURI COSTUMES & THE INFLUENCE OD

HALLYU CULTURE TO DEVELOP A RANGE OF CONTEMORARY GARMENTS

BY
LONGJAM ANGANA
SUBMITTED TO NIFT IN PARTIAL, FULFILLMENT OF THE REUIREMENTS OF
THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF DESIGN

FACULTY GUIDES: PROFESSOR


SHARMILA DUA ASST. PROF
RASHMI GULATI

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF FASHION TECHNOLOGY,


MUMBAI,
2013

Declaration
I hereby declare that the work presented in this project titled Design Introduction Of The
Traditional Manipuri Attire Into Todays Manipuri Hallyu Fashion Based On An Analysis And
Understanding Of The Korean And Manipuri Culture And The Psychology Of The Manipuri
Youth is my own work and effort and that it has not been submitted anywhere for any award..
Where other sources of information have been used, they have been acknowledged.
The project was carried out under the guidance of Prof. Sharmila Dua and Prof. Rebecca Philip at
Post Graduate Department of Design Space (PGDS), Mumbai.

Dedication
I dedicate this thesis to my parents, who have always been the biggest support in my life; without
them I would not have been where Im today. It is their unconditional love that motivates me to
set a higher target. I would also like to thank my sister, Nivedita Longjam and my best friend
Keshav Purushot for the love and support throughout the hard times in my life. But most of all, I
would like to thank God Almighty, without whom none of these would have
been possible.

Acknowledgement
The success of this dissertation required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people.
I have deep respect and gratitude to Dr. Irengbam Mohendra Singh, author of the book The
Meiteis, (Dr. Smt) K Sobita Devi, author of the book Traditional dresses of Meiteis and Shree
Mutua Bahadur, author of the book , Manipuri Costumes through Ages (India, Bngladesh &
Myanmar) and Miss R.K. Achoubi Sana, Retired guru in Manipur Dance College for providing
me all the necessary information required for the dissertation.
I would also like to thank Sir Haobam Devabrata Singh, Lecturer, Manipur Art College for
extending help and support to me for this dissertation.
I owe my profound gratitude to my mentors, Prof. Sharmila Dua and Prof. Rebecca Philip
who took keen interest in the project and guided me all along, till the completion of my
dissertation.

Abstract
Hallyu is a Korean word and it means Korean Wave. Hallyu refers to Korean music,
drama, film, and even fashion and cuisine that have swept the world since the late 1990s.
The term was coined by the Chinese media in mid-1990s which literally means "Korean
Wave" representing images of Korean music, Korean drama and Korean cuisine.
Hallyu is an effort made by the South Korean Government to maintain and reinforce
Korean culture in general worldwide, by supporting producers of culture in the
entertainment industry. The first hints of hallyu came just as South Korea's economy
collapsed during the 1998 financial crisis in Asia. In the stagnant decade that followed,
three administrations looked to hallyu as a tool of soft power, hoping to expand South
Korea's profile abroad along with demand for its cultural exports and tourism. Hallyu has
had an immense influence on the lifestyle of the people around the world and it is no longer
just popular Korean culture. It has climbed to a new level and now encompasses a wider
global culture that is enjoyed by other Asians and non-Asians scattered over every
continent across the globe. As Bollywood and mainland Indian culture was banned in
Manipur, the youth looked towards other sources which influenced their social and cultural
life .Hallyu became popular since the 1990s when Hallyu spread around China, Japan and
other Asian countries. There are other similarities like physical appearance, art and culture,
tradition, society, cuisines etc. between the Manipuri and Korean society which helps the
Manipuri youth relate better to the Korean wave. Thereby, the Manipuri youth have
adopted their clothing fashion in a huge way. However, this has lead to a diminishing
Manipuri cultural identity among the youths. The study is an attempt to 1) analyze and
understand the similarities of both the cultures, 2) understand the psychology of the
Manipuri youth in adapting to the Hallyu fashion, and 3) introduce the traditional Manipuri
attire into todays Manipuri Hallyu fashion in such a way that the youth would easily accept
and popularize the look.

CONTENTS
S.N

CONTENTS

Introduction
a.

Evolution of the term Hallyu

1.2 Objective and Significance of the project


1.3 Problem Statement
1.4 Characteristics of Hallyu culture
2

Research design and Methedology

Review of Literature
3.1 Political History of South Korea
3.2 Culture and society of South Korea
3.3 Political History of Manipur
3.4 Culture and Society of Mnipur
3.5 Globalization of Korean Wave

3.6 Korean Wave in Manipur


Reference

About South Korea


5.1 Geographical Location
5.2Climatic Condition
5.3A brief History
5.4Religion and Belief
5.5Traditional attire of Korea

About Manipur
6.1 Geographical Location
6.2Climatic Condition
6.3A brief History
6.4Religion and Belief
6.5Traditional attire of Korea

Change in the Dressing style of the womenfolk of Manipur

Analysis of the survey conducted to understand the youth who


follow Hallyu culture

Design Explorations

10

Bibliography

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Annexure

INTRODUCTION:
Hallyu refers to the spread of the South Korean culture around the world starting in the 1990s.
Korean wave (Hallyu) was coined in China in mid-1999 by Beijing journalists surprised by the
fast growing popularity of South Koreans and South Korean goods in China. [11], [5] Hallyu
started gaining popularity with the huge export of South Korean TV dramas, movies, music,
games to China and South East Asian countries around the late 90s. Studies have shown that the
Korean wave became highly successful mainly because Korean entertainment was based on
Confucian beliefs in the virtue of tradition, family, love and friendship. Hallyu provided modern
and hip entertainment which is grounded with traditional values, entertainment which one can
enjoy with their family. Asian countries like China share similar beliefs and history with Korea.
Thus, Korean entertainment could find a strong influence over the Asian audience. The Hallyu
wave went global with a huge bang with the release of K-pop star Psys music video Gangnam
Style in July, 2012.
South Korea has been emerging as a powerhouse for the production of transnational pop culture
which spread first to neighboring Asian countries, later to the Middle East and North Africa, and
more recently to Europe and the Americas. As hallyu spread like wildfire around the world and
turned into serious business for many entertainment companies, it became attractive for Korean
artists to go abroad for bigger markets where they could draw larger crowds and sell more
tickets. Interestingly, rather than Korean pop musicians going abroad, Hallyu manages to
bring international fans fly in just to see them perform in their home turf. For example, in
2011, the Dream Concert was held in Gyeongju Civic Stadium where about 20K-pop bands
performed. A fandom of nearly 20,000, including approximately 5,000 overseas fans mostly
from China, Japan and Southeast Asia but also from Latin America and Europe, showed their
devotion to the K-pop stars, waving colored balloons, neon sticks, and cell-phones.

Plate 1: Korean boy pop band showing Hallyu Fashion

Plate 2: Korean girl pop band showing Hallyu Fashion

Objective of the dissertation


The study is an attempt to
1) Analyze and understand the similarities of both the cultures,
2) Understand the psychology of the Manipuri youth in adapting to the Hallyu fashion,and
3) Introduce the traditional Manipuri attire into todays Manipuri Hallyu fashion in such a
way that the youth would easily accept and popularize the look.
It is very interesting in itself to note how Manipur, a small state in India became so highly
influenced by Hallyu, a culture miles away in South Korea; rather than Indias own huge
Bollywood Industry. It is a paradox how Bollywood, with its huge popularity in India failed to
capture the hearts of the people of Manipur. Previous studies have been able to provide an answer
to How Koreanization began in Manipur, but there still remains another big question to be
answered, and that is Why is Koreanization so successful in Manipur.
To clearly understand why Hallyu managed to gain such a strong hold over Manipur, a
comparative study of both Manipur and Korea with regards to their geography, history, culture,
tradition and physical attributes of the people is essential.
PROBLEM STATEMENT: CULTURAL IMBALANCE DUE TO HALLYU
Hallyu influence has lead to a diminishing cultural awareness/identity among the youth of
Manipur.
The huge wave of Korea which has swept the world has developed criticism and counterarguments from countries like China and Japan, as seen in news coverage. They maintain that
this huge Korean wave has swept over their own culture and tradition, misleading the youth
towards Korean culture rather than their own. [20]
The Asian media mainly argue that the Korean wave is not a bilateral relationship in terms of
cultural exchange. The one-way influx of Korean pop culture through todays Korean wave
reinforces an imbalance of cultural industry in the Asian region (Kim, 2007, p. 109). [8]

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Characteristics of Hallyu culture


It has a very pretty aesthetical appeal. Korean style always has a cute side in it for both men and
women. As we can see in many Korean dramas, the girls in that drama always look very cute,
feminine and fashionable. Korean men are also seen very high in fashion and they seem to be
really meticulous on how they dress up. Keen attention to details is very evident - from head to toe.
From the hair, the thick framed specs, the buttonaires, the pocket square, the belt, the bag, the
shoes, and even the socks - all seem to go well together. Korean men are seen wearing colors
almost as the same as the girls. Colors like baby pink, sky blue and white are common in Korean
mens fashion. Korean men do not carry a macho physic and are often portrayed with a skinnier
body.
Korean fashion is at the forefront of trendy and wearable fashion. Their trends are always adoring
to look at and carries a unique charm. Korean clothings are made to compensate petite women and
their unique body frames. What exactly distinguishes Korean fashion from other fashion? It is the
unique presentation of mixed patterns and designs without fear of mismatching. Layering is an
important facet of the complete Korean outfit. A shirt is usually layered with another along with
jewelry that compliments the look. Fob fashion is a Korean style, which usually relies on extra
large shirts (baggy styles) with cutesy designs printed on them paired with oversized shorts or
tights. The fob style tends to emanate an innocence in the way the outfits are put together. It is a
type of fashion, which brings a child-like quality to the ensemble. Accessories are also a very
important aspect of Korean Fashion. If you were to look up Korean fashion online, you would
notice that handbags, shoes and jewelry are all carefully coordinated to complete an outfit.
Coordination even goes as far as nail polish to make sure every outfit is complete. Hair is another
accessory, which is carefully used as a finishing touch to certain outfits. (Mode5,2011,
Articlenatch.com)

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Plate 3: Korean Fashion


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RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

DESK RESEARCH

FIELD RESEARCH

To understand the Manipuri Fashion

To understand the current fashion market of

Scenario.

Manipur by visiting malls, stores and


boutiques.

To study the Korean Popular culture.

To study the connection between Korean and


Manipuri fashion.

To study the culture of South Korea.

To study the traditional attire/costumes of


Manipur by meeting weavers and Phanek
sellers.

To study the motif vocabulary of South

To study the chance of motifs in the traditional

Korean traditional attire.

Manipuri attire.

To understand the fashion scene of Korea

To understand the change of fashion over the

and conduct online surveys to understand

past two decades.

the level of acceptance of Hallyu culture in


Manipur.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Political History of South Korea
South Korea was wedged between three giants -- China, Japan and Russia -- not to mention the
"Hermit Kingdom" of North Korea. All of these governments at one time had a negative obsession
to try to destroy South Korea's history and culture. These powerful neighbors relied on selling
goods to their own markets and eventually reached beyond their domestic consumers. First, Japan
rebuilt after the war and created an economic boom that positioned the country as a tech leader.
And now, China expands its reach. But South Korea, due to its minnow size, realized early on that
its success had to come from outside. Without such a large internal force, it has focused almost
entirely on the exterior, nurturing a culture that inherently seeks the global stage. Exporting ideas
and products to the world has been its path to success. Hence Samsung TVs on our walls
and Hyundai cars on our streets are often seen

Culture and Society of South Korea


2. Korean civilization is over 5000 years old.

2. Religious systems followed in Korea are Buddhism - Mahayana and Son (Zen)
Christianity (Roman Catholic and Protestant)
Shamanism
Confucianism
3. Korean people, like most Asian people, place a great emphasis on the family institution
and on respecting parents and elders. The family elders are always addressed with respect,
greeted with the traditional bow and served first at meals. Behaving with decorum in
public, so as not to shame your family is important. Non-family members are usually
addressed with formal titles.

4. Traditionally Koreans followed a patriarchal system, but the married women always kept
their own name. Women, in olden times, were responsible for managing an extended family
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household and rearing the children; they also worked in the fields in addition, and had to
obey the head of the family and their husbands.

5. Korean family celebrations are held When an infant becomes 100 days old
When a child reaches its first birthday
When a person reaches their sixtieth birthday
When a couple marries

6. Korean marriages are traditionally arranged by the family elders and parents of the bride
and groom, in consultation with a matchmaker. The bride's family receive the groom's
Sajupalja (like a horoscope) , set the marriage date and then organize the wedding
ceremony at their place. The groom's family sends the bride the wedding dress along with
gifts and show up for the wedding.

7. Apart from the importance on family, most Koreans also believe in maintaining good ties
with neighbors and participating in community events and activities.

8The traditional Korean dress is called Hanbok. The Hanbok worn by women is called
Chimajeogori and consists of a wrap-around skirt called Chima and a jacket called Jeogori.
The Hanbok worn by men consists of the Jeogori jacket and pants known as Baji. A hat
known as Gwanmo and a long coat called Durumagi are also worn. Nowadays, everyone
wears western garb, and Hanboks are aired only on special celebrations and festivals.

9. Formerly, Koreans used to dress according to social status. The aristocrats and the rich
would wear elaborate, colored and bejeweled costumes. The poor would wear undyed,
white clothing.

10. Traditional Korean dances include court dances and folk dances. Two court dances are Jeongjaemu - Jeongjaemu is divided into two further dance types - native dances, known as
Hyangak Jeongjae, and Chinese-inspired dances, Dangak Jeongjae.
Ilmu - divided into civil dance (munmu) and military dance (mumu).
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Folk dances include Religious dances which are mainly performed during shamanistic rites.
Secular dances which are performed individually and in groups.

11. Most Korean menus include meals made from rice, barley , beans, fish and other
seafood. Koreans also seem to favor a good sprinkling of garlic, ginger, leek, and spring
onion.. Apart from everyday foods, there are ceremonial foods that are prepared, well, on
ceremonial occasions and ritual foods that are prepared for temple rituals, for ancestral
worship and at funerals. Two well-known Korean foods are Kimchi (fermented vegetables)
and Bulgogi (marinated meat)(10)

Political History of Manipur:


Manipur is a state in northeastern India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. Manipur consist of
Meitei, Pangal, Naga,Kuki,Mizo and Meitei people, and is bounded by the Indian states
of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south, and Assam to the west; it also borders Burma to
the east.
Formerly a kingdom whose oral histories, mainly the royal chronicle, the Cheitharol Kumbaba,
indicate its establishment in the 1st century AD, it was formed by the unification of ten clans under
the Ningthouja clan. It has been historically the site of trade routes between India and Myanmar.
Manipur became a part of the British Empire in 1891 and was the arena of the last land battle
between the Japanese and the Allied forces during World War 2. Even though Manipur had never
been part of any of the great Indian empires, upon the departure of the British, Manipur became a
part of India in 1949. Manipur achieved full statehood on January 21, 1972, with a Legislative
Assembly of 60 seats of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Caste. The State is represented in the
Lok Sabha and 1 for Scheduled Caste. The State is represented in the Lok Sabha by two members
and by one member in the Rajya Sabha (3)

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Culture and Society of Manipur


Manipuri has a 2000 year old history.
Religious systems followed in Manipur are
Even though most Manipuris follow Hinduism, the Indian caste system is not the basis of social
stratification. Instead, society is divided between the Meiteis, the Bamons (Brahmins of Indian
origin), Pangans (Muslims, also of Indian origin) and lois (social outcasts, some of whom are
descended from prisoners of war from Burma and India). Apart from Hinduism, Maibaism (priest
and priestess perfom rituals to connect to spirits) and Christianity are popular. There are other
religions as well like the Islam and Buddhism that are seen in the Manipuri society. Sanamahi is
another religion followed by many people in Manipur. are worshipped in all the houses of Meiteis
and other communities in Manipur and several other states and Myanmar.
3. Manipuri women wear a loincloth (sarong) known as phanek and a veil known as innaphi.The
phanek comes in plain and striped which are worn according to different occasions. A Manipuri
bride wears a special kind of attire known as potloi. It comes in red, pink and green and is
cylindrical in shape and is adorned with traditional motifs and an innaphi and a velvet blouse.
Manipuri men wear a plain white dhoti which is quite similar to the bengoli dhoti. It is worn during
special occasions like wedding ceremonies, swasti puja, death anniversary etc. A special kind of
dhoti known as the Khamen Chatpa is worn by the royal bloods and by the polo player of
Manipur.
4. In the traditional Meetei marriage ceremony, there are several stages,
Nupi Haiba/Haidokpa is the proposal/asking for the bride's hand as the first stage.
Mostly, this first stage of Nupi Haidokpa occurs after the groom to be takes the bride to be and
elopes for day from morning till evening.
Next steps is the acceptance/announcement of the forthcoming marriage, as 'Yathangthaba',
Then, final agreement to the marriage proposal by both the families is known as Waroipot-Puba.
Offering of fruits to bride's family 'Heijing Khurai Puba' is the most significant part of all four
stages,
The grooms family brings not only the fruits/sweets but articles and other items in this sacred
stage. These articles and items are specially meant for bride's father, Lamlai (Umanglai) of the
locality. Also, meant for Apok Asha (family ancestor) and God Sanamahi and Goddess Leimaral
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Sidabi. It indicates that the marriage ceremony is sanctioned not only by parents but also by the
Deities.
The actual marriage ceremony takes place at the bride's resident and On the same day, a ritual is
also performed by A maiba (priest) at bridegroom's resident.
Then, the bridegroom set out for the bride's resident to bring her, under guidance of Nupa Senaba (
a man who takes care of the groom). (15)
5. Manipuris have a society which is classified into small localities called as leikai. Each leikai
has a group of elder womenfolk forming a club known as the meira-paibis. They protect the
society and anything related to social disturbance, from an abusive husband to a drunkard son is
handled by them.
6. Manipuri family celebrations are held:
Swasti Puja is held on the 6th day of a childs birth.
Chak-Inba or Chak-Uma (rice-eating ceremony) in which the baby tastes solid food for the first
time.
When the baby is about 3 years old, "Nahutpa or ear-ring ceremony" is performed with great
festivity. This is performed both for boys and girls.
When a child is ready to attend school (4-5 years of age), he/she is about to mingle with people
outside his home away from parents and is starting a new adventure in life. "Mangol-Peeba or a
blessing ceremony" is performed.
"Ningol Chakouba" festival, in which women who were married to distant places come to her
parents house along with the children for a sumptous feast and get-together
Cheiraoba festival, the Manipuri New Year, which falls around April of each year.
7. Manipuris also believe in maintaining good ties with neighbors and participating in community
events and activities that happens in each locality.
8. Music of Manipur includes different types of songs, including religious, classical, love, folk
songs etc. The most popular kinds of music in Manipur include:
- This is a kind of devotional music of Manipur which is sung to upheld the
greatness of Chitanya Mahaprabhu, a religious preacher.

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- Named after Manor Sai, this music of Manipur is sung along with the music of
Ramkartal, or cymbals and Khol or drums.

- Full of erotic mysticism, this music of Manipur is based on dual meanings


where there real meaning is camouflaged by innocent words. The tune and the rhythm is the main
asset of this music of Manipur.

- The Pena, a musical instrument of Manipur, is an integral part of the music in


Manipur and it is sung occasionally during festivals.

- This music of Manipur is sung mostly by the Meities while they are working in
the fields. This music of Manipur usually has love as its theme and the singer can uses words at his
will and adjusts it to the tune.

8. Dance forms:
The Lai Haroba, a ritualistic dance depicting the Creation, is considered the precursor of Manipuri.

Khamba Thoibi dance is dance of dedication to the sylvan deity, Khamba Thoibi dance is a duet of
male and female partners. This dance is a part and parcel of Moirang Lai-Haraoba. It is believed
that the legendary hero - Khamba and heroin - Thoibi danced together before the Lord Thangjing, a
celebrated deity of Moirang, a village in the South-West of Manipur which is known for its rich
cultural traditions, for peace and prosperity of the land.

Pung Cholom is performed as an invocatory number preceding the Sankirtana and Ras Lila. It is
hignly refined classical dance number characterized by the modulation of sound from soft whisper
to a thunderous climax.

Maibi Dance depicts a way of reliving life as in the past, this dance is performed during the festival
of Lai-Haraoba which is an annual ritual festival of the Meiteis(inhabitants of the valley of
Manipur). The Maibis (the priestesses) considered to be spritural mediums, depict the entire
concept of cosmogony of the Meitei people and describe their way of life through their dances.

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The Ras Lila depicts the fond love of Radha for Lord Krishna as well as the sheer devotion of the
Gopies toward the Lord. It is generally performed in an enclosure in front of the temple throughout
night. Ras performances are seasonal and varied and performed at the temple of Shree Shree
Govindajee in Imphal on the nights of Basanta Purnima, Sarada Purnima and Kartik Purnima and
at local temples later.
9. The staple diet of Manipur consists of rice, leafy vegetables, and fish.Manipuris typically raise
vegetables in a kitchen garden and rear fish in small ponds around their house.
There are more than 200 varieties of Manipuri dishes. Iromba, whose main ingredients are the
fermented fish (which is called Ngari) and Chillies is the favourite of not only the Manipuris but
also amongst non-Manipuris.
Manipuri gastronomy not only consists of hot Chillies or Herbs but also unusual vegetables
like Thangjing(Gorgon),Soibum(Khorisa), Hawaijaar(fermented soyabean), Yongchaak(sataw),
etc. It is also surprising to know that Manipuri cuisine also have more than five varieties of
Mushrooms - some of its names are Kanglayen (Shiitake Dried Mushroom),Uyen(Golden
Chanterelle), Uchi Manaa(a type of mushroom), etc.

The food is a combination of both spicy and boiled, the nutritional value content in the Manipuri
cuisine gives you a healthy body. Some of the non-vegetarian food which is considered to be
vegetarian dish in Manipuri cuisine is fish and an edible fresh water snail called Tharoi in the local
lingo. There are three main types of Tharoi which is eaten in Manipur - Lai Tharoi, Labuk
Tharoi and Tharoi Ningkhabi. Among the fishes are Sareng, Pengba, Rohu, Ngamu, Ngakra,
Nganap, Ngakijou, Ngasep, Ngasang, Porom, Khabak, Phabou Nga, Ukabi, etc.
Yen thongba (chicken) cooked at an open lawn with bonfires. (1)

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Globalization of the Korean Wave


The turning point for Korean cinema was the unexpected success of the Korean movie Sopyonje in
1993. It was the first movie to attract more than a million viewers in the history of Korean cinema.
The movie was about Korean folk music (pansori) and the background setting was the rural
countryside. The movie brought back the nostalgic feeling of traditional Korean culture.
The drama Dae Jang Geum also provided an opportunity for Korean dramas, which had garnered
popularity in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia, to expand beyond Asia to markets in other
continents in 2003
Dee Jang Geum, also known as Jewel in the Palace, depicted the ups and downs of an orphaned
girl who becomes the kings chief physician. It is based on the true story of Jang-geum, the first
female royal physician of the Joseon Dynasty. In its first run in Korea in September 2003, the
program enjoyed an audience share of 57%, the highest ever for a Korean drama. The beautiful
clothing of t h e J ose o n ro ya l cou rt , t h e r e st o ra t i o ns o f J os eo n a r chi t e ct u re , an d
the colorful palace cuisine sparked global interest in Korean traditional cu l t ur e . T h e
i n f or m a t i o n on Ko r e an t ra di t i on al m edi c i ne s at i s f i e d t h e global trend toward a
healthy living. After first airing in Taiwan in 2004, the drama enjoyed high ratings in Hong Kong
and China, touching off a Dae Jang Geum Fever in the Chinese-speaking world of Hong Kong,
even beat out the 2003 football match between Hong Kong and Spain.
Meanwhile, Korean food and Korean products enjoyed unprecedented popularity in these countries. The
editor of a Chinese monthly pointed out that Korean food had become a hot item in China, a veritable miracle in a
country that takes pride in being a culinary superpower. This miracle replicated itsel f in Iran.

Plate 4: An image of the movie Dee Jang Geum


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Factors responsible for the Korean Global Wave


The Korean government was the first nation to invest in high-speed broadband after the 1998
financial crisis in Asia, creating a multimedia-obsessed nation. The Ministry of Culture, Sports and
Tourism's annual budget next year is $3.5 billion, and it will spend $295 million in promoting the
"hallyu" externally. In comparison, the National Endowment for the Arts in the U.S. will spend
$146 million in 2012. It is no wonder this has led to the emergence of artists and entertainment that
have dominated Asia and, now with Psy, the global scene of South Korean entertainment has gone
viral. (14)
Another key cultural export that continues to grow in popularity worldwide is Korean cuisine.
Acknowledging this particular trend, the South Korean government has, along with the food
industry, made an effort to further globalize Korean food by experimenting with new recipes,
cooking techniques, presentation styles and more, and promoting it overseas through various
channels. (13)
The success of Korean According to Sung Tae-Ho, a senior manager in the Korean Broadcasting
System's content business office, part of the reason why the country's culture industry is so
successful abroad stems from the fact that the content is high quality and also cheap, at least
compared to entertainment that could be bought from other, particularly Western, markets. The
Korean Broadcasting System, or KBS, is one of the country's four major television networks.
Culture also plays a role. Korean content, especially dramas, is as, if not more, popular than
Western series because, simply put, Asians relate to it more.
"Even though the languages are different, we share an Eastern mentality. We respect the father and
mother and a very hierarchical society and Confucianism," Sung told CNN.
"So based upon that cultural background, we exchange our emotions, what we think and what we
feel. There is a low cultural barrier to crossover with our content. It is kind of a syndrome. Asian
people love to enjoy Korean stuff."
In 2005, KBS exported $43 million-worth of content abroad. Last year, the network's exports
reached $65 million, going to 38 countries, Sung said.
Overall in 2009, the country exported nearly $3 billion in entertainment, more than double 2002
exports, according to an article on MK Daily, a Korean news portal. Today there are up to 400
independent studios creating content for domestic and international markets. (7)

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As hallyu spread like wildfire around the world and turned into serious business for many
entertainment companies, it became attractive for Korean artists to go abroad for bigger markets
where they could draw larger crowds and sell more tickets. According to Bernie Cho, head of
music distribution label DFSB Collective, many top artists make more money from one week in
Japan than they do in one year in Korea (cited in Williamson, 2011). Using the export model,
entertainment companies have been going outside Koreas borders since the Korean market is too
small for them to recoup their investment in manufacturing the competitive artists as products.
(6) (17)

Korean Wave in Manipur


The introduction of cable television network has played a significant role in the dissemination of
culture to other societies. Manipur has experienced this process of cultural diffusion mainly
through this medium. The Korean satellite channel Arirang is the harbinger of Korean wave in
Manipur. Its popularity began largely due to the ban on Hindi satellite channels, which used to be
the favourite channels of the Manipuris. They started to look for an alternative channel, which
could give them wholesome entertainment. The search was fruitful. The popular Korean Channel,
Arirang has been instrumental in bringing closer home the rich Korean culture, tradition and
cuisine.
With the arrival of Arirang, its impact upon the Manipuris, especially among the youngsters has
been felt in myriads of ways. For example, after watching the various Korean serials on Arirang,
there is an earnest desire by the youngsters to imitate and copy everything from language, to food
habit, to dress style, even the body language and some Korean manners. They have started using
some common sentences used in the day to day life by the serial stars. For instance, annonyhaseyo
(hello), sarange (I love you), watuke (what to do), waju waju (yes) etc. They begin to wish
each other through Korean style. In fact, there is competition among the sibling about the
knowledge of language competence. Before, hardly the youngsters knew about chopsticks, but
now they have learnt to use it and some of them have food with it.Now, the traditional plate for
having rice is being replaced by bowl. They have become so familiar with the Korean actors,
actresses and singers that most of them know Kang-ta, Kang-Sang-Hyun, Baby Box, Boa, JangNara, Che-in-Fio, Jyun-Sung etc. Some of them can even sing some of their favorite Korean
singers songs. Rakesh, an undergraduate, says There are many things in Korean cultural life that
23

are shown in serials and movies, which we can relate with our own society. Like most of the
Korean heroes, many youngsters in Manipur are growing their hair. By Ganjis skirt, they mean the
style of skirt worn by a Korean serial character called Ganji. By Kangtas earring, they mean a
particular earring worn by the singer Kangta. Among school kids and teenagers, Korean movie is
one of their hot topics.

(9)

24

Reference:
1) Cuisine of Magnificent Manipur, E-Pao.net, April 2013
2) Gil Hyun-cheo, The Korean Wave, A new pop culture phenomena, 9th June, 2011
3) India View Staes, Infobanc.com, 2013
4) Kangleicha, Manipur News', Nov 3, 2010

5) KimJoon,Korea.net foundation, May 2007


6) KyungHee ,The The Korean Wave,Cultivating a Global Fandom, , University
Ohio State University
7) Lara Farrar CNN,December 31, 2010
8) Mode5, Articlenatch.com, April 2011
9) Otojit Kshetrimayum, Mapping Cultural diffusion BlogSpot, April 10, 2008
10) Sonal Panse ,Buzzle.com, 2013
11) Shin-Eui Park The Korean Wave,Cultivating a Global Fandom, , KyungHee University
12) Ohio State University
13) Ulara Nakagawa , The Doplomat Blog, October 27,2010
14) Wayne Arnold, AdAge Global News, November 28, 2012
15) Williamson, DFSB Collective.com,2011
16) Woong Jo Chang ,The The Korean Wave,Cultivating a Global Fandom, , University
Ohio State University

25

ABOUT SOUTH KOREA


4.1.1 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION: South Korea, also called the Republic of Korea, is a
sovereign state located in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. Its neighbors are China
to the west, Japan to the east, and North Korea to the north. It covers a total area of 99,392
square kilometers and has a population of 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul,
with a population of 9.8 million. Korea is mountainous, and only about 20 percent of the
land in the south is flat. [16]

4.1.2 CLIMATIC CONDITION: In Korea, winters are usually long, cold, and dry,
whereas summers are short, hot, and humid. Spring and autumn are pleasant but short in
duration. Seoul's mean temperature in January is -5 C to - 2.5 C; in July the mean
temperature is about 22.5 C to 25 C.

4.1.3 A BRIEF HISTORY: Korea was a Japanese colony, prior to World War II (19391945). But after the war when Japan got defeated, the Japanese were no longer in control
of Korea. Thus the allies took control of Korea which was the USA and the Soviet
Union(currently Russia). But both countries disagreed on how to run the nation of Korea
so they split in half. By the 38th parallel, everything on the North came under the Soviet
Union influence (Communist) while everything on the South came under the USA
influence (democratic). Thus, South Korea came into being after World War II.

4.1.4RELIGION AND BELIEFS: As a result of constitutional guarantees of freedom of religion,


there is a wide range of religious beliefs, from shamanism (a practice that involves a practitioner
reaching altered states of consciousness in order to encounter and interact with the spirit world),
Confucianism (The core of Confucianism is humanism .The focus of spiritual concern is this world
and the family, not the gods and not the afterlife, and Buddhism to Christianity, Islam, and other
religions. [19]
Daoism focuses on the individual in nature rather than the individual in society, and
Buddhism entered Korea from China during the Three Kingdoms period (fourth to
seventh centuries A.D.). Buddhism was the dominant religious and cultural influence
during the Silla (A.D. 668-935) and Koryo (918-1392) dynasties.
26

4.1.5 korean christianity


Roman Catholic, Methodist and Presbyterian missionaries are popular in Korea.

4.1.6 new religions in korea

Ch'ondogyo's basic beliefs include the essential equality of all human beings. Each
person must be treated with respect because all persons "contain divinity;" there is "God
in man."
Wonbulgyo, or Won Buddhism, attempts to combine traditional Buddhist doctrine with a
modern concern for social reform and revitalization.

Plate 5: A Korean woman practicing Shamanism

Traditional Korean Meal


Rice is the Staple food of South Korea. Rice has been usually accompanied by various side dishes,
mostly seasoned vegetables, soup, pot stew and meat. A Korean traditional meal is not complete
without kimchi, a mixture of various pickled vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, radish, green
onion and cucumber. Certain types of kimchi are made spicy with the addition of red chili pepper
powder, while others are prepared without red chili peppers or are soaked in a tasty liquid.
However, garlic is always used in kimchi to add to its flavor. By the end of every year, by
27

November or December, Korean families prepare enough kimchi to last the long winter. Kimchis
are stored in large clay jars partially buried to maintain temperature and retain flavor.

Plate 6: Traditional Korean full course dinner


Porridge (Juk)
Juk is Korea's oldest food. Grain is boiled in water for a long time. There are various kinds of
porridge depending on the ingredients. Porridge is smooth and gentle to the stomach, and highly
nutritious, therefore ideal for patients. For the busy people of today, juk serves as great breakfast
substitute.

Rice Cakes (Tteok)


In general, rice is consumed as a main dish, but on occasion, rice is also made into rice cakes. On
ceremonial occasions, national holidays, and birthdays, rice cakes are invariably present on the
festive table. Made primarily from white rice flour, ingredients such as mugwort, red beans,
jujubes, beans and chestnuts are added to provide distinctive flavors. (Korea.net)

28

Taditional attire of korea

WOMEN
Hanbok is the traditional Korean dress. It comprises of two parts, an upper component, i.e.
jacket, and a lower segment, i.e. pants or skirt.
The origins of the Korean two-piece hanbok can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms period
(57 B.C.-668 A.D.).It is made up of a skirt and a jacket characterized by bright colors and
simple lines. There are different types of hanbok from plain hanbok to decorated hanbok that
are worn at different occasions
For many modern Koreans, wearing a hanbok is a way to show pride in their
cultural heritage. And Nowadays, Hanbok is worn only on special occasions such as social
gatherings and seasonal festivals.

Plate 7 a: A Korean woman wearing

Plate 7 b: Change in the pattern of hanbok over time.

hanbok

29

Details of a hanbok:
The jeogori makes up the upper part of the hanbok.
The Donjeong refers to a white collar attached along the rim of the neckline. It contrasts and
harmonizes with the overall curve of the neck.
The Otogoreum is a women's ornamental piece, which hangs vertically across the front of the
chima (women's skirt)
The Chima is the women's outer skirt. There are different kinds of Chima: single layered, double
layered, and quilted.
Traditional patterns garaceful lines and color combinations enhance the beauty of the hanbok.
Plants, animals, or other natural patterns are used to decorate the rim of the skirt and the areas
surrounding the outer shoulders
Accessories of womens hanbok
Norigae :is of the major accessories for women. The norigae pendant was widely used by royal
court ladies as well as commoners. It is tied to the outer goreum (a coat string) or the waist of a
skirt and gives a luxurious look to the entire outfit. The two major types of pendants are samjak
norigae (a pendant with three ornaments) and danjak norigae (a pendant with one ornament).

Plate 8: Norigae which is used to accessorize the hanbok

30

MEN

Mens hanbok consists of a short jackets and pants. The lower part of the mens hanbok is called
Baji which is a loose trouser. Kkotsin are a special shoes that are worn with hanbok, and is made
of silk with flower patterns embroidered on it. There is also a hat called gat.
For the wedding ceremony there are special hanbok. The grooms hanbok, consists of groom
headpiece called iksunkan , belt called gakddi, wedding suit called jaryungpo,inner clothing
called baji and jeogori and shoes called kkotsin
Mens hanbok like womens hanbok comes in plain and highly decorated designs.

.
Plate 9: Mens casual hanbok

Plate 9: Mens wedding hanbok

31

Plate 10a: Plain wedding hanbok

Plate 10b: Slightly embroidered


hanbok wedding

Plate 10c: Wedding hanbok


with rich embroidery on it

Plate 11: Hanbokk for kids

FABRICS AND DECORATIONS


Silk is the main fabric used in making hanboks, but summer hanboks are often made with ramie
or hemp and winter hanboks are frequently made with brocade or satin. Some decorations such
as gilts (gold or gold like) or embroidery can be done on the hanbok, and characters such as
(Hui , happiness and joy) and (Bok , fortune or luck) or flower patterns are frequently
used as part of the adornment. Other frequent patterns include Korean characters meaning
phoenix, tiger, peacock, crane, butterfly, or dragon. [
32

ABOUT MANIPUR
Geographical Location:
Manipur is one of the eight north eastern states of India. Its boundary is surrounded by Myanmar
(Burma) in the east and south, and Nagaland state in the north, Cachar (Assam state) in the west
and Mizoram state in the south-west. The capital of Manipur is Imphal which is the state's largest
city. The other cities are the Chrchandpur, Tamenglong and Ukhrul. Manipur is a meeting point,
epicenter, between South East Asia and the Indian sub-continent. The Manipur valley, in the
middle of the state, is at a height of 790 meters above the sea level and is surrounded by nine hill
ranges in circles creating a hill and trough geography. (A brief history (puwari) of the meiteis of
manipur, p.lalit)

Climatic condition:
The climate of Manipur is mostly tropical with alpine climate. The northeastern region has an
amiable climate and is very cold in the winters. The temperature in the summer is 32 degrees C and
in the winters it falls below zero.
AA brief history: The history of Manipur Meities is chronicled in Puyas or Puwaris (stories about
our forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba,
Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, etc. in the archaic Meitei script, which is comparable
to the Thai script. The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the
judgment of the Meitei Kings and Maichous (Meitei scholars). Hill tribes have their own folk
tales, myths and legends. Manipur was known by different names at various periods in its history,
such as, Tilli-Koktong, Poirei-Lam, Sanna-Leipak, Mitei-Leipak, Meitrabak or Manipur (present
day). Its capital was Kangla, Yumphal or Imphal (present day). Its people were known by various
names, such as Mi-tei, Poirei-Mitei, Meetei, Maitei or Meitei.

The Puwaris, Ninghthou

Kangbalon, Ningthourol Lambuba, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, recorded the


events of each King who ruled Manipur in a span of more than 3500 years until 1955 AD (a total
of more than 108 kings). Ningthou Kangba (15th century BC) is regarded the first and foremost
king of Manipur. In 1891 AD, after the defeat of the Meiteis by the British in the Anglo-Manipuri
war of Khongjom, Manipurs sovereignty for more than three millenniums was lost. It regained its
freedom on August 28, 1947 AD but did not last long. On 15 October 1949, Manipur was annexed
into the Indian territory. (A brief history (puwari) of the meiteis of manipur, p.lalit)
33

Religions & Beliefs:


The majority of the Meiteis follow Vaishnavite Hinduism, mixing it with their ancient Meitei
religion, known as "Sanamahi Laining" (or simply Sanamahi). Most of the Meiteis view Sanamahi
as a part of their livelihood. Vaishnavaism was made the state religion in 18th Century by King
"Pamheiba" and it remained as that till the defeat of Manipur by the British in 1891. Manipur also
had priest (Maiba) and priestess (maibi) who perform spiritual ceremonies to connect with Gods
and spirits. They are ancestral worshippers and they believe that with certain important rituals, they
can connect with the dead. Such priests and priestess play an important role in the Manipuri
society. Important rituals are festivals are conducted mainly with their guidance.
Since people who live in the hills of Manipur are mostly tribals who follow Christianity, their
belief is again very different from the valley people who follow Hinduism. Most people from the
hills are Catholics and Protestants.

34

Traditional attire of Manipur (Primary Research)


The Meitei women wear a loincloth (sarong) known as phanek and a veil known as innaphi. The
phanek measures at 1.75m in length and 1.30m in breath. There are different types of phaneks and
innaphi which the Manipuris wear according to the occasion. Plain Phaneks come in different
shades of color and they are worn on an everyday basis by the womenfolk of Manipur. A special
type of phanek known as the Mapan Naiba Phanekwhich comes in horizontal stripes of three
shades of color are worn during weddings, receptions, death anniversaries and other important
occasions. A Manipuri bride wears a special kind of attire known as potloi. It comes in red, pink
and green and is cylindrical in shape and is adorned with traditional motifs and an innaphi and a
velvet blouse.
Manipuri men wear a plain white dhoti which is quite similar to the bengoli dhoti. It is worn during
special occasions like wedding ceremonies, swasti puja, death anniversary etc. A special kind of
dhoti known as the Khamen Chatpa is worn by the royal bloods and by the polo player of
Manipur.
WOMEN
A phanek has four categories according to the varied designs.
1) Phanek Achamba: A plain phanek of different colors which is worn by meitei women at
home. Also worn by young girls as an outdoor attire.
2) Pumgou phanek : A plain white or pink phanek with or without a thin striped border. The
plain white phanek is worn by the priestess and the plain pink pumgou phanek is worn by the
meitei women on occasions of mortuary ceremonies and at times of prayers in temples.

3) Mayek naibi: It is of stripped design of varied colors. The stripes are set horizontally
throughout the body of the cloth and are hemmed in by a broad border of black on the top as well
as bottom of the fabric. These borders are decorated with different embroidered motifs.
Traditionally the mayek naibi phanek were of only 7 distinct colors: i)Thambal machu (pink), ii)
Higok (scheme of dominant deep blue color), iii) Khumjingbi (scheme of dominant lack color)
iv) Hangam mapal (mustard yellow) v) langhou (a scheme of black and white in equal breath of
5mm each) vi) loirang (scheme of white and light pink) vii) chigong lei (amber yellow) Cotton,
wool and silk are commonly used for making mapan naiba. When the whole body of mapan
35

naibi is woven in floss silk, it is known as phige phanek. There are four motifs of Mapan naiba
phanek:
Khojao lonbi mapan naibi
Khoi akoibi maoan naibi
Hiya mayek
Phige phijol mayek

P
h
i
g
e
p
h
i
j
o
l
m
a
y
e
k

Plate 12: Traditional motifs of Mapan Naiba Phanek

4) Pumthit phanek: This particular type of phanek emerged during the reign of Meidingu
Khagemba (1597-1652 AD), to be worn only by the eldest princess of the Meitei king born of a
mother of the Angom royal house who achieve the title of khuraileima. This phanek had very
limited wearers and is not popular among the common man and at present phumthit phanek is
gone out of existence from the culture of Manipur
36

Plate 13a: Pumgou phanek


(widows

Plate 13b: Pumgou phanek as worn by elders

Plate 14: Phumtit phanek

37

Plate 15a: Plain phanek

Plate 15b : Manipuri girls wearing plain phanek

Plate 16: A Manipuri girl wearing a non-embroidered


mapan naiba phanek

38

Plate 17: Different kinds of traditional border motifs on a mapan naiba phanek

Plate 18: Two different motifs embroidered in one phanek

Plate 19: Types of colored mapan naiba phanek

39

Plate 20: Mapan naiba phanek as

Plate 21: Mapan naiba phanek as

worn by unmarried women

worn by married women

Plate 22 :Mapan naiba phanek as worn by dancers

40

Plate 24: New floral motifs used on the border of a


phanek (E-Pao, Manipiur Extravaganza 2013)

Plate 23: Cpntemporized potloi motif used on a


phanek(E-Pao, Manipiur Extravaganza 2013)

Plate 25:Traditional potloi motifs used on the border of a


phanek

41

The potloi: Meitei women also wear a Manipuri Bridal and Dance (Ras Leela) costume known as
a Potloi. Shaped in a cylindrical form, it is stitched on the belt worn over it, the blouse and the
inner garment.
The potloi is adorned with applique works using geometrical figures. The designs consists of khoi
mayek designs made of red phirangjee with a thick bukram base laced over a golden cloth and
decorated with charik chamaki (sequins) and nungsen konpham (brass work).

The potloi: Meitei women also wear a Manipuri Bridal and Dance (Ras Leela) costume known as
a Potloi. Shaped in a cylindrical form, it is stitched on the belt worn over it, the blouse and the
inner garment.
The potloi is adorned with applique works using geometrical figures. The designs consists of khoi
mayek designs made of red phirangjee with a thick bukram base laced over a golden cloth and
decorated with charik chamaki (sequins) and nungsen konpham (brass work).

Plate 26 : Red color potloi as worn by a bride

Plate 27: Green color potloi as worn by a ras leela dancer

42

Plate 28 a: A weaver making potloi (Chanura Microfun Manipur, W Memi Devi, 2011)

Plate 29 a : Appliqu work of traditional

Plate 30b: Traditional motifs of the potloi

43

Plate 31 a: Traditional bridal veil

Plate 31b: Motifs of the bridal veil

Plate 33: Head gear of the bride: Kok

Plate 32 : A Manipuri bride wearing a potloi

44

Plate 34 c: Motifs used on the Poshwan (upper skirt)

P
l
a
t
e

d
:
Plate 35: Potloi worn by a gopi in a rasa leela dance

45

Plate 36: Design Explorations of potloi

Plate 38 : Actor : Kamala Saikhom


MUA & Styling: Robem

Plate 37: A Manipuri bride wearing a


new motif design potloi

Designer: Karan Singh


Photograph & Concept:Nebenchand Ningthoujam

46

MEN
A white kurta and a dhoti (plain white) is worn during performances by drum dancers, and by
common men during festivals and ceremonies. Younger men also wear a white kurta paijama.
During the boat festival (Heikru Hidongba) of Manipur, men (the participants, who are
considered to be royal descendants) wear a special dhoti known as khamen chatpa.
Printed designs for men can be seen only in the particular loincloth known as Khamen Chatpa.
The designs are a scheme of deep purple, deep red and chocolate brown (dyes prepared from a
plan known a Khamu) painted on the white background of the silk cloth. The design is said to
have been adopted from the sight of Lord Pakhangba, the serpant God worship by wthnic
Meiteis.
There are reportedly seven patterns of paintings of the Khamen Chatpa representing the seven
clans of the Meiteis. However, only four of these distinctive patterns have been discovered

Plate 39: Plain white dhoti worn by


a pung cholom performer

Plate 40a: Khamen Chatpa being worn by


Heikru Hidongba (boat race) performers

47

Plate 40b: A pena khongba


(traditional musical instrument)
wearing Khamen Chatpa

KHAMEN CHATPA

Printed designs for men can be seen only in the particular loincloth known as Khamen Chatpa.
The designs are a scheme of deep purple, deep red and chocolate brown (dyes prepared from a
plan known a Khamu) painted on the white background of the silk cloth. The design is said to
have been adopted from the sight of Lord Pakhangba, the serpant God worship by wthnic
Meiteis.
There are reportedly seven patterns of paintings of the Khamen Chatpa representing the seven
clans of the Meiteis. However only four of these distinctive patterns have been discovered so far.

Plate 41a: The four patterns of Khamen Chatpa that have been discovered till date

Plate 41b: Khamen Chatpa dhoti


48

CHANGE IN THE DRESSING STYLE OF THE WOMENFOLK OF MANIPUR

Before the influence of Hallyu and the introduction of Korean Pop culture and drama, the people
of Manipur were inspired by Bollywood movies and mainland Indian culture in terms of Fashion.
Traditional garments were also very much worn by the women of Maniour then.

Plate 42a: A Manipuri woman wearing a phanek,

Plate 44c: Salwaar Kameez popularly worn


by the elder generation

Plate 43b: In 2001, the same person above


seen wearing a maxi dress

Plate 45a: In 1996 Another


woman seen wearing a plain
phanek at home

Plate 46 b: In 2003, Women


wore western garments like
jeans or maxi dresses without
any influence oh Hallyu

49

Plate 47c: In 2013, elder


generation are seen wearing
Salwaar Kameez depicting that
there was hardly any Hallyu
influence earlier

ANALYSIS OF THE SURVEY CONDUCTED O UNDERSTAND THE YOUTH WHO FOLLOW


HALLYU

Plate 48: Majority of the respondents fell within the age group of 18-24 years (71.4%)

Plate 49: The respondents comprised of more women (89.3 %) than men (10.7 %)

50

Plate 50: Majority of the respondents (65.5%) agreed that they follow Hallyu culture while 34.5
% did not.

Plate 51: Majority of the respondents were introduced to Hallyu culture through T.V.
Friends were the next influence followed by the internet. Radio played a very small role.

51

Plate 52 : Korean Dramas and Korean Fashion were the two aspects of Hallyu culture which
respondents were most interested in. Food came next followed by K-pop (music)

Plate 53: According to 93 % of the respondents Manipuri fashion has changed over the years,
because of Hallyu influence.

52

Plate 54: A high number (77.6 %) of respondents were of the opinion that Korean-wave will
continue to influence Manipuri youth.

Plate 55: Acceptance for introduction of traditional Manipuri textiles into trendy fashionable
clothes.

53

DESIGN EXPLORATIONS

Based on the study and survey conducted, 89.7 % of the respondents were looking forward to
see garment designs using traditional Manipuri textiles that had a Hallyu influence to it.And so a
few design sketches were done keeping the Hallyu fashion and traditional Manipuri textiles in
mind.

Design Exploration 1

Plate a

Plate b

Plate d

Plate e

54

Plate c

Plate f

Plate g

Plate j

Plate h

Plate k

55

Plate i

Plate l

Plate m

Plate n

Plate o

56

Plate 70: The designs below were shortlisted for the production process:

57

Plate 71: According to the color a fabrics of the phanek that weer received, the designs were
changed as asown below:

58

FINAL OUTCOME

Plate 72a: Final Product 1a


59

Plate 72b: Final Product 1b


60

Plate 73a: Final Product 1a

61

Plate 73b: Final Product 1b

62

Plate 74: Final Product 1

63

Plate 75a: Final Product 1a

64

Plate 75b: Final Product 1b

65

66

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