Equipment For Engineering Education: Experiment Instructions

Equipment for Engineering Education
Experiment Instructions
HM 159.11 Ship Vibration
Apparatus
G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH

Fahrenberg 14
D-22885 Barsbttel
Germany
Phone:
++49 (40) 670854.0
Fax:
++49 (40) 670854.42
E-mail:
sales@gunt.de
Web:
http://www.gunt.de
08/2004
SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS
All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004
HM 159.11
Experiment Instructions
Please read and follow the safety regulations before the first installation!
Publication-no.: 917.000 11 A 159 12 (A)
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Table of Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Device description. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Device layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Component description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.1
Test frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2.2
Vibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.3
Power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2.4
Function generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.5
Acceleration sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2.6
Measuring amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.2.7
Model ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 Maintenance / care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.1 Health hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.2 Hazards to equipment and functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Vibration analysis as part of shipbuilding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Fundamentals of vibration analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.1
How is vibration analysis performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.2
Selection of excitation and measurement points. . . . . . . . . 13
4.3 Evaluation of response signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1 Measurement configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
5.1.1
Electrical connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
ii
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5.2 Recording resonance curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

5.2.1
Experiment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
5.2.2
Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
5.2.3
Comparison with an approximation formula . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
5.3 Determination of oscillation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
5.4 Influence of additional weight on natural frequency and mode . . . . 30

5.5 Oscillation properties of a floating ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
6.2 Work sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
6.3 Scope of delivery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
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1
Introduction
The system titled HM 159.11 Natural oscillations
on a model shipis designed to investigate the dynamic structural properties of ships.
This system can be used to perform elementary
experiments geared toward an analysis of oscillations and modes.
Experimental analysis of oscillations has become

an indispensable development activity in the shipbuilding industry. It permits tests of the validity of
theoretical calculation methods and numerical
simulations. It supplies valuable findings allowing
a further refinement of calculation tools.
Fig. 1.1
Natural oscillations of a ship
This system is meant, in particular, to measure

and record the natural frequencies and intrinsic
forms of the model ship. Furthermore, the influence of discrete additional weights and ballast can
be investigated. Also of interest are the differences
1 Introduction
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between the ships oscillation properties when
floating on water and suspended in the air.
The ships simple, stylized shape facilitates mathematical treatments of these issues.
1 Introduction
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2
Device description
2.1
Device layout
1 Frame prop with bores for

attaching the crossbar
2 Mounting for the model ship
3 Height-adjustable crossbar
4 Model ship
5 Tension springs for suspending
the model
6 Vibrator fixture
7 Vibrator
8 Acceleration sensor
9 Measuring amplifier
10 Power amplifier
11 Function generator
10
Fig. 2.1
Device layout and components
2.2
Component description
11
The HM 159.11 system consists of the following

components:
2.2.1
Test frame
The test frame is used to mount the model and vibrator. It consists of two frame props (1) and a
height-adjustable crossbar (3). With a closed,
box-type cross-section, this crossbar is extremely
rigid and lightweight. Accordingly, it has a high nat-
2 Device description
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ural frequency which does not interfere with
measurements.
To the bottom of the crossbar (1) are affixed
mountings with T-grooves (4) which can be held in
place wherever required by means of clamps (3)
and screws (2). These mountings are equipped
with suspension lugs (5) for the cords and springs
from which the ship is hung.
1
2
3
4
Fig. 2.2
2.2.2
Mounting clamps
Two additional, freely adjustable mountings serve

to install the vibrator. This component is also fastened in the T-grooves by means of two clamping
screws.
Vibrator
Made by LING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS, the vibrator is electro-dynamic with a permanent magnet.
The force it generates is proportional to the excitation current over a wide frequency and amplitude
range (further details on this device are provided in
the related manual).
Fig. 2.3
Vibrator
2.2.3
Power amplifier
power
Fig. 2.4
0.90
Function generator
The required excitation current is supplied by a

power amplifier made by LING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS and matched specially with the vibrator.
This amplifier has an adjustable current limiter preset to 1.5 A at the factory, a digital current indicator
and a current adjuster. The rear of the power amplifier is equipped with a voltage input (further details on this device are provided in the related
manual).
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2.2.4
Function generator
151.00
Fig. 2.5
Power amplifier
2.2.5
Acceleration sensor
Fig. 2.6
Measuring amplifier
The excitation signal is produced by a function

generator made by CONRAD ELECTRONICS.
Equipped with a voltage output, this function generator can produce sinusoidal, triangular and
rectangular signals. The signal frequency, amplitude and offset are adjustable. The integrated frequency counter indicates the instantaneous frequency (further details on this device are provided
in the related manual).
An acceleration sensor made by SILICON DESIGNS is used to measure oscillations. Equipped

with an integrated amplifier, this capacitive sensor has a measuring range of 5 g, frequency
range of 0 - 1000 Hz and output voltage range of
0.5 - 4.5 V.
Measurements take place along the vertical axis
of the mounting plane.
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2.2.6
Measuring amplifier
HM 159.11
0 I
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
The acceleration sensors output signal is boosted

by the measuring amplifier, which also balances
the signal and calibrates it to 1 V/g or 10 V/g. The
output is free of DC voltage components.
The measuring amplifier has two channels so that
it can be connected to a second, optionally available acceleration sensor if necessary. The measuring amplifier also supplies the 5-V signal required by the acceleration sensors.
The output signal is available via two 4-mm
laboratory jacks as well as a BNC jack.
Si
Output jacks
Amplifier switch 1 - 10V/g
Sensor connection
Mains connection
Main switch
Fuses
Fig. 2.7
Acceleration sensor
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2.2.7
Model ship
25
120
240
360
480
600
720
840
960
1080
124
162
186
196
152
132
92
Fig. 2.8
170
200
1200
200
166
150
Model ship
The measurement object consists of a model ship

made of PVC.
The frame cross-section is rectangular, the water-line profile elliptical.
The model has a length of 1200 mm, width of 200
mm and a depth of 150 mm. The floor is 5 mm thick,
the side walls 3 mm. The model weighs about 3700
g. A total of 9 deck stringers with a cross-section of
20 x 20 mm are fitted. The model is suspended from
these stringers via M4 eye screws. The stringers are
also furnished with M3 tapped holes for attaching the
acceleration sensors.
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2.3
Maintenance / care
The system does not require any special maintenance.
Electrical components such as the function generator, amplifier, vibrator and sensor must be protected against water spray and stored under dry,
dust-free conditions.
Only use a soft, moist cloth for cleaning.

Electrical components should only be wiped with a
dry cloth.
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Safety
3.1
Health hazards
Danger of electric shock!
3.2
Do not open the measuring amplifier,

power amplifier or function generator.
Always pull out the mains plug before

replacing electric fuses.
Protect the measuring amplifier, power amplifier and function generator against water
spray and other types of moisture.
Hazards to equipment and functionality

CAUTION! Do not overload the vibrator.
3 Safety
The vibrator should only be operated via the

related power amplifier. Only use original
connecting cables. Never connect the vibrator to other current or voltage sources, as its
windings might burn as a result.
Maximum excitation current: 1.5 A
Do not allow the vibrator to run against the

stops in the no-load (uncoupled) state.
Do not subject the junction head to lateral

forces or bending. Applied forces must always
act along the vibrators longitudinal axis.
When the vibrator is in the coupled state,

prevent the junction head from deflecting in
order to maximize the oscillation path.
Protect the vibrator against water spray,

other types of moisture, and dust.
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CAUTION!
Do not overload the acceleration sensors.
3 Safety
Maximum shock capacity: 20,000
Do not drop the acceleration sensors.
Do not bend the connection cables.
Protect the acceleration sensors against

water spray and other types of moisture.
Only connect the acceleration sensors to the

related measuring amplifier.
s2
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Fundamentals
4.1
Vibration analysis as part of shipbuilding
Relevant aspects here are not only ship motion

and oscillation resulting from sea conditions, but
also the natural oscillations of the ships hull.
These oscillations are usually of a higher frequency than the oscillations resulting from sea
conditions. Oscillations in general are caused by
wave impact as well as vibrations of the drive system and auxiliary machines. The drive propeller
can also produce oscillations as a result of imbalances or hydrodynamic forces. Apart from causing
inconvenience on passenger ships, for example,
such oscillations can also lead to material fatigue
ultimately resulting in endurance failure and other
damage.
Whereas excitation by sea condition is of a highly
stochastic nature and therefore rarely results in
resonance, excitation by machine vibration is a
completely different matter. In this case, an unfavourable combination of natural frequency and
drive speed can lead to extremely high long-term
amplitudes potentially resulting in material fatigue
and consequential damage.
4.2
Fundamentals of vibration analysis
4.2.1
How is vibration analysis performed?

The structure under investigation is subjected to a
test load and the structures response is measured.
In dynamic tests, the load comprises a periodic
force of a variable frequency f termed excitation
force / signal in the following.
4 Fundamentals
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F (t ) = F cos(t ) where = 2 f
F (t )
x 1 (t )
x 2 (t )
x 3 (t )
This load produces forced oscillations in the structure under investigation. The structures response
is measured in terms of acceleration at various
points i.
x i = a i cos (t + i )
The acceleration also comprises a periodic signal of
the same frequency as the excitation force. Information on the structure being examined is provided
^
by the amplitude a i and the phase position i . NorFig. 4.1
Excitation force and acceleration on the structure
malizing this signal with the value of the excitation

signal results in a Transmission factor y i .
^
yi =
yi
ai
^
f in Hz
Fig. 4.2
Transmission function
(resonance curve)
Detuning the frequency f over a certain range

makes it possible to record a transmission function . Very high response signals are obtained
when the excitation frequency concurs with one of
the structures natural frequencies. Resonance is
said to occur at such points. The transmission
function is therefore also termed resonance curve.
In the event of resonance, the structure predominantly oscillates in a particular manner, termed
mode or intrinsic form. All other oscillation components are obscured by the high amplitude of this
natural oscillation.
In principle, every structure has an infinite number
of natural frequencies and associated modes. Of
practical relevance, however, are only those natural frequencies whose excitation is technically feasible. Accordingly, the frequency range under in-
4 Fundamentals
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vestigation is narrowed to a few natural frequencies and modes in the low range.
In the case of our model ship, for example, it is possible to reliably identify just 3 modes(two flexion ,
one torsion).
4.2.2
Selection of excitation and measurement points

To allow identification of a mode, it is necessary to
find points at which an application of the excitation
force optimizes the mode oscillations. The following sketch shows some excitation points. In principle, excitation force should not be applied at
nodes, i.e. stationary modal points. If torsional oscillation needs to be measured, for example, excitation should not be applied midships, as a node
line is probably present here.
1st flexion
mode
Ideal excitation points

2nd flexion
mode
Node lines
1st torsion
mode
Fig. 4.3
Ideal excitation points for various modes
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The same holds true for recording response signals. If the measurement point is located at a
modal node, no excess elevation is exhibited by
this natural frequencys resonance curve. Consequently, a-priori knowledge of a structures modes
is a prerequisite for successful and effective
vibration analysis.
4.3
Evaluation of response signals
Equi-phase ( = 0 )
Orthogonal ( = 90 )
Because only the mutual ratios of the response

amplitudes, not their absolute values, are of relevance in ascertaining natural frequency and mode,
elaborate calibration of the measuring sequence
and scaling of measured values are not necessary. It is simply important to leave the system unchanged while values are being measured. In particular, the settings of the function generator and
amplifier should remain unchanged.
Measurements at a particular frequency should be
performed in a single operation because it will be
difficult to precisely reproduce that frequency later.
Because the algebraic sign of the oscillation response (in-phase or anti-phase) is necessary for
determining the mode, an oscilloscope on the x-y
operational setting (not included in the scope of
delivery) proves extremely useful.
Anti-phase ( = 180 )
Fig. 4.4
Figure 4.4. shows equi-phase, anti-phase and orthogonal signals on the x-y operational setting.
x-y representation on an
oscilloscope
4 Fundamentals
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Figure 4.5 illustrates the relationship between the

resonance curve of a simple oscillator and the display of the corresponding signals on an oscilloscope. In the event of resonance, the excitation
and response signals are orthogonal, i.e.
phase-displaced by 90.
4
3
5
6
Amplitude
response
6
-180
Phase
response
-90
-0
Fig. 4.5
The model ship experiences additional phase displacement originating from the power amplifier, vibrator and measuring amplifier, so that the total
phase displacement in the event of resonance is
notably larger than 90. Hence the phase position
during resonance can also be used to determine
the algebraic sign.
Resonance curve
4 Fundamentals
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Experiments
5.1
Measurement configuration
The model hull (1) is suspended by ribs 2 and 9 via
tension springs (2) from the test frame. For this
purpose, the mountings (3) are clamped on the
crossbar at a spacing of 720 mm.
The vibrator (4) must be positioned vertically

above the excitation point on the model hull.
The vibrator is connected to the model ship via a
push-rod (5). The length of the push-rod can be
4
3
2
5
1
8
Fig. 5.1
Measurement setup
fine-adjusted by screwing its joint (6) in or out. The

length can also be pre-set roughly through a use of
several intermediate sections (7). The lower
end (8) of the push-rod is clamped to the side of the
model hull.
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5.1.1
Electrical connections
The following illustration shows the electrical connections of the measuring devices.
An oscilloscope (3) with x-y representation described earlier is used to measure phase. The amplitudes of the excitation and response signals are
measured by means of multimeters (alternating
voltage measuring range) (4,8). The oscilloscope
and multimeters are not included in the scope of
delivery of the HM159.11.
The function generator (1) supplies a voltage signal
to control the power amplifier (2). Furthermore, this
signal is fed to the oscilloscope (3) (x-deflection) and
multimeter (4) and serves as an excitation signal.
The power amplifier (2) supplies the vibrator (5) with
the required current. The vibrator is coupled with the
5
6
9
CH2/x CH1/y
HM 159.11
Fig. 5.2
5 Experiments
Measurement setup
17
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spring-suspended model hull (9) and produces

forced oscillations on it. These oscillations are measured by means of the active acceleration sensor (6).
The sensor output signal is boosted by the measuring amplifier (7). The gain can be adjusted between 1
V/g and 10 V/g. This amplifier possesses a
high-pass filter with a cut-off frequency of 0.3 Hz, so
that a pure alternating voltage is present at its output.
This signal is fed to the oscilloscope (3) (y-input) and
a second multimeter (8).
The following cable connections must be established as part of the measurement configuration:
5 Experiments
Function generator (1), 50-Ohm output (BNC)

connected to power amplifier (2), HI input
(BNC)
Power amplifier (2), output connected to vibrator (5) (screw terminals)
Acceleration sensor (6) connected to measuring amplifier (7), channel 1 (DIN jack, 5-pole)
Measuring amplifier (7), channel 1 (4-mm

red/black jacks) connected to multimeter (4),
+V/COM

connected via BNC / 4-mm jack adapter to
multimeter (8), +V/COM (optionally to oscilloscope)

connected to oscilloscope (3) x-input (BNC)
Measuring amplifier (7), channel 1 (BNC) connected to oscilloscope (3) y-input (BNC)
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5.2
Recording resonance curves

First of all, it is necessary to decide whether a
flexion or torsion resonance curve is to be recorded.
c
b
1
a
4
10
11
Flexion
c
b
1
a
4
Torsion
Measuring point
Vibrator
Fig. 5.3
Ideal excitation and

measuring points
10
11
Next, the vibrator is coupled via the push-rod to the

ideal point on the ships hull. In this process, it
might be necessary to adjust the push-rods
length. The vibrator should not be deflected by the
ships weight.
To ensure balanced oscillation largely free of harmonics, the vibrator coupling must not exhibit any
play, and all screws must be tightened firmly. To
ensure z ero-play pre-tensioning of the
ball-and-socket joints, an O-ring is adjusted between each joint and angle.
The acceleration sensor is screwed to the ideal
point on the hull. One M3 screw is sufficient for this
purpose. This screw should only be tightened
lightly, just enough to ensure that the sensor is
firmly attached to the hull.
Electrical connections are established as described in section 5.1.
The function generator is set after that. In this process, the power amplifier must remain off.
Frequency range:
0 - 200 Hz
Signal shape:
Sinusoidal
Signal amplitude:
0.5 Vrms
DC offset:
0V
The signals can be checked on the oscilloscope

and multimeter.
The power amplifier is set next.
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CAUTION! Before turning on the power amplifier,
always ensure that its current adjuster is set to
zero.
Select a medium frequency (50 - 100 Hz) on the
frequency generator.
Set the excitation current to 0.5 - 1.0 A by means of
the current adjuster.
The set excitation current should be high enough

to cause the hull to oscillate perceptibly. The maximum permissible excitation current is 1.5 A.
Tuning the frequency range provides an overview
of the expected resonance points and related amplitudes. It might be necessary to readjust the vibrators excitation current. If the response signal
has a high content of harmonics, this is usually due
to either a loose connection between the vibrator
and hull, or an excessively high excitation current.
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5.2.1
Experiment procedure
The excitation frequency is adjusted in small steps
and the amplitude of the response signal read on
the multimeter. Because only the value of the amplitude needs to be recorded here, the phase position need not be determined.
Flexion resonance curve
5 Experiments
Frequency f in Hz
Amplitude in Vrms
20
0.069
30
0.067
40
0.063
50
0.065
60
0.080
70
0.082
80
0.094
90
0.112
100
0.138
110
0.191
120
0.465
123
0.768
130
0.042
140
0.215
150
0.637
156
2.358
160
1.406
170
0.367
180
0.349
190
0.236
200
0.140
210
0.131
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5.2.2
Evaluation
The measured values are then plotted graphically.
The corresponding torsion resonance curve is also
shown here for the purpose of comparison.
157.2 Hz
2
35.7 Hz
Torsion
1,5
Flexion
Amplitude in V
2,5
0,5
-0,5
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
Frequency in Hz
Fig. 5.4
Resonance curves for flexion and torsion
In addition to primary flexion resonance at 157 Hz,

a secondary resonance is apparent at 121 Hz. This
natural frequency results from a combination of
torsion and flexion.
The torsion natural frequency of 35 Hz is much
lower than the flexion natural frequency. This is because the torsional rigidity of the hull cross-section
- open at the top - is much lower than its flexural
rigidity.
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5.2.3
Comparison with an approximation formula
Available literature offers a number of formulae for

approximately calculating a hulls first natural
flexion frequency. Most of these formulae are only
suitable for steel hulls, explicit specifications of
material properties not being possible here. By
contrast, the formula shown below accounts for
material characteristics via an elasticity modulus,
thus permitting calculations for hulls made of
aluminium, wood and plastic.
E I
L3
This equation between quantities supplies the first

natural frequency in 1/min. The constant C accounts for typical mass and rigidity distributions in
a ships hull.
5600
Although this formula was developed for real

ships, we want to check whether it also provides
acceptable values for our small model ship.
The following values:
elasticity
modulus
E = 5000 N / mm 2
of
PVC
geometric moment of inertia midships

I = 4179385 mm 4 = 4.179 10 6 m 4
water
= 3.74 kg = 0.00374 t
length
displacement
L = 1200
.
m
result in the following natural frequencies:
f = 10069 1/ min or f = 168 Hz

A comparison with the measured natural frequency of 157 Hz reveals an error of just 6.8%.
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5.3
Determination of oscillation mode
To determine the ideal position for the vibrator, we

first need to decide which mode is to be measured.
The vibrator is then positioned accordingly as
shown in Figure 5.2.
Next, the model is excited at the related natural frequency (ascertained on the plot of the resonance
curve).
Relocate the acceleration sensor to measure oscillation amplitudes at various points on the model.
Flexion modes are determined via the fastening
points midships (1b - 11b), torsion modes via the
fastening points at the edges (1a/c - 11a/c).
c
b
1
Fig. 5.5
a
4
10
11
Designation of measuring points
Read the amplitudes of the excitation and response signals on the multimeters (refer to 4.3).
To obtain a normalized amplitude for every measurement point, the response signal is divided by
the excitation signal.
The algebraic sign of the normalized amplitude is
determined from the slope of the ellipse in the x-y
representation of the two signals on the oscilloscope (equi-phase +, anti-phase -)
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1st flexion mode amplitudes
Frequency of 157 Hz
Midships rib
Response amplitude in Vrms
Excitation amplitude in Vrms
Algebraic sign
Normalized amplitude
1b
1.46
0.500
-2.92
2b
0.808
0.500
-1.62
3b
0.258
0.500
0.52
4b
1.335
0.500
2.675
5b
2.003
0.500
4.010
6b
2.267
0.500
4.532
7b
2.000
0.500
4.004
8b
1.280
0.500
2.56
9b
0.330
0.500
0.66
10b
0.847
0.500
-1.69
11b
1.536
0.500
-3.07
The amplitudes of the second flexion mode at 238

Hz were recorded for the purpose of comparison.
5 Experiments
25
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HM 159.11
2nd flexion mode amplitudes
Midships rib
Algebraic sign
1b
0.610
0.490
1.24
2b
0.280
0.490
0.57
3b
0.371
0.490
-0.76
4b
0.950
0.490
-1.94
5b
0.935
0.490
-1.91
6b
0.256
0.490
-0.52
7b
0.776
0.490
1.58
8b
0.912
0.490
1.86
9b
0.563
0.490
1.15
10b
0.443
0.490
-0.90
11b
0.662
0.490
-1.35
The following illustration is a graphic representation of the two flexion modes.
1st flexion mode
4
3
2
Amplitude
Frequency of 238 Hz
1
0
-1
2nd flexion mode
-2
-3
-4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Length in mm
Fig. 5.6
5 Experiments
1st and 2nd flexion mode
26
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11
The following two isometric views are more insightful yet.
Fig. 5.7
1st flexion mode (1.EF), 157 Hz
Fig. 5.8
2nd flexion mode (2.EF), 238 Hz
5 Experiments
27
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11

Now repeat the measurements for the torsion
mode at 35.4 Hz. Amplitudes in this case are measured at the hulls edges.
Torsion mode amplitudes
Frequency of 35.4 Hz
Rib
Algebraic sign
1a=1c
0.10
0.91
0.11
2a
0.81
0.85
-0.95
3a
0.63
0.87
-0.72
4a
0.54
0.93
-0.58
5a
0.39
0.98
-0.39
6a
0.13
0.96
-0.13
7a
0.26
0.92
0.284
8a
0.51
0.88
0.58
9a
0.60
0.83
0.73
10a
0.83
0.83
1.0
11a=11c
0.15
0.95
0.16
2c
0.68
0.97
0.70
3c
0.64
0.95
0.67
4c
0.50
0.96
0.52
5c
0.32
0.97
0.33
6c
0.03
0.94
0.03
7c
0.30
0.92
-0.32
8c
0.51
0.92
-0.55
9c
0.61
0.93
-0.66
10c
0.67
0.77
-0.87
These measured values yield the following graphic

representation. The two sides of the ships hull experience mirrored deflections. The angle of twist
also shown here exhibits a nearly linear function.
An isometric view of the twist experienced by the
ships hull proves especially insightful.
5 Experiments
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HM 159.11
Left side
Angle
Amplitude
#
-1
-2
-3
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Length in mm
Fig. 5.9
Torsion mode, 35.4 Hz
Fig. 5.10
Torsion mode, 35.4 Hz
5 Experiments
29
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11
5.4
Influence of additional weight on natural frequency and mode

Additional weights are expected to lower natural
frequency and influence the mode in some way. To
demonstrate this effect, 2 kg of sand are distributed evenly over the hull. This sand is intended to
simulate ballast or payload. The flexion resonance
curve is recorded as described in 5.2.
The following illustration shows the resonance

curve with an additional weight and - for comparison - the reference curve without the additional
weight. The first natural flexion frequency with the
additional weight is about 141 Hz. The increase in
attenuation caused by additional material also notably lowers the resonance peak.
Without an additional weight, 157 Hz
2,5
Amplitude in V
1,5
With a 2-kg additional weight, 141 Hz

1
0,5
Frequency in Hz
-0,5
0
Fig. 5.11
5 Experiments
50
100
150
200
250
Resonance curves with and without an additional weight
30
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11

The following illustration shows the influence of additional weight on mode, which essentially remains
the same, except that the amplitude is lowered
somewhat through the increase in attenuation.
Without an additional
weight
Amplitude
2
1
0
With a 2-kg additional

weight
-1
-2
-3
-4
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Length in mm
Fig. 5.12
Flexion mode with and without an additional weight
The mode changes more distinctly if a discrete, individual weight is placed on the ships hull to simulate retro-fitting of a machine under real circumstances, for example.
In the following example, an individual weight of 1
kg is either placed midships at rib 6 (600 mm) or at
the rear between ribs 0 and 1 (60 mm). Here, too,
the mode without additional weights is displayed
as a reference. A typical pattern is the proximity of
the oscillation nodes to the weight, which experiences the smallest amplitudes. If the weight is positioned in the middle, the nodes approach the
middle; if the weight is positioned at the rear, the
rear node draws closer to the weight.
5 Experiments
31
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HM 159.11

5
Without an additional weight, 157 Hz
1 kg /
60 mm,
152 Hz
Amplitude
2
1
0
-1
-2
1 kg /
600 mm,
149 Hz
-3
-4
-5
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Length in mm
Fig. 5.13
5.5
Flexion mode with a discrete additional weight at various positions
Oscillation properties of a floating ship

Under investigation so far have been the oscillation properties of a ships hull freely suspended in
air. If the hull is placed in a body of water, its oscillation properties change in accordance with the
quantity of water drawn by the hull. The drawn
quantity of water implies an increase in weight, the
associated flow an increase in attenuation. This is
expected to the lower natural frequency as well as
the related mode amplitude.
For the purpose of experimentation, the ship
should be floated in a suitable water trough. The
suspension springs are no longer needed. To prevent the ship from drifting underneath the vibrator,
fasten it to the troughs edges by means of lines.
Values are measured as in the previous experiments. The following illustration shows the first
5 Experiments
32
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11

flexion modes in air and water. Evidently, the additional weight of the displaced water modifies the
mode in a manner similar to that observed with the
distributed, individual weights.
5
4
In air
3
2
Amplitude
In addition, the natural frequency drops from

157 Hz to 150 Hz.
1
0
In water
-1
-2
-3
-4
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Length in mm
Fig. 5.14
5 Experiments
Flexion mode of a ship floating on water
33
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08/2004
HM 159.11
6
Appendix
6.1
Technical data
Frame dimensions
L x W x H:
1800 x 400 x 1700 mm
Effective frame aperture:
1500 x 1250 mm
Weight:
Approx. 40 kg
Model ship
L x W x H:
1200 x 200 x 150 mm
Elliptical water-line profile

Weight (displacement):
3740 kg
Material of the model ship:
PVC
Approx. 5000 N/mm2
Elasticity modulus:
Approx. 1.4 kg/dm3
Density:
Geometric moment of inertia at rib 6:
25
4179 106 mm4
Bores for sensor attachment
M3
Bores for suspension element attachment:
M4
120
240
360
480
600
720
840
960
1080
6 Appendix
124
162
186
196
152
132
92
Fig. 6.1
170
200
1200
200
166
150
Scale drawing of the model ship
34
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11

Vibrator
Manufacturer:
Ling Dynamic Systems
Type:
V100
Max. force:
8.9 N
Frequency range:
5 ... 12000 Hz
2.5 mm
Amplitude:
Impedance (500Hz)
Supply:
3 Ohms
Only via power amplifier PA25E-CE
Power amplifier
Manufacturer:
Ling Dynamic Systems
Type:
PA60E-CE
Power:
48 W
Frequency range:
10 ... 10000 Hz
Max. output current:
3 A
(factory limit of 1.5 A)
Max. output voltage:
16 V rms
Input voltage for max. output:
1 V rms
Power consumption:
Supply:
90 VA
100, 110, 120, 200, 220, 240 V
50 ... 60 Hz
Measuring amplifier
Manufacturer:
Type:
Input:
G.U.N.T.
HM 159.11
Matched with sensor 2210
Output:
1 ... 10 V/g
AC frequency range (100-kOhm load):0.3 ... 1000 Hz

Supply:
85 ... 264 V
50 ... 60 Hz
Fuses:
6 Appendix
semi time-lag, 2 x
1.6 A
35
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08/2004
HM 159.11
Acceleration sensor
Manufacturer:
Silicons Designs, Inc
Type:
2210-005
5 g
Measuring range:
Permissible overload (0.1-ms surge):
Frequency range (-3dB):
2000 g
0 ... 400 Hz
Function generator
Manufacturer:
Type:
Signal shapes:
6 Appendix
Conrad Electronics
Voltcraft 7202
Sinusoidal, triangular, rectangular
Output:
0 -10 Vpp, 50 Ohm
Supply:
230 V, 50 Hz
36
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11
6.2
Work sheets
Title :
Name :
Frequency :
Date :
Response
amplitude (Vrms)
Excitation
amplitude (Vrms)
Algebraic sign
Normalized
amplitude
Midships rib
6 Appendix
37
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11
6.3
6 Appendix
Scope of delivery
1
HM159.11 test frame with mountings for a

model ship and vibrator
HM 159.11 model ship
HM 159.11 measuring amplifier
PA 60 power amplifier from

LING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
V101 vibrator from

LING DYNAMIC SYSTEMS
Vibrator push rod
Push-rod extensions
O-rings for pretensioning the push-rods

ball-and-socket joints
Vibrator connecting cable
7202 function generator
2210-005 acceleration sensor

with a connecting cable
Mains cables
BNC cable
M3 screws for fastening the

acceleration sensor
Tension springs for model suspension
Nylon cord
Instruction manual
38
DTP_10
08/2004
HM 159.11
Index
A
Acceleration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Acceleration sensor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 18, 36
Acceleration sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Additional weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Algebraic sign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Amplitude. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Approximation formula. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
C
Cable connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Clamps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Crossbar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Current indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Current limiter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
D
Device layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
E
Electrical connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Endurance failure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Excitation current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9, 20
Excitation force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Excitation points. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Experiment procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 - 33
F
Flexion modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Floating ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Frame cross-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Frequency counter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Function generator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5, 17, 36
I
Individual weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
J
Junction head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
M
Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Measuring amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6, 35
Model hull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Model ship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7, 34
6 Appendix
39
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08/2004
HM 159.11

Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Multimeters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
N
Natural flexion frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural oscillations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Normalized amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
12
11
24
O
Oscillation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Oscilloscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
P
Phase displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Phase position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Power amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 17, 35
Push-rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
R
Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Resonance curve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 19, 22, 30
Response signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
S
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 - 10
Suspension lugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
T
Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Test frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Torsion mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Torsional oscillation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Transmission factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Transmission function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
V
Vibration analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Vibrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4, 9, 16 - 17, 35
W
Work sheets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
X
x-y representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
6 Appendix
40

Equipment For Engineering Education: Experiment Instructions

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Equipment for Engineering Education

G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH

++49 (40) 670854.0

++49 (40) 670854.42

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Publication-no.: 917.000 11 A 159 12 (A)

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2.3 Maintenance / care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

How is vibration analysis performed? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Selection of excitation and measurement points. . . . . . . . . 13

4.3 Evaluation of response signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

5.2 Recording resonance curves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Comparison with an approximation formula . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

5.3 Determination of oscillation mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

5.4 Influence of additional weight on natural frequency and mode . . . . 30

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All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Experimental analysis of oscillations has become

Natural oscillations of a ship

This system is meant, in particular, to measure

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

1 Frame prop with bores for

Device layout and components

The HM 159.11 system consists of the following

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Two additional, freely adjustable mountings serve

The required excitation current is supplied by a

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

The excitation signal is produced by a function

An acceleration sensor made by SILICON DESIGNS is used to measure oscillations. Equipped

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All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

The acceleration sensors output signal is boosted

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The measurement object consists of a model ship

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Only use a soft, moist cloth for cleaning.

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All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Danger of electric shock!

Do not open the measuring amplifier,

Always pull out the mains plug before

Hazards to equipment and functionality

The vibrator should only be operated via the

Maximum excitation current: 1.5 A

Do not allow the vibrator to run against the

Do not subject the junction head to lateral

When the vibrator is in the coupled state,

Protect the vibrator against water spray,

SHIP VIBRATION APPARATUS

All Rights Reserved G.U.N.T. Gertebau GmbH, Barsbttel, Germany 06/2004

Maximum shock capacity: 20,000