Modelling the Water Balance of Mapa Institute of

Technology Intramuros Campus

Robert Michael Tampus*
* Author: Bachelor of Science in Geological Science and Engineering, Mapa Institute of Technology, Muralla St.,
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines
* A student (2013140129) of the course GEO141P (Hydrogeology) under Mr. Arnold Alvarez
** Exercise 1 of GEO141P (Hydrogeology) submitted July 2016
Keywords: Water balance, Hydrologic cycle, Groundwater recharge

Introduction
Hydrologic cycle is the water transfer cycle occurring continuously in
nature. The hydrologic cycle consists of evaporation, evapotranspiration,
precipitation and runoff. Evaporation from the surfaces of ponds, lakes,
reservoirs, ocean surfaces, etc. and transpiration from surface vegetation i.e.,
from plant leaves of cropped land and forests, etc. take place. These vapours
rise to the sky and are condensed at higher altitudes by condensation nuclei
and form clouds, resulting in droplet growth. The clouds melt and sometimes
burst resulting in precipitation of different forms like rain, snow, hail, sleet, mist,
dew and frost. A part of this precipitation flows over the land called runoff and
part infiltrates into the soil which builds up the ground water table (Raghunath,
2006).
Groundwater is the largest potential source of freshwater in the hydrologic
cycle larger than all surface reservoirs, lakes, rivers, and streams combined.
Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process achieved when water moves
downward from the surface to the groundwater table by gravity. This study
tackles the estimation of the groundwater recharge using the water balance. As
illustrated in Figure 1, a general water balance is expressed as
RF = RO + ET + GWR
Where:
RF = Rainfall or precipitation (in mm)
RO = Runoff = K x RF (in mm)
K = Runoff Coefficient (dimensionless)
ET = Potential Evapotranspiration (in mm)
GWR = Groundwater Recharge (in mm).
Thus,
GWR = RF RO - ET

Figure 1: Diagram showing the input-output of the system (adopted from

Montero, 2016)
Objectives
This study aims to:
Gather known hydrological and climatological normals from the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration
Calculate
the
normal
values
for
obtained
potential
evapotranspiration data, and
Determine the groundwater recharge of a hypothetical grassland
area on the property of Mapa Institute of Technology Intramuros
Campus (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Map showing the area of the Mapa Institute of Technology Intramuros
Campus (adopted from Google Earth)
2

Methodology
The researcher gathered hydrological and climatological normals from
the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services
Administration (PAG-ASA). In Appendix A, rainfall values were used. Farm
Weather Services Section from PAG-ASA provided the raw data of the Potential
Evapotranspiration derived using PenmanMonteith Equation (Appendix B).
These raw data required basic statistical analysis (Appendix C). These data were
observed in the Port Area, Manila for the period 1981-2010. In computing the
runoff, the runoff coefficient is obtained from Study on Flood Control and
Drainage Project in Metro Manila from JICA. Groundwater recharge and total
volume of groundwater recharged in the reservoir are then computed.
Results and Discussion
TABLE 1: WATER BALANCE OF MAPUA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY INTRAMUROS
CAMPUS
AREA:
18,064 sq. m.
RUNOFF COEFFICIENT* (GRASSLAND/ FARM LAND):
0.3
POTENTIAL
GROUNDWATER
RUNOFF
RAINFALL (RF) EVAPOTRANSPIRATION**
RECHARGE
(RO)
(ET)
(GWR)
JAN
17.30
2.2382
5.19
9.8718
FEB
14.20
2.6730
4.26
7.2670
MAR
15.80
3.1768
4.74
7.8832
APR
23.70
3.5781
7.11
13.0119
MAY
147.20
3.5735
44.16
99.4665
JUN
253.50
3.4770
76.05
173.9730
JUL
420.50
3.3304
126.15
291.0196
AUG
432.40
3.1775
129.72
299.5025
SEP
355.10
3.0689
106.53
245.5011
OCT
234.80
2.7811
70.44
161.5789
NOV
121.70
2.4583
36.51
82.7317
DEC
67.40
2.2044
20.22
44.9756
ANNUAL 2,103.60 mm
35.7372 mm
631.08 mm 1,436.7828 mm
TOTAL VOLUME OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGED IN THE
25,954.0443 m2
RESERVOIR (ANNUAL GWR x AREA)
Note: RF, ET, RO, and GWR data are in millimetres.
* Study on Flood Control and Drainage Project in Metro Manila, JICA (1990)
**Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration
3

Sample Computation
For January,
Given:
RF = 17.30 mm, ET = 2.2382 mm, K = 0.3
Required:
RO and GWR
Solution:
RO = K x RF = 0.3 x 17.30 mm = 5.19 mm
GWR = 17.30 mm 5.19 mm 2.2382 mm = 9.8718 mm
Total Volume of Groundwater Recharged In the Reservoir
Given:
GWRannual = 1436.7828 mm, Area = 18,064 m2
Required:
VGWR
Solution:
VGWR = GWRannual x Area
= [1436.7828 mm x (1 m/1,000 mm)] x (18,064 m2)
= 25,954.0443 m3
500.00
450.00

Amount (in mm)

400.00
350.00
300.00
250.00
200.00
150.00
100.00

50.00
0.00
JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

RAINFALL (RF)
POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION** (ET)
RUNOFF (RO)
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE (GWR)
Figure 3: Comparison of Rainfall, Potential Evapotranspiration, Runoff and
Groundwater Recharge
4

Runoff values may vary from different researchers due to their runoff
coefficients. The area is assumed to be grassland. Grasslands have low runoff
coefficients due to their permeable, well-vegetated areas. Due to lack of data
about actual evapotranspiration in the Philippines, this study assumed that
evapotranspiration is equal to the potential evapotranspiration.
In Figure 3, the results show that rainfall values are greater than values for
potential evapotranspiration, runoff and groundwater recharge. Rainfall
contributes the majority of the water source. Among the water losses,
groundwater recharge consumes most of the rainfall water. The soil must be
highly permeable. The vegetation present transpires relatively little water.
Conclusion
Utilizing hydrogeology, the researcher could estimate that the aquifer (?)
below the hypothetical grassland of Mapa Institute of Technology Intramuros
Campus could contain about 25,954.0443 m3 of groundwater. This groundwater
could be extracted for domestic, commercial or industrial purposes. This study
only considered the hydrological aspect thus further detailed studies are
recommended including data from subsurface geology and geophysics.
Bibliography
[1] Rughunath (2006). Hydrology: Principles, Analysis and Design. New Age
International Ltd., Publishers
[2] Manzano, Masayon, and Montero (2016). A Water Balance Model to Study
the Hydrological Response to Shifting Land Use and Land Cover in Ipo
Watershed. Mapa Institute of Technology. Unpublished
[3] Department Of Public Works and Highways, and Japan International
Cooperation Agency (2002). Technical Standards and Guidelines for Planning
and Design Vol. 1: Flood Control

APPENDIX A: CLIMATOLOGICAL NORMALS OF PORT AREA (from PAG-ASA)

APPENDIX B: MONTHLY MEAN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (from PAG-ASA)

YEAR MONTH PET (Sci. Garden) PET (Port Area)
1980
1
2.725806452
1980
2
3.210344828
1980
3
3.838709677
1980
4
4.406666667
1980
5
4.458064516
1980
6
4.25
1980
7
3.958064516
1980
8
4.038709677
1980
9
3.466666667
1980
10
3.267741935
1980
11
2.806666667
1980
12
2.561290323
1981
1
2.612903226
1981
2
3.296428571
1981
3
4.096774194
1981
4
4.56
1981
5
4.641935484
3.564285714
1981
6
4.073333333
3.58
1981
7
4.119354839
3.516129032
1981
8
3.75483871
3.219354839
1981
9
4.04
3.25
1981
10
3.44516129
2.996774194
1981
11
2.933333333
2.526666667
1981
12
2.703225806
2.303225806
1982
1
2.787096774
2.232258065
1982
2
3.407142857
2.664285714
1982
3
4.083870968
3.283870968
1982
4
4.44
3.5
1982
5
4.651612903
3.525806452
1982
6
4.376666667
3.416666667
1982
7
3.664516129
2.816129032
1982
8
3.812903226
3.074193548
1982
9
3.593333333
2.806666667
1982
10
3.558064516
2.8
1982
11
3.16
2.533333333
1982
12
2.774193548
2.212903226
1983
1
2.906451613
2.338709677
1983
2
3.571428571
2.864285714
1983
3
4.232258065
3.406451613
7

1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1983
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1984
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1985
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986
1986

4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

4.713333333
4.970967742
4.61
4.364516129
4.090322581
3.983333333
3.406451613
3.06
2.741935484
2.816129032
3.5
4.080645161
4.646666667
4.516129032
4.083333333
4.290322581
3.477419355
4.106666667
3.287096774
3.063333333
2.806451613
2.870967742
3.625
4.280645161
4.423333333
4.648387097
4
4.238709677
3.761290323
3.823333333
3.435483871
3.126666667
2.819354839
2.787096774
3.282142857
4.083870968
4.643333333
4.438709677
4.323333333
4.106451613
3.709677419

3.876666667
3.780645161
3.61
3.551612903
3.177419355
3.16
2.329411765
2.238709677
2.203225806
2.744827586
3.374193548
3.703333333
3.583870968
3.17
3.332258065
2.819354839
3.173333333
2.816129032
2.62
2.135483871
2.2
3.175
3.65483871
3.764285714
3.893548387
3.656521739
3.65
3.551612903
3.393333333
3.090322581
2.746666667
2.341935484
2.319354839
2.717857143
3.238709677
3.766666667
3.74516129
3.723333333
3.693548387
3.629032258
8

1986
1986
1986
1986
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1987
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1988
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1989
1990

9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1

3.706666667
3.364516129
3.08
2.85483871
2.9
3.439285714
4.183870968
4.656666667
4.922580645
4.22
4.090322581
4.14516129
3.79
3.622580645
3.093333333
2.758064516
2.935483871
3.465517241
4.158064516
4.583333333
4.658064516
4.126666667
4.022580645
4.180645161
3.97
3.05483871
2.806666667
2.64516129
2.767741935
3.103571429
3.783870968
4.45
4.506451613
4.166666667
4.009677419
3.65483871
3.536666667
3.332258065
2.933333333
2.664516129
2.861290323

3.143333333
2.774193548
2.496666667
2.022580645
1.938709677
2.335714286
2.835483871
3.136666667
3.203225806
3.07
3.15
3.438709677
3.046666667
2.864516129
2.473333333
2.229032258
2.24516129
2.706896552
3.212903226
3.526666667
3.577419355
3.313333333
3.274193548
3.461290323
3.353333333
2.629032258
2.43
2.210344828
2.212903226
2.514285714
3.029032258
3.52
3.477419355
3.336666667
3.174193548
2.919354839
2.883333333
2.706451613
2.393333333
2.151612903
2.222580645
9

1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1990
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1991
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1992
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6

3.471428571
3.94516129
4.636666667
4.483870968
3.826666667
3.912903226
3.541935484
3.646666667
3.258064516
2.9
2.606451613
2.790322581
3.135714286
3.993548387
4.446666667
4.577419355
4.11
3.906451613
3.335483871
3.463333333
3.34516129
2.85
2.687096774
2.767741935
3.382758621
4.1
4.63
4.587096774
4.306666667
4.067741935
3.683870968
3.56
3.341935484
2.876666667
2.729032258
2.777419355
3.278571429
3.896774194
4.483333333
4.690322581
4.313333333

2.721428571
3.087096774
3.5
3.574193548
3.153333333
3.370967742
2.912903226
3.04
2.587096774
2.38
2.219354839
2.351612903
2.65
3.203225806
3.553333333
3.606451613
3.463333333
3.232258065
2.696774194
2.776666667
2.683870968
2.373333333
2.167741935
2.232258065
2.693103448
3.461290323
3.606666667
3.529032258
3.56
3.3
2.951612903
3.096666667
2.996774194
2.426666667
2.125806452
2.083870968
2.460714286
2.951612903
3.49
3.603225806
3.573333333
10

1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1993
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1994
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1995
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996
1996

7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

3.948387097
3.732258065
3.516666667
3.209677419
2.876666667
2.525806452
2.735483871
3.321428571
3.780645161
4.38
4.222580645
4.146666667
3.312903226
3.722580645
3.48
3.209677419
3.083333333
2.793548387
2.687096774
3.3
3.958064516
4.523333333
4.225806452
4.22
4.019354839
3.822580645
3.366666667
3.177419355
2.806666667
2.396774194
2.670967742
3.151724138
3.780645161
4.03
4.206451613
4.266666667
3.912903226
3.867741935
3.44
3.325806452
2.693333333

3.264516129
3.14516129
2.93
2.567741935
2.256666667
1.987096774
2.077419355
2.507142857
2.980645161
3.51
3.522580645
3.453333333
2.874193548
3.170967742
3.056666667
2.548387097
2.29
2.064516129
2.006451613
2.475
2.884210526
3.592857143
3.512903226
3.556666667
3.329032258
3.216129032
2.953333333
2.75483871
2.453333333
2.109677419
2.351612903
2.768965517
3.316129032
3.373333333
3.535483871
3.59
3.3
3.209677419
2.963333333
2.764516129
2.31
11

1996
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1997
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1998
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
1999
2000
2000
2000
2000

12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4

2.596774194
2.703225806
3.160714286
3.883870968
4.266666667
4.277419355
4.19
3.838709677
3.564516129
3.646666667
3.458064516
3.106666667
2.903225806
2.941935484
3.425
4.035483871
4.486666667
4.264516129
4.196666667
4.216129032
4.093548387
3.486666667
3.074193548
2.936666667
2.496774194
2.651612903
3.153571429
3.677419355
4.106666667
4.316129032
3.993333333
3.690322581
3.525806452
3.34
3.309677419
2.82
2.551612903
2.8
3.175862069
3.732258065
4.416666667

2.090322581
2.187096774
2.542857143
3.061290323
3.63
3.590322581
3.41
3.45483871
3.174193548
3.25
2.925806452
2.573333333
2.332258065
2.403225806
2.835714286
3.190322581
3.586666667
3.458064516
3.4
3.45483871
3.412903226
2.926666667
2.558064516
2.403333333
2.14516129
2.074193548
2.475
2.990322581
3.24
3.477419355
3.293333333
3.04516129
2.835483871
2.84
2.693548387
2.526666667
2.258064516
2.303225806
2.744827586
3.132258065
3.686666667
12

2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2001
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2002
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003
2003

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

4.009677419
4.153333333
3.477419355
3.816129032
3.486666667
3.15483871
2.846666667
2.590322581
2.712903226
3.146428571
3.835483871
4.35
4.135483871
4.173333333
3.829032258
3.567741935
3.596666667
3.422580645
3.07
2.732258065
2.835483871
3.153571429
3.958064516
4.54
4.448387097
4.296666667
3.553333333
3.867741935
3.643333333
3.467741935
2.87
2.874193548
2.783870968
3.421428571
3.903225806
4.523333333
4.064516129
3.976666667
4.148387097
3.651612903
3.446666667

3.490322581
3.523333333
3.167741935
3.325806452
3.126666667
2.84516129
2.516666667
2.319354839
2.367741935
2.664285714
3.151612903
3.623333333
3.632258065
3.513333333
3.280645161
2.996774194
3.033333333
2.861290323
2.513333333
2.361290323
2.370967742
2.625
3.322580645
3.906666667
3.783870968
3.75
3.348387097
3.458064516
3.176666667
2.990322581
2.52
2.412903226
2.377419355
2.842857143
3.287096774
3.64
3.593548387
3.5
3.522580645
3.24516129
3.026666667
13

2003
2003
2003
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2004
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2005
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2006
2007
2007

10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2

3.470967742
2.983333333
2.6
2.74516129
3.189655172
3.919354839
4.446666667
4.377419355
3.76
4.15483871
3.438709677
3.823333333
3.409677419
2.9
2.677419355
2.7
3.425
3.648387097
4.25
4.403225806
4
3.848387097
3.538709677
3.366666667
3.15483871
2.75
2.435483871
2.648387097
3.125
3.65483871
4.323333333
3.987096774
4.05
3.3
3.280645161
3.583333333
3.103225806
2.97
2.525806452
2.632258065
3.182142857

2.861290323
2.48
2.277419355
2.290322581
2.627586207
3.170967742
3.583333333
3.606451613
3.266666667
3.548387097
3.14516129
3.106666667
2.780645161
2.433333333
2.180645161
2.235483871
2.767857143
3.167741935
3.51
3.735483871
3.676666667
3.461290323
3.24516129
3.15
2.829032258
2.42
2.232258065
2.312903226
2.660714286
3.229032258
3.8
3.483870968
3.696666667
3.135483871
3.012903226
3.303333333
2.816129032
2.573333333
2.238709677
2.316129032
2.782142857
14

2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2007
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2008
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2009
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010
2010

3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

3.85483871
4.263333333
4.283870968
4.17
4.090322581
3.487096774
3.326666667
3.038709677
2.74
2.566666667
2.741935484
3.05862069
3.812903226
4.34
4.180645161
4.066666667
4.012903226
3.812903226
3.533333333
3.367741935
2.87
2.483870968
2.54516129
3.242857143
3.774193548
4.046666667
4.196774194
3.703333333
3.735483871
3.551612903
3.266666667
3.138709677
2.983333333
2.8
2.735483871
3.460714286
3.909677419
4.443333333
4.448387097
4.12
4.151612903

3.212903226
3.676666667
3.619354839
3.65
3.493548387
3.096774194
3.07
2.693548387
2.366666667
2.258064516
2.325806452
2.524137931
3.119354839
3.58
3.367741935
3.586666667
3.329032258
3.309677419
2.99
2.75483871
2.46
2.180645161
2.103225806
2.635714286
3.016129032
3.24
3.470967742
3.223333333
3.232258065
3.077419355
2.836666667
2.632258065
2.513333333
2.180645161
2.222580645
2.789285714
3.15483871
3.64
3.661290323
3.593333333
3.609677419
15

2010
2010
2010
2010
2010

8
9
10
11
12

3.961290323
3.883333333
3.193548387
2.75
2.538709677

3.396666667
3.203333333
2.829032258
2.41
2.14516129

16

APPENDIX C: COMPUTED POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION NORMALS OF PORT AREA (in mm)

MONTH

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

JAN

2.232258

2.33871

2.203226

2.2

2.319355

1.93871

2.245161

2.212903

2.222581

2.351613

2.232258

2.083871

2.077419

2.006452

FEB

2.664286

2.864286

2.744828

3.175

2.717857

2.335714

2.706897

2.514286

2.721429

2.65

2.693103

2.460714

2.507143

2.475

MAR

3.283871

3.406452

3.374194

3.654839

3.23871

2.835484

3.212903

3.029032

3.087097

3.203226

3.46129

2.951613

2.980645

2.884211

APR

3.5

3.876667

3.703333

3.764286

3.766667

3.136667

3.526667

3.52

3.5

3.553333

3.606667

3.49

3.51

3.592857

MAY

3.564286

3.525806

3.780645

3.583871

3.893548

3.745161

3.203226

3.577419

3.477419

3.574194

3.606452

3.529032

3.603226

3.522581

3.512903

JUN

3.58

3.416667

3.61

3.17

3.656522

3.723333

3.07

3.313333

3.336667

3.153333

3.463333

3.56

3.573333

3.453333

3.556667

JUL

3.516129

2.816129

3.551613

3.332258

3.65

3.693548

3.15

3.274194

3.174194

3.370968

3.232258

3.3

3.264516

2.874194

3.329032

AUG

3.219355

3.074194

3.177419

2.819355

3.551613

3.629032

3.43871

3.46129

2.919355

2.912903

2.696774

2.951613

3.145161

3.170968

3.216129

SEP

3.25

2.806667

3.16

3.173333

3.393333

3.143333

3.046667

3.353333

2.883333

3.04

2.776667

3.096667

2.93

3.056667

2.953333

OCT

10

2.996774

2.8

2.816129

3.090323

2.774194

2.864516

2.629032

2.706452

2.587097

2.683871

2.996774

2.567742

2.548387

2.754839

NOV

11

2.526667

2.533333

2.329412

2.62

2.746667

2.496667

2.473333

2.43

2.393333

2.38

2.373333

2.426667

2.256667

2.29

2.453333

DEC

12

2.303226

2.212903

2.23871

2.135484

2.341935

2.022581

2.229032

2.210345

2.151613

2.219355

2.167742

2.125806

1.987097

2.064516

2.109677

24.95644

34.86611

34.33391

35.67601

39.11807

37.27044

33.72206

35.94057

34.31859

34.76896

34.7586

35.97988

34.31394

34.05585

34.84443

ANNUAL

17

APPENDIX C: COMPUTED POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION NORMALS OF PORT AREA (in mm)

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

AVERAGE

2.351613

2.187097

2.403226

2.074194

2.303226

2.367742

2.370968

2.377419

2.290323

2.235484

2.312903

2.316129

2.325806

2.103226

2.222581

2.238153504

2.768966

2.542857

2.835714

2.475

2.744828

2.664286

2.625

2.842857

2.627586

2.767857

2.660714

2.782143

2.524138

2.635714

2.789286

2.673016817

3.316129

3.06129

3.190323

2.990323

3.132258

3.151613

3.322581

3.287097

3.170968

3.167742

3.229032

3.212903

3.119355

3.016129

3.154839

3.176763656

3.373333

3.63

3.586667

3.24

3.686667

3.623333

3.906667

3.64

3.583333

3.51

3.8

3.676667

3.58

3.24

3.64

3.578062397

3.535484

3.590323

3.458065

3.477419

3.490323

3.632258

3.783871

3.593548

3.606452

3.735484

3.483871

3.619355

3.367742

3.470968

3.66129

3.573540707

3.59

3.41

3.4

3.293333

3.523333

3.513333

3.75

3.5

3.266667

3.676667

3.696667

3.65

3.586667

3.223333

3.593333

3.476995169

3.3

3.454839

3.454839

3.045161

3.167742

3.280645

3.348387

3.522581

3.548387

3.46129

3.135484

3.493548

3.329032

3.232258

3.609677

3.330430108

3.209677

3.174194

3.412903

2.835484

3.325806

2.996774

3.458065

3.245161

3.145161

3.245161

3.012903

3.096774

3.309677

3.077419

3.396667

3.177523297

2.963333

3.25

2.926667

2.84

3.126667

3.033333

3.176667

3.026667

3.106667

3.15

3.303333

3.07

2.99

2.836667

3.203333

3.068888889

2.764516

2.925806

2.558065

2.693548

2.845161

2.86129

2.990323

2.86129

2.780645

2.829032

2.816129

2.693548

2.754839

2.632258

2.829032

2.7810901

2.31

2.573333

2.403333

2.526667

2.516667

2.513333

2.52

2.48

2.433333

2.42

2.573333

2.366667

2.46

2.513333

2.41

2.458313725

2.090323

2.332258

2.145161

2.258065

2.319355

2.36129

2.412903

2.277419

2.180645

2.232258

2.23871

2.258065

2.180645

2.180645

2.145161

2.204430849

35.57337

36.132

35.77496

33.74919

36.18203

35.99923

37.66543

36.65404

35.74017

36.43098

36.26308

36.2358

35.5279

34.16195

36.6552

35.73720922

18