UNDP - Ukraine (Towards Social Inclusion)

National Human
Development Report 2011

Ukraine: Towards Social Inclusion
UNDP_magazine_ENG_v10j.indd 1
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This National Human Development Report Ukraine: Towards Social Inclusion calls attention to the specifics and the roots
of social exclusion in Ukraine, identifies socially excluded groups and proposes a range of recommendations in support to
the Government for the development of policies and programmes to address the current barriers to social inclusion for all.
The Report investigates the issue of social inclusion from a human development perspective, treating both concepts social
inclusion and human development as mutually complementary and reinforcing. The key drivers of social exclusion are
examined across core domains of peoples life: political, cultural, economic and social. The Report also provides an account
of individual experiences of exclusion that demonstrate the magnitude and severity of the challenges vulnerable individuals
face. It also introduces a novel methodology to assess the multidimensional aspects of social exclusion to allow for the effective prioritization and targeting of social inclusion policies.
This Report is one of a series of National Reports in the region dedicated to the subject of social inclusion, developed within
the framework of the Regional Human Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive Societies.
For over 20 years since 1990 UNDP has published annual Global Human Development Reports, examining the development trends of most UN member states. In addition, more than 600 National Human Development Reports in 140 countries
and a number of Regional Human Development Reports have been produced during this time. In 1995, Ukraine was the
first post-Soviet country to publish a National Human Development Report. Since then, eight National Reports have been
produced, providing a vision of human development trends in Ukraine.
The Report is an independent publication of UNDP in Ukraine, prepared in close cooperation with national and international
experts. The views, conclusions and recommendations are those of the authors and compilers of this document and do not
necessarily represent the views of UNDP.
The UN Development Programme is the UNs global development network, advocating for change and
connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better life. We are on
the ground in 176 countries, working with them on their own solutions to global and national development
challenges. As they develop local capacity, they draw on the people of UNDP and our wide range of partners.
Since 1993, UNDP has been committed to helping Ukraine on its way to better living standards, prosperity
and democracy. We are bringing best international practices to help the government, local authorities and
communities to overcome human development challenges and implement effective policies in Ukraine. In
cooperation with our partners, we support initiatives that work to reduce poverty and improve quality and
access to basic social services. UNDP helps in further development of democratic governance, reforming state
institutions, protecting the environment, empowering women to play a more active role in decision-making
and guaranteeing effective local development. In its activities, UNDP ensures a balance between policy and
advocacy work, capacity building activities and pilot projects.
More information about UNDP-led activities in Ukraine is available at www.undp.org.ua
ISBN 978-966-2153-61-3
Copyright 2011
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National Human Development Report

Preparation Team
The National Human Development Report 2011 Ukraine: Towards Social Inclusion
is an independent publication commissioned by the United Nations Development
Programme in Ukraine. It was prepared in partnership with the M.V.Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, I.F.Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine and the Ukrainian Center for Social Reforms.
Authors:
Ella Libanova (Team Leader, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Director of the
M.V.Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy
of Sciences of Ukraine, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine),
Yuriy Levenets (Lead Author, Doctor of Political Sciences, Director of the I.F.Kuras
Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine),
Olena Makarova (Lead Author, Doctor of Economic Sciences, M. V. Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine),
Victor Kotygorenko (Lead Author, Doctor of Political Sciences, I.F.Kuras Institute of
Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine),
Liudmyla Cherenko (PhD, M.V. Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine),
Oksana Khmelevska (PhD, M.V. Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies
of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine),
Lidia Tkachenko (PhD, M.V. Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social Studies of
the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine) and
Olga Balakirieva (PhD, Ukrainian Institute for Sociological Studies).
Experts and Contributors: Anna Gvelesiani, Hanna Herasimenko, Olga Krykun, Svitlana Nichiporenko, Nataliya Levchuk, Oleksiy Poznyak, Anna Reut, Oleksandr Vasylyev and Ludmila Grygoryeva (M.V.Ptukha Institute for Demography and Social
Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine); Natalia Vlasenko, Inna
Osipova, Iryna Kalacheva and Inesa Senik (State Statistics Committee of Ukraine);
Kurtmolla Abdulganiyev, Vladimir Gordeiko and Olena Ivanova (UNDP in Ukraine).
Management Team: Natalia Sitnikova, Tatyana Bolila and Yevgenia Kalishenko
(UNDP in Ukraine).
Coordinator: Katerina Rybalchenko (UNDP in Ukraine).
International Advisors: Balazs Horvath, Andrey Ivanov, Susanne Milcher, Mihail
Peleah and Jaroslav Kling (UNDP Bratislava Regional Centre for Europe and the CIS).
NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011
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Consultant: Arkadii Toritsin.

Editor: Roo Griffiths.
Informational Support: Eugene Zelenko (UNDP in Ukraine) and Victoria Andrievska
(UN in Ukraine).
Cover Design and Graphics: Yevgen Borshch and Pavel Reznikov (VERSTKA-studio).
The Report is a result of numerous consultations, scientific debate, expert discussions and focus-groups with vulnerable groups of population. We thank everyone
involved in the process of preparation of the Report and for contributions to discussions on issues of social inclusion in Ukraine.
Sincere appreciation is owed to Ricarda Rieger, UNDP Country Coordinator, Elena
Panova, UNDP Deputy Country Coordinator and Joanna Kazana-Wisniowiecka,
Chief of Division, UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and CIS. We highly appreciate
the support provided by Adeline Gonay, Head of UNDP Sub-office in Crimea in
finalizing the Report. We also thank Olivier Adam, UN Resident Coordinator and
UNDP Resident Representative for his personal commitment and support to the
preparation of the Report.
NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT PREPARATION TEAM
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Foreword
Social exclusion has many faces. And it can happen to anyone. It can be: a child with
a disability who cannot go to school and socialize because there are no ramps or
elevators in the building; a young man with HIV who cannot find friends because of
fear and stigma; orphans who lack basic life skills and often do not even know how
to cook a simple dish or wash clothes; a woman in her fifties who faces discrimination from an employer because of her age; a single mother whose working day is
stretched from dawn to midnight that leaves her with no time for herself. There
are countless examples of social exclusion.
This National Human Development Report examines issues of social exclusion and
its relation human development in Ukraine. It advocates that everyone should have
the opportunity to live a long and healthy life, be educated and be free to use their
knowledge and talents to shape their own destiny. High levels of human development cannot be achieved when individuals and groups are excluded socially and
face barriers to their participation in the economic, social, cultural and political life.
The National Report is part of a regional initiative that examines economic exclusion, exclusion from social services and exclusion from civic and social networks
in Europe and Central Asia. In the same manner as the Regional Human Development Report Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive Societies, this document
considers human development as the ultimate goal, and strategies and interventions promoting social inclusion as the means for achieving it.
In addition to providing solid research and analysis based on statistical and qualitative data, this Report makes it possible to see the perspectives of those who are
excluded.
The Government of Ukraine has expressed its commitment to building a modern,
stable, open and competitive economy, to reforming the countrys public administration, to address all its citizens needs and raise the nations welfare. This commitment and its actual realization are critically important to address the exclusion of
some individuals and groups from the economic, social, cultural and political life.
The Report provides specific recommendations on how to promote social inclusion and human development. We hope it will contribute to public debate and
will attract the attention of policy-makers, think-tanks, the private sector and civil
society to these important issues for achieving human development.
Ricarda Rieger
Country Director
United Nations Development Programme in Ukraine
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6
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Abbreviations
AIDS
ARC
CIS
CSO
EC
EU
GDP
GII
GNI
HBS
HDI
HDR
HIV
HPI
HRW
IHDI
ILO
MDG
MPI
NGO
OECD
PPP
PSEI
UN
UNAT
UNDP
UNESCO
UNICEF
UNFPA
WHO
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Autonomous Republic of Crimea
Commonwealth of Independent States
Civil Society Organization
European Commission
European Union
Gross Domestic Product
Gender Inequality Index
Gross National Income
Household Budget Survey
Human Development Index
Human Development Report
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Human Poverty Index
Human Rights Watch
Inequality-adjusted HDI
International Labour Organization
Millennium Development Goal
Multidimensional Poverty Index
Non-governmental Organization
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Purchasing Power Parity
Pre-school Education Institution
United Nations
Ukrainian Northern Azov Territories
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund
United Nations Population Fund
World Health Organization
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Table of Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
CHAPTER 1
Human Development, Social Exclusion and Social Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.2 Human Development Concept and Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3 Defining Social Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4 Defining Social Inclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.5 Relationship between Human Development and Social Exclusion
and Social Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.6 Social Exclusion in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
CHAPTER 2
Exclusion from Political Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
2.1 The Democratic Transition and Participation of the Population in Political Life . . . . . . . 33
2.2 Exclusion from Political Life Faced by Certain Groups of the Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
CHAPTER 3
Exclusion from Cultural Life and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.1 Exclusion from Cultural Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.1 Exclusion from Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
CHAPTER 4
Exclusion from Economic Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
4.1 Exclusion from the Labour Market . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2 Exclusion due to Low Income. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.3 Exclusion due to Poor Housing Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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CHAPTER 5
Exclusion from Health Care and Social Protection Systems,
Social Networks and Means of Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
5.1 Exclusion from the Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.2 Exclusion from the Social Protection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.3 Exclusion from Social Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.4 Exclusion from Means of Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
CHAPTER 6
Multidimensional Aspects of Social Exclusion in Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95
6.1 Assessment of Acute Social Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.2 Assessment of Critical Social Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
CHAPTER 7
Conclusions and Policy Recommendations for the Social Inclusion of All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
7.1 Overcoming Exclusion from Political Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
7.2 Overcoming Exclusion from Cultural Life and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
7.3 Overcoming Exclusion from Economic Life. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .105
7.4 Overcoming Exclusion from the Health Care System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
7.5 Overcoming Exclusion from the Social Protection System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
7.6 Overcoming Social Exclusion of Certain Groups of Population. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .108
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
ANNEXES
Calculating the Human Development Indices: Graphic Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
Calculating the Human Development Index: Technical Note . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
Share of Excluded Households of Ukraine by Characteristic (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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LIST OF FIGURES
3.1 Number of Places in Pre-school Educational Institutions and Number
of Children, 19912010 (thousands). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
4.1 Unemployment Levels by Age, 2010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2 Distribution of the Unemployed by Way of Finding Job, 2010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 Level of Forced Part-Time Employment, 19952010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.4 Distribution of Employed People by Duration of Service at Current
Workplace, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.5 Representation of Women within Authorities by Category, 2010 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.6 Gender and Age Pyramid of the Excluded due to Low Income, 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.7 Share of Excluded Households due to Low Income by Number of Children, 2008 (%). . 67
4.8 Risks of Exclusion of Childless Households due to Low Income
against the Average, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.9 Share of Households Excluded due to Low Income, by Status in the
Labour Market, 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.10 Risk of Exclusion due to Low Income against the Average by
Presence and Number of People with Higher Education, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.11 Risks of Excluded due to Low Income against the Average by
Educational Level of the Household Head, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.12 Share of Households by Key Characteristics of Exclusion due to
Housing Conditions, 2007 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.13 Distribution of Households by Number of Persons per One Room (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.14 Share of Households Excluded due to Housing Conditions by Type of
Settlement, 2007 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5.1 Share of Households Receiving Assistance among Those Entitled, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . 86
5.2 Awareness of the Population of Assistance for Children by Household
Type, 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.3 Households without Access to Telephone Services by Settlement Size, 2007 (%) . . . . 92
5.4 Risk of Exclusion Owing to Unavailability of Transport Connections,
2007 (% against Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
6.1 Cumulative Share of Households According to Number of
Characteristics of Exclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.2 Structure of Households with Acute Social Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007 (%). . 99
6.3 Households with Characteristics of Critical Social Exclusion by
Settlement Type, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
11
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LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Ukraines Human Development Index Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.2 Ukraines HDI Indicators in 2010 Relative to Selected Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.1 Distribution of Population by Self-assessment of Level of Adaptation
to Current Situation (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.2 Distribution of Population by Participation in Voting during Elections (%) . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3 Assessment by Population of Activities of Different Political Actors in
Protecting Their Interests, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.4 Distribution of the Population by Self-assessment of Own Influence
on Political Situation (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.5 Distribution of Population by Age and Self-assessment of Personal
Responsibility for Community Affairs, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 Assessment of Major Social Problems of School Environment, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Differences in Inaccessibility of Professional Education by Settlement Size, 2007 (%) . . . 52
4.1 Unemployment in Ukraine, 20002010 (Average per Year) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2 Levels of Unemployment by Sex and Levels of Education, 2010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 Unemployment by Reason, 20002010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.4 Households Structure by Types of Settlements, 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
4.5 Distribution of Respondents by Evaluation of Personal Career
Opportunities in Comparison with Colleagues, 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.6 Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income of Households of Different
Types against the Average, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.7 Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income against the Average by Size of
Settlement, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.8 Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income of Different Types of
Households against the Average by Settlement Type, 2008 (times) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.9 Share of Households Suffering from a Shortage of Funds to Maintain
Housing, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.1 Restrictions of Access to Medical Goods and Services Owing to
Insufficiency of Funds, 2007 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.2 Households with a Member Unable to Access Medical Services as
a Share of Total Number of Households with Members in Need of
Medical Services, 2010 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.3 Coverage of Different Types of Households with Social Assistance, 2009 (%). . . . . . . . . 84
5.4 Matching of a Right for Assistance to Subjective Need for Such
Assistance, 2008 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.5 Reasons why Potential Users Did Not Apply for Assistance, 2009 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.6 Problems with Purchasing of Goods and Services for Recipients of
Assistance (Persons with Disabilities from Childhood and Children
with Disabilities), 2009 (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.7 Population Awareness of Types of Targeted Assistance, 2008 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.8 Distribution of Population by Spare Time Activity (%) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.1 Risks of Acute Social Exclusion of Households by Different
Demographic Composition, 2007 (% Compared with Average). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
12
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6.2 Households with Characteristics of Acute Social Exclusion by Number

of Children and Pensioners, 2007 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.3 Risks of Acute Social Exclusion of Households by Presence of
Members with Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007
(% Compared with Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
6.4 Households with Characteristics of Acute Social Exclusion by
Presents of Members with Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (%). . 98
6.5 Risks of Acute Social Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007
(% Compared with Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Number of Children and Pensioners, 2007 (%). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
6.7 Risks of Critical Social Exclusion of Households by Different
Demographic Composition, 2007 (% Compared with Average). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
6.8 Risks of Critical Social Exclusion of households by Presence of
Members with Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007
(% Compared with Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Presence of Members with Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (%) . .100
6.10 Risks of Critical Social Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007
(% Compared with Average) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .101
LIST OF BOXES
1.1 Regional Human Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards
Inclusive Societies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 Human Development Classic Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3 Social Inclusion and Human Development in Ukrainian Translation of Terms . . . 27
1.4 Human Development and Social Inclusion Evolving Concepts Centred on People. . . 29
2.1 Exclusion of Homeless People from Public Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.2 Exclusion of Immigrants from Public Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3.1 Language Situation in the ARC, the UNAT and Transcarpathia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Displays of Prejudice towards Children in the Education System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3 Exclusion of Street Children from Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.4 Exclusion of Orphans from Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.5 Exclusion from Education of Children with Disabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 Unemployment in Small Mono-company Towns: Inhabitants View . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.2 Employment Problems of Orphaned Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.3 Employment Problems of the Homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 Employment Problems of Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.5 Employment Problems of Former Convicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
4.6 Exclusion due to Income Evidence from Orphaned Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.7 Living Conditions of Street Children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.8 Living Conditions of Orphaned Children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
13
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4.9 Living Conditions of the Homeless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.10 Living Conditions of Former Convicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.11 Living Conditions of Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.1 Street Children Challenges in Accessing Health Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.2 Children with Disabilities Problems in Accessing High-quality Medical Services . . . . 80
5.3 Problems Accessing Medical Services for the Homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4 Health Issues of the Homeless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.5 Limited Access to Labour Market for Persons with Disabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.6 Children with Disabilities Challenges in Accessing Mainstream Education . . . . . . . . . 81
5.7 Persons with Disabilities Inaccessibility of Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5.8 Exclusion Faced by People Living with HIV in the Area of Medical Services. . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.9 The Homeless Absence of Elementary Amenities and Necessary Information . . . . . . 88
5.10 hildren of Ukrainian Labour Migrants Consequences of Lack of Parent Control . . . 89
5.11 Lack of Tolerance in Society towards Former Convicts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6.1 Methodology of the Data File Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
14
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Overview
Social exclusion covers a wide range of social and economic processes which lead to the isolation
of separate people or groups of the population from social links, practices and life styles that are
common to society. As a result of social exclusion, some groups of the population do not have the
opportunity to fully take advantage of their rights to access education and health care services; to
be employed and enjoy adequate living standards; and to satisfy their cultural, religious and social
needs. Social exclusion is associated not only with the reproduction of social inequality but also
with the disappearance of social links and with identity crisis, which may affect a significant share
of the population.
This National Human Development
Report, Ukraine: Towards Social Inclusion is a part of the Regional Human
Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive Societies. It calls
attention to the specifics and the roots
of social exclusion in Ukraine, identifies
socially excluded groups and proposes
a range of recommendations in support
to the Government for the development of policies and programmes to
address the current barriers to social
inclusion for all. The Report investigates the issue of social inclusion from
a human development perspective,
treating both concepts social inclusion and human development as
mutually complementary and reinforcing. The key drivers of social exclusion are examined across core domains
of peoples life: political, cultural,
economic and social. The Report also
provides an account of individual experiences of exclusion that demonstrate
the magnitude and severity of the challenges vulnerable individuals face. It
also introduces a novel methodology
to assess the multidimensional aspects
of social exclusion to allow for the effective prioritization and targeting of social
inclusion policies.
Chapter 1 deals with the theoretical
foundations of human development,
social exclusion and social inclusion, and
explains linkages between these para-
digms. It also explains the main focus of

the National Report and provides linkages to the Regional Human Development Report. Chapter2 analyses issues
related to the participation of both
wider and separate groups of the population in the political life and opportunities to influence government decisions
at national and local levels. Chapter 3
analyses access of representatives of
different social, ethnic, religious and
other groups to cultural values; issues
of language policy and satisfaction of
religious needs; and issues of access
to education at different levels and by
different groups. Chapter 4 discusses
issues of exclusion from economic life,
in particular: from the labour market,
due to low income, and due to poor
housing conditions. Chapter5 examines
exclusion from social life and unequal
access by the population to social
protection and health care systems.
It also discusses access to means of
communication and transportation.
Chapter 6 provides an analysis of the
multidimensional aspects of social
exclusion in Ukraine, based on an
integral system of indicators. Chapter7
provides general recommendations to
overcome barriers to social inclusion in
Ukrainian society and specific suggestions in relation to promoting the inclusion of certain vulnerable groups of the
population.
15
04.07.2011 17:40:17
Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion and

Human Development
UNDPs first Human Development Report,
released in 1990, had a profound impact on
how people view social development: the
progress of humankind is no longer measured
by national incomes alone. The Human
Development Report 2010, The Real Wealth
of Nations: Pathways to Human Development,
reconfirmed the importance of the human
development paradigm and introduced a
revised definition of human development,
seen as, the expansion of peoples freedoms
to live long, healthy and creative lives; to
advance other goals they have reason to
value; and to engage actively in shaping
development equitably and sustainably on a
shared planet. People are both the beneficiaries and the drivers of human development,
as individuals and in groups.1
Report introduces the concept of social
exclusion, which is relatively new to Ukraine,
defined as a process whereby certain individuals are pushed to the edge of society and
prevented from participating fully by virtue
of poverty; lack of basic competencies and
lifelong learning chances; or discrimination.
This distances them from job, income and
education opportunities as well as social and
community networks and activities. They
have little access to power and decisionmaking bodies and thus are unable to participate in the decisions that affect their day-today lives.
The Report also introduces the concept
of social inclusion as a process which ensures
that those at risk of poverty and social exclusion gain the opportunities and resources
necessary to participate fully in the economic,
social and cultural life and to enjoy a standard
of living and well-being that is considered
normal in the society in which they live.
Social exclusion and inclusion and human
development concepts complement each
other. High levels of human development
cannot be achieved when some groups and
individuals are excluded socially and face
barriers to their participation in economic,
social, cultural and political life. Restrictions in
any of these areas are detrimental to freedom
of choice, the core of human development.
As a result, achieving human development in
its entirety means tackling these barriers and
facilitating deliberate inclusive processes that
expand peoples real freedoms and create
1
16
an inclusive society, in which diversities are

a source of strength and not of weakness.
Consequently, social inclusion is a means to
achieve human development.
Exclusion from Political Life

An inclusive society means that all citizens
can have their voices heard. Effective political
inclusion is ensured by means of complex
mechanisms, processes and practices,
through which persons and groups articulate
their interests and exercise their rights and
obligations.
As a result of complex and inter-related
transition processes, an environment that
promotes the full participation and involvement of the population, and especially
vulnerable groups, in political processes is
not fully established in Ukraine.
The coexistence of new democratic institutions and elements of old Soviet institutions has resulted in slow progress to
achieve adequate levels of state transparency and accountability, depoliticising the
public administration and adherence to rule
of law. The political and economic spheres
are still not independent from each other;
this means that powerful vested interests
can capture political processes and advance
their narrow economic interests, which
affect democratic reforms negatively.
A share of the population appears to
be discontent with the effectiveness and
quality of current democratic political institutions and processes, thus considers itself
excluded from political life. Existing political
institutions and practices poorly empower
the average Ukrainian to participate in political processes thus exclude citizens from
the process of elaborating socially relevant
decisions.
Mass media are not always free, which
may limit access to objective and impartial
information. There is no spread, across the
country, of strong civic organizations that can
represent broad societal interests, and especially vulnerable groups, in the democratic
process.
Certain groups of the population face
barriers to political participation. Low
incomes, dependence on state support
and paternalistic views of the state tend to
limit the political inclusion of the elderly,
whose sometimes miserable living conditions determine their adherence to
economic voting, primarily during local
UNDP (2010a).
OVERVIEW
04.07.2011 17:40:17
elections. Youth are apathetic and distrustful

of political processes which exclude them
from meaningful involvement. Old gender
stereotypes and weak support to gender
equality create barriers to the political
inclusion of women: low representation of
women in high-level public administration
management positions is inconsistent with
their high levels of education and employment. Traditional views and limited opportunities for political inclusion beyond elections constrain the rural population. Finally,
deep-seated public stereotypes and limited
mechanisms to facilitate the participation
of marginal groups (homeless, illegal immigrants, former convicts, others) in the life of
society impede their political inclusion.
Exclusion from Cultural Life and

Education
Large-scale changes in the structure and
nature of individuals cultural activities and
leisure have occurred in Ukraine during the
years since independence. Cultural practices that were very common some time
ago, partly because they were heavily subsidized, have lost their popularity. At the same
time, new elements of culture, such as showbusiness, pop music industry and entertainment industry, are expanding. These new
cultural elements, especially when they take
extreme forms, may contradict traditional
societys cultural values and createa threat to
social harmony.
Differences in cultural practices in the
capital, oblast centres and the periphery
(small towns and villages) create drivers of
exclusion. Residents of cities can access a
wide range of resources, such as television,
internet, print publications, theatres, cinemas,
sport clubs and tourism services, which are
often unavailable in rural settlements. Rural
inhabitants one-third of the Ukrainian
population can usually access three or four
television channels, wired radio and a local
newspaper with limited scope.
Language is one of the most acute
factors of cultural exclusion in Ukraine. This
issue plays an important role in such areas
as the Autonomous Republic of Crimea,
the Ukrainian Northern Azov Territories and
Transcarpathia, which have concentrated
settlements of ethnic minorities. The population of some of the regions feels that the
use of Russian language is spreading to the
detriment of Ukrainian or other minorities
languages. This increases risks of reduced
competencies in using native languages and,
at the same time, results in a certain level of

cultural exclusion of those groups. Such situation may form the basis for fewer opportunities for inter-ethnic contacts, limited access to
cultural resources and inter-ethnic tensions.
Accessibility of quality education is critically important to social inclusion. Overall, the
population of Ukraine has access to general
secondary and professional, including higher,
education. Access to all levels of education
is generally not gender based, and there is
even some imbalance in favour of women in
higher education institutions.
The number of children in pre-school
education establishments that not only
provide child care services but also prepare
for primary school entry has decreased,
mainly because of a scaling-down of the preschool network during the transition period,
especially in rural areas. Non-attendanceat
a pre-school institution and attendance at
an overcrowded pre-school institution both
limit a childs important starting opportunities and may create conditions for exclusion
in the future.
The number of secondary school institutions has also reduced due to demographic
changes in rural areas and cities throughout
the country. The state programme for the
transportation of pupils to their place of
education is, so far, poorly financed. The
quality of education is affected by a lack
of suitably qualified teachers and of materials and equipment. Such conditions create
exclusion of certain groups of children from
education, especially those living in rural
areas, and ultimately lead to future social and
economic exclusion.
The vocational education system in
Ukraine is seen as not fully adequate to
ensure youth integration into the labour
market. Curricula are often not aligned with
the needs of potential employers and the
changing market; job opportunities for
graduates of vocational education institutions are therefore limited.
Certain groups, such as the Roma children, are exposed disproportionately to
exclusion from education. Their unsystematic
school attendance, generally due to the lack
of parents awareness of the importance of
education for the future life of their children,
leads to poor educational outcomes and
smaller inclusion prospects.
Children with disabilities also face
numerous barriers to inclusion in the education system: only half of the children and
teenagers with physical or mental disabilities
attend school. The main factors impeding
17
04.07.2011 17:40:17
their integration into mainstream schooling

are, primarily, schools poor physical accessibility and a lack of methodologies adapted to
their special needs.
Exclusion from Economic Life

Exclusion from economic life leads to
low standards of living and limits opportunities in other areas namely, accessing highquality education, receiving adequate health
care services and participating in the cultural
and social life of society. The key drivers of
economic exclusion are: unemployment
or low status in the labour market, and low
incomes which prevents access to resources,
assets and services.
The highest risks of labour market exclusion fall on the unemployed, especially the
long-term unemployed; on a few categories
of the economically inactive population, in
particular people who are no longer searching
for a job, having lost hope of finding one; and
on the employed with non-standard labour
contract conditions or a specific nature of
work which makes them socially vulnerable.
Youth is one of the most vulnerable
groups of population on the labour market.
They constitute almost 26 percent of the
total number of the unemployed. The low
competitiveness on the labour market of this
group is conditioned by an absence or insufficient level of working experience. The general
unemployment level of the rural population
may appear as significantly lower than that in
urban areas, as they are, somehow, ensured of
employment on agricultural subsidiary plots.
Unemployed living in small mono-company
towns face particularly high risks of economic
exclusion. Economic exclusion may also
affect women of active child-bearing age and
women of pre-retirement age.
Levels of exclusion from the labour
market depend significantly on the individuals educational level. The lowest unemployment levels are observed among people
with complete higher education; the highest
unemployment levels are among those with
general secondary education. Employment of
family members is a pre-condition for social
inclusion. The risk of exclusion for households
with all members working is 34 percent; that
for households with unemployed members is
130 percent of the average. Households with
children are the more vulnerable to the risk
of social exclusion owing to the presence of
long-term unemployed members.
Insufficient income to meet fundamental needs is traditionally considered as
18
the main manifestation of economic exclusion. If a households income per adult is

lower than the nationally defined poverty
line, that household is considered economically excluded. This was the case, in 2009, for
26.4 percent of the Ukrainian households.This
economic exclusion negatively impacts most
children below 16 years and people aged 80
and above in a given household. In general,
families with minor children face higher risks
of economic exclusion because of poverty.
The availability and proper quality of
housing which are the basic needs and
fundamental human right of all depend on
the levels of incomes and purchasing power
of households, and is a precondition of
social inclusion. More than half the countrys
households are excluded in terms of decent
housing conditions; around one-third of
these are poor. The risks of exclusion increase
when a living area is inadequate, when there
are not enough separate rooms for all household members, when there is an absence
of basic conveniences and when the financial means to maintain housing and pay for
communal services is lacking.
Exclusion from Health Care and Social

Protection Systems, Social Networks and
Means of Communication
An individuals health is one of the basic
human rights necessary for the realization
of other rights and, therefore, his or her
social inclusion. To ensure that this right is
observed, it is important to provide access
to health care services for everyone without
discrimination.
Although the Constitution of Ukraine guarantees the right to receive free of charge health
care services, access to health care is de facto
restricted by level of income, social status and
place of residence. Low income individuals
usually cannot afford paying fees to doctors
for the provision of better quality services, stay
in hospitals and purchase of medicines.
One of the barriers in access to health
care services is the long distance to health
care institutions. Those who do not access
medical assistance when they need it or
cannot buy medical goods or medications
generally claim that this is because of a lack
of medical institutions or pharmacies close
to their homes. A shortage of mobile health
care, qualified medical personnel, good roads
and ambulances is a critical issue, particularly
in rural areas.
Poor health and chronic illnesses affect
peoples opportunities to enjoy fully their life.
OVERVIEW
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Most of those who were sick claim negative

consequences on their lives: for instance, 15
percent state that illnesses adversely impact
on their everyday working capacity and
around 30 percent feel adverse effects on
vital activities, e.g. their capacity to carry out
physical activities, to visit cultural establishments and to live an active life.
Levels of exclusion from the social protection system depend on the specifics of the
states social programmes and their targeting.
Child birth benefits and child benefits until
children are three years old are accessed
by almost all eligible families. At the same
time, only half of poor people benefit from
the programme of assistance to low-income
families. Moreover, each third household that
is not eligible for state social assistance is
actually in need of it. A low level of awareness
among the population of available social
assistance programmes, benefits and support
is a barrier to inclusion in the social protection system.
Although persons with disabilities
usually receive monetary assistance, they
still face problems with purchasing medications, receiving rehabilitation services
and accessing special treatment. Over 80
percent of the homeless do not receive social
assistance, as, often, they do not have identification documents. The majority of labour
migrants are excluded from any social protection system, since they live abroad, most of
the time illegally. Children of labour migrants
suffer from a lack of parental care and support,
which may lead to behaviours inconsistent
with societys norms and to their ending up
homeless. The social exclusion risks for elderly
people are linked to the conditions determining pensions, as well as the existence of
family support. Elderly men or women living
alone feel isolation as their needs cannot be
satisfied in relation to communication, leisure
and participation in the life of society.
The exclusion of individuals from their
social environment can be both the result
of prejudice and antagonism towards them
and an absence of means of communication.
Around 9 percent of households in Ukraine
are socially excluded as a result of poor
regular transport connections.
Multidimensional Aspects of Social

Exclusion in Ukraine
Traditionally, researchers and policymakers rely on economic indicators to
measure social exclusion. However, both the
processes and the outcomes of social exclu-
sion are complex and inter-linked. Indicators

reflecting non-economic aspects of exclusion
must, therefore, also be taken into consideration to obtain a more comprehensive picture
of the scale and depth of the problem.
In this context, a total of 18 selected
characteristics have been used to measure
social exclusion in Ukraine. Their analysis
allowed for an identification of acute exclusion, relating to households with five or more
exclusion characteristics, and of critical exclusion, relating to households with seven or
more exclusion characteristics.
Acute social exclusion is experienced
by 37.7 percent of Ukrainian households.
Extremely high risks of social exclusion
(2.2times higher compared with the average
and 2.5 times higher compared with families consisting solely of working-age people)
exist for families with many children and
pensioners. Higher education is the most
important factor determining social inclusion. In particular, the presence of at least one
adult with higher education in a household
decreases the risk of acute social exclusion by
2.7times (more than twice compared to the
average).
Critical exclusion is experienced by 16.9
percent of households. The risk of critical exclusion is very high for families with children: 2.7
times higher than the average in the country
and 2.8 times higher than for families without
children. The presence of at least one unemployed person in a household results in a 1.7
times higher risk of critical exclusion than for
the average and a twice higher risk than for
families without unemployed people. Critical
exclusion is much more present in rural areas,
especially when compared with large cities.
Exclusion risks for rural inhabitants exceed the
corresponding risks for inhabitants of large
cities by 20 percent.
Policy Recommendations for Social

Inclusion for All
The National Human Development
Report encourages all Ukrainians to understand the needs of vulnerable groups and to
contribute, each in their own way, to the goal
of achieving social inclusion for all.
Social exclusion can affect any member
of society; it is not a static phenomenon.
Everyone is at risk of being left out of
society. Vulnerable groups are indeed overrepresented among the socially excluded,
but not everyone from these groups is
excluded, and not all the excluded are from
these groups.
19
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Social inclusion policies should include

the following components:
Measures to foster general economic and
political reforms aimed at comprehensive
improvement of the social and economic
situation, sustainable economic growth,
provision of all groups with access to basic
social services and economic resources,
etc.;
Targeted measures aimed at eliminating
barriers to inclusion that specific groups
face.
There is a need in Ukraine to adopt legislation on social exclusion, which would set
forth a legal definition of social inclusion
and social exclusion, taking into account
international standards and national specifics.
In addition to policies and interventions on
social inclusion, the state should actively
promote societal diversity and an overall
tolerant environment to create a culture of
acceptance of multidimensional nature of
the modern society.
Overcoming exclusion from political
life. Enhancing peoples trust in political
institutions is a key task that will define the
success of any inclusion policy and become a
cornerstone of a comprehensive social inclusion system.
To facilitate public participation in
decision-making and encourage more active
involvement in the public life, it is important to hold awareness-raising interventions
to familiarize the population with opportunities to be involved in and to monitor the
activities of the authorities; to popularize
legal knowledge and rules of behaviour in
society; and to ease the registration of nongovernmental organization.
It is necessary, in particular, to put in place
initiatives which will encourage youth, women
and ethnic minorities to participate in political
life and elections. The inclusion of immigrants
in the Ukrainian society should be another
important component of social policy.
Overcoming exclusion from cultural life
and education. Preservation and development of national identity in all spheres of
public life is a significant factor in overcoming cultural exclusion. One of the important priorities should include promotion of an
atmosphere of kindness, respect for values,
tolerance and cooperation with those with
a different ethnic, cultural, language or religious identity.
It is recommended in particular to ensure
the comprehensive development and functioning of the official Ukrainian language
and strengthen its role as a factor of social
20
inclusion for citizens and groups of citizens

of different nationalities, as well as to ensure
that the Russian language and other ethnic
minorities languages have their place in the
educational system and can be used freely by
their native speakers.
Overcoming exclusion in the field of
education can be achieved through equal
access of the population to high-quality
educational services to improve competitiveness in the labour market. It is recommended
in particular to equip all educational institutions with modern computers and internet
connections; to develop remedial educational
programmes and mechanisms to bring children and young people who have ended up
outside the education system back to school;
to develop a system of targeted training of
pedagogical personnel for school and preschool educational institutions in rural areas
and small and mono-company towns; and
to establish inclusive education for children
and young people with special needs. Overcoming inter-settlement differences in relation to the quality of education should be
a main priority of the state policy of social
inclusion.
Overcoming exclusion from economic
life. Increasing the motivation of the population to engage in economic activities,
overcoming unemployment and creating
opportunities for decent jobs should be
Government priorities. Specific policy
measures should be developed to improve
the existing legal framework; to eliminate any provisions that create grounds
for discrimination in access to work or
in status of employment; and to restructure employment to enhance the role
of highly technological production and
knowledge-intensive services. It is advisable to improve the labour market support
services and enhance access to informational resources and communications on
the labour market situation.
The focus of policies should not be only
on the alleviation of absolute poverty but
also on curtailing inequality and the relative
poverty of the population. Specific policy
actions relate to coordinating the reproduction and stimulating functions of all types
of social transfers. Economic stimuli, instead
of administrative enforcement, should be
utilized to ensure that employers hire young
graduates without professional experience as
well as other non-competitive individuals. It
is also recommended to introduce a progressive taxation scale for personal income as a
means to decrease social inequality.
OVERVIEW
04.07.2011 17:40:18
The affordability of decent housing

conditions is crucial to ensure full participation in the life of society. Policies in this
area should aim to enhance the availability
of housing and decrease the burden of the
cost of housing and utility services on the
poors family budget. It is recommended in
particular to develop a social and temporary
housing system and to improve access to
mortgages (particularly for young families).
Overcoming exclusion from the health
care system. Policy to eliminate barriers to
inclusion in health care should aim to ensure
equal access of the population to adequate
medical services regardless of place of residence, income level and other aspects. To
achieve this, it is necessary to conduct a structural reorganization of the health care system
based on the principles of primary care, and
to improve its financing.
The budget funding of the health care
system should be maintained within the
minimum standards set by legislation and
guaranteed by the state. Particular attention
in implementing health care reforms should
be paid to rural population. Inefficient rural
hospitals should be reorganized into centres
of primary care.
Overcoming exclusion from the social
protection system. The social support system
should be modernized and the targeting of
the main types of social assistance should be
increased. This would allow for an increased
coverage of the poor population with relevant services, increased amounts of benefits and improved social equity in terms of
distribution of state funds allocated to social
support.
To improve the effectiveness of the social
protection system, there is a need to establish a single database of recipients of all types
of social assistance, as well as to integrate all
social providers into a single network, aimed
at the complex provision of social assistance
to those in need. To improve the quality
of social services, it is important to ensure
the development of a dynamic market
of social services, de-institutionalize the
system of boarding school-type institutions
and develop community-based forms of
service provision, as well as introduce social
contracting and quality standards of social
services.
Overcoming exclusion of certain groups
of the population. Although the sectoral
recommendations provided above address
some barriers to social inclusion, it is necessary to develop and implement policy and
programme interventions addressing the
specific needs of excluded groups and those

groups at risk of social exclusion.
Orphaned children. It is recommended
to provide children and teenagers deprived
of parental care with similar opportunities
(including their enrolment in mainstream
schools) to obtain high-quality education and
labour skills as children living with parents. It
is important to ensure, across all boarding
school-type institutions, the development of
a quality secondary and professional education system which will trigger genuine labour
market opportunities for this target group.
In addition, particular attention should be
paid to the creation of different familybased models of upbringing: family groups
within the orphanage, foster parent models,
guardian families.
Families with many children. In order to
promote the inclusion of families with many
children, it is important to ensure the improvement of their financial situation, which entails
increasing targeted assistance to such families taking into account their income level
and assisting in the employment of members
of these families.
Persons with disabilities. It is recommended to improve the provision of a sufficient number of rehabilitation services and
to create an accessible environment for
persons with disabilities through the adaptation of buildings and roads and residential
and public buildings. Children with disabilities should be provided with the opportunity
to obtain education in mainstream schools
with their peers, if possible. To improve the
inclusion of people with disabilities in the
labour market, it is recommended to enable
the adaptation of workplaces to their needs,
to develop flexible forms of employment and
to provide free access to a general curriculum
for orientation and vocational training.
Immigrants. The state immigration policy
should aim at promoting harmony among
different groups of the population and integration of immigrant groups into Ukrainian
society, as well as at convincing the public
that it is necessary to implement active immigration policy measures.
Children of labour migrants. To address
the barriers to social inclusion of children of
labour migrants, it is necessary to better focus
the attention of social services on these families. Social service providers should identify
these children and their parents or guardians;
assess the correctness of documents available
on custody and care; find out whether their
basic needs are satisfied and what conditions
for education, development and leisure are in
21
04.07.2011 17:40:18
place; and, if needed, provide various forms

of social support.
The Roma population should be included
by improving their living conditions and
preventing conflicts between them and
representatives of other ethnic groups. The
state should rely on Roma elders who are
interested in positive social transformations
in their ethnic group and implement a series
of measures to improve housing conditions
and access to education and to labour market
for the Roma.
People living with HIV/AIDS. Social inclusion
policy for people living with HIV/AIDS should
entail actions aimed at overcoming HIVrelated stigmatization and reducing discrimination, along with legal protection for those
affected by HIV. It is necessary to address
factors such as low awareness, fear, false
stereotypes and prejudice towards people
with HIV/AIDS by means of educational and
general informational initiatives. National
HIV/AIDS programmes should be obliged
to deliver the full range of prevention, treatment, care and support services and be
provided with an adequate budget to do so.
22
Homeless people. State and non-state

service providers supporting the homeless
should not be limited to the provision of
services such as night shelters, nutrition and
medical assistance but should also include
interventions to help reintegrate homeless
people into the society.
The barriers and challenges to social
inclusion facing vulnerable groups are
complex and multidimensional. The recommended interventions are aimed at ensuring
the social inclusion of vulnerable individuals and groups of the population into the
political, cultural, social and economic life
of the Ukrainian society. The process of
elaboration of policies and implementation
of programmes of social inclusion should
be supported by consultations with the
representatives of these groups. The recommended actions should be implemented by
the Government together with local governments, civil society and the private sector.
The effectiveness of social inclusion policy
and measures can only be ensured through
a close collaboration of all members of the
Ukrainian society.
OVERVIEW
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Human Development,
Social Exclusion and Social Inclusion
CH APTER
Social exclusion covers a wide range of social and economic processes which lead to the isolation of
separate people or groups of the population from social links, practices and lifestyles. Some groups in
society do not have the opportunity to utilize in full their rights to access education and health care
services; to be employed and enjoy adequate living standards; and to satisfy their cultural, religious and
social needs. Social exclusion is associated not only with the reproduction of social inequality but also
with the closing-down of social links and with identity crisis, which may affect a significant share of the
population.
1.1
Introduction

Report, Ukraine: Towards Social Inclusion is a
part of the Regional Human Development
Report, Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive
Societies. It calls attention to the specifics and
the roots of social exclusion in Ukraine, identifies socially excluded groups and proposes
a range of recommendations in support to
the Government for the development of policies and programmes to address the barriers
to social inclusion for all. The Report investigates the issue of social inclusion from a
human development perspective, treating
both concepts social inclusion and human
development as mutually complementary
and reinforcing.
The chapters of the National Report
discuss the drivers of social exclusion across
core domains of individuals life: political,
cultural, economic and social. Sectoral
analysis is conducted by examining specific
vulnerable groups and their experiences. In
particular, the Report addresses the following
questions: What are the forms of exclusions? What are the drivers and outcomes
of exclusion? Which groups are particularly affected by exclusion? What exclusion
trends are observed? Which new policies
and programmes should be put in place
to promote social inclusion of all groups of
population?
The account of individual experiences
of exclusion demonstrates the magnitude
and severity of challenges vulnerable individuals face. As the dimensions of exclusion examined are mutually reinforcing,
the Report introduces a novel methodo-
logy to assess multidimensional aspects

of social exclusion which could be used in
the process of development of policies and
programmes of social inclusion to allow
for the prioritization and better targeting
of interventions. The Report also provides
general recommendations on overcoming
barriers to social inclusion in the Ukrainian
society and specific suggestions in relation
to promoting the inclusion of certain vulnerable groups of the population.
The National Human Development
Report promotes consensus-building in
Ukraine, which should involve a range of
stakeholders, including vulnerable groups, in
designing and implementing programmes
on social inclusion. Without the buy-in of a
large segment of society, no social inclusion
programmes will ensure sustainable results.
As social inclusion is the responsibility of the
whole of society, approaches to engage civil
society organizations and the private sector
in the effort are suggested.
The Report utilizes multiple sources for
its analysis, including the Social Exclusion
Survey in the region of Europe and Central
Asia, supported by United Nations Development Programme in 2009, focus group
discussions with the number of vulnerable groups, data from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (such as Household Budget Survey (HBS), etc.) and other
secondary sources.
The Social Exclusion Survey (2009) was
conducted to provide data on the magnitude
and determinants of social exclusion, defining
social exclusion as resulting from inequalities
in terms of access to economic resources;
education and employment opportunities; access to and quality of social services;
23
04.07.2011 17:40:18
1.1
Regional Human Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive Societies
BOX
The Regional Human Development Report articulates a single conceptual framework for social inclusion and human development. It treats
human development as the ultimate goal and social inclusion as the means to get there.
Analytical approach. Defining the excluded is a major challenge both of analyses of social exclusion and of social inclusion policies. The
Report distances itself from the traditional group-based approach to assume that each individual has a number of characteristics that can
put him or her at risk of social exclusion. Not all individual risks will necessarily materialize as actual social exclusion. Whether or not social
exclusion manifests depends on the interaction of risks with a set of drivers which can be institutions and norms, policies or behaviours.
Individual risks are also influenced by the local context (the parameters of the local reality shaping individuals everyday lives). These include
characteristics of the local economy (such as diversity of employment opportunities), history of local conflict, environmental legacy, state of
repair of basic infrastructure or distance to the capital or regional centres.
The Report develops a new indicator, the Multidimensional Social Exclusion Index, which is experimental in nature and can be adapted to specific
country circumstances. This includes 24 indicators reflecting deprivations in three dimensions: economic exclusion; exclusion from social services;
and civic exclusion. These should not be understood as fixed but rather as a point of departure in national discourses on measuring social
exclusion, from which nationally relevant indicators should be selected in an inclusive and participatory way.
Findings
More than one-third of the population of the region is socially excluded. The report estimates that, on average, 35 percent of the population
in the region experiences social exclusion, ranging from 12 percent in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia to 72 percent in Tajikistan.
Social exclusion is not determined by economic deprivation alone. On the contrary, the three dimensions of social exclusion all make
a broadly similar contribution, and each plays a specific, necessary and complementary role in bringing about exclusion as an outcome. As
such, in order to tackle social exclusion, all three dimensions of exclusion must be addressed.
The share of socially excluded people varies from country to country but the depth of their social exclusion is similar. Despite the wide
range of population sizes, GDPs and levels of human development, the intensity of social exclusion is remarkably similar across the six countries. Being
socially excluded in the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia or Kazakhstan means facing generally the same number of deprivations.
Children, youth, the elderly, the unemployed, those with poor education and people living in rural areas face a larger than
average magnitude of social exclusion. Social exclusion is highest for elderly people in all countries, at almost twice the national average,
as in Ukraine (43 percent) and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (22 percent). On average, 42 percent of children and 35 percent
of youth (aged 1529) in the six countries live in households that experience social exclusion. The share of socially excluded children is
particularly high in Tajikistan (73 percent) and the Republic of Moldova (47 percent).
Social exclusion outcomes are linked to drivers and local context. The report links the outcome of social exclusion to individual risks,
drivers and local context, demonstrating that values and behaviour matter. For example, persons with disabilities constitute an important
group at risk of social exclusion. The data allow a correlation of exclusion outcomes for persons with disabilities with the level of the local
populations tolerance of diversity. The magnitude of social exclusion of a person with disabilities ranges from 16 percent when living in a
community in which the vast majority of the population is either in favour of, or at least not against, inclusive education, to 30 percent when
living in a community less open to educational inclusion (with at least one-third of the population against such measures).
Tolerance of corruption increases exclusion outcomes. Magnitude of social exclusion is nine times higher in villages and seven times
higher in small towns where most respondents are tolerant of informal side payments not only for medical treatment, education and social
benefits but also to for results from local administrations.
Social exclusion also has a clear territorial dimension. The further people live away from the capital city, the higher the magnitude of
exclusion. The share of people found to be socially excluded is almost four times higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Living in rural areas
with fewer job opportunities; limited access to goods, social services and means of transport; and weak social networks adds up to a massive
disadvantage, driving more people into cities.
Social exclusion is highest in communities that were dominated by one or two companies prior to 1989. If these communities
were to diversify their economic base and provide more employment opportunities, their average magnitude of social exclusion would
decrease from 18 to 11 percent. Expansion of employment opportunities would be particularly effective in addressing social exclusion among
young people. Magnitude of social exclusion for a young person with secondary education in a rural community with only one employment
provider is more than three times higher than that for a young person with primary education in a small town with a variety of employers.
Recommendations.The Report concludes that social exclusion is a multidimensional phenomenon that can and should be measured. The specifics
of the local context have profound implications for social exclusion. Governments need to break the vicious cycle of social exclusion and ensure an
enabling environment that curtails the risks of social exclusion and enhances the opportunities for people to participate in society. Focusing on reducing
income poverty or economic inclusion alone will not face down the challenge of social exclusion sustainably. The Report therefore argues that social
inclusion requires integrated approaches targeting all three dimensions of social exclusion simultaneously cases where addressing a single individual
risk or driver leads to a sustainable and marked reduction in the magnitude of social exclusion would be the exception. As such, approaches based on
multiple areas of interventions implemented in a concerted manner are needed, reflecting the complexity and dynamic nature of social exclusion.
24
CHAPTER 1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION
04.07.2011 17:40:18
social networks; and political, cultural and

civic participation. It was carried out in six
countries of Europe and Central Asia Serbia,
the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
the Republic of Moldova, Ukraine, Kazakhstan
and Tajikistan. The primary unit of analysis
and observation was the individual (15
years old and above). In each country, 2,700
interviews were conducted. More detailed
information on survey methodology can be
obtained in the Regional Human Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards
Inclusive Societies.
1.2
Human Development Concept and

Measurement
The first Human Development Report,

released by UNDP in 1990, had a profound
impact on the way policy-makers, public officials and representatives of the international
community and civil society, as well as scientists, especially economists, viewed social
development, making them realize that
humankinds progress does not relate only to
national incomes.1
Human development goes beyond
the goals of poverty reduction to take into
consideration those who are not necessarily
poor but who may be illiterate, discriminated
against or without access to health care. It
does not deal only with national incomes
but rather focuses on creating an environment in which people can develop their full
potential and lead productive, creative lives
in accordance with their needs and interests.
People are the real wealth of nations, and
human development is the process by which
peoples range of opportunities and choices
can be expanded. 2 3
Human development is about expanding
peoples choices, the most fundamental of
which are those to lead a long and healthy life,
to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard
of living. Other choices may relate to freedom
of expression, association and movement as
well as social justice and protection against
discrimination based on racial, religious or
ethnic origins, as well as ability to influence
decision-making and contribute to society.
Peoples choices are affected by a wide range
of factors, including individual values, skills
and abilities, a countrys economic and political environment and accessibility of education and health care services, as well as international developments. There are individual
1
2
3
1.2
Human Development Classic Definition
BOX
The basic purpose of development is to enlarge peoples choices. In principle,

these choices can be infinite and can change over time. People often value
achievements that do not show up at all, or not immediately, in income or growth
figures: greater access to knowledge, better nutrition and health services, more
secure livelihoods, security against crime and physical violence, satisfying leisure
hours, political and cultural freedoms and sense of participation in community
activities. The objective of development is to create an enabling environment for
people to enjoy long, healthy and creative lives.
Mahbubul Haq (19341998)
Founder of the Human Development Report
preferences, of course, but people in general
would like to live in an environment where
they can develop their full potential and lead
a productive, creative life in accordance with
their needs and interests.
Human development and human rights
are interrelated, interdependent and indivisible.2 Human rights norms provide a framework for equality and non-discrimination
that, which applied objectively, ensures that
the benefits of human development reach
even the most disadvantaged.
The concept of human development,
formulated two decades ago, has evolved
over time. In 2010, UNDP released its
Human Development Report 2010, The
Real Wealth of Nations: Pathways to Human
Development, marking the 20th anniversary
of the human development paradigm. The
2010 Report introduces a refined definition
of human development: the expansion
of peoples freedoms to live long, healthy
and creative lives; to advance other goals
they have reason to value; and to engage
actively in shaping development equitably
and sustainably on a shared planet. People
are both the beneficiaries and the drivers
of human development, as individuals and
in groups.3
The Human Development Report 2010
provides an overview of progress made in
human development across the world, and
provides innovative measures of human
development, which include a refined
Human Development Index (HDI) and three
new indices: the Inequality-adjusted Human
Development Index (IHDI), the Gender
Inequality Index (GII) and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). Annexes 1 and 2
present the detailed methodology for calculating the indices.
UNDP (2010a).
UNDP (2003).
UNDP (2010a).
25
04.07.2011 17:40:18
According to the 2010 Report, Ukraines

HDI value for 2010 is 0.710, ranking the
country at the 69th place out of 169 countries and areas. Ukraine has made progress
in recent years in terms of human development measured on the refined HDI, which
is a summary measure for assessing longterm progress on three basic dimensions of
human development: a long and healthy life;
access to knowledge; and a decent standard
of living.4 Between 1990 and 2010, Ukraines
HDI value increased from 0.690 to 0.710, an
increase of 3 percent or an average annual
increase of about 0.1 percent. In the same
period, Ukraines life expectancy at birth
decreased by about 1 year, mean years of
schooling increased by over 2 years and
expected years of schooling increased by
over 2 years. Ukraines gross national income
(GNI) per capita decreased by 27 percent
during the same period (Table 1.1).
Ukraines HDI is below the average of
0.717 for countries in Europe and Central Asia.
It is also below the average of 0.717 for high
human development countries. In Europe
and Central Asia, Ukraines 2010 HDI neighbours, i.e. countries that are close in HDI rank
and population size, are Kazakhstan and the
Russian Federation, which ranked 66th and
65th, respectively. 5
The HDI is an average measure of basic
human development achievements in a
country. Like all averages, it masks inequality
in the distribution of human development
across the population at the country level.
To address this limitation, the HDI is a new
measure which takes into account in-country
inequality in all three dimensions of the HDI.
Ukraines HDI for 2010 is 0.710. However,
when the value is discounted for inequality,
it falls to 0.652, a loss of 8 percent as a result
of inequality in the distribution of the dimension indices. Kazakhstan and the Russian
1.1
Federation show losses of 14 percent and 12

percent, respectively.
The GII, also introduced in 2010, reflects
womens disadvantages in three dimensions: reproductive health; empowerment;
and economic activity. It shows losses in
human development as a result of inequality
between female and male achievements in
these three dimensions. In Ukraine, women
hold 8 percent of parliamentary seats.
Compared with 96 percent of their male
counterparts, 92 percent of adult women
have a secondary or higher education. For
every 100,000 live births, 18 women die from
pregnancy-related causes.5 The adolescent
fertility rate is 28 births per 1,000 live births.
Female participation in the labour market
is 62 percent compared with 73 percent for
men. This results in a GII value for Ukraine of
0.463, which means that it ranks 44th out of
138 countries based on 2008 data. Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation are ranked
67th and 41st, respectively.
Since 1997, the Human Development
Reports have presented a Human Poverty
Index (HPI), which combines different aspects
of non-monetary deprivations. The HPI has
contributed to an understanding of poverty
but the measure does not capture overlapping deprivations that individuals or households may suffer. Therefore, the 2010 Reports
MPI identifies multiple deprivations in the
same households in terms of education,
health and standard of living.
In Ukraine, 2 percent of the population
is multi-dimensionally poor, with an additional 1 percent vulnerable to multidimensional poverty. The intensity of deprivation in
Ukraine that is, the average percentage of
deprivation experienced by people in multidimensional poverty is 36 percent. The MPI,
which is the share of the population that is
multi-dimensionally poor, adjusted by the
Ukraines Human Development Index Trends
TABLE
Life expectancy at birth
Expected years
of schooling
Mean years
of schooling
GNI per capita

(PPP US$)
HDI value
69.7
67.8
67.4
67.9
68.6
12.4
11.9
12.9
14.2
14.6
9.1
10.4
10.7
11.1
11.3
8,928
4,153
3,882
5,976
6,535
0.690
0.644
0.649
0.696
0.710
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Source: UNDP (2010a).
26
Ukrainian experts have developed a national methodology to calculate the HDI at regional level within the country,
allowing for the coverage of many more aspects of human development at regional level. See Libanova (2009a).
Maternal mortality estimates are those available when preparing the Report. For updated estimates, see WHO (2010).
04.07.2011 17:40:18
intensity of the deprivations, is 0.008. Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation have MPIs of
0.002 and 0.005, respectively (Table 1.2).
The Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), including targets and indicators, are
based on the concept of human development,
each relating to key dimensions of this process.
These comprehensive goals, developed
through a series of global conferences and
special meetings organized by the United
Nations (UN), provide specific targets in
all critical areas of human development.
They cover reducing hunger and poverty;
achieving access to education; promoting
gender equality; reducing maternal and child
mortality; slowing down the spread of HIV/
AIDS and other infectious diseases; ensuring
environmental sustainability; and harmonizing
foreign aid to developing countries. The MDGs
do not cover all areas of human development;
they do not mention, for instance, expanding
peoples participation in the decisions that
affect their lives or increasing their civil and
political freedoms.
Providing the same absolute targets for
all countries would have meant unrealistic
Goals for some countries and Goals that
presented no challenge for others. Consequently, the Goals are generally established
for each country in accordance with the
national specifics of its development and
the status of social progress at this moment
in time. In these terms of progress towards
achieving the MDGs, Ukraine has succeeded
in reducing absolute poverty6 from 9 percent
in 2005 to 4.5 percent in 2009; however,
relative poverty according to the nationally
defined poverty line7 has remained stable at
a level of 27 percent.8Moreover, the poverty
level in rural areas is almost twice as high as
in urban areas (38.2 percent vs. 21.5 percent).
Ukraine has made significant achievements
1.2
1.3
BOX
Social Inclusion and Human Development in

Ukrainian Translation of Terms
Any application of terms and categories from other languages and their
translation cause numerous difficulties. In particular, the human development
concept, which has been used in Ukraine for over two decades, is usually
translated as or ,
even though the translation () seems
quite possible and to reflect the essence of the concept.
Social exclusion was introduced into circulation well after, so there are no
established Ukrainian equivalents yet. Purely linguistic foundations suggest
, , , , , ,
. Correspondingly, social inclusion is ,
, , , . As for the social exclusion social inclusion idea
itself, seems to be the most
accurate.
in meeting the education Goal (although

there are issues with the quality of education) and Goals on maternal health and child
mortality. Reaching the Goal related to HIV/
AIDS and tuberculosis continues to be a challenge. Ukraine still has the most severe HIV
epidemic out of all the countries in Europe
and Central Asia. The estimated adult prevalence of HIV infection is 1.3 percent, the estimated number of people living with HIV is
360,000 and the estimated number of HIVrelated deaths is 37,000. Meanwhile, gender
equality remains an issue: representation
of women in Parliament is very low 8
percent. The exclusion of women from decision-making at the highest political levels is
inconsistent with their high levels of participation at lower levels in the public sector.
The average wage of a woman was equal to
77.2 percent of that of a man in 2009.8
Ukraines HDI Indicators in 2010 Relative to Selected Countries
TABLE
Armenia
Georgia
Ukraine
Azerbaijan
Kazakhstan
Russian Federation
HDI value
MPI value
MPI headcount (%)
Intensity of
deprivation (%)
Population at risk of multidimensional

poverty (%)
0.695
0.698
0.710
0.713
0.714
0.719
0.008
0.003
0.008
0.021
0.002
0.005
2.3
0.8
2.2
5.4
0.6
1.3
36.5
35.2
35.7
38.6
36.9
38.9
5.5
5.3
1.2
12.4
5.0
0.8
Source: UNDP (2010a).
6
7
8
A share of those whose daily consumption is below US$ 5 (PPP).

75 percent of the median level of equalized expenditures per reference adult.
Ministry of Economy of Ukraine (2010).
27
04.07.2011 17:40:18
1.3
Defining Social Exclusion
Social exclusion is a relatively new

concept which lacks a universal definition. It
has evolved together with the idea of social
rights, rooted in the idea of the European
welfare state. In 1974, Ren Lenoir, Secretary of State for Social Issues in Jacques
Chiracs Government in France, defined the
excluded as people from all social categories
who are not included in the social insurance
systems of the welfare state: the mentally and
physically handicapped, suicidal people, aged
invalids, abused children, substance abusers,
delinquents, single parents, multi-problem
households, marginal asocial persons and
other social misfits.9
The European Commission (EC) defines
social exclusion as a process whereby certain
individuals are pushed to the edge of society
and prevented from participating fully by
virtue of their poverty, or lack of basic competencies and lifelong learning opportunities,
or as a result of discrimination. This distances
them from job, income and education
opportunities as well as social and community networks and activities. They have little
access to power and decision-making bodies
and thus often feeling powerless and unable
to take control over the decisions that affect
their day to day lives.10
Social exclusion is a display of the direct
violation of basic human rights the rights
to quality education; quality medical services
and good health; an acceptable standard of
living; access to cultural life; protection of
own interests; and, in general, participation in
in economic, social, cultural and political life
and a feature of low human development
level in a country. Social exclusion means
that some people, groups of people or whole
communities suffer from a range of interrelated problems, such as unemployment, low
qualifications, low income levels, poor living
conditions, high crime rates, family breakdown, etc.
The concept of social exclusion highlights the multidimensionality of disadvantage and directs attention to the institutional,
political and economic processes that
generate social exclusion. In particular, it
is about the lack of rights (to education, to
health care, to housing, to work, to participate in decision-making) and of opportunities to access these rights even if they are
9
10
28
declared formally. Poverty, absence of basic

competences and opportunities for education and discrimination can cause not only
lack of competitiveness in the labour market
but actual exclusion from employment and
adequate income and, from social assistance
and inclusion in public life. Victims of social
exclusion also often feel powerless in relation
to decisions related to their own life, with no
real influence on decisions within the competence of authorities.
Social exclusion therefore refers to lack
of access to resources, rights, goods and
services, and inability or limited ability
to participate in various aspects of life in
society. The unemployed, for instance, may
end up in poverty, which is sustained by
labour market exclusion, which may lead to
financial dependency on social assistance.
Economic deprivation limits engagement in
community, leisure and family activities and
accessing health and social services. This may
induce feelings of marginality and of being of
little value to society, which leads to feelings
of shame and passivity. This in turn may result
in to loss of (or retreat from) social networks,
a reduction in social contacts and an inability
to live according to socially accepted norms
and values, causing further stigmatization
and discrimination.
Social exclusion has both objective and
subjective dimensions and manifestations.
For instance, long-lasting unemployment
usually causes loss of income and therefore of the potential to live a standard
lifestyle an objective exclusion. Subjectively, lasting unemployment entails loss of
social status, often through loss of friends
and social contacts in general. It is worth
mentioning that subjective and objective
features of exclusion by no means always
coincide. For instance, there are facts or
situations that some people will perceive
with extreme acuteness while others may
perceive as temporary difficulties. The
subjective features of social exclusion often
have much more acute consequences than
objective features, as is the case in the relationship between subjective and objective
poverty.
A developed civil society can offer real
opportunities for people to join groups based
on demographic, social or geographical
features, and thus represents an important
level of protection of rights and, correspondingly, a safeguard against social exclusion.
Lenoir (1974), in Sen (2000).

EC (2004).
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Therefore, it is difficult to count on effective

social inclusion processes or counteraction
of social exclusion in Ukraine, given that an
efficient civil society is yet to be formed and
the vast majority of joint actions of the population appear to be conducted under the
influence of political events and (or) political
leaders.
Social exclusion reflects partial or full
exclusion of a person (or group of people)
from the social structures of society and civil
processes, as a consequence of existing (legal
or psychological) barriers to the social importance of a person. The socially excluded do
not necessarily mean representatives of the
so-called lower levels of the society, but can
also mean any person whose life is determined by levels of indifference among and
tight control by other population groups, not
by personal choice.
Separate attention should be paid to
the so-called voluntary exclusion or selfexclusion, which appears to emerge from a
persons conscious or semi-conscious actions
directed at his/her own exclusion from
society.
Social exclusion is multidimensional
and complex. Studies of the phenomenon
should supplement traditional studies of
poverty, since both entail loss of human
resources, opportunities and chances in life,
which is unacceptable in relation to social
justice and sustainable economic growth in
the future.11
1.4
Defining Social Inclusion
The EC defines social inclusion as a

process which ensures that those at risk of
poverty and social exclusion gain the opportunities and resources necessary to participate fully in economic, social and cultural
life and to enjoy a standard of living and
well-being that is considered normal in the
society in which they live. It ensures that they
have greater participation in decision-making
which affects their lives and access to their
fundamental rights.12
This definition acknowledges the need
to offer those outside societys mainstream
a greater say than they have now that
is, greater participation as a means of
achieving the well-being that is considered
normal in the society. Thus, the process of
social inclusion is the redistribution of social
opportunities among all segments of the
11
12
1.4
BOX
Human Development and Social Inclusion

Evolving Concepts Centred on People
Social inclusion and human development have evolved largely in parallel and
are tending towards convergence. Both are people-centred concepts, extending
beyond economic growth. Social exclusion, which prevents access through
institutional, community and personal barriers to important social goods and
services, as a result of deliberate discrimination or lack of capacity to deliver,
reduces peoples opportunities and the real freedoms they have to lead a life
they have reason to value.
The human development perspective adds value to social exclusion. Human
development identifies shortcomings and inequalities in opportunities for
developing capabilities which contribute to social exclusion outcomes. In
addition, it assesses the outcomes of the social inclusion process using a variety
of indicators. Human development also takes into account the contextual aspects
in improvements in human well-being, going well beyond focusing solely on the
excluded population.
Social inclusion also adds value to human development through its focus on
processes of exclusion (the agents, groups and institutions that exclude). It
reinforces the notion of agency that exists within the human development
framework by investigating through what mechanisms, as a result of whose
actions and why people are excluded. A social inclusion perspective can thus
help sharpen strategies for achieving human development by addressing the
discrimination, powerlessness, accountability failures and unequal power
relationships that lie at the root of every type of social exclusion.
population. It is firmly allied with the parallel

idea of equality and non-discrimination,
as well as empowerment of vulnerable or
marginalized persons or groups.
In this perspective, social inclusion strives to
redress root causes of social exclusion, such as
discriminatory actions, failures in policies and
institutions and structural inefficiencies, and
involves participation and integration into institutions and social networks. To ensure this, the
political and economic processes that generate
exclusion should be identified and appropriate policy and institutional changes made.
Thus, social inclusion does not entail simply a
reversal of social exclusion status. In this regard,
it involves at least two steps: 1) removing
barriers in a wide sense barriers to participation and to access to resources and opportunities; and 2) promoting a change in attitudes. Even if legal norms and structures are in
place, policies are needed to cultivate solidarity
within a community, to counteract entrenched
social prejudices and to encourage the participation of individuals who face barriers. All
these are important elements of the social
inclusion process, to make it long-term and
sustainable.
Kieselbach (2003).
EC (2004).
29
04.07.2011 17:40:18
1.5
Relationship between Human

Development and Social Exclusion
and Social Inclusion
Social exclusion and inclusion and human

development concepts complement each
other. High levels of human development
cannot be achieved when some groups and
individuals are excluded socially and face
barriers to their participation in economic,
social, cultural and political life. Restrictions
in any of these areas are perceived as detrimental to freedom of choice, the core of
human development. As a result, achieving
human development in its entirety means
tackling these barriers and facilitating deliberate inclusive processes that expand peoples
real freedoms and create an inclusive society,
in which diversities are a source of strength
and not of weakness. Consequently, social
inclusion is a means to achieve human development.
Social exclusion analysis identifies the
drivers of exclusion by examining the interactions between the individual and the society
and its institutions. In this perspective, the
analysis should cover legislation, institutions, organizations, social networks, values,
political preferences, attitudes, etc. While
people are sometimes deliberately excluded
on the grounds of ethnicity, political affiliation, gender, etc., in most cases social exclusion occurs as a result of a complex web of
social processes in which there are no deliberate attempts to exclude. This Report reveals
the interplay of institutional, legal and attitudinal drivers of exclusion in Ukraine, which
include diverse aspects such as long-term
unemployment; deregulation of the labour
market; strengthening migration processes
and processes of social fragmentation; deepening poverty; ill-health; and weakening of
the role of family as a social institution.
These separate mechanisms and manifestations of social exclusion usually do not
weaken, but rather turn into new drivers of
exclusion a vicious circle of one deprivation leading to another leading to persistent
multiple exclusions. For example, alcoholism
may drive a person to lose his or her links with
society and limit opportunities for employment and income generation; vice versa,
unemployment, which causes a loss of social
status, is often a reason for alcoholism. Social
exclusion is usually related to poverty, which
in turn leads to a loss of many rights. A person
who fights for physical survival on a day-today basis has no time or will to be concerned
about the social, political or cultural life of
30
society. In the absence of opportunities for

civil society to influence political processes,
some groups are marginalized, meaning
their voices and aspirations are not heard or
are ignored.
The social exclusion concept offers a
comprehensive and wide-ranging analytical
perspective to identify individuals and
groups suffering exclusion and drivers of
exclusion as well as to design better-targeted
strategies, programmes and interventions to
overcome manifestations of discrimination.
Consequently, policies and processes are not
only sector-specific but also cross-sectoral,
focusing on diverse areas such as institutional
transformations and changes in public attitudes and consciousness.
1.6
Social Exclusion in Ukraine
The terms social exclusion, social inclusion and participation in public life are
not used widely in the expert literature in
Ukraine, and they are not reflected in legislation, policies and other official documents.
In practice, however, Ukrainian legislation
and policies address the goals of social inclusion and target some identified vulnerable
groups (families or individuals). Furthermore,
the terms social rehabilitation, social integration or integration into the society,
re-socialization and social adaptation are
used in many policy documents.
The Constitution of Ukraine recognizes
that every person has the right to free development of his or her personality if this does
not violate the rights and freedoms of other
persons. Citizens have equal constitutional
rights and freedoms and are equal before
the law. The Constitution of Ukraine affirms
that there shall be no privileges or restrictions
based on race; colour of skin; political, religious or other beliefs; sex; ethnic and social
origin; property status; place of residence; or
linguistic or other characteristics. Equal rights
are assured to women and men. These provisions comply with the European legislation.
Freedom of movement; speech, mindset
and confession; and association in political
parties and civil society organizations (CSOs)
is guaranteed to anyone, as are the rights to
employment; entrepreneurial activities; social
protection; a decent level of living for the
individual and his or her family; health care;
medical assistance and insurance; an environment safe for life and health; education, etc.
Realization of these rights is ensured
through the adoption and execution of
sectoral laws, bylaws and other policy instru-
04.07.2011 17:40:18
ments. Principles of social inclusion are set

by the Laws of Ukraine on State Social Standards and State Social Guarantees (2000);
Subsistence Level (1999); Remuneration
of Labour (1995); Education (1991); and on
Fundamental Principles of Legislation on
Mandatory State Social Insurance; (1998),
among others. Specific laws have been developed to support some vulnerable groups,
such as on the protection of those harmed by
the Chernobyl disaster; military servicemen
and women and their family members;
people with disabilities; war veterans; persons
born in times of war; families with many children; families with children; labour veterans;
pensioners and the elderly; people sick with
socially dangerous diseases; migrants; people
with temporary disabilities; those affected
by job-related accidents or occupational
diseases; the unemployed, etc. Meanwhile,
the Strategy for Poverty Alleviation by 2010
was adopted in 2001 and a new Programme
on Poverty Alleviation till 2015 is being
developed. There are programmes aimed at
preventing and overcoming social exclusion
of certain social groups are in place. However,
the implementation of these programmes
depends on the recognition by the authorities of the importance of these issues, on
the one hand, and the availability of budget
resources on the other hand.
The current social protection system
in Ukraine has some limitations common
to many countries in transition. The state
does not provide enough assistance to the
most vulnerable and poor people; at the

same time, social protection programmes
provide support to too large a group of citizens, which is beyond the states financial
capacity. Social benefits themselves (in the
case of insured events or in the form of social
assistance) are of a very low value and as
such cannot succeed in preventing poverty.
The high correlation between different social
transfers and levels of wages does not stimulate the population to actively participate
in economic activity. Political instability and,
to an extent, inconsistency of political decisions impeded on the modernization of
the social protection system aimed at overcoming social exclusion and marginalization
of certain groups of population.
Ukraine has declared its goals of building
a socially oriented market economy that puts
sustainable human development at the core
of state social policy and makes it a measure
of the countrys economic and social progress.
To achieve these objectives, Ukrainian society
should unite around ideals of human development and progress. The European Parliament
in 2005 passed almost unanimously a motion
asserting the wish of the European Union (EU)
to establish closer ties with Ukraine. The Association Agreement is currently under negotiation, with the aim of deepening Ukraines
political association and economic integration
with the EU. Given the EUs extensive experience in implementing effective policies and
programmes of social inclusion, improved
collaboration in this area can help Ukraine.
31
04.07.2011 17:40:18
32
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Exclusion from
Political Life
CH APTER
Political rights are among the main constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights determines that:
Everyone has the right to take part in the Government of his or her country, directly or through freely
chosen representatives.
Everyone has the right of equal access to public service in his or her country.
The will of the people shall be the basis of the authority of Government; this will shall be expressed
in periodic and genuine elections which shall be by universal and equal suffrage and shall be held
by secret vote or by equivalent free voting procedures.1
Political inclusion is impossible in the absence of democratic institutions and practices. The notion
of democracy broadly implies freedom, equality and efficient control of Government by the citizens,
Governments responsibility towards its citizens, transparency and honesty of political decisions and
equal political participation and access to power.2 Democratic institutions and practices should be fair
and accountable and protect human rights and basic freedoms.3 They should allow society to identify
the most important barriers to accelerated human development and social inclusion, agree on the best
solutions to these and implement them in the most efficient manner. In the absence of democratic
institutions and practices, there is a serious risk that those responsible for government decisions will be
unaware of the true needs of vulnerable and socially excluded groups.
The key indicators of exclusion related to political life include:
Level of participation in public and political life;
Ability to influence the governance of a country at national and local levels;
Access to political power.4
2.1
The Democratic Transition and

Participation of the Population in
Political Life
Since independence, Ukraine has gone

through the complex process of building
the foundations of consolidated democracy.
During the transition, command economy
mechanisms were effectively dismantled
and market institutions were established,
with most outputs produced by the private
sector and exchanged in a market system.
A new Constitution of Ukraine and a series
of laws establishing the formal foundations
of a democratic regime were adopted, and
formal democratic human rights institutions ensuring regular elections, respect for
human rights such as freedom of speech,
association and non-discrimination based
on gender, race or religion and the promo1
2
3
4
tion of tolerance and social cohesion were

established. Some public administration
reforms, including optimization of government structures, were implemented. Civil
society emerged and expanded quickly. Independent media developed and started to
play its important role in terms of checks and
balances on the exercise of powers granted
to political leaders and public office holders.
However, the presence of a legal framework
and formal democratic institutions does
not ensure a vibrant and well-functioning
democracy. In the Economist Intelligence
Units Democracy Index, out of the 28 countries in Eastern Europe, 19 recorded a decline
in their democracy score between 2008
and 2010. The most significant decline was
observed in Ukraine.4
As a result of these complex and interlinked
processes, an empowering environment that
UN (1948).
Huntington (1991).
UNDP (2002).
Economist Intelligence Unit (2010).
33
04.07.2011 17:40:18
promotes full participation and involvement

of the population, and especially vulnerable
groups, in political processes at the national
and local levels has not been fully established in Ukraine. Traditional authoritarian
Soviet values and attitudes on such elements
of democracy as open political competition,
promotion of independent voice, collaborative decision-making and gender equity are
still entrenched in current practices.
Political institutions that emerged in the
transition process combine elements of new
democratic institutions and old Soviet patterns
of decision-making. The initial desire to create
well-functioning democratic institutions
through the replication of tried and trusted
Western models has not been fully realized
in Ukraine. Although formal institutions with
basic features corresponding to those of institutions in advanced industrialized and democratic states have been built, these institutions
only partialy shape political actions.
Instead of an institutional vacuum open to
any kind of institutional design, reformers faced
the resistance of informal networks formed
under the Soviet regime. These networks
created their own practices and routines as
well as their own social ties and patterns of
making commitments. As a result, the political
and economic spheres are still not separated,
leading to the situation that powerful vested
interests can capture political processes and
advance their own economic interests, which
effects democratic reforms negatively. Slow
progress to achive adequate levels of state
transparency and accountability, the merging
of politics and business and weak rule of law
are some of problems of the political system in
Ukraine, determined to a large extent by institutional legacies. 5 6
Due to these institutional legacies the
process of establishment of a market environment and democratic institutions in Ukraine
has been controversial. Private property institutions and contract relationships were not
protected through effective legal guarantees
and were subject to change depending on
the political elite in power. Market freedoms
and the inviolability of property and human
rights were not fully observed.
The old institutions also influenced many
citizens political behaviour. Many values of
the old Soviet system did not lose their traditional legitimacy with the loss of their legality.
A significant share of Ukrainians, especially the
older generations, were not eager to accept
the ideals of democracy and free market and
5
6
34
were more inclined to behave according to the

traditional values of the Soviet system, such as
those of state paternalism, state control of the
economy, extensive state social support and
privileges for the ruling elite. In the modern
Ukrainian reality, some politicians exploited
these die-hard institutional expectations and
values skilfully and were elected promising
unsustainable and poorly targeted social
programmes. These politicians attempted to
recreate a model of state patron with a collective client population: the patron dispenses
valuables to its clients and protects them in
exchange for loyalty and support.
Political processes in Ukraine are shaped
by competition among economic and political
elites and the populations opportunities to
be involved are limited. At the early stages of
transformation, the political regime in Ukraine
had many features of the Soviet system. Until
2004, it was a hybrid state under a competitive authoritarian regime:7 formal democratic
institutions and processes such as political
parties and elections existed, but the reality
showed that political decisions were made
through informal coordination and agreements.
Large financial and industrial groups
emerged at the end of 1990s and became active
political players. Their struggle for economic
resources and assets, based on winner takes
all sentiments, made it impossible to put in
place a treaty of elites as was the case in some
post-Soviet and Central European countries.
This economic competition among powerful
interest groups took place in the political arena,
as active and powerful political and financial
players joined either presidential or opposition
camps. Some experts argue that the driving
force of events in 2004 was the pushing out of
financial and industrial groups and the middle
class, which suffered under the pressure of the
bureaucratic apparatus. This suggests that the
Orange Revolution was not a systemic breakthrough but rather a phase of open confrontation within a wider regime cycle, the result of
which was the rise to power of the opposition.6
Amendments to the Constitution in
20042005 and changes in the ruling elite
caused changes in the mechanisms of exercising power. The competitive struggle
among political actors intensified. Influence
over the mass media by high-ranking civil
servants was eliminated and replaced with
a flexible lobbying policy by media owners
who were also leaders of financial and industrial groups, who converted their control of
Carothers (2002).
Hale (2005).
CHAPTER 2. EXCLUSION FROM POLITICAL LIFE
04.07.2011 17:40:18
the media into political loyalty to the authorities in exchange for economic incentives.
The dual nature of the executive authorities
established by the constitutional amendments
undermined the mechanisms of administrative coordination and strengthened political
corruption. The weakening of the vertical
power of the executive and its unwillingness
to exercise direct pressure on the opposition purely on political grounds decreased
the influence of administrative factors during
the most recent elections. The parliamentary
elections of 2006 and 2007 and the presidential elections of 2009 reflected the increased
contentiousness of the election process.
Although there have been some improvements to formal political institutions and
processes, the degree of political transformation was insufficient to develop a system
that could withstand the impact of the global
economic crisis. The political system has been
dominated by competition among interest
groups, rent-seeking within state agencies, corruption and an expanding shadow
economy. Political instability and frequent elections have severely undermined the effectiveness of economic and social policies. Political
squabbling between top decision-makers has
paralyzed decision-making at a crucial time
when the financial crisis hit the countrys steel
industry and banks collapsed. The country has
failed to push through its economic reforms
and is facing economically and politically challenging gas disputes with Russia.
As a result, society has been through a transformation of identity, economy and social struc-
2.1
TABLE
ture that has left a significant share of individuals

excluded and unsatisfied with the new political
and economic systems. Living conditions have
ended up far from their expectations and ideals
of citizens. Some groups have not been able
to adjust quickly to the rapidly changing environment, resulting in widely shared feelings of
social anxiety and uncertainty.
Some share of the population appeared
to be unsatisfied with the effectiveness and
quality of current democratic political institutions and processes and considers itself
excluded from political life. Only 18 percent of
the countrys population considers its level of
inclusion in public life during Ukraines independence as sufficient. The rest at least 67.6
percent can thus be considered excluded
to one extent or another from political
processes (Table 2.1).
The political regime formed in Ukraine
does not appear to fully empower the population and vulnerable groups to become
included in the political process, resulting in
relatively low levels of political participation.
Ukrainian citizens realize their right of participation, among others, in the form of electoral
activity. Despite the fact that voting does
not necessarily relate to political choices, a
large percentage of survey respondents (83.6
percent) claim for instance that they participate in electoral voting, against 13.8 percent
who do not participate (Table 2.2).
The population perceives that its interests
and aspirations are not well-represented by
political actors; and this, in its turn, undermines their trust in political institutions. Existing
Distribution of Population by Self-assessment of Level of Adaptation to Current

Situation (%)
People actively involved in new life

People seeking their place in current life
People who do not wish to adapt to the current
situation, wait for a turn for the better
People who have not yet decided
1997
1999
2001
2003
2007
2009
7.3
36.3
44.9
7.4
36.6
46.7
7.2
38.0
43.3
8.3
30.5
36.2
16.0
32.5
37.6
18.0
33.6
34.0
11.5
9.3
11.5
25.0
13.9
14.4
Source: Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2009).
2.2
Distribution of Population by Participation in Voting during Elections (%)
TABLE
Age of respondent
Participated in voting
Did not participate in voting
Not eligible to vote
Uncertain
Total
1524
2549
5064
65+
47.5
39.5
10.7
2.3
100.0
87.6
11.6
0.2
0.6
100.0
92.6
6.5
0.0
0.9
100.0
89.3
9.5
0.0
1.2
100.0
All respondents
83.6
13.8
1.6
1.0
100.0
Source: Calculated based on the Social Exclusion Survey (2009).
35
04.07.2011 17:40:18
political institutions and practices do not

empower the average Ukrainian to participate in political processes and exclude citizens from the process of elaborating socially
relevant decisions, including those which
affect them directly. 7
The Constitution of 1996 defined a
democratic framework for the development
of a viable political society. Human rights
and liberties were set, censure was prohibited and the principle of the change of
powers through elections was established,
as well as other democratic values. However,
the mismatch between the formal legislation and the political reality remains a major
challenge for democratic development in
Ukraine. Insufficient political freedoms mean
that the people are not empowered to press
for policies that expand social and economic
opportunities and make democratic process
more transparent and public authorities
more accountable. The population of Ukraine
cannot identify any political actor (institution)
2.3
TABLE
that effectively represents and protects their

interests (Table 2.3).
Low levels of trust in elected officials leads
to a belief that existing inconsistencies in the
political sphere cannot be addressed. This
results in a widening of the gap between
politics and individuals and strengthens
conflict risk potential in the Ukrainian society.
Despite the fact that a third of the population feel that they can influence the political
situation in Ukraine, nearly 60 percent deny
this ability (Table 2.4).
As a result of populations exclusion from
the political sphere, 88 percent of interviewed
youth, up to 80 percent of middle-aged
people and 86 percent of the older generation claim that they had not taken part in any
civil and political event during the previous
12 months.7
The reform of the political system and of
political processes themselves has not, as yet,
built a proper rule of law system to support citizens inclusion in the political process. Public
Assessment by Population of Activities of Different Political Actors in Protecting Their

Interests, 2009 (%)
Political institutions
Assessment
President
Parliament
Prime Minister
Government
Mass media
Local authorities
Trade unions
Heads of enterprises
Army
Law enforcement authorities
Church
Workers of culture and science
Other
None of the above
It is difficult to say
3.7
1.6
5.8
2.6
6.2
3.0
3.7
1.9
2.2
2.9
8.3
1.5
1.0
55.7
12.5
2.4
TABLE
Distribution of the Population by Self-assessment of Own Influence

on Political Situation (%)
Age of respondent
Evaluated positively
Evaluated negatively
Uncertain
Total
1524
2549
5065
65+
26.3
53.2
20.5
100.0
29.2
58.9
11.9
100.0
34.4
56.2
9.4
100.0
34.9
50.9
14.2
100.0
All respondents
30.9
55.9
13.2
100.0
Source: Calculated based on the Social Exclusion Survey (2009).
36
Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2009).
04.07.2011 17:40:18
trust in the rule of law appears to be undermined by widespread informal practices of

decision-making, which result in violations of
the normative order. During the years since
independence, law-abiding behaviour and
practices have eroded and the necessity of
adhering to a set of rules and official norms
has been questioned. To a great extent, such
law abiding values are preserved mainly
among the elderly. Others feel that the order
is not fair and are not ready to comply with
its rules. Around 70 percent of those interviewed thought that, under such conditions, people could commit unfair actions
for profit.8 Nevertheless, a large part of the
society appears to be disheartened by the
disorder and struggles prevailing within the
political elite, and looks forward to changes.
Rule of law and equality of all people before
the law are important for most respondents.
At the same time, as in a number of
ex-Soviet countries, this order may not
necessarily mean the rule of law but a
way to restore the control at the expense
of a stronger state. The notion that business does not have the right to intervene
in politics defines the new bureaucratic
ideology: even if some actions are allowed
by law, such as legal participation in political
processes, they can be done only if allowed
by the authorities. From this point of view,
the public administration is a privilege of the
bureaucracy and should not be scrutinized.
In some cases, private business is permitted
but only if it is politically loyal and supports
the initiatives of the authorities. This exacerbates political exclusion among socially
active age groups and creates ideological
grounds for further strengthening bureaucratic influences on society in general.
The public administration does not have
sufficient capacity to identify and address
peoples needs and involve them in public
consultations. Public involvement in policymaking is used to create consensus, explore
2.5
TABLE
ideas, improve acceptance of new proposals,

find cost-effective policy solutions and
increase transparency in decision-making.
Line ministries have weak capacity in terms
of conducting research, developing effective policy options, conducting ex ante
policy assessments and estimating costs and
impacts of policy initiatives.
The public administration does not have
enough capacity to fully promote participatory
approaches to policy-making, and vulnerable
groups are rarely involved in state programme
design, their implementation and monitoring,
as well as in delivery of services at the local level.
There is a chance that the upcoming administrative and criminal justice system reforms,
as well as actions to combat corruption, will
promote public engagement and improve
opportunities for the vulnerable and excluded
to work with administrations. The initiated
administrative reform aims at recognazing
the system of governance and improving the
institutional capacities of state structures. This
could restore the predictability of Government
processes and decisions and advance participatory mechanisms as well.
Lack of access to public information.
Without good access to quality information, the average Ukrainian, and especially
vulnerable groups, are unable to participate
effectively in decision-making processes that
affect their lives. Since information is power,
establishing an equitable distribution of
power needed for strong partnerships and
an effective system of checks and balances
requires that information be available, relevant and reliable.
Reforms in public information-sharing are
difficult to achieve. Ukraines 1992 Law on
Information recognized the right to information but has been described by international
bodies as confusing and having overly broad
exemptions. A new Access to Public Information Law and a Law on Information came
into force in May 2011. These facilitate better
Distribution of Population by Age and Self-assessment of Personal Responsibility

for Community Affairs, 2009 (%)
Age
1825
2640
4155
56+
Responsible
Not responsible
Undecided
Ukraine
In urban or rural area
Ukraine
Ukraine
24.7
25.7
23.5
21.1
28.5
30.5
30.5
22.9
62.0
61.2
61.3
66.9
58.2
57.3
57.2
66.2
13.3
13.1
15.3
12.0
13.3
12.2
12.3
10.9

8
Golovakha and Panina (2008).

37
04.07.2011 17:40:18
access by the citizens of Ukraine to information on national and local authorities; unify
the procedure for journalists accreditation;
reduce the terms for receiving responses to
requests; and cancel the obligation to agree
interviews with authorities.
Mass media are not always free, which may
limit access to objective and impartial information. Access to information is a major tool to
improve transparency and accountability and
promote the goals of social inclusion. In the
context of restricted freedom of mass media,
information provided by the latter run the
risk of being disordered; thus they would not
be able to perform its watchdog functions.
At the same time the public and in particular vulnerable groups would not be able to
engage in a timely and effective manner in
political processes and ensure the accountability of officials.
Freedom House rates freedom of the
press in Ukraine in 2010 as partly free.9 It finds
that the legal framework provides for media
freedom and is one of the most progressive in Eastern Europe, but also that respect
of these laws has remained poor since the
Orange Revolution. Journalists have sometimes been reported to become the victims
of threats, harassment and attacks, and the
countrys seemingly weak and politicized
criminal justice system cannot protect them
effectively. As many major media outlets are
owned by economic groups, their presentation of information is often distorted in favour
of their owners.
An institutionally weak civil society does not
have sufficient capacity to address the needs
of vulnerable and excluded groups and to
promote their interests. At the beginning of the
transition, reformers in Ukraine, as in many
other post-Soviet states, shared the idea that
support to civil society would generate a
wide range of CSOs that would participate in
public life, strengthening democratic institutions and promoting market policies. These
expectations proved to be inflated: they did
not reflect the institutional, historical and
political context of the post-Soviet transition.
The long-term development of a strong
and dynamic civil society required a sustainably functioning economic system.
Economic uncertainty and confrontation
within the political elite has pushed civil
society issues to the background during the
whole period of Ukraines independence.
The state has not become a leading agent in
terms of supporting civil society as the basic
9
38
component of democratic transformation

in the country. As a result, civil society is still
weak and poorly structured, and there is no
spread of strong civic organizations that can
represent broad societal interests, and especially vulnerable groups during negotiations
in the democratic process.
In order to facilitate dialogue between
Government and civil society, despite shortcomings in the development of the latter,
a legal framework including all the necessary mechanisms and processes was set up.
This allowed to improve capacity of both the
public administration and CSOs in relation
to cooperation and constructive dialogue.
However, a number of other areas still need
to be addressed to enhance the role of civil
society in eliminating barriers to political
and social inclusion. The majority of CSOs
are supply-driven, responding to external
donors priorities and resources and less so to
the needs of communities. As their agendas
are often shaped by their funders, some of
them do not emphasize the task of building
ties with their constituencies and operate
only within a particular set of tasks. As a
result, trust in civil society is low, reducing the
chances of vulnerable groups to unite their
efforts and have their voices and concerns
heard through CSOs.
Incomplete decentralization processes have
not created effective mechanisms for participating in local decision-making processes.
Decentralization means the delegation of
tasks, responsibilities, resources and decisionmaking authority to regions and local levels.
It can improve resource allocation and service
provision by bringing decision-makers and
service providers closer to the citizens. It allows
for the communication of the voices of the
socially excluded and of vulnerable groups to
local decision-makers. It does not, however,
automatically lead to improved outcomes for
the poor and other disadvantaged groups.
Despite progress in the process of decentralization, some limitations are still observed:
Limited authority is provided to the local
public administration, and there is a
misalignment of responsibilities among
central, regional and local governments,
so that local government is not able to
fully implement the functions vested in it
by the Constitution and laws of Ukraine.
Local governments have inadequate
revenue and spending powers, so
they do not have financial capacities
commensurate with their functions. In the
Freedom House (2010).
04.07.2011 17:40:18
current system, almost all tax revenues are

to go directly to the central state treasury,
with some funds then going back to local
levels. These large vertical transfers of funds
are inefficient and distort incentives.10
Public administrators are inadequately
trained to be responsive to local needs and
to the expectations of vulnerable groups.
They are often unprepared to promote
organized and systematic dialogue among
stakeholders, including CSOs, community
groups and the private sector, to determine
in a participatory manner local priorities
and mutual expectation for decentralized
governance.
2.2
Exclusion from Political Life

Faced by Certain Groups of the
Population
The elderly. Low incomes, dependence

on state support and paternalistic views of
the states role are some barriers that limit the
political inclusion of elderly people. Miserable
living conditions of elderly people often define
their adherence to economic voting primarily during local elections. Economic voting is
the unlawful practice of providing goods and
services to voters in exchange for their vote
for heads of local authorities. Quite high electoral activity of the elderly impacts the election
results and legitimizes authorities that have
come to power in such a way.
Youth. Apathy and distrust in political
processes distance youth from the mainstream. Political exclusion among youth
is conditioned by problems accessing the
materials, education, social capital, resources
and opportunities to participate in processes
of decision-making and local government.
Ukraines young people are characterized by
low electoral participation as well as weak
representation in different state authorities
(around 5 percent). According to data from
the Social Exclusion Survey (2009), the major
reason youth have for not voting after the
option do not have the right to vote is political apathy 14.4 percent of those who do
not vote are not interested in politics. Young
people claim that they do not have the opportunity to become part of social elite networks,
to access high levels of decision-making and,
correspondingly, to control resources. This
worsens their exclusion, decreases their creativity and marginalizes them or pushes them
towards emigrating.
10
Women. Old gender stereotypes and weak

support for gender equality create barriers
to the political inclusion of women. Soviet
political practices, with all their gender dcor,
which was reflected in the symbolic appointment of women, were entirely patriarchal.
This was reflected in the mass consciousness
of Ukrainian citizens. During the years since
independence, significant changes in terms
of views of the role of women in politics have
been observed the Ukrainian society.
The Law on Equal Opportunities for Women
and Men entered into force on 1 January
2006. Although it established the institutional
and legal foundations for gender equality,
gender exclusion still has many forms; the
most common is in terms of access to political
authority. There have been no radical shifts in
the participation of women in state authorities
in Ukraine. Only 34 women (7.5 percent) were
elected to the Parliament of Ukraine in the last
convocation. The absence of women in the
Government formed in 2010 is also illustrative
of this situation.
Low representation of women in highlevel political positions is set against their
high representation in the public service.
In general, women dominate in the public
administration: women managers and
experts represented 64.8 percent and 79.5
percent of public servants, respectively, at the
beginning of 2010 however these positions
are all at lower levels, which require lower
qualifications and do not entail significant
responsibility. Women are also insufficiently
represented in the public administration at
local level, where their share among peoples
deputies does not exceed 40 percent.
Ukraine has highly competent, welleducated and well-trained women employed
in the public administration, with the necessary working experience and skills to occupy
senior management positions. Gender stereotypes are among the reasons preventing
them from advancing in their careers.
Rural population. Traditional views and
limited opportunities for political participation beyond elections are some of the barriers
to political inclusion facing the rural population, which comprises 31 percent of Ukraines
population.13 In rural areas, the economic
crisis has aggravated issues of poor social
infrastructure, unemployment, poverty and
depopulation.
The rural population is rather active in
elections, which reflects wide-spread traditions and stereotypes of the Soviet era. But
Independent International Experts Commission (2010).

39
04.07.2011 17:40:18
2.1
Exclusion of Homeless People from Public Life
BOX
We are pariahs in society. We are rubbish. I do not feel part of society any more
[] I feel part of society only in the reintegration centre. Apart from this, I think
there is no society in our country (Oleksandr, Sumy).
We are treated like dogs. If you do not have identification documents, nobody
needs you. And you think it is possible not to suffer when nobody considers you
as a person? On the other hand, why should I suffer? You find a place to spend a
night and a piece of bread, and then you can enjoy your life. Why are we worse
than the others? We are exactly the same as all the others; we have two legs to
walk (Oleksandr, Odesa).
2.2
Exclusion of Immigrants from Public Life
BOX
Everything is about documents. In order to have full rights in Ukraine, one

should be a citizen of Ukraine. But if you are not a citizen of Ukraine, then you
have no rights. You have absolutely no rights. The only help you can receive is
help from your family (Armenians). [] The problem is that we cannot become
Ukrainian citizens as of now. We need to live in the country officially for five
years. In order to obtain citizenship we need either to get an official job, which
is impossible, or to get married to a Ukrainian woman. We cannot get official
registration (Samvel, citizen of Armenia, Zhytomyr).
political participation is limited to voting
and does not involve other mechanisms
to influence local decision-making and
control over activities of the local authorities.
According to available data, informal practices are more rooted and stronger in rural
than in urban areas and represent a serious
barrier to the rationalization and modernization of political processes. The friend
alien dichotomy is marked in local elections,
making rotation within political and administrative spheres more difficult, as informal
groups of influence concentrate resources in
their hands and build up tight patronclient
relationships with rural populations. 11
Marginalized groups. Deep-seated public
stereotypes and limited mechanisms facilitating participation in the life of society are
some of the barriers to the political inclusion of marginalized groups, which include
those without a permanent place of residence (the homeless), illegal immigrants,
former convicts, others. Without identification (58 percent of children and young
people living on the streets have no passport
after turning 16 years old) and registration
documents, they have no opportunity to get
an education, solve housing problems, earn
11
40
an income legally, receive social assistance,

access medical and social services or realize
their political rights. The results are, understandably, apathy and a loss of will to stand
up for their rights.
There are no mechanisms to ensure the
participation of immigrants in political life.
The majority of immigrants have left their
native country hoping to find a better life.
According to data from the Ministry of
Internal Affairs of Ukraine, there are 279,000
foreign residents in the country; according
to experts assessments, there are 700,000
800,000 illegal immigrants. Immigrants settle
down in big cities, mostly in the north and
east of Ukraine and close to Kyiv.
These groups face challenges related to
their legal status and their access to many
social programmes and services. They have
to go through complex processes of preparation and legalization of documents and
obtain different permits. In addition to bureaucratic complexities, they may face corruption,
particularly among employees of law enforcement agencies, while applying for the necessary documents. Refugees, for instance, do not
have residence, therefore they cannot obtain
a decent job, be registered as unemployed or
access free training. They also cannot legalize
diplomas from foreign universities or confirm
qualifications, as Ukraine does not have, yet,
the relevant mechanisms for this.
The countrys legal framework protects
immigrants from political exclusion and foresees criminal prosecution for displays of
xenophobia and racism. The Constitution of
Ukraine states that foreigners and stateless
persons who are in Ukraine on legal grounds
enjoy the same rights and freedoms and also
bear the same duties as citizens of Ukraine,
with the exceptions established by the Constitution, laws or international treaties of Ukraine.
The Law of Ukraine on the Legal Status of
Foreigners, adopted in 2001, defines migrants
rights to property, education, consciousness
and movement and guarantees their personal
rights. According to this law, foreigners have
the right to take part in all legal associations
of individuals except political parties. Consequently, persons without citizenship do not
have the right to elect or be elected in state
authorities or to take part in referendums.11
Despite this supportive legislation, the
political inclusion of immigrants is extremely
Ukraine joined the Convention on the Status of Refugees in January 2002 and the Protocol on the Status of Refugees
in 1967. The country has also ratified the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Declaration on
Races and Racial Prejudices (1978), the UNESCO Declaration on the Principles of Tolerance (1995), the European Social
Charter (1996), the European Convention on Nationality (1997) and the Framework Convention for the Protection of
National Minorities (1998). Ukraine signed an agreement with the EU on readmission in 2010.
04.07.2011 17:40:18
slow and controversial. The local population

is not always psychologically ready for the
emergence of big enclaves of immigrants,
which, in some cases, causes inter-ethnic
tension, xenophobia and racism. Mass media
contribute to these negative public perceptions by focusing on immigrants criminal
activities. These factors contribute to the relative political exclusion of immigrants, due
to myths and perceptions, competition on
the labour market and informal practices.
Around 50 percent of those interviewed
had heard about unfriendly attitudes on the
part of the local population and 25 percent
had witnessed such attitudes.12 Furthermore, foreigners had encountered displays
of aggression by the police (19 percent of
respondents highlighted the attitude of the
police towards immigrants as negative).13
Conclusions
An inclusive society entails the ability of
all citizens to have their voices heard. Effective political inclusion is ensured by means
of complex mechanisms, processes and
practices through which citizens and groups
articulate their interests and exercise their
rights and obligations.
The coexistence of new democratic
elements and elements of old Soviet institutions in Ukraine has resulted in low levels of
state transparency and accountability, inadequate separation of politics and the public
administration and weak rule of law. As a
result, the political and economic spheres
are still not independent from each other,
meaning that powerful vested interests can
capture political processes and state institutions to advance their economic interests,
with negative effects on democratic reform.
Meanwhile, old institutions also influence the
political behaviour of many citizens.
Existing political institutions and practices mean poor empowerment for the
12
13
average Ukrainian to participate in political

processes, thus excluding citizens from the
process of elaboration of socially relevant
decisions, including those which affect
them directly. Citizens do not believe that
their voice or actions count: more than half
of the Ukrainian population does not feel
that it has an influence on the political situation. The public administration does not
have enough capacity to promote participatory approaches to policy-making. Vulnerable groups are rarely involved in Government operations, including policy design,
programme implementation and monitoring
and delivery of services at the local level.
Mass media are not always free, which
limits access to objective and impartial
information and the transparency of political processes. There is no spread of strong
civil organizations that can represent broad
societal interests, and especially vulnerable
groups, in the democratic process. Incomplete decentralization has not established
effective mechanisms for participation in
local decision-making processes.
There are barriers to political participation for particular groups of the population.
Low incomes, dependence on state support
and paternalistic views of the state limit the
political inclusion of the elderly. Youth are
widely apathetic and distrustful of political
processes that exclude them from meaningful involvement. Old gender stereotypes
and weak support for gender equality create
barriers to the political inclusion of women.
Traditional views and limited opportunities
for participation in political life beyond elections are barriers to inclusion of rural populations. Deep-seated public stereotypes and
limited mechanisms limit the political inclusion of marginalized groups (the homeless,
illegal immigrants, former convicts, others).
Immigrants face challenges resolving their
legal status which mean they cannot access
many social programmes and services.
Almashy (2008).
Eastern European Development Institute (2008).
41
04.07.2011 17:40:18
42
04.07.2011 17:40:18
Exclusion from Cultural Life

and Education
CH APTER
In a modern and dynamic world, citizens prosperity, as well as a country success depends, among
others, on the possibility to use the cultural assets of a society and to ensure favorable conditions for
creativity and cultural diversity. The state policy in the cultural sphere should therefore aim at creating
such a favourable environment that ensures the inclusion of all. Preventing or overcoming cultural
exclusion, that is, limitations to the opportunities of representatives of any social, ethnic, religious or
other groups to utilize their cultural achievements and participate in their creation, is important for the
development of individuals, society and the state.
In one or another way, cultural exclusion
may be pertinent to ethnic Ukrainians,
as well as to the national minorities,
large and small religious groups and
language minorities; groups different
in terms of their economic status;
migrants; elderly people; sexual minorities; people living with HIV; drug users;
persons with disabilities; and those who
live far from cultural centres.
Education systems are traditionally
meant to integrate people into systems
of socio-cultural values and relationships. Education as a social institute
ensures that the needs of society are
fulfilled in relation to the reproduction
and transfer of accumulated knowledge and skills to younger generations through teaching, upbringing
and practical socialization, and helps
to elevate younger generations to a
higher cultural level. Education also
has as a major goal developing the
personality. Experts consider education
not only as the most important tool to
decrease young peoples innate social
inequality and support their upward
mobility, but also a condition of their
successful inclusion and active participation in social life. Education level
is an important factor determining
a persons entrance into the labour
market, competitiveness and socioeconomic status.
Exclusion from education means the

restriction of an individuals access
to education at any level (from preschool to higher education) and for a
specific number of reasons. International research identifies the following
groups as excluded: children and
teenagers who do not have access
to education; individuals who drop
out from school and do not achieve a
sufficient educational level; and individuals who have unsatisfactory or poor
grades in school (including children
who repeat grades). Those who are
at increased risk of exclusion include
children and teenagers with special
needs (mainly people with physical or
mental disabilities); migrants; ethnic,
language, cultural and religious minorities; homeless or working children;
beggars; children of refugees; orphans;
children living with HIV; child-victims
of violence; and children and young
people for whom education and vocational training do not correspond to
their needs and aspirations.
It is widely recognized that the level
of education is closely correlated with
the level of human development.
Therefore, the elimination of manifestation of exclusion from education,
together with that of various institutional and financial barriers, is a precondition for progress in a society.
43
04.07.2011 17:40:18
3.1
Exclusion
from Cultural Life
The role of culture in the development

of the Ukrainian society is defined by the
following factors:
Ensuring the broad access to cultural
assets, including assets of world culture,
for the spiritual, aesthetic and educational
enrichment of each individual;
Stimulation of societys creative potential
and cultural capital to foster knowledgebased economy and the development of
national creative industries;
Preservation and actualization of cultural
and historic heritage to foster socioeconomic development and enrichment
of the worlds culture through the national
cultural assets;
Preservation of the cultural diversity of the
modern multi-ethnic Ukrainian nation,
protecting its unique ethnic components
from the impact of globalization and
integration and mutual reinforcement
of the cultural assets of all groups of
population.
Sociological studies suggest that largescale changes in the structure and nature of
individuals cultural activities and leisure have
occurred in Ukraine since independence.
Some cultural practices that were widespread some time ago, usually largely subsidized by the state, have lost their popularity.
At the same time, new elements of culture,
such as show business, pop music and the
entertainment industry, are expanding their
influence. Modernization and accelerated
cultural changes, especially when they take
extreme forms, may have a serious impact
on traditional cultural values, and this, in its
turn, strengthens exclusion of certain groups
of population. 1 2
There are vast and sometimes striking
discrepancies in forms of leisure and patterns
of cultural consumption between the rich
and the poor, which create, to some extent,
a threat to social harmony and consolidation. Lifestyles and values of the rich often
contradict traditional societys values. These
discrepancies, caused by economic gaps in
the society, lead to a gap in access to culture;
thus, some groups become excluded from
the cultural life due to low income (and low
capacities to purchase cultural goods),
distance from cultural centres, poor education and other factors. The access of disad1
2
44
vantaged groups to cultural assets and events

should be supported, otherwise the high art,
such as opera, comfortable modern cinemas
and jazz clubs, will remain a culture for the
chosen, while the majority of the population
will access culture only through television
and free of charge pre-election shows in city
squares.
Differences in cultural practices and lifestyles between the capital, oblast centres and
the periphery also create threats to exclusion. Official statistics of Ukrainian households expenditures on culture and leisure
indicate the magnitude of these differences:
inhabitants of big cities spent 3.8 times more
on culture and leisure than rural area inhabitants in 2009. Money is not the only issue: the
number of cinemas, libraries and book stores
is noticeably smaller in the periphery. Residents of big cities can access culture through
a number of channels, such as television,
internet, print publications and tourist infrastructure, which are often unavailable in rural
settlements. Rural inhabitants (one-third of
the Ukrainian population) usually have access
to three or four television channels, wired
radio and a local newspaper issued once in a
weak. Hence, big cities and villages in Ukraine
appear to come from different cultural
spaces, if not different eras.
Language is among the important
factors to determine cultural exclusion of
some population groups in Ukraine. This
relates above all to language policy, and the
status and conditions of studying and using
different languages. Whether Ukraine should
have only one state language Ukrainian or
whether Russian should also receive such a
status forms part of a political discusson.
The following analysis of ethnic and
language situation in communities in such
regions of Ukraine as the Autonomous
Republic of Crimea (ARC), the Ukrainian
Northern Azov Territories1 (UNAT) and Transcarpathia, which contain compact settlements of national minorities,2 underlines the
importance of the language aspect in the
context of exclusion.
In the ethnic structure of communities
in the ARC, the share of Ukrainians is 24.3
percent; Russians 58.3 percent; Crimean
Tatars 12.0 percent; Byelorussians 1.4
percent; Tatars 0.5 percent; Armenians 0.4
percent; Bulgarians 0.1 percent; Greeks
0.1 percent; and Germans 0.1 percent. In
the UNAT, the share of Ukrainians, according
Degterenko (2008).
The only representative source of the data is the All-Ukraine Census of 2001.
CHAPTER 3. EXCLUSION FROM CULTURAL LIFE AND EDUCATION
04.07.2011 17:40:19
to the All-Ukrainian Census of 2001, is equal

to 52.7 percent; Russians 37.8 percent;
Greeks 4.7 percent; and Bulgarians 2.3
percent other ethnic communities do not
reach even 1 percent (in some rayons of
the region, such as Telman, Volodarsk and
Pervomaysk, the number of ethnic Greeks
varies between 17.5 and 20.1 percent). In
Transcarpathia, Ukrainians constitute 80.5
percent of the population; Hungarians 12.1
percent; Romanians 2.6 percent; Russians
2.5 percent; Roma 1.1 percent; and others
to less than 1 percent of the population.3
Peoples ethno-linguistic competence
and recognition of a certain language as the
mother tongue is a qualitative characteristic
of communities in the ARC, the UNAT and
Transcarpathia. Scientific discourse identifies several components of bilingualism as
a social phenomenon: language competence (proficiency in mother tongue and
other languages); language activities (use of
different languages in different life situations);
and ethno-language orientation (attitudes
towards each of language of society).
In terms of language competence, in the
ARC, 62.7 percent of Ukrainians are fluent in
Russian as their second language and 75.6
percent are fluent in their national language as
the second language. Only 0.2 percent of the
regions non-Ukrainian nationalities named
Ukrainian as their mother tongue during the
Census of 2001, out of which 3.1 percent
Bulgarians; 1.1 percent Germans; 1.1 percent
Greeks; 0.9 percent Byelorussians; 0.3 percent
Armenians; 0.2 percent Russians; 1.1 percent
Tatars; and 0.1 percent Crimean Tatars. 4
Only 0.8 percent of the non-Ukrainian
nationalities in UNAT named Ukrainian as
their mother tongue during the Census of
2001, out of which18.3 percent Roma; 17.8
percent Poles; 7.1 percent Germans; 6.7
percent Moldovans; 3.3 percent Jews; 3.1
percent Byelorussians; 3.0 percent Bulgarians; 2.5 percent Tatars; 2.2 percent Georgians 2.2 percent Greeks; 1.8 percent Armenians; and 1.3 percent Russians. These data
suggest that the use of the Russian language
in multi-ethnic communities of the ARC and
the UNAT is, somehow, more intense than in
Ukraine in general.
In general, relatively low indicators of
studying of and proficiency in the Ukrainian
language among the population of the ARC
can create some barriers to the social inclusion of Crimeans of different ethnic origin at
the national level. For instance, graduates of
3
4
3.1
BOX
Language Situation in the ARC, the UNAT and

Transcarpathia
In the ARC, 99.7 percent of Russians, 93.0 percent of Crimean Tatars, 67.8
percent of Tatars, 52.9 percent of Armenians, 40.4 percent of Ukrainians,
23.8 percent of Greeks, 18.4 percent of Bulgarians and 17.1 percent of
Byelorussians consider their own language the mother tongue. That is twice
as many Russians and Crimean Tatars as Ukrainians consider the language of
their nationality as their mother tongue. The level of knowledge of the mother
tongue among Russian nationality inhabitants of the ARC is around four
times, six times and almost eleven times higher than the analogous indicator
of representatives of ethnic Greek, Byelorussian and German communities,
respectively. In particular, during the All-Ukrainian Census of 2001, 88.7
percent of Germans named Russian language as the mother tongue, as did
81.8 percent of Byelorussians, 77.6 percent of Bulgarians, 71.8 percent of
Greeks, 46.1 percent of Armenians, 25.0 percent of Tatars and 5.9 percent of
Crimean Tatars. The majority of ARC Ukrainians (59.5 percent) also consider
Russian language their mother tongue.
In the UNAT, Russian is considered as the mother tongue by 98.6 percent of
Russians, 40.8 percent of Armenians, 38.9 percent of Bulgarians, 36.1 percent
of Ukrainians, 32.1 percent of Roma, 25.2 percent of Tatars, 20.6 percent of
Georgians, 14.1 percent of Moldovans, 10.5 percent of Byelorussians, 5.3
percent of Germans, 4.9 percent of Greeks, 3.7 percent of Poles and 2.7 percent
of Jews. Almost three times as many Russians consider their national language
as the mother tongue than Ukrainians do for their national language. Level of
knowledge of the mother tongue among Russians is 20 times higher than that
for Greek ethnic community.
Therefore, UNAT and ARC communities are characterized by the tendency
towards a gradual substitution of national languages as the mother tongue by
Russian. In particular, during the All-Ukrainian Census of 2001, 94.0 percent
of Jews named Russian language as their mother tongue in UNAT, as did 92.8
percent of Greeks, 87.4 percent of Germans, 86.1 percent of Byelorussians,
78.2 percent of Poles, 78.0 percent of Moldovans, 76.7 percent of Georgians,
71.8 percent of Tatars, 57.8 percent of Bulgarians, 56.7 percent of Armenians
and 49.3 percent of Tatars. The majority of Ukrainians in the UNAT (63.8
percent) also considered Russian their mother tongue.
The situation in Transcarpathia is different. 99.2 percent of Ukrainians, 97.1
percent of Hungarians, 99.0 percent of Romanians, 91.7 percent of Russians
and 20.5 percent of Roma consider their national languages their mother
tongue. Russian language is said to be the mother tongue by 0.5 percent
of Ukrainians, 0.2 percent of Hungarians, 0.1 percent of Romanians and 0.2
percent of Roma. Ukrainian is considered the mother tongue by 2.6 percent
of Hungarians, 0.5 percent of Romanians, 7.9 percent of Russians and 16.7
percent of Roma.4
general educational institutions, who have
insufficient proficiency in the state language,
can suffer from lower competitiveness when
applying for and studying in higher educational institutions.
In the ARC in the 2010/11 academic year,
13,609 students were taught in Ukrainian in
Kuras Institute of Political and Ethnic Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2008).
45
04.07.2011 17:40:19
general educational institutions, which represent, 8.1 percent of all students enrolled.
In the same academic year, a total of 318
general educational institutions had Russian
as the language of instruction in the ARC.
A total of 160 classes with Russian as the
language of instruction (3,624 students) were
opened in 9 schools with a Ukrainian language
instruction system. Another 142 general
educational institutions with two languages
of instruction (Russian and Ukrainian) had
2,307 classes with Russian as the language
of instruction (49,967 students). In 27 general
educational institutions with two languages
of instruction (Russian and Crimean Tatar),
6,889 people studied with Russian as the
language of instruction in 366 classes. In addition, 551 classes (with 12,132 students) with
Russian as the language of instruction functioned in schools with three languages of
tuition (Russian, Ukrainian and Crimean Tatar).
Overall, in the 2010/11 academic year 149,793
students, which represent 88.6 percent of all
students enrolled, were taught in Russian. The
decrease in the number of students studying
in Russian can be attributed to both a reduction in the number of students generally and
an increase in the number of students with
Ukrainian or Crimean Tatar as the language of
instruction.
Meanwhile, 15 general educational institutions with Crimean Tatar as the language
of instruction (3,115 students), 1 general
educational institution with Ukrainian and
Crimean Tatar as the languages of instruction,
27 schools with two languages of instruction
(82 classes, 882 students) and 34 schools with
three languages of instruction (117 classes,
1,365 students) operate in the ARC. Experts
state, however, that not the whole education
in schools with Crimean Tatar language of
instruction is performed in the Crimean Tatar
language, due to a lack of handbooks and
teachers. Overall, 5,903 students (16.6 percent
of all students of Crimean Tatar nationality)
are being taught in Crimean Tatar; 29,413
students have Crimean Tatar language as a
discipline (82.7 percent of the general number
of students of Crimean Tatar nationality).
Insufficiency of textbooks, training materials and qualified teachers is a major obstacle
to improving the quality of the Crimean Tatar
language study. A total of 88.9 percent of
classes with Crimean Tatar as the language
of instruction have the necessary amount
of textbooks (for classes with Ukrainian as
the language of instruction the share is 94.2
percent and for classes using Russian it is 97.8
percent). Opportunities to study their mother
46
tongue are provided for Crimeans of other

nationalities within the general educational
institution system.
In the UNAT, 87.8 percentof inhabitants
are fluent in Russian as their second language,
while 76.6 percent of inhabitants are fluent in
the language of their nationality as a second
language. Corresponding indicators for the
Ukrainian language for the country as a whole
look better 58.1 percent and 96.8 percent,
respectively. In Transcarpathia, indicators of
language competence are as follows: 26.4
percent of inhabitantsare fluent in Russian
as a second language and 1.3 percent are
fluent in the language of their nationality as a
second language; 45.5 percent of Hungarians
are fluent in Ukrainian and 30.4 percent of
Hungarians are fluent in Russian; 24.2 percent
Romanian are fluent in Ukrainian and 37.5
percent in Russian; and 74.5 percent Russians
are fluent in Ukrainian as a second language.
Language competence as a part of the
general social potential of ethnic communities of Ukraine should be considered in relation to several aspects.
Socio-cultural aspects. It is important to
ensure that all minorities have opportunities
to study and use their native languages, and
at the same time respect the official national
language. A total of 70.1 percent of Russians;
52.3 percent of Byelorussians, 47.7 percent of
Germans, 45.4 percent of Greeks; 33.5 percent
of Ukrainians; 35.3 percent of Bulgarians; 28.4
percent of Armenians and 21.0 percent of
Crimean Tatars in the ARC admitted that they
did not know any language except for the one
they considered their mother tongue. Figures
for the UNAT were 37.5 percent of Russians;
16.7 percent of Byelorussians; 44.0 percent of
Germans; 24.4 percentof Greeks; 7.1 percent
of Georgians; 21.9 percent of Tatars; 14.2
percent of Poles; 12.0 percent of Moldovans;
23.7 percent of Ukrainians; 22.3 percent of
Armenians; and 14.9 percent of Bulgarians.
Such a situation could reduce opportunities
for inter-ethnic contacts, limit the general
cultural competenceof the people and create
the basis for inter-ethnic tensions. This, in its
turn, would limit the opportunities for human
development and would result in cultural
and social exclusion.
Educational-cultural aspects. The Soviet
legacy in education, when the Ukrainian
language was for rural areas and Russian
language for urban areas (and fully in the
east and south) has left important traces in
the current education system. The network
of institutions for the study of languages of
ethnic groups that are concentrated in parti-
04.07.2011 17:40:19
cular regions has gradually broadened across

the country since the 1990s. In particular, the
number of educational institutions for the
study of not only the Ukrainian language
but also Modern Greek, Bulgarian, German,
Crimean Tatar, Hebrew and other languages
has gradually increased in the UNAT. This
is facilitating a revival of the regions traditional ethno-cultural environment. Considerable attention is being paid to preserving
the Greek Urum and Rumei dialects, among
others.
Socio-economic aspects. There is a close
relationship between cultural exclusion,
social exclusion and poverty, as participation in mainstream culture can help reduce
poverty levels and reduce social exclusion.
For example, individuals may be able to
develop skills and trust, improve their level
of competitiveness in the labour market and
excel in other areas.
Ethnic identity could have both positive and negative impact on the processes
of cultural inclusion, for instance influencing
ethnic division of labour on particular territories. One example comes from the UNAT,
where ethnic Greeks are concentrated. The
Greeks are involved mainly in intellectual
labour: 40 percent of Greeks in Mariupol (3
percent of the citys population) are white
collar legislators, higher-level civil servants,
managers, professionals, specialists and technical office workers, who are involved mainly
in intellectual labour. At the same time, the
proportion of white collars in the employed
population of Mariupol city is less than 37
percent. These indicators are not an exception. Bulgarians in the region (third place in
Zaporizhzhia oblast of the UNAT) take up
about 30 percent of white collar jobs.
The implementation of the Government
Programme for the Social and Economic
Development of the ARC up to 2017, as well
as the Strategy of Socio-Economic Development of ARC up to 2020 could help in stabilizing the ethno-cultural situation in this
region in particular. The Programme and the
Strategy envisage the following measures to
be undertaken in the area of culture: preservation, restoration and state registration of
monuments of cultural heritage of state and
local value; promotion of the right to education in a native language and creation of
proper terms for the educational process
through the construction of general and preschool educational institutions; ensuring the
development of the regions cultural sphere,
preservation and enhancement of the existing
material and technical base of cultural institu-
tions; providing state support for the development of the Ukrainian language; support
to activities of national cultural associations,
and carrying out the restoration and repair of
cultural heritage objects.
Exclusion could be also caused by religious beliefs and identities. According to polls
conducted by UNDP in 2007 in Crimea, 73
percent of respondents defined themselves as
believers. There is a wide diversity of churches
in the ARC, enabling believers to satisfy their
spiritual needs. Meanwhile, opportunities for
believers to execute their rights differ in some
religious groups, depending on the group size,
it solidarity and other factors.
In the ARC, similar to the whole Ukraine,
churches were given various opportunities to
claim back the property formerly belonging
to communities, as well as to educate clergy,
conduct services and missionary activities.
The number of temples increased by 16.5
times in the period of 19912007, though
it may still correspond to only 50 percent of
the needs. Although there are educational
establishments for the main religions, nearly
all confessions lack well-educated clergy to
cover the whole territory of the ARC. Religious beliefs in Crimea coincide to a large
extent with ethnic identities: 7278 percent
of Russians and Ukrainians attribute themselves to the Orthodox Christianity, and 94
percent of Crimean Tatars to Islam.
The relationship between the state and
the church is a separate issue: some religious
groups formulate their own agenda towards
the state officials, some even blame authorities of favouritism towards other confessions,
corruption and lack of coherent state policy
in this area. Several issues have been raised
by representatives of various confessions,
and especially of Islam with regard to the
slow return of property.
There are cases when some religious
groups blame others in manipulating the
legislation, thus gaining advantage and extra
resources for development. There is certainly
a need to work out a coherent policy with
regard to the development of the religious
sphere. Such a policy is especially important,
because changes in the spiritual sphere
and the structure of religious organizations
are rapid, and many factors have a significant impact on their dynamics. These factors
include, among others, clashes and controversies within particular religious groups over
the leading role in Ukraine (or in a region),
presence and missionary activity from abroad,
significant dependence of confessional situation from policies conducted by local authoriNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011
47
04.07.2011 17:40:19
ties, use of religions by some politicians. Therefore, some tendencies among various religious
groups may deepen the exclusion of their
adherents and limit access to education and
cultural assets in Ukraine.
3.2
Exclusion
from Education
Exclusion in education is a result of the

restriction of access of certain people or whole
groups to educational resources. Inequality
of educational opportunities and unavailability of education for different categories
of the population can be considered a social
problem since it also relates to social fairness and equality. At the same time, education availability is defined not as the ultimate
goal but as an important factor in ensuring
social integrity and stability. Experts from the
Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) define equality in
education as the existence of an educational
environment in which individuals can consider
their options and make life choices taking into
account their own talents and skills, and not on
the basis of stereotypes, prejudiced hopes and
discrimination. In such an educational environment, economic and social opportunities
are provided regardless of gender, ethnicity,
race or social situation.5 6 7 8 9 10
Traditional educational models already
cannot satisfy the needs of a continuously
evolving socio-cultural environment. For
example, people with special needs face
discrimination in relation to access to, active
participation in and successful completion of education at all levels. A new inclusive educational model is needed, taking
into account multiple disciplines and social
aspects of inclusion and linked to many
fields, such as social, health care, employment and migration policy, and even policy
related to city building and provision of
amenities.
In accordance with OECD recommendations,6 fairness in the field of education has two interrelated aspects: 1) equality
of opportunities, which means that personal
characteristics and conditions (e.g. gender,
5
6
7
9
10
48
socio-economic situation or ethnic background) should not be barriers to the

realization of potential in education; and
2) inclusion, which means the existence of
a minimum educational level for all people
(e.g. proficiency of every person in reading,
writing and arithmetic).7 Ensuring the realization of the right to education by all people is
a pre-condition for social inclusion.
The citizens of Ukraine have a wide range
of declared rights to education.8 Despite this,
there are a number of drivers of exclusion
from education, which include the urbanrural divide; disparities in socio-economic
development between regions; different
household financial capacities; inadequate
organization and financial mechanisms in
educational institutions; insufficient funds
for technical and material provision, for
example textbooks and visual aids; inconsistency between Ukrainian educational
methods and international standards; a
gap between obtained knowledge and the
economys requirements; low wages for
pedagogical workers and associated problems with educational institution staff; and
more.9
Overall, Ukraine scores fairly high on
education indicators (literacy, enrolment rate
in secondary education, number of students
per 10,000 population). According to HBS
2008 data, 95.4 percent of children aged
1518 years are students or pupils and 69.5
percent of those aged 1522 years.10 There
are no gender restrictions in accessing any
levels of education in Ukraine; among the
population enrolled in higher education
there is even a gender imbalance in favour
of women. Exclusion from education rather
occurs in unequal access to high-quality
educational services and considerable crosssettlement differentiation of the levels of
education.
Pre-school education. The closure of a
significant number of pre-school education institutions (PSEIs) in the 1990s, which
was accompanied by an unprecedented
decline in the birth rate, is the major reason
for a decrease in the level of coverage of children with pre-school education. In the 1990s,
almost 40 percent of state-funded PSEIs were
Meshkova and Zhelezov.

UN (2008b).
It is clear that the minimum educational level in Ukraine foresees significantly higher competences. General secondary
education is prescribed by law.
Citizens of Ukraine are eligible for free of charge education in all state educational institutions regardless of their
gender, race, nationality, social and property stance, occupation, mindset, political party membership, views on religion,
confession, health, place of residence and other conditions.
Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and UNICEF (2010).
Without taking into account extra-mural students.
04.07.2011 17:40:19
3.1
FIGURE
Number of Places in Pre-school Educational Institutions and Number of Children,

19912010 (thousands)
Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
closed, a significant number of them in rural

areas owing to the collapse of collective and
state farms that funded these.
As a result, 44 percent of school-age
children, including 33 percent of children in
rural areas, do not attend PSEIs in 2010.11 At
the same time, in some rural regions PSEIs are
half empty. A number of factors contribute to
such low enrolment rates: ageing of the rural
population; excessively high costs for rural
inhabitants of placing a child in a PSEI; and
traditions of bringing up children at home
before they attend school. However, a significant share of children from rural areas cannot
even attend these institutions as they do not
exist 71 percent of villages with school-age
children have no PSEI. In urban areas, there
is a shortage of childcare places,12 with from
113 in 1990 to 123 children per 100 spots in
2010. 13
Non-attendance of PSEIs for any reason
or attendance of an overcrowded PSEI limits
a childs important starting opportunities.
Education of pre-school-age children (five
years old), which became obligatory from
2010, is especially important to ensure an
equal start in school. In light of the shortage
of spots places in PSEIs, general secondary
educational institutions provide education
to children of pre-school age through special
11
12
13
groups. In some instances, children visit traditional PSEIs temporarily (for a few hours).
Almost 40 percent of childcare institutions are located in modified and adapted
buildings and therefore do not have the
needed infrastructure. Only 4 percent of
them have swimming pools. An absence
of necessary equipment hinders childrens
balanced development, which is especially
important in the context of an increase of
hypodynamia and child morbidity. Private or
privileged institutions remain unaffordable
for the majority of families.
General secondary education. According
to the legislation, general secondary education is mandatory and free of charge in Ukraine.
Coverage could be considered complete:
99 percent of children aged 618 years are
enrolled.13 However, a general decrease in the
number of school-age children in rural areas,
combined with underdevelopment of the road
and transport network, has led to the spread
of ungraded schools, which do not organize
students formally according to age-based
grade levels.
These schools appear to provide a lower
quality of education due to poor quality
of teaching materials. In addition, in each
second village with children of 717 years
of age there are no schools.In such a case,
This indicator is at its minimum in Cherkasy and Sumy oblasts (32 percent) and at its maximum (64 percent) in IvanoFrankivsk oblast.
Capacity to increase the number of groups on the basis of operating institutions, which were used widely in previous
years, is almost exhausted. As a result, inhabitants of big cities often register their child at birth in a queue to secure a
spot in a PSEI.
Record-keeping data for children of 618 years of age. Record keeping is a function of education authorities. 88.3 percent of children complete secondary education in general secondary education institutions, 4.7 percent in vocational education institutions
and 5.9 percent in central branches of higher education institutions of all accreditation levels in 2010/11 academic year.
49
04.07.2011 17:40:19
3.2
BOX
Displays of Prejudice towards Children in the

Education System
Almost 40 percent of parents consider it unacceptable for children with HIV/

AIDS to attend general schools and 30 percent of parents believe children with
disabilities should not attend general schools.
children should be provided with public

transportation to go to school. Although a
special state programme School Bus was
adopted, each 10th pupil in rural areas is not
covered by it due to constant lack of funds, a
high number of broken and old vehicles, and
absence of hard surface roads.
The lack of suitably qualified teachers
and material and equipment is considered
as barriers to accessing modern education
for Ukrainian children and teenagers, especially in rural areas. In the 2010/11 academic
year, only 57.5 percent of general secondary
educational institutions have an internet
connection, including 45.11 percent of those
in rural areas. A full computerization and
informatization of general secondary schools
would help to decrease the influence of the
geographical distance factor and narrow
the digital gap among children, and in
particular to overcome the challenges facing
children and teenagers from rural and mountainous regions and from small towns.
Specialized schools, high schools,
lyceums and colleges provide education of
much higher quality. These mostly charge
fees for studies. These institutions are located
mainly in big cities, where inhabitants have
significantly higher incomes. As a result, 75.6
percent of respondents estimated that their
childrens opportunities were equal to those
of other children in the same settlement (6.5
percent estimatedthat they were worse);
when comparing them with the opportunities of the majority of children in the country,
65.8 percent considered them equal and 15.5
percent worse.14 15 16
Social tensions among teenagers caused
by a desire to be popular among children
of the same age were considered an important element of exclusion by 34.0 percent
of respondents. Problems of exclusion of
children based on ethnic features, particularly displays of discrimination on the side of
teachers, are much less acute: 52.2 percent of
respondents felt there was no such problem
in Ukrainian schools (Table 3.1).
14
15
16
50
Communication and patterns of socialization among children are not limited by

ethnic, religious or cultural boundaries. In particular, 34.7 percent of children communicate
constantly with children of another ethnic
origin, 33.2 percent with children of another religion and 9.1 percent with immigrants.15 Prejudices are spread more among older groups and
are often related to perceived risks to the health
and development of their children resulting
from communication (first of all studying), such
as with children with disabilities.
Vocational education. The vocational
education system could make a positive contribution to Ukraines economic development by
educating and training individuals to join the
labour market. It continues to play an important role in the inclusion of vulnerable categories of youth in public life, such as orphans and
children in state care. At the end of 2010, these
two categories amounted to 30.7 percent of
students enrolled in vocational educational
institutions, including orphans and children
in state care 4.3 percent; half-orphans
17.0 percent; individuals with physical and
mental disabilities 1.4 percent; teenagers from
low-income families 7.4 percent; and teenagers from problem families 2.5 percent.
At the same time, vocational education
appears to fail training vulnerable groups of
the population sufficiently to integrate them
fully into the labour market and thus ensure
their social inclusion. Curricula are often not
aligned with the needs of potential employers
and changing markets; as a consequence,
many vocational schools train people for fields
where job opportunities are rare.
Higher education. There are no institutional obstacles to obtaining a higher education in Ukraine. The Constitution of Ukraine
stipulates that citizens have the right to a
free higher education in state and communal
higher education facilities, on a competitive
basis within higher education standards, if
they obtain a certain level of education and
qualification at the first time.
The higher education system in Ukraine
is constantly developing, ensuring that more
youth can access and benefit from it every year.
Despite existing popular views pointing to the
contrary, higher education institutions are as
accessible for rural youth in Ukraine as for urban
youth.16 Rural inhabitants have the choice of
both future profession and educational institution. However, the lower quality of secondary
education in rural areas negatively affects the
Social Exclusion Survey (2009).

Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (2007).
04.07.2011 17:40:19
chances of being admitted to higher education

institutions for rural residents.
Differences in levels of incomes and
market relationships have resulted in
inequalities in access to professional education. Currently, a significant part of the
population has to cover their own tuition
and other related expenses. The majority of
the population faces challenges in doing so.
Whereas a total of 38.4 percent of the population admitted a shortage of personal funds
for nutritional needs; 35 percent for housing
payments; 57.9 percent for medical services;
and 58.8 percent for purchasing clothes,
62.2 percent highlighted a shortage of
personal funds for educational payments.17
Households with low incomes cannot afford
to pay for education for themselves or their
children.
The poverty level among those who are
too short of funds to obtain a professional
education is 1.6 times higher than the average
in Ukraine. In general, according to the BHS, in
2009 6.4 percent of households suffered from
a shortage of funds to obtain any professional education, in particular 7.5 percent
of households in big cities; 3.9 percent of
households in small towns; and 6.3 percent
of rural households. Therefore, accessibility
of professional education declines with the
size of a settlement. Rural households are
the most excluded on the basis of shortage
of funds to obtain a professional education
3.1
(43.1 percent), even though their share within

the structure of households is equal to 30.8
percent (Table 3.2). Rural residents face a 1.5
time higher risk of not obtaining a professional education than the average population in the country and a twice higher risk
than that faced by urban inhabitants.
3.3
Exclusion of Street Children from Education
BOX
4 percent of youth aged 1019 years living and working on the streets have
never visited school (the largest number is among the youngest); the majority of
street children do not have education documents (certificates or diplomas); 57
percent of children older than 15 years do not have basic secondary education;
86 percent of those aged 1819 years do not have a secondary education. There
are also no specialized programmes for this category of children.
3.4
Exclusion of Orphans from Education
BOX
Orphans often do not have the opportunity to study owing to the prejudice of
educational institutions and to poverty (They did not want to accept me in
school. They told me that there are no places, there are no rooms in dormitories;
I did not receive any help in the school and there were no free meals; I had to
go and make efforts to obtain what I am eligible for; I was told that people like
me are a burden for them; We strove to obtain clothes for three months []
we received it in February [] almost the whole winter we were unclothed;
They saw that I am from a boarding school and refused [] They were scared
as they should provide me with a dormitory and privileges).
Assessment of Major Social Problems of School Environment, 2009 (%)
TABLE
Assessment of the problem
Low quality of education

Poor equipping of school classrooms,
absence of necessary educational
materials
Cruelty, violence
Hooliganism
Drugs
Discipline in classroom
Social tension among teenagers
caused by desire to be popular among
peers
Ethnic intolerance among children
Discrimination on side of teachers
Crime and violence in neighbourhood
of school (on school territory)
Other
Very
serious
Serious
enough
Not very
serious
Not serious
at all
Problem does
not exist
No answer
Do not know
16.4
16.4
23.2
28.6
20.4
18.3
8.9
11.3
27.4
23.0
1.2
1.4
2.40
0.9
7.2
9.1
12.6
12.0
9.1
15.5
21.3
13.8
23.0
25.3
14.8
18.8
10.1
23.2
21.5
13.4
15.9
7.9
17.1
11.7
46.6
31.9
48.7
22.3
26.2
1.0
1.6
2.6
1.0
1.9
1.4
1.4
4.4
1.2
4.4
5.4
6.3
7.2
11.0
14.8
16.1
14.3
15.0
15.2
11.7
12.6
12.0
52.5
47.1
43.5
1.2
1.4
1.7
3.8
2.8
4.4
63.6
27.3
9.1
Source: Social Exclusion Survey (2009).
17
State Statistics Committee of Ukraine (2006).

51
04.07.2011 17:40:19
Education of adults. Both systems of lifelong education and traditions of individual

educational and professional development
of adults are underdeveloped in Ukraine.
Overall, the population has limited skills in
informational technology and telecommunications and poor proficiency in foreign
languages. As a result of demographic
processes, the share of older groups, who
usually have out-dated knowledge, is
increasing constantly. Therefore, leveling
of educational opportunities for all people
should become one of the tasks of postgraduate education.
Exclusion of Roma population from
education. The problem of education of the
Roma population is a critical one.18 Just 0.02
percent of Roma in Ukraine have a higher
education; 4 percent have a complete general
secondary education; 17 percent have basic
general secondary education; and 49 percent
have a general primary education.19
Poor educational outcomes of Roma children are the results of unsystematic school
attendance; ignorance of individual and home
assignments; and lack of parents awareness
of the importance of quality education to
the success of their children. Low skills and
knowledge result also from the mobility of
the Roma population, which means that children change schools frequently.20 Interviews
with Roma parents with children of school
age identified the following reasons for poor
school attendance: 1) financial difficulties,
including the need to make additional outof-pocket payments at school (66 percent);
2) children disliking attending school (36
percent); and 3) the fact that it is difficult
for them to study at school as they do not
understand many subjects and concepts (34
percent). In the context of a general antipathy
to Roma children, there is a lack of special
programmes and interventions to help Roma
to succeed in school.
3.2
Exclusion of children with disabilities from

education. Exclusion from education of children with disabilities results from an old practice of educating them in specialized institutions. Since such institutions are located
mostly in big cities, children residing far from
such centers are often unable to attend them.
In particular, 185 specialized pre-school institutions are concentrated mainly in oblast
centres. The 30 PSEI that have special groups
operate in just 9 regions of the country in
2010.
Only 55 percent of children and teenagers with physical or mental disabilities
attend school. Overall, as of September 2010,
28,623 school-age children (618 years of
age) have physical or intellectual disabilities and do not obtain a general secondary
education in Ukraine. Out of that number,
33.5 percent claim health reasons where
0.8 percent quotes other reasons. A total of
0.6 percent study without getting a general
secondary education and 65.1 percent study
in specialized institutions for children with
intellectual disabilities. This creates barriers to
the development of these children and at the
same time leads to exclusion of their parents
from different areas of public life.
The architectural, educational and
communication environment in many
higher education institutions of the country
remains non-accessible for students with
disabilities, constituting a major barrier
for them to obtain a higher education. In
particular, their architectural configuration
prevents access, appropriate sanitary and
hygienic installations are absent, curricula
and programmes are not modified and
methodological support is inadequate to
address the needs of this group of learners
(e.g. distance learning is underdeveloped).
Another important set of barriers deals with
perceptions. Some teachers at mainstream
schools wrongly believe that the integration
Differences in Inaccessibility of Professional Education by Settlement Size, 2007 (%)
TABLE
Distribution by settlement size of households
Big city
Small town
Village
Total
All
Unable to obtain professional education owing to lack of funds
Risk of impossibility of obtaining professional education

owing to lack of funds, compared with average
43.3
25.9
30.8
100.0
30.9
23.7
45.4
100.0
71.7
91.5
146.5
100.0
Source: Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
18
19
20
52
Osaulenko (2004).
Ukrainian Institute of Social Studies.
04.07.2011 17:40:19
of children with disabilities in school would

disadvantage other children, who would
not receive enough attention from teachers,
which, in its turn, would negatively affect
their performance.
Conclusions
Large-scale changes in the structure and
the nature of cultural activities and leisure
of citizens have taken place in Ukraine
since independence. Modernization and
accelerated cultural changes, especially
when they take extreme forms, may have a
serious impact on traditional cultural values,
and this, in its turn, may strengthen exclusion
of certain groups of population.
There are vast and sometimes striking
discrepancies in forms of leisure and patterns
of cultural consumption between the rich
and the poor, which create, to some extent,
a threat to social harmony and consolidation.
These discrepancies, caused by economic
gaps in the society, lead to a gap in access to
culture; thus, some groups become excluded
from the cultural life due to low income (and
low capacities to purchase cultural goods),
distance from cultural centres, poor education and other factors.
The cultural environment of Ukraine is not
sufficiently inclusive of the cultural diversity
that is created by the presence of a number
of nationality groups. Socio-economic challenges and inadequate state policy create
barriers to cultural inclusion and even lead
to cultural discrimination against certain
groups. Differences in cultural practices in the
capital, oblast centres and rayons also create
barriers to cultural inclusion for many groups
and individuals.
Language is among the important
factors to determine cultural exclusion of
some groups of population in Ukraine. This
relates above all to the language policy, and
the status and conditions of studying and
3.5
BOX
Exclusion from Education of Children with

Disabilities
Limited access of children and youth with disabilities to education is a key

issue that needs to be addressed to ensure their full inclusion in society. There
are limited opportunities for children with disabilities to gain a high-quality
professional education or professional skills, including self-education and selfimprovement during life within chosen activities as well as opportunities to
realize acquired knowledge and skills on the labour market, mainly because of an
absence of proper infrastructure (not only educational) and special opportunities
in educational programmes.
using different languages. Ukraine witnesses
fervent debates over the status, learning and
use of the Russian language in the country, as
well as languages of other ethnic minority in
particular regions.
Exclusion from education is a consequence
of unequal access of the population to highquality educational services. The following
drivers of exclusion from education include:
inequality in access to high-quality education
determined by place of residence; insufficient
level of inclusion in mainstream education for
children and young people with special needs;
low levels of material and technical equipment and staffing of educational institutions
and also underdevelopment of infrastructure;
and limited financial capacity of households to
cover expenses associated with high-quality
professional education.
Barriers to inclusion exist mostly for
socially vulnerable groups or at risk groups
(children and young persons with disabilities; orphans and children in state care;
half-orphans; children and teenagers from
low-income and problem families; representatives of national minorities; people
living with HIV; the homeless, etc.). Inhabitants of rural areas also experience exclusion
from education, primarily related to the larger
scarcity of educational institutions, issues of
transportation to these institutions, lower
quality of educational services.
53
04.07.2011 17:40:19
54
04.07.2011 17:40:19
Exclusion
from Economic Life
CH APTER
An objective analysis of economic exclusion is usually rendered difficult by the
presence of informal economy, remittances, and poorly targeted and ineffective
social transfers. Exclusion from economic life is studied in three main areas that
characterize access to a means of livelihood and a level of living standards: participation in the labour market; incomes; and housing conditions.
Exclusion from the labour market.
Economic activity (whether in the form of
entrepreneurship activity or employment)
gives economic status and purchasing
power to an individual who, as a consequence, can have access to wide opportunities for human development. Economic
activity and employment are fundamental human rights and major means of
preventing poverty and social exclusion.
In Ukraine, as in many countries of the
world, the highest risks of exclusion
from to the labour market and employment exist for the following groups:
The unemployed, especially the
long-term unemployed;
A few categories of the economically
inactive population, in particular
those who have stopped looking for
a job having lost hope of finding one
(those who have lost faith);
The employed with non-standard
labour contract conditions or a
specific nature of work which makes
them socially vulnerable.
Exclusion related to the labour market
and employment is analysed using the
following indicators:
Unemployment levels, disaggregated by locality type, gender, age
group and educational level;
Share of the overall number of the
unemployed who: 1)have lost their
jobs for economic reasons; 2) are
searching for their first job and have
not worked for a long period of time;
and 3)have been unemployed for 12
or more months;
Share within the economically inactive population of those who have

lost faith and similar categories;
Share within the employed population of: 1) employees of lowtechnology and low-productivity
sectors of the economy; 2) persons
with vulnerable employment status
(including those not working on
confirmed daily or weekly basis);
3) employees without a permanent contract; 4)the self-employed;
5) those employed within the
informal sector; and 6) representatives of the basic and low-paid
professions;
Share of persons who are not certain
that they will be able to keep their
job even in the near future;
Socio-psychological characteristics
of job conditions: 1)self-assessment
of relationships with colleagues
and managers; 2) gender equality
in terms of career promotion; and
3) access to higher positions and
higher remuneration.
Exclusion due to low income. Insufficient income, leading to low purchasing
power, to meet fundamental needs is
traditionally considered as the main
manifestation of economic exclusion. Such a definition corresponds
to the definition of monetary poverty
under the relative or the absolute criterion, since a poverty line is the level of
income or expenditure below which
a person is considered to be living in
poverty. Consequently, households are
55
04.07.2011 17:40:19
considered excluded on the basis of

incomes if they live below the national
poverty line.
The relative poverty line in Ukraine is
determined as 75 percent of the median
level of aggregate expenditures calculated per one adult. This line was equal
to UAH835 per capita per month in
2009. In other words, if a households
income (calculated per one adult) is
lower than UAH835, this household is
considered economically excluded on
the basis of income level. Thus, in 2009,
26.4 percent of householders were
considered as excluded.
Exclusion due to poor housing conditions. The availability of suitable
housing which is the fundamental
4.1
human right of all depends on the level

of incomes of individuals or households
and their purchasing power. The more
settled in an employment a person is,
the more chances for a stable income
he or she may have to access to satisfactory housing conditions. The key
characteristics of exclusion due to poor
housing conditions are:
Absence of separate housing for a
family;
Dilapidated conditions of existing
housing (in need for major repair);
Insufficient size of living area or insufficient number of rooms;
Absence of basic amenities;
Absence of funds to maintain
housing and pay for utilities.
Unemployment in Ukraine, 20002010 (Average per Year)
TABLE
Number of unemployed registered by the

state employment service, thousands
Number of unemployed according to ILO
standards, thousands
Ratio of registered unemployment to actual
unemployment, %
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
1,178.7
891.9
784.5
673.1
596.0
693.1
452.1
2,655.8
1,600.8
1,515.0
1,417.6
1,425.1
1,958.8
1,785.6
44
56
52
47
42
35
25
4.1
Unemployment Levels by Age, 2010 (%)
FIGURE
56
CHAPTER 4. EXCLUSION FROM ECONOMIC LIFE
04.07.2011 17:40:19
4.1
Exclusion from the

Labour Market
The unemployed. The eradication of

unemployment in the Soviet Union was
considered as a big achievement. Employment in the public sector was mandatory for
all able-bodied citizens. However, a natural
result of full employment was low productivity of the labour force. Market transformations led to dramatic changes in the area of
employment. Between the Censuses of 1989
and 2001, the size of the active labour force
shrank. The number of employed decreased
by 8.7 million people and the share of the
employed in the overall population went
from 50 percent to 36 percent.1
The national legal definition of unemployed is stricter than that of the International Labour Organization (ILO) as a result
of different age limits (1655 years of age for
women and 60 years of age for men) and the
need to confirm absence of personal income
and to register at the state employment
service. Even though all people have the
right to use the informational and advisory
services provided by this state employment
service free of charge, not all unemployed
persons as per ILOs definition can obtain
official unemployment status in Ukraine. For
example, those searching for a job for the first
time and those who do not have a profession,
including graduates of general secondary
schools, are not classified as unemployed, if,
several times in a row, they refuse to participate in professional training and reject paid
jobs. The rural population faces additional
barriers to obtain official unemployed status.2
Although generous unemployment
benefits can undermine the motivation of
the population to look for work and may
impose additional pressure on the budget
of a country, stricter requirements mean an
increased risk of social exclusion for unemployed people. The gap between numbers of
registered unemployed people and actually
unemployed people amounted to around
50 percent during the period of economic
growth but decreased in 2010. One quarter
of the unemployed now have official unemployment status and can benefit from state
support (Table 4.1). The unemployment level
under ILO standards is at 8.1 percent among
the economically active population of 1570
years and 8.8 percent among those of
working age, which means that almost each
1
2
10th participant of the labour market cannot

find a job.
Traditionally, youth are referred to as
the most vulnerable group in the labour
market. The main barriers to inclusion that
this group faces are absence or insufficient
working experience and lack of experience in
searching for a job. The unemployment level
of youth aged 1519 years in Ukraine is 2.7
times higher and of youth aged 2024 years
twice as high as the average for the whole
population (21.8 percent, 16.5percent and 8.1
percent, respectively) (Figure4.1). Youth aged
1524 years constitute 26 percent of the total
number of the unemployed. Considering the
importance of work for young people for their
successful socialization, national legislation
envisages additional measures to support the
creation of jobs for them, but these measures
have so far been mostly of an administrative
and formal nature.
The unemployment level of women aged
1570 years (and also aged 1564 years) is
somewhat lower than that of men. Under the
national definition of the working age, unemployment levels do not have gender differences. However, among young age groups
(1529) and for people aged 4049 years,
the female unemployment level is higher
than the male level, whereas unemployment
among men is higher in other age groups.
This means that women are discriminated
in terms of recruitment when they are at
active child-bearing age and pre-retirement.
A lower retirement age for women then for
men means that women in their 40s already
see their prospects of finding employment
decrease.
Unemployment level by settlement is
analysed on the basis of the ILO methodology which considers people working on
personal subsidiary plots as employed under
the conditions of partial sale of their homegrown products. Accounting for this form
of employment means that overall unemployment levels of the rural population may
be significantly lower than those of urban
areas. Such work is only a temporary form
of employment and cannot fully meet the
needs of individuals or households in the
long run.
Levels of exclusion from the labour market
depend significantly on peoples educational
levels (Table 4.2). The lowest level of unemployment is observed among people with
complete higher education regardless of
Ministry of Statistics of Ukraine (1992).

2009 was atypical from this point of view since the economic crisis affected types of economic activities in which
mostly men are employed.
57
04.07.2011 17:40:19
gender and place of residence; the highest

level is registered among those with only
basic higher education (especially women
and urban populations). This basic higher
education level was introduced recently. At
this level are mostly young people who have
obtained a Bachelor degree and will most
likely continue studying while searching for a
job to make an additional income and obtain
working experience that will be useful after
graduation. More than half of the unemployed have completed general secondary
education. Absence of a complete higher
education increases the risks of exclusion
from the labour.
The causes of unemployment may also
have an impact in terms of social exclusion
risk. The most vulnerable are those who have
lost their jobs for economic reasons, such as
termination due to circumstances beyond
4.2
their control, and those who have not been

able to secure employment after graduation
mostly due to a lack of experience. In the
period of economic growth in Ukraine, termination of employment for economic reasons
was one of many reasons for unemployment its share declined from 40.2 percent
in 2000 to 28.1 percent in 2008 (Table 4.3).
However, the economic crisis has changed
this trend and at the end of 2010 39.0 percent
of employed people had lost their jobs for this
reason. Women more often lose their jobs for
economic reasons than men (38.9 percent
of unemployed women and 39.2 percent of
men in 2010), and rural populations more
than urban populations (39.6 percent against
38.8 percent).
One of the most vulnerable groups
among the unemployed is those who are
looking for a job for the first time. The share of
Levels of Unemployment by Sex and Levels of Education, 2010 (%)
TABLE
Total population (1570 years of age)

of which, level of education:
complete higher education
basic higher education
incomlete higher education
complete general secondary education
basic general secondary education
Ratio of unemployment levels to average:
complete higher education
basic higher education
incomlete higher education
complete general secondary education
basic general secondary education
Total population
Women
Men
Urban population Rural population
8.1
6.8
9.3
8.6
7.1
6.8
14.6
7.4
9.1
7.9
6.4
15.1
6.5
7.4
5.4
7.4
14.0
8.9
10.2
9.9
7.1
16.6
7.7
9.9
10.9
5.3
11.0
6.7
7.8
6.4
84.0
180.2
91.4
112.3
97.5
79.0
186.4
80.2
91.4
66.7
91.4
172.8
233.3
125.9
122.2
87.7
204.9
95.1
122.2
134.6
65.4
135.8
82.7
96.3
79.0
Source: State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, Institute for Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.
4.3
Unemployment by Reason, 20002010 (%)
TABLE
Laid off for economic

reasons
Voluntary termination
of service
Unemployed after graduation from

educational institution
Laid off owing to end

of contract
Other reasons
40.2
37.1
33.6
33.2
32.9
31.3
30.0
28.9
28.1
45.5
39.0
29.8
33.8
37.5
38.9
37.8
35.1
37.4
38.2
38.6
27.0
29.1
18.3
17.5
16.8
15.6
18.0
16.3
17.0
17.4
18.3
14.1
16.2
5.1
4.8
5.6
5.9
3.6
7.7
10.3
10.3
10.9
9.0
10.4
6.6
6.8
6.5
6.4
7.7
9.6
5.3
5.2
4.1
4.4
5.3
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
58
04.07.2011 17:40:19
graduates of educational institutions among

the unemployed was fairly stable, at 1618
percent, during 20002008. Being new to the
labour market, these people do not have a
working experience; if they stay unemployed
for a long period of time, their risk of social
exclusion increases. Their share within the
unemployed remains fairly stable and looks
similar to the share of educational institution graduates in the structure of the labour
force, at around 22 percent. Males and urban
inhabitants constitute the majority in this
group (around 5560 percent and 70 percent,
respectively). Among the unemployed with
a long break in employment (more than
one year) almost the same proportions are
observed: 58 percent are men and 73 percent
are urban residents. This is explained by the
fact that there are more men and people
from urban areas among the unemployed.
The fact that the share of unemployed
with a short-term (up to three months) break
in employment has doubled during 2000
2010 is considered as a positive trend. The
share of unemployed with a break in work of
more than one year has decreased from 55.4
percent to 23.6 percent. The average duration of job search decreased from 10 months
in 2000 to 7 months in 2010.
Households with children are more vulnerable to social exclusion owing to the presence of long-term unemployed. While among
the overall structure of the households these
households amount to 37.8 percent, among
households with the long-term unemployed
their share reaches 47.1 percent.3
Size of settlement has a significant
influence on the risk of exclusion as a result of
unemployment. Inhabitants of big cities face
fewer barriers to the labour market since the
size of the labour market in big cities is significantly larger and there are therefore more
opportunities for employment. While among
the overall structure of the households they
amount to 43.1 percent, among households
with long-term unemployed their share
reaches 36.1 percent (Table 4.4).
4.4
Rural populations who cannot find paid

jobs for a number of reasons can work on
personal subsidiary plots. This is an alternative to unemployment, albeit not completely
adequate, since it brings income. However,
it is not fully adequate. Inhabitants of small
towns are in the worst situation: on the one
hand, they have fewer opportunities for
employment owing to the limited number
of jobs; on the other hand, most of them
lack alternative employment on their own
subsidiary plots. Therefore, the risk of exclusion owing to long-term unemployment of
at least one member of a household of small
towns is almost twice as high as the risk for
inhabitants of big cities and villages.
Households with all unemployed adults of
working age, who are living on other sources
of income (state social support, assistance
from relatives, savings), constitute another
group of the excluded or at risk of exclusion. There are 420,000 such households in
Ukraine, or 2.4 percent of the total number of
households. The absence of a stable source of
income such as a wage means a considerable
risk of poverty and, consequently, of social
exclusion (70 percent of poor households
are socially excluded). More often these are
rural households (44.1 percent of the overall
number of households in which all adults of
working age are unemployed); households
of big cities and small towns are represented
almost equally (2729 percent).
The unemployed living in small monocompany towns face particularly high risks
of economic exclusion. There are 368 small
towns in which 20 percent of the Ukrainian
urban population lives (6.4 million people).
Out of this number 122 are mono-company.
Such towns suffer from the consequences of
recessional processes in industry and transport, especially when the town depends
on one or two enterprises. They lack qualified managerial staff and have low rates of
construction of housing and special infrastructure; limited choices of profession; insufficient numbers of job opportunities; under-
Households Structure by Types of Settlements, 2008 (%)
TABLE
Type of settlement
Share of households in general structure

Share of households with chronic unemployed
Risk of social exclusion owing to chronic unemployment
Big city
Small town
Rural area
43.3
36.1
83.8
25.9
39.4
152.7
30.8
24.5
79.0

3
Calculated based on data from the Social Exclusion Survey (2009).

59
04.07.2011 17:40:19
developed town infrastructure and services;

and very low income levels. Employment,
as well as social inclusion, in such towns is
critical issues to address.4
Unemployed people use a range of
support mechanisms and services in their job
search. In 2010, the most popular methods
consist in applying to the state employment
service (31.3 percent of the unemployed) and
searching through informal social networks
relatives and friends (38.3 percent). Mass
media and advertisements and direct
contacts with employers are utilized less
frequently 18.2 percent and 10.2 percent,
respectively. Private employment agencies are utilized very rarely (1.2 percent)
(Figure 4.2).
Women and rural inhabitants apply to the
state employment service more often when
searching for a job (41.0 percent of the overall
number of the unemployed vs. 37.5 percent
of men). Men tend to rely more on personal
4.1
BOX
Unemployment in Small Mono-company Towns:

Inhabitants View
Our town is small. There were 15,000 inhabitants here before. As of now
there are 9,000. Young people leave the town and head towards big cities as
youngsters do everywhere in Ukraine. They do this in order to get educated
and obtain a decent job. Not even one factory of seven existing is operational.
Children who are good at studying try to leave the town and settle in big cities.
Those guys who still stay in Vilkovo can become either fishermen or gardeners,
which is not too inspiring for them (homeroom teacher, Vilkovoschool).
4.2
connections (44.4 percent). Urban and rural

inhabitants mobilize personal connections almost equally (38.0 and 39.0 percent),
which reflects weak communication systems,
limited access to information and low quality
of social networks.
The unemployed who have lost faith and
who are disoriented. Unemployed people who
have lost faith are the most severely excluded
of all. They need societys assistance the most,
since they are no longer looking for a job and
face exclusion in many other areas as well.
During the period of economic growth,
the share of those who had lost hope
decreased from 5.3 percent to 1.1 percent
of the economically inactive population.
The economic crisis resulted in an increase
of their numbers, so that at the end of 2009
this number had reached 200,000 people,
higher by one-fourth than in the first half of
2008. Furthermore, the number of so-called
disoriented people, who do not know
where, and how to search for a job or set up
their own business or who are not sure that
it is possible to find an appropriate job, has
increased. Similary to those who have lost
faith in finding employment, the representatives of this group are also at risk of social
exclusion if they decline entry or re-entry into
the labour market. In 2010 the total number
of people who had lost faith and were disoriented amounted to 283,200, or almost 2.3
percent of those outside the labour market.
Risks of ending up in this category are 2.5
times higher for rural than urban inhabitants.
Distribution of the Unemployed by Way of Finding Job, 2010 (%)
FIGURE
60
State Employment Service (2008).
04.07.2011 17:40:19
Contrary to widespread stereotypes,

men end up in the category of those who
have lost faith and are disoriented 2.7 times
more often then women. Interestingly,
young people aged 2534 years who are
usually the most competitive in terms of
their attitude towards the labour market
consider themselves as having lost faith.
There may be a number of reasons for this,
and one of them is inflated wage expectations. Women aged 4049 years dominate
among women who have lost faith, which
once again proves the special vulnerability
of pre-retirement age women in relation to
the risk of social exclusion.
Low levels of employment. Employment status is among the major factors
determining quality of job, productivity of
employment and level of earnings. Therefore, non-standard forms of employment,
such as partial employment, and/or employment under fixed-term labour contracts and
self-employment could create a risk of social
exclusion.5 Non-standard employment forms
are an indispensable element of a flexible
labour market, creating new job opportunities for the population and promoting
competitiveness of the economys through
labour force optimization. However, weak
or absent state regulation of these forms of
employment often results in limited social
protection and a decrease in earnings.
Forced part-time employment or partial
unemployment. The number of part-time
employees amounted to 525,900 or 4.8
percent of the total number of permanent employees of large and medium-sized
enterprises as of the end of 2010. Part-time
employment has negative consequences as
it does not ensure sufficient income and may
drive people to search for additional jobs.
Only a small share of people with part-time
jobs has chosen this mode of employment
deliberately, prioritizing their free time at the
expense of a higher income. Mostly, people
accept part-time work because they cannot
find anything else. Almost three-quarters of
part-time employees in Ukraine are women,
who most likely have children or other family
responsibilities restricting their full-time
employment opportunities.
In some circumstances, such as reductions in industry, employers reduce their
employees work time with their consent
or give them unpaid or part-time vacations.
Part-time employment can be considered
as an efficient alternative (from an economic
5
4.2
Employment Problems of Orphaned Children
BOX
When people see that I am from a boarding school, they try to find different
reasons to deny me an employment.
4.3
Employment Problems of the Homeless
BOX
They do not give you a job without registration, even a low-paid one. You also
will get a dwelling under no conditions. Even if you agree to a job with the most
harmful conditions at a factory, you will get a room in the dormitory after paying
a big amount of money (Oksana, Simferopol).
4.4
Employment Problems of Immigrants
BOX
The biggest problem is preparing documents. I would like to work legally in

order to receive a pension afterwards and to pay taxes but the state does not
want to accept me. Of course, I need assistance in this. I need such a document
that would stop people extorting money from me (Arthur, citizen of Azerbaijan
(he is Armenian), Simferopol).
and social point of view) to full employment,
as it prevents massive layoffs of workers and
keeps staff employed. A negative impact,
however, is that it reduces incomes and
undermines peoples confidence in their job
stability. This decreases the social status and
increases the risks of economic and social
exclusion.
During the transition period, the share
of part-time employment increased continuously. It peaked at 39.9 percent of staff
employees of companies in 1998 (Figure 4.3).
Later on, partially because of an improved
economic situation and an increase in the
demand for labour and partially because of
legal restrictions to administrative leave, the
share of part-time employment decreased
quite rapidly. The lowest level of part-time
employment (5.5 percent) was registered
in 2007. The economic crisis of 20082009
resulted in an increase in forced part-time
employment.
In total in 2010, 3.4 percent of employees
(363,300 people) in Ukraine were on leave
without preservation of wages (on the period
of termination of jobs) and 13.6 percent
(1,466,800) were shifted to part-time jobs
due to economic reasons. Forced part-time
employment was widespread in construction (overall 61.4 percent, including those on
administrative leave at 20.5 percent and those
The EU monitors status of employment using such characteristics. See Fernndez-Masas and Hurley (2008) and
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions (2004).
61
04.07.2011 17:40:19
with reduced work time at 40.9 percent),

industry (29.7 percent overall and 6.0 percent
and 23.7 percent, respectively) and transport
and communication (24.5 percent overall
and 3.1 percent and 21.4 percent, respectively). Therefore, 78,000 people were unemployed and 155,500 people had their work
time reduced; in transport and communications the corresponding numbers were
28,900 and 202,300; and in industry 171,600
and 674,100. 6
4.5
Employment Problems of Former Convicts
BOX
Even though more than half of convicts work in places of detention, just 510
percent can work in professions demanded by the labour market. All the rest do
not have the professional education and skills for non-criminal work. Owing to
difficulties obtaining a passport and registration, illness and the fact of having been
convicted (even though an employer who refuses to employ a former convict based
on this fact is violating the Ukrainian legislation, it is almost impossible to bring a
case to court), not more than 35 percent of former convicts are employed.
Problems with housing and obtaining a passport, registration and employment
create a vicious cycle institutions of execution of sentences provide former
convicts with temporary certificates instead of a passport. Without a passport
a person cannot register and have the right to their former place of residence.
Without a place of residence one cannot obtain a passport and registration,
without which one cannot get employed.
The first problem people with stigma like mine meet is employment, the second
is trust and the third is disrespect by both management and all surrounding
people. You wouldnt come and tell everyone you have changed and become
the same as other people. They wouldnt believe you anyway (Volodymyr,
Cherkasy).
4.3
In order to address the consequences

of the economic crisis, partial unemployment benefits were introduced in Ukraine
from 16 March 2009. Only a small number of
people were able to receive these benefits.
According to data from the State Employment Service, partial unemployment benefits
were provided only to 14 companies that had
saved employment for 6,500 employees. This
represents slightly more than 2 percent of the
total number of employees on administrative leave of absence on the initiative of the
companies management.
Absence of permanent contracts. As a
result of the spread of flexible employment
forms, only one-third of the employed have
permanent contracts and a high degree of
job stability. A certain share of respondents
had contracts which were not permanent
(3.1 percent had contracts of less than 12
months and 5.9 percent of 12 months and
more), and another 1.1 percent worked
under contracts with employment agencies or as trainees. However, 22.2 percent of
employees did not have any formal contract
arrangements, which put them at high risk
of social exclusion.6 This indicates that the
overwhelming majority of people, including
the employed, are unfamiliar with their right
to legal protection and that a significant
share of employers ignore the labour legislation. Overall, an absence of permanent
contracts is often associated with a form of
economic exclusion, in current Ukrainian
conditions.
Level of Forced Part-Time Employment, 19952010 (%)
FIGURE

6
62
04.07.2011 17:40:19
Self-employment and informal employment. Self-employment in Ukraine is a

widely spread legal form of income generation. There were around 579 private entrepreneurs (physical entities) per 10,000 of
persons registered in Ukraine in 2009. There
is however a large portion of persons who
work as self-employed but are not registered
as such. According to statistical data, there
were, in 2010 in Ukraine, a total of 4.6 million
people (22.9 percent of the total employed
population, almost half of employed rural
inhabitants and 11.3 percent of employed
urban inhabitants) who were employed in
the informal sector. These people are not
covered by the labour legislation and the
countrys social protection system, and this
creates barriers to their economic inclusion.
One of the predominant economic activities of those working in the informal sector
is running a personal farm with partial sale of
outputs on the market. 7 8
Employment in low-skilled jobs. As a result
of shifts in the distribution of the employed
among sectors, almost one-quarter of all
employed people more than half in rural
areas have unskilled jobs. Such work
provides neither acceptable incomes nor
proper social status and creates additional
barriers to social inclusion for many groups.
Non-stability of jobs not only is undermining confidence in the future but also
represents a barrier to participation in public
life. The duration of the term of service is one
of the indicators of a stable and attractive
4.4
FIGURE
job. At the same time, too long periods of

employment in the same position may indicate either absence of career development
or inability to change job. Half of respondents have worked in their current job for not
less than five years; 12 percent of those have
worked not less than 20 years in their current
job (Figure 4.4). A total of 16.8 percent of
respondents have been working for a short
period, including 7.8 percent working for less
than a year.
Less than half of respondents (48.8 percent)
consider loss of job unlikely during the next
six months. At the same time, 10.2 percent of
respondents assessed the probability of loss
of job as very high, 26.3 percent admitted that
such a probability exists and 12.8 percent of
respondents were undecided.7
Lack of savings. A significant share of the
employed population does not have sufficient savings, which significantly increases
the risk of poverty and social exclusion in
the case of job loss. In response to the question For how long will your savings be sufficient in terms of covering current expenditures while you search for a new job in case
of job loss?, only 2.5 percent of respondents
claimed seven months or more. Another 8.1
percent claimed three to six months and 6.6
percent said two months. At the same time,
30.5 percent said their savings were sufficient
for one month and 24.1 percent said they
had no savings at all. A significant share of
respondents (24.2 percent) was undecided.8
Even though respondents might not have
Distribution of Employed People by Duration of Service at Current Workplace,

2009 (%)

7
8

63
04.07.2011 17:40:19
been fully honest (responses to questions

related to incomes and savings are traditionally based towards undervaluation), the level
of income from employment is clearly insufficient, as almost all of it is spent on current
expenditures and most employed persons
cannot accumulate significant savings.
Shortage of personal savings can mean that
people who have lost their jobs can be forced
to agree to any job just to obtain an income
as soon as possible, given the lack of time to
search for an appropriate job. This means that
risk of social exclusion will not decrease even
in the case of new employment.
Lack of respect at work. Not only the availability of suitably paid jobs and corresponding
status but also a favourable psychological
climate at the workplace, particularly linked to
the attitudes of colleagues and managers, are
highly important for social inclusion. Almost
half of employed respondents (47.9 percent)
indicate that they do not feel continued
respect at the workplace. At the same time,
7.3 percent claim that they feel respect from
time to time only and 3.2 percent never.9
In other words, 10.5 percent of employed
respondents lack normal communication at
work. In that case, the work does not fulfil its
social inclusion function. 10 11
Gender inequality. Formally, the national
legislation prohibits any forms of gender (or
other) discrimination in the work place; at the
same time, it envisages strengthened protection of women who are mothers. There are
also restrictions on engaging mothers of children up to 14 years in business trips, night
work, work during the weekends, work on
holidays and non-working days and afterhours work, etc. Often, these additional
measures of legal protection for women on
the labour market along with public beliefs
about womens role in the society result in
their higher vulnerability in the labour market,
fewer opportunities for career development,
lower earnings, etc. One of the major reasons
for higher unemployment levels among
young women is the long period of maternity
and child-rearing leave.
Even though a policy of releasing
women from housework and engaging them
in socially useful activities was declared and
implemented during Soviet times, archaic
stereotypes of the role and duties of women
continue to dominate in present-day Ukraine
at the expense of democratic and human
9
10
11
64
development progress. As the Family and

Family Relationships Social and Demographic Survey (2009) shows, wives (or other
women in households) perform most of the
housework in 70 percent of families.10 Archaic
stereotypes also directly limit opportunities
for womens professional development.
The share of women among legislators,
senior managers in the public administration, directors and managers is significantly
lower than that of men (6.7 percent vs. 9.2
percent), while their share among representatives of the elementary professions is
noticeably higher (25.4 percent and 22.8
percent, respectively). Even though women
in Ukraine have opportunities for career
advancement to the highest executive-level
positions (women comprise two-thirds of
professionals and experts) given their higher
educational level, they realize these opportunities mostly in the area of education, health
care and services, where higher education is
a job requirement but earnings are relatively
low. Women also face significant obstacles
in their career advancement: 9.8 percent of
respondents consider that they have higher
chances of career advancement in comparison with male colleagues and 17.9 percent
believe that it is easier to compete against
female colleagues (Table4.5).11
Opportunities for career growth for
women in the public administration remain
fairly limited. The share of women among
civil servants of the highest (first) category
is equal to 13.7 percent, of the second
category 28.2 percent and of the fifth to
seventh categories 70 percent or more
(Figure 4.5). The level of women representation among management and decisionmaking positions of local self-government
is even lower: 613 percent of women have
jobs in the first, second and third position
categories; even in the fourth category the
share of women is just 29.2 percent. To a
large extent, this low representation is
because many of the positions in the categories mentioned are elective. This means
that there are almost no women among
leading local politicians.
To summarize, all the features of the
so-called glass ceiling effect, which refers to
situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level as a result of
some form of discrimination, are observed with

Institute of Demography and Social Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukrainian Centre for Social
Reforms and UNFPA(2009).
ILO (2004).
04.07.2011 17:40:20
regard to women in Ukraine. Despite the official

declaration of gender equality, women actually face significant barriers to their inclusion in
employment. These barriers also cause professional and status segregation on the basis of
gender and result in women experiencing
higher social exclusion risks than men.
4.2
Exclusion due
to Low Income
Absence of or limited access to material and social resources negatively affects a

persons opportunities to satisfy basic and
other needs and to develop adequately.
This often leads to multifaceted phenomenon, such as exclusion from social
networks or circles. Therefore, in this
Report, poor is equivalent to excluded
owing to low income, since poverty is an
economic condition of a person or a group
which makes it difficult or impossible to
satisfy the needs specific to a particular
society (food, housing, education, medicine, culture, etc.).
4.5
TABLE
People with limited or absent material

resources do not always feel themselves to be
excluded since they consider exclusion to be
a normal living condition. Feelings of exclusion appear when a person feels unsatisfied,
begins to challenge existing norms and
values, rethinks aspirations and revaluates
existing needs.
The level of a persons inclusion from
economic, cultural, political and social life is
related largely to his/her income level. Often,
peoples expectations of material well-being
do not match their income-earning opportunities, which can result in behaviour and
activities inconsistent with societys moral
values. In the worst case, this can lead to
expansion of asocial groups and the emergence and deepening of social tensions.
On the basis of a poverty line defined
at UAH835.00 per person per month in
2009, 26.4 percent of the Ukrainian population could be considered as economically
excluded.
Households exclusion by income level
depends on age. Children younger than 16
Distribution of Respondents by Evaluation of Personal Career Opportunities in

Comparison with Colleagues, 2009 (%)
In comparison with colleagues men
In comparison with colleagues women
10.6
71.4
9.8
8.2
6.6
65.8
17.9
9.7
Smaller
Equal
Big
Unknown
Source: Calculated based on data of the Social Exclusion Survey (2009).
4.5
Representation of Women within Authorities by Category, 2010 (%)
FIGURE
65
04.07.2011 17:40:20
years old (who are not yet able to work) are the
most vulnerable to exclusion by income level:
their risk of economic exclusion is 2.2 times
higher than that calculated for working-age
people. People of 80 years of age and older
who are already unable to work face a risk of
economic exclusion that is twice as high as
that for those of working age. The share of
economically excluded people decreases for
both men and women starting from 35 years
of age. The most favourable period of life in
terms of economic inclusion is 5564 years of
age for both genders: people are at the peak
in their career and also continue working
after reaching retirement age (Figure 4.6).
Low pensions, which are the main source
of income for the elderly, particularly for
those aged 80 years and older, determine
their monetary exclusion. As a result of their
low financial standing, elderly pensioners
are often limited in terms of access to
adequate nutrition, medication and health
care services, cultural events, travel opportunities, new clothes and home appliances.
Limited opportunities to meet the most
basic needs at this age can lead to feelings
of insecurity and unfairness, and can cause
pensioners to develop grievances against
society, seeing it as unable to take adequate
care of citizens. These feelings can generate
to depression and other psychiatric disorders, which are related directly to worsening health. A vicious circle of exclusion is
created, in which low incomes (such as a low
pension level) are a starting point, followed
by social, political, cultural and other forms
of exclusion.
4.6
Another important driver of exclusion by

income level is the demographic composition of a household, specificaly the presence
of minor children. Multiple studies show that
low levels of wages do not allow even both
employed parents to ensure adequite standarts of life for their minor children. Economic
exclusion of children is common to households with many children as well as to those
with fewer. In particular, 33.1 percent of families out of 6.5 million families with children
have an income lower than the poverty level,
according to 2008 data. The share of households living below the poverty line in the 10.7
million of families without children is 19.7
percent. Therefore, households with children
experience a 1.7 time higher risk of exclusion
by income level than households without
children.
The risk of exclusion is proportional to
the number of minors in a household. In
particular, the risk of ending up below the
poverty line increases by 30 percent with the
appearance of the first child, by 50 percent
with the second child and by 60 percent
with the third child compared with families
without children (Figure 4.7).
Another important factor determining
households exclusion by income level is
the presence of children of up to three years
of age. Families that have at least one child
younger than three years of age experience
almost twice as high a risk of exclusion from
public life than childless households, based
on data for 2008.
Even when both parents are employed
and there are no other adults in the house-
Gender and Age Pyramid of the Excluded due to Low Income, 2008 (%)
FIGURE
Source: Calculated based on data of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
66
04.07.2011 17:40:20
hold who are unemployed, almost every

fifth household is excluded due to income
level. The risk of exclusion of families with
children increases if they have at least one
pensioner: the risk of obtaining certain goods
and accessing services increases by 1.3 times
in comparison with the average household,
while the presence of at least one unemployed person within a family with children
increases the probability of exclusion by 1.5
times (Table 4.6).
Low incomes for families with children are
a determining factor of such families exclusion from many spheres of life. Although
general secondary education and health care
services in state institutions are provided free
of charge by law in Ukraine, school supplies
such as notebooks, pens and some elements
of health care, such as medications, medical
equipment, laboratory studies, procedures,
etc. are de facto covered by consumers of
these services and depend on their financial means. Owing to low incomes, households with children save on adequate nutrition, clothes and footwear, preferring cheap
goods; abstain from purchasing the necessary durable goods, such as furniture and
household appliances; are unable to improve
their living conditions and maintain housing
in an adequate condition; neglect to undertake measures to prevent illnesses or access
proper medical treatment; and are excluded
from culture and leisure. s such, a significant
number of families with children are fully
or partially excluded of opportunities to be
involved in many spheres of the society.
Often, households with low income
cannot afford to buy the necessary amount
of quality food, which negatively affects
childrens health and leads to absence from
school and school performance difficulties.
This in turn negatively influences the level of
a childs knowledge and can create barriers
to higher or other professional educational
opportunities. Lack of adequate qualifications and training can force a child to get a
job that is elementary and often manual,
bringing neither moral satisfaction, nor
acceptable earnings. The unavoidable result
will be exclusion owing to both low status in
the labour market and low income.
Economic exclusion drive, among both
parents and minors, developing feelings of
unfairness and a loss of meaning, making
them unwilling to make efforts to pursue
changes in life and to strive for an improvement of their situation. Such moods impact
on the immediate surroundings (the family)
and have the most negative influence on chil-
dren, who have still not yet fully developed

and established their personalities. Since a
childs system of values and norms is shaped
predominantly by its family, there are two
possible reactions:
A child may develop his/her own mindset different from the family one. The
child may come to the conclusion that
it is necessary to work and study hard
to achieve something in life. In such a
scenario, a child in his/her adult years can
be fully involved in public life and socially
included.
A child may develop a perception that
there is no need to change anything in
life and may accept the restrictions on
personal satisfaction that are common
to his/her family. In such a case, a child is
destined to be socially excluded for the
whole of his/her life.
Only purposeful, psychologically strong
and resilient persons who were excluded in
childhood are able to achieve high status
and incomes as adults. To achieve their goals,
they need strong motivation, will and skills.
Others try to find alternative values, in particular religious ones, to cope with their social
exclusion. The majority of socially excluded
4.6
TABL E
Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income

of Households of Different Types against
the Average, 2008 (times)
Type of households with children
All adults are employed

Both employed and unemployed adults are present
All adults are of working age
There are adults of both working and retirement age
Risk of exclusion
0.98
1.49
1.17
1.33
4.7
FIGURE
Share of Excluded Households due to Low

Income by Number of Children, 2008 (%)
67
04.07.2011 17:40:20
people remain excluded as a result of a lack

of conviction that opportunities for change
exist and that they can effect such change,
and a concurrent belief that their welfare is
the responsibility of someone else. In other
words, poverty reproduces poverty and
exclusion reproduces exclusion.
However, and despite a decrease in the
purchasing power of pensions and depreciation in savings, households of pensioners are
more immune to poverty. The level of their
exclusion by income is relatively low for a
number of reasons: 1)the minimum pension
size is equal to the subsistence level; 2)households of pensioners usually do not have individuals who do not have their own income;
and 3) opportunities exist for pensioners to
make an additional income from employment, especially during the first decade after
retirement (Figure 4.8).
4.8
FIGURE
Risks of Exclusion of Childless Households due to

Low Income against the Average, 2008 (times)
4.9
FIGURE
Employment of family members helps

preventing social exclusion. Households
that comprise working-age people only are
1.8 times better protected from the risks of
exclusion by income level compared with
the country average. Such households have
the lowest risk of exclusion by income level
they represent 34 percent of the average in
the country. The highest risk (130 percent of
the average and 382 percent of households
composed of all working members) is experienced by households with unemployed
members. In such cases, the presence of children does not have a significant importance
for exclusion by income level (Figure 4.9).
Exclusion owing to low remuneration
levels is perceived by the employed as one of
the most acute and as having the most negative consequences in terms of exclusion in
other areas. A job has to bring income sufficient to satisfy the needs of the employed
person and his/her dependants. Continuous inability to visit theatres, museums
and cinemas, to travel, to access the necessary preventative medical assistance, etc.,
may lead to depression, low self-esteem and
asocial behaviour. Exclusion of the employed
from education, for example, prevents them
from improving their qualifications which
limits their career opportunities and chances
of getting a better-paid job.
Higher education of family members is a
strong tool for the prevention of social exclusion. Families without minors, and with all
adults having higher education, experience
a risk of exclusion five times lower than an
average family.
Share of Households Excluded due to Low Income, by Status in the Labour Market,
2008 (%)
68
04.07.2011 17:40:20
The risk of exclusion of a family with

minors is quite high (it exceeds the average
by 23 percent), but the presence of at least
one person with higher education reduces
such a risk by almost half. The same correlation is recorded for childless families.
The educational level of the head of
household has a significant impact on risks
of exclusion, since in most cases the head is
recognized as the one who brings in the major
share of income to the home (Figure4.11).
Probability of exclusion by income level
is correlated negatively with the size of a
settlement. In particular, the risk of exclusion by income level is 42 percent higher in
rural areas compared with the average and
4.10
FIGURE
2.2 times higher than in big cities. Living in

the capital decreases the risk of exclusion by
64 percent compared with the average, by
66 percent compared with small towns and
by 75 percent compared with rural areas
(Table4.7).
Childless rural households have the lowest
risk of exclusion by income level among
all rural households (only 1 percent higher
than the average), while the risk of exclusion of households with children exceeds the
average by 71 percent (Table 4.8).
In rural areas, as in the country in general
and in urban areas, the number of children
in a household is negatively correlated with
the income level of the family. When a child
Risk of Exclusion due to Low Income against the Average by Presence

and Number of People with Higher Education, 2008 (times)
4.11
FIGURE
Risks of Excluded due to Low Income against the Average by Educational Level of the
Household Head, 2008 (times)
69
04.07.2011 17:40:20
appears in a rural household, the risk of

exclusion by income level is 1.4 times higher
than the average; with the second child the
risk becomes 1.9 times higher; and with the
third child the risk becomes 2.5 times higher,
according to 2008 data.
Thus, rural households have a higher risk
of exclusion than urban households, which
can be attributed to a number of factors.
Urban areas offer better access and a wider
selection of educational, medical, cultural,
housing and other social services. Meanwhile,
exclusion of inhabitants of rural areas is, not
only, a result of exclusion from education or
employment opportunities owing to under-
4.6
BOX
Exclusion due to Income Evidence from

Orphaned Children
We have no winter clothes and footwear. Well, we also dont have summer
clothes either [] But we dont have money to buy bare essentials; []
lonely, without housing, job [] how to live, what to eat; significant financial
problems, we often starve; If we ate a baguette and drank milk a day, this was
really good [] we lived in park for two weeks; [] neither clothes, nor food
[] visit friends to eat at least; After leaving [boarding school] there was no
place to live, we spent nights at front doors. We experience many things.
4.7
TABLE
developed infrastructure in such areas, but

also is due to a lack of funds and time. Low
incomes, obtained mostly through personal
subsidiary plots and through own production, are insufficient even to cover the travel
expenses needed to reach the closest town
with more developed infrastructure. Absence
of opportunities to access adequate jobs,
cultural life, health care and housing services
in rural areas contribute to the emergence
among rural inhabitants of feelings of social
isolation, hopelessness and exclusion from
public life, arising mainly because of their
place of residence.
4.3
Exclusion due to Poor

Housing Conditions
Although access to housing is determined

by economic considerations, in particular the
purchasing power level, the importance of
adequate housing and of providing citizens
with housing is no longer just an economic
issue it has become a political one for
already some time. A common practice in
Ukraine is forced cohabitation of several
generations in the same room: low incomes,
Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income against the Average by Size of Settlement, 2008
(times)
Type of settlement
Risk of exclusion
Village
Small town
Big city
Capital (Kyiv city)
On average in Ukraine
1.42
1.05
0.65
0.36
1.00
Source: Calculated based on data the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
4.8
TABLE
Risks of Exclusion due to Low Income of Different Types of Households against the
Average by Settlement Type, 2008 (times)
Household type
Households with children, including those with:

One child
Two children
Three and more children
Households without children, including those of:
Working-age people
Working and retirement-age people
Retirement-age people, including those of:
75 years of age and older
Total
Risk of exclusion
Urban area
Rural area
0.97
0.80
1.31
1.96
0.60
0.46
0.78
0.67
0.93
0.80
1.71
1.43
1.90
2.49
1.01
0.83
1.31
0.93
1.26
1.42
Source: Calculated based on data the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
70
04.07.2011 17:40:21
combined with the high cost of housing and a

shortage of so-called social housing, prevent
families from living separately. Housing was
and remains one of the main preconditions
of social inclusion: for most people renting is
not a reasonable long-term alternative. This
owes largely to the underdevelopment of the
housing market. Therefore, lack of separate
housing (at least a room in a house or apartment) is an indication of exclusion.
The absence of adequate housing directly
affects various aspects of life, such as mental
and overall health, working capacity and a
persons social security. There are two major
problems in Ukraine related to housing: 1)
availability of separate housing for individual
households in urban areas; and 2) the level
of comfort of housing in rural areas (housing
with minimum amenities). Households also
suffer from insufficient living space and
absence of separate rooms for all members.
Meanwhile, a significant number of households cannot maintain their place of residence or pay for utilities, as a result of low
incomes. Therefore, the main characteristics
of exclusion due to poor housing conditions
are as follows: absence of a separate dwelling
for a family; housing in poor condition; insufficient living space or number of rooms;
absence of amenities; and insufficient funds
to maintain housing.
More than half the countrys households
(55 percent) are excluded due to housing
conditions. Around one-third (29.6 percent)
of these are poor. The average age of the
head of such households is 50 years. Around
39 percent of these households who face
exclusion live in big cities, around 37 percent
in rural areas and the rest in small towns.
Households experience exclusion mainly
through shortage of funds for urgent repairs
(around 26 percent), absence of basic amenities (over 20 percent) and shortage of money
to pay for communal services and keep the
house warm during the heating season
(over 16 percent). Therefore, households are
excluded not only because they lack separate housing but also because housing is of
low quality and funds to maintain it are short
(Figure 4.12).
Absence of separate housing or insufficient size of existing housing force people
to live in an environment that is harmful to
their emotional well-being. Such conditions
have an especially negative impact on multigenerational families, with conflicts arising
between those of different agesas a result
of a lack of living space and privacy. Children who witness family conflicts subcon-
4.7
Living Conditions of Street Children
BOX
Street children live mostly on the streets, in railway stations, in bus stations (36
percent) and in temporary ill-fitted out housing (23 percent).
On the roof [] I dont need a house. I am on the road all the time. Well, maybe
I need a house in winter, when its too cold (girl, commercial sex worker,16
years old).
4.8
Living Conditions of Orphaned Children
BOX
The endless story with documents [] they refuse to recognize me as an

orphan [] but I was in an orphanage from four days old [] then I was in
boarding schools [] I have never seen my mother.
I was unregistered from the flat when my mother got imprisoned. []They
sent me to the boarding school. [] My aunt remained in the flat. [] She
doesnt want to register me now. She leases the flat.
4.9
Living Conditions of the Homeless
BOX
We often spend nights in basements; it is very warm there because heating

pipes are there. Sometimes we spend nights at the front doors of big houses on
the outskirts of residential districts. There are also crash pads on roofs but it is too
windy there and people started to lock roofs (Oleg, Simferopol).
I lived on the streets for the whole year, I got food from dumps. It is difficult
to live like this but it is possible. Street people advised me where I could find
better food, in what places. I slept in hen houses or at front doors. I got ill with
something, I cough all the time and my body is itching. I want to take a bath very
much (Enver, Simferopol).
4.10
Living Conditions of Former Convicts
BOX
Many of us have no place to live (Eduard, Simferopol).

He got free but had no place to go. Such people dont know how to live further
on. State assistance is also needed. There is a need for places where a person
like this could spend a night or live for some time (social worker, Spodivannia
charitable foundation, Zaporizhzhia).
4.11
Living Conditions of Immigrants
BOX
Our friend rented a flat for us and all eight of us live there together (Nariman,
citizen of Armenia, Zhytomyr).
We were promised this at the migration station. Living conditions are poor. They
provide rations which are so horrible that there is nothing normal to eat. Shower
rooms are not operational. Rooms are overcrowded (Serge and KhindaValeri,
citizens of Cameroon, Odesa).
71
04.07.2011 17:40:21
sciously perceive such situations as normal

and socially acceptable. Married couples
postpone child-bearing until they are able
to move to a separate apartment. Finally,
frequent household conflicts contribute to
divorces and family break-ups.
It is important for a comfortable life that
each family member has a separate room, but
this problem has not been resolved for many
families in the country. More than one-third of
households have a shortage of rooms and 15.8
percent have two and more people per room.
On average, there are 0.98 rooms per person
in Ukraine. More than one-third of households
have less than one person per one room and
28.4 percent have one person (Figure 4.13).
4.12
FIGURE
The availability of a sufficient number of

rooms is also one of the main factors influencing the stratification of the population by
housing conditions. According to the results
of a module survey, all family types indicated that they suffered from an insufficient
number of rooms. This concerns households
with many children in both urban and rural
areas (45.3 percent of households with many
children in urban areas have an insufficient
number of rooms in their house and 42.6
percent in rural areas).
A low share of the population (3.3
percent of households) lives in dormitories or in communal flats, mostly young
families (average age of the head is 3536
Share of Households by Key Characteristics of Exclusion due to Housing Conditions,

2007 (%)
4.13
Distribution of Households by Number of Persons per One Room (%)
FIGURE
72
04.07.2011 17:40:21
years) who have no hope to move to

a separate dwelling. According to selfassessment, almost half of these families
do not encounter problems from such
lack of a separate dwelling, even though
40.0 percent of them consist of three or
more individuals. However, 23.7 percent of
households with many children and 18.0
percent of households with children of up
to three years of age in urban areas suffer
from a shortage of separate housing.
In addition to the need for separate
housing, the quality living space is also important. Mostly families with children suffer from
inadequate living space in Ukraine. Over 16
percent of these households experience
exclusion owing to a shortage of living space
in their housing (less than 7.5m2 per person).
This figure is only 4 percent for households
without children.
A majority of the countrys existing
housing stock (71.2 percent) in 2010 was built
during the period 19401980; 21.7 percent
was built in the 1980s and 7.1 percent since
independence. A significant part of the countrys housing is therefore in need of major
repair or full reconstruction.
Living conditions in old and rundown
houses with old sewerage systems and damp
rooms and without proper insulation affect
the health of their inhabitants, resulting in
dangerous illnesses and weakened immune
systems. Residents of hazardous dwellings
that are in urgent need of either renovation
or demolition live in danger of the buildings
4.14
FIGURE
collapse. Furthermore, living in inadequate

housing contributes to feelings of exclusion
from social networks and means there are
fewer opportunities to invite guests over and
socialize.
Approximately 15 percent of households are excluded due to poor housing
conditions and more than one-third of
theseare families with many children. More
than 25 percent of households do not have
sufficient funds to conduct the necessary
repairs. Pensioners experience this to a
greater extent, and this is a challenge for
them as they mostly reside in old housing
that is often in need of repair. In particular,
around 16 percent of pensioners households reside in houses built in the 1940s
without capital repairs.
Unavailability of the minimum level of
conveniences is a major problem, mostly
in rural areas. Just 4 percent of households
experiencing exclusion owing to absence
of plumbing in their housing and shortage
of funds for its installation are in big cities.
In small towns, the share of such households increases fivefold, and in rural areas
it amounts to 46 percent of households
(Figure 4.14).
In rural areas, in 2010, only 31.0 percent
of houses have plumbing, which is three
times less than in urban areas. In urban areas,
84.8 of households have a bath or a shower,
which is 3.5 times more than in rural areas.
The issue of a centralized natural gas supply
remains pressing for rural areas: 84.2 percent
Share of Households Excluded due to Housing Conditions by Type of Settlement,

2007 (%)
73
04.07.2011 17:40:21
of housing in urban areas is provided with

centralized gas supply whereas in rural area
this figure is 52.4 percent. Modern technology foresees an orientation towards other
energy sources but this is not spread widely
in Ukraine.
Even when rural residents have the financial resources to maintane or improve their
housing, they depend on the local administration, since provision of rural population
with utilities falls under the competence
of village companies and village councils.
Often, the local administration does not
have the necessary technical capacity for the
centralized provision of such services.
Almost half of rural inhabitants experience exclusion due to the absence of
amenities in their home and a shortage of
funds to install them. Households with many
children are most affected in this regard.
According to data from the Ukrainian Demographic and Health Survey,12 68.8 percent of
households in urban areas and 5.7 percent of
households in rural areas use a toilet which
discharges water into the sewerage system,
whereas 18.6 percent of households in urban
areas and 79.6 percent of households in rural
areas use a bunker with a cover. Such sanitary
conditions increase the risk of serious infectious diseases. 13
A lack of sufficient financial resources to
maintain ones housing is becoming more
4.9
critical for exclusion as the costs of housing

and communal services are increasing at a
higher rate than households incomes, which
can be attributed mostly to a sharp increase
in gas prices (Table 4.9). The most important
factor of exclusion relates to the availability of
funds to ensure a normal temperature in the
house and to pay for housing and communal
services.
The biggest issue faced by urban inhabitants is an insufficiency of funds to maintain
their housing. Unlike in rural areas, where
private houses dominate, urban residents
who live in multi-apartment houses have
to cover the costs of maintenance of the
house and surrounding areas (these expenditures include more than 20 services,
which are provided by housing and utility
companies). The amount of expenditures
depends on the number of members in
the household, the duration of its tenure
and the type of ownership. Households
with many children suffer most, since
their payments are higher13 and they have
fewer resources. Meanwhile, pensioners
and families with many children residing
in rural areas often do not have sufficient
resources to cover heating expenses to
maintain a normal temperature in their
dwelling. Almost one-third of such families
are unable to ensure a normal temperature
during the heating season.
Share of Households Suffering from a Shortage of Funds to Maintain Housing, 2007 (%)
TABLE
Type of household
Shortage of funds to maintain normal

temperature in heating season
Urban areas
Rural areas
Households with children, including those with:

One child
12.6
18.4
Two children
15.3
16.8
Three or more children
18.3
30.3
Children up to three years of age
11.8
20.0
Adults of both working and retirement age
13.8
17.2
Adults of working age
13.1
20.1
All adults employed
13.9
19.9
Both employed and unemployed adults
12.7
17.2
Households without children, including those with:
All members employed
12.2
20.6
Allmemberspensioners
19.3
18.0
Lone pensioners
21.8
19.2
Shortage of funds for timely and full

payment of housing and necessary services
for maintenance
Urban areas
Rural areas
16.4
20.5
34.4
21.8
17.0
17.4
17.9
17.1
12.8
11.8
24.8
14.1
11.3
14.3
12.3
13.1
15.4
17.8
19.4
15.3
8.8
10.2
12
13
74
Ukrainian Centre for Social Reforms, State Statistical Committee of Ukraine, Ministry of Health of Ukraine and Macro
International Inc. (2008).
Size of payment for housing and communal services is determined depending on the number of people in a
household and the housing area.
04.07.2011 17:40:21
Conclusions
The issue of exclusion from a countrys
economic life is a crucial one as it attracts
a variety of other interlinked exclusions.
Economic exclusion takes place when an
individual cannot enter the labour market
and perform economic activities to generate
an income. Exclusion of an individual on the
basis of housing conditions is a direct consequence of economic exclusion.
The following groups are among the
groups with the highest risk of being unemployed: young people, especially graduates
of educational institutions searching for their
first job; women of active child-bearing age
(2029 years old) or of pre-retirement age
(older than 40 years of age); those who have
lost their jobs for economic reasons (structural
unemployment); and those who have experienced a long-lasting interruption in work.
Risks of economic exclusion, through unemployment or lack of employment opportunities, is significantly higher for rural inhabitants
and inhabitants of small mono-company
towns, people without higher education and
representatives of almost all marginal groups
(labour migrants, former convicts, homeless
people, etc.). Those who have been in long
term unemployment and have lost faith in
finding work are particularly excluded. Risks
of exclusion related to gender inequality in
employment are reflected in the professional
segregation of women into lower-paid types
of economic activities. Non-standard forms
of employment, such as partial employment, employment under fixed-term labour
contracts and self-employment are forms of
employment which can, also, create exclusion risks.
26.4 percent of the Ukrainian population
who are living below the official poverty line
have an insufficient purchasing power and
can be considered as economically excluded.

The main groups at risk of economic exclusion owing to low income are households
with children, especially those with many
children and with children of up to three
years of age (regardless of their number and
the presence of older children); households
consisting only of pensioners, especially
those aged 75 years and older; households
with unemployed persons; and households
with no persons with higher education.
Exclusion due to low income has special
features for each of the most vulnerable
groups, since priority needs are different for
people of different ages and statuses. Low
incomes of households with children create
significant barriers to access to education
and health care services as well as leisure and
recreation. Low incomes of people aged 80
years and older, for whom pensions are the
major source of income, mean limited capacity
to satisfy their most important basic needs,
such as adequate nutrition, proper medical
assistance and social services. With at least one
unemployed member, a household has to
limit its food consumption; forgo opportunities
to improve qualifications and skills or pursue a
different profession; limit or cancel participation in cultural events and travel; for go some
necessary preventative or medical treatment,
etc. The rural population, whose land plots
production may not always be realized as cash
sales, can also be severely excluded from the
countrys public and social life.
Finally, more than half the countrys
households are excluded due to housing
conditions; around one-third of these are
poor. Households experience exclusion
mainly through shortage of funds for access
to separate housing, urgent repairs, absence
of basic amenities and shortage of money
to pay for communal services and keep the
house warm during the heating season.
75
04.07.2011 17:40:21
76
04.07.2011 17:40:21
Exclusion from Health Care and Social

Protection Systems, Social Networks and
Means of Communication
CH APTER
When real opportunities to satisfy needs in terms of social protection, health care and communications are
absent or limited, some people can become socially excluded. One group of barriers to social inclusion is
objective and does not depend on individuals. This includes such factors as underdeveloped social infrastructure or its non-uniform distribution across regions; inadequacy of communications infrastructure; and
low quality of social services. Another group of barriers is specific to individuals or groups of people, and
includes such characteristics as low individual incomes; physical disabilities; or personal views and beliefs.
Social exclusion is a relative category and
it relates largely to the level of inequality
in society. If inequality is significant,
perceptions of social exclusion among
vulnerable groups are sharper. Individuals
may tend to blame the state for failing to
protect them from economic and social
hardships and exclusion. These feelings
and expectations were often formed
under the Soviet system as a result of
its deep-rooted paternalistic orientation. Such expectations of the state as a
provider of unlimited support are difficult
to justify in a market economy.
Exclusion from the health care system.
The health care system in Ukraine has
not been changed organizationally
since Soviet times. It is financed from
budget revenues, predominantly taxes.
Mandatory medical insurance has not
been introduced. Despite constant
growth in expenditure in this sector
in absolute terms, the sectors ratio to
GDP remains low. A resource intensive
hospital infrastructure, combined with
the low quality of services and widespread informal payments, and limited
accessibility of services for some groups
of population are some of the features
of the current system.
Exclusion related to health care has two
aspects: restrictions of access to services
and restriction of abilities to take part in
day-to-day activity and exclusion as a
result of poor health.
There are four main barriers to inclusion
in the health care system: 1) economic
(insufficient household incomes to
cover the necessary health care expenditures); 2) physical (medical institu-
tions, services and medications not

within physical reach); 3) discriminational (when services are available de
jure but inaccessible de facto for some
people); and 4) qualitative (low quality
of services owing to a lack of highly
qualified specialists and the necessary
equipment). When a person has poor
health, he or she may face multiple
barriers to inclusion, such as discrimination in employment and access
to education; absence of specialized
mobility equipment and infrastructure adjusted to facilitate movement
(or other actions) for individuals with
limited physical ability; and prejudiced
attitudes on the part of other people.
Exclusion from the social protection
system. The social protection system in
Ukraine reflects a Soviet legacy. The system
is broad and, so far, poorly targeted which
results in an overburdening of the state
budget due to the scale of social transfers.
The population groups in need of social
protection and social assistance are not
covered adequately by the system owing
to a lack of information about the social
support programmes and the low size
of social assistance. Due to the apparent
ineffectiveness of the system, the population tends to be dissatisfied with its scope
and quality.
There is a wide range of barriers to
accessing social protection, which
include limited budget allocations that
are insufficient to provide all types of
assistance prescribed by legislation, low
size of benefits and their unfair distribution. Some legislative and policy barriers
also limit access to social protection for
77
04.07.2011 17:40:21
some vulnerable groups. Providers often

do not have sufficient capacity to deliver
services effectively and efficiently or to
customize them to the needs of specific
vulnerable groups. Some groups and
individuals are unaware of the social
assistance programmes for which they
are eligible, which represents another
barrier to their inclusion. 1
Exclusion from social networks and
means of communication. The political
and economic transformation in Ukraine
led to new forms of relationships between
private and public organizations, groups
and individuals and ultimately shaped
the countrys social capital in terms of
networks and norms of civic engagement. Social capital can be defined as the
build up of relationships among actors
5.1
(individuals, groups and organizations)

that create the capacity to act for mutual
benefit or a common purpose.1 A lack of
opportunities to participate in the life of
society can result in people loosing trust
in political, public and economic institutions, which undermines their ability to
solve problems.
The social capital of a nation is built on
the values of human dignity, respect and
friendship, and takes into account principles of tolerance, willingness to help
and mutual support. The establishment
of social connections and the provision of access to social networks and to
means of communications are important. In this respect, many vulnerable
groups face barriers to communication
and inclusion into social networks.
Restrictions of Access to Medical Goods and Services Owing to Insufficiency of Funds, 2007 (%)
Urban
households
Rural
households
Households with
children
Households
without children
Funds are insufficient to pay for emergency medical services on paid basis (under
condition whereby getting free services is difficult)
Funds are insufficient to pay for services of hospitals (under condition whereby
getting free services is difficult)
Funds are insufficient to buy medications and medical devices prescribed by doctor
Funds are insufficient to pay for services of a dentist (under condition of usage of
cheap materials) or cheap prosthetic dentistry
Funds are insufficient to pay for services of in-patient departments (hospitals)
without performing surgery (under condition of getting free services)
All households
TABLE
23.3
22.1
25.9
19.3
25.7
24.1
24.1
24.2
19.6
26.9
23.4
21.1
23.1
21.4
24.1
20.4
19.4
18.6
25.9
22.7
26.8
27.3
25.5
22.8
29.2
5.2
TABLE
Households with a Member Unable to Access Medical Services as a Share

of Total Number of Households with Members in Need of Medical Services, 2010 (%)
Average in country
Access medical assistance and purchase medications

and medical equipment
Purchase medications
Purchase medical equipment
Visit a doctor
Visit a dentist
Prosthetics
Conduct medical examination
Access treatment
Accesstreatment in the in-patient department
Households
Urban
Rural
With children
Without children
14.9
15.9
12.7
13.5
15.9
11.4
1.1
6.9
4.6
3.6
5.8
3.3
3.1
11.9
0.8
7.0
4.9
4.2
5.7
3.4
2.9
10.2
1.7
6.7
3.8
2.1
6.0
3.2
3.7
10.4
1.3
7.7
5.7
2.9
5.6
3.3
2.9
12.0
1.0
6.4
3.9
4.0
6.0
3.4
3.3

1
78
Spellerberg (2001).
CHAPTER5.EXCLUSIONFROMHEALTHCAREANDSOCIALPROTECTIONSYSTEMS,SOCIALNETWORKSANDMEANSOFCOMMUNICATION
04.07.2011 17:40:21
5.1
Exclusion from the

Health Care System
Limited availability and accessibility of

health care services. Health is one of the basic
human rights necessary for the realization of
other rights. To ensure this right is observed, it
is important to provide access to health care
services for everyone without discrimination.
Although the Constitution of Ukraine
guarantees the right to receive free of charge
health care services in state and communal
medical institutions, access to health care is
de facto restricted by level of income, social
status and place of residence. These barriers
mean that the risks of deteriorating health
conditions, reduced work capacity and early
mortality are increasing.
Inequality of incomes and poverty are some
of the most critical barriers to services access.
Despite the guarantee of free health care
services, many citizens are forced, in the case
of illnesses, to pay out of their own pockets
for medications, other necessities, hospital
stays and even some medical services. Private
hospital charges can reach such high levels
that even those with a medium income level
cannot afford them. A number of health care
services provided by state institutions are
claimed to have also become fee-based.
The wide-spread practice of patients
paying for health care services in the cash
directly to medical personnel decreases utilization of the health care system by some
share of population. Poor people are often
unable to pay for private doctors, who usually
provide a higher quality of service than statefunded health care institutions, or to pay out
of pocket to doctors in public clinics in order
to receive higher-quality services.
According to survey data, in Ukraine
in 2010, 14.9 percent of households with
members who required medical assistance
were not able to receive it, for a number of
reasons.2 Respondents claimed the cost of
a visit (37.3 percent) as the biggest barrier
to accessing a medical doctor followed by
the response queues (23.6 percent). Less
significant barriers identified were I did not
know where to go (18.7 percent) and the
distance to doctor/clinic/medical centre
(18.1 percent).3 4
According to HBS 2008 data, 80 percent
of households who were unable to receive
health care services, 99 percent of households who were unable to visit a dentist and
2
3
4
96 percent of households who were unable

to receive treatment in a hospital indicated
the extremely high cost of health care services as the main reason. Lack or limited financial resources are thus the main reason for
exclusion from health care. Other barriers
exist too: 10 percent of respondents pointed
to an absence of specialists (16 percent in
rural areas) and 9 percent named very long
queues.
Almost one-quarter of households
with members needing medical assistance
claimed that they experienced a lack of
funds to pay for emergency medical services. Almost the same share of households
indicated that there was a lack of health care
institutions or drug stores close to their place
of residence (Table 5.1).
Barriers also relate to the purchase of medications; in particular, in 2010 75.6 percent of
households that were not able to access the
necessary health care services were not able to
purchase medications owing to their high cost
or because they were not in stock (Table 5.2).
Access to health care services depends
on type of residence. In rural areas, there is a
chronic shortage of mobile services, qualified
medical personnel, good roads and ambulances. Around 9,000 villages do not have any
medical institutions. Rural health care institutions such as rural mobile clinics and medical
and obstetric centres are understaffed, with a
share of unfilled vacancies of over 20 percent.
For many people the distance to medical
institutions is also a barrier. Two-thirds of
households (62 percent) that do not have
medical institutions or pharmacies close by
are rural, which is three times higher than
in urban areas. Furthermore, the costs of
transportation related to medical assistance
are often excessive for rural inhabitants,
who have a lower level of monetary income
compared with urban inhabitants.
In general, in 2009 14.2 percent of households in the country claimed that there was
a shortage of medical institutions close to
their home and 18.7 percent of households
had experienced a shortage of emergency
medical services. Among these households
who face shortages of emergency medical
services, 76 percent are households from rural
areas; in big cities, such households represent
only 7 percent of the total.4 Remoteness of
health care institutions in rural areas is often
a result of irrational decisions as to their location. Around 6 percent of rural inhabitants

79
04.07.2011 17:40:22
5.1
BOX
Street Children Challenges in Accessing

Health Care
Each second individual (53 percent) among children and young people living on
the street does not have a medical history sheet or does not know where it is. The
vast majority believe that most likely they will face an unfriendly attitude on the
part of medical personnel as their friends have had negative experiences when
trying to get services.
5.2
BOX
Children with Disabilities Problems in

Accessing High-quality Medical Services
Children with disabilities face difficulties related to regular hospitalizations; medical

institutions not having the necessary equipment, medications and nutritional
inputs; and the practical impossibility of obtaining regular and free of charge
psycho-prophylactic and psychotherapeutic services, which are often needed not
only by children with disabilities themselves but also by other family members.
5.3
BOX
Problems Accessing Medical Services

for the Homeless
I often fall sick but we try to wash ourselves more often. The problem is to find
a place to wash our clothes. This a big problem for us because scabies can nest in
dirty clothes. We cannot get a medical examination (Oleg, Simferopol).
5.4
Health Issues of the Homeless
BOX
The following illnesses are widespread among the homeless: alcoholism (60
percent), drug addiction, mental disorders, tuberculosis (50 percent), hepatitis
(37.5 percent) and HIV/AIDS.
have to travel 310km, if they need medical
assistance. 5 6 7 8
High level of public distrust in the health
care system is common for Ukraine. Around
one-fourth of those interviewed (24.9
percent) strongly believe that the domestic
health care system was not able to provide
the necessary services. Only a very small
group of respondents (6.1 percent) firmly
believed in the systems capacity to meet
their needs.
Exclusion owing to poor health. A significant share of Ukraines population has
health issues. Poor health conditions are
influenced by a wide variety of factors, such
as an unhealthy lifestyle, bad habits, ignorance related to personal health and hygiene,
5
6
7
8
80
unfavourable environmental conditions and

harmful working conditions.
The number of illnesses registered for the
first time per 100,000 people increased by
11.7 percent during the 19902008 period,
and the general morbidity level for this
period increased 1.5 times, from 110,500 to
181,300 cases per 100,000 people.5 Around
70,000 illnesses diagnosed for the first time
are registered in Ukraine annually. Currently,
there are 1.8 illnesses per person on average.
An analysis of indicators of the dynamics of
primary and general morbidity in Ukraine
during recent years shows that the level of
registered pathologies among the population has increased and, correspondingly, so
has the risk of deteriorating health conditions
and working capacity.
More than 22 percent of Ukrainians
consider their health condition bad or very
bad, 38.7 percent average, 28.7 percent
good, 6.0 percent very good and 4.0 percent
excellent.6 A total of 24.9 percent of respondents answered affirmatively to the question
Do you have an old illness or severe injury
which restricts your activities in any way?
(in this context, old means an illness that
has caused problems for some time or has
influenced well-being at any time).
According to the Social Exclusion Survey
(2009), 11.6 percent of those with children of up
to 18 years of age responded that their children
had experienced restrictions to their physical
activity for health reasons during the previous
six months, including 2.6 percent who indicated
that these restrictions were significant. A total of
8.7 percent of respondents said that their children had had chronic illnesses or health issues
for more than six months.
People who have health issues appear
to face most barriers in accessing medical
(39.9 percent) and social protection services
(19.8 percent). They face fewer barriers when
they deal directly with state institutions (13.5
percent) and look for work (13.1 percent). An
insignificant share of respondents with health
issues face barriers to inclusion in educational
institutions (3.0 percent).7
According to self-assessments of health,
34 percent of those interviewed had chronic
illnesses or problems with health in 2008, as
well as in 2009.8 The most widespread were
hypertonia and heart disease 33 percent of
those with chronic illnesses aid had one of
these two diseases.
Data from the Ministry of Health of Ukraine for 19902008.

04.07.2011 17:40:22
Poor health and complications of chronic

illnesses negatively affect peoples ability
to live a full life. The majority of people
with illnesses feel their negative long-term
consequences.9 In particular, 15.3 percent of
respondents feel their illnesses affect their
everyday working capacity (in 2009 this was
15.0 percent), 31 percent (in 2009 32.3
percent) highlighted the impact on life activities, i.e. ability to carry out physical work,
participate in cultural events and live an
active life.
Unavailability of necessary medical assistance, poor health and physical restrictions
increase the risk of social exclusion related to
poor health. It especially affects such groups
of the population as persons with disabilities,
people with socially dangerous diseases (HIV,
tuberculosis) and chronically ill people.
Persons with disabilities are often
excluded from full public life. They face a
number of barriers whereby they can even
be partially or totally refused their rights to
education, free and facilitated movement,
employment (even when they are fully qualified), access to information, appropriate
medical services and political participation.10
The vast majority (77 percent) of those interviewed indicated the existence of discrimination with regard to persons with disabilities:11
34 percent considered this discrimination
undeniable and 43 percent felt it existed
but were more moderate in their response.
Of the remaining respondents, 17 percent
believed that discrimination did not exist and
6 percent responded that it was difficult to
answer this question. 12 13 14
Barriers to employment and reduced opportunities to work and earn enough in a chosen
profession. Persons with disabilities are not
fully integrated into the labour market and
most of them either remain unemployed or
have stopped searching for a job. Among
employed persons with disabilities, many
have part-time jobs, earn wages lower than
the minimum wage or are in positions that
do not correspond with their education and
qualification level. The majority of existing job
vacancies recorded in the State Employment
Service database that persons with disabilities can consider are those with the minimum
wage.12 Sometimes, persons with disabilities
prefer to work at home, but the number of
home-based vacancies is fairly limited. As in
9
10
11
12
13
14
5.5
BOX
Limited Access to Labour Market for Persons

with Disabilities
Any protection of real home-based labour of persons with disabilities is absent,

and in addition the earned wage often is not paid. By the way, the average wage
for home-based labour is UAH60200 per month. If an employer does not pay a
wage to a person with disabilities, it is useless to complain to the police because
this minimum amount is insufficient for the institution of a criminal case.14
many countries, it is almost impossible, in

Ukraine, to find jobs for people with psychiatric problems or intellectual disorders.13
Access to general programmes of technical and professional orientation and vocational training is limited. The absence of
specialized or adapted working places to
include necessary modifications and accommodations is a serious barrier to persons with
disabilities in accessing the labour market.
Such exclusion from economic life has a
negatively effect on them, since they are not
able to ensure a sufficient level of income and
independent way of life in society.
Lack of access to education. Access to
education for persons with disabilities is an
acute issue. Without appropriate education,
they are destined to be dependent on social
protection and unable to fend for themselves. The practice of educating children
with disabilities within specialized institutions, not in mainstream classes together
with their peers, is a significant barrier to
their inclusion and has a range of negative
consequences.14
In general, Ukraine lacks a system of
inclusive education, which means creating
the best environment for persons with disabilities, including children with intellectual
disabilities, and also eliminating barriers
to inclusion and breaking stereotypes. 36
percent of experts from non-governmental
organization and mass media indicated that
5.6
BOX
Children with Disabilities Challenges in

Accessing Mainstream Education
It is impossible to enrol a child with a disability in a kindergarten, where the

child could be taken care of, in order go back to work.
Owing to my disability I was refused the right to submit my application to be
admitted to a university.

UN (2008a).
National Assembly of Persons with disabilities (2008).
Data from the Ministry of Labour and Social Policy.
Ministry of Labour and Social Policy of Ukraine et al. (2008).
Libanova (2009a).
81
04.07.2011 17:40:22
the state did not ensure inclusive education

at all levels.15 16
Lack of accessibility is not a barrier specific
to the education system. Even if a school
accepts a child, he or she may not be able to
attend because of an absence of transportation. Sometimes, a school building itself is
inaccessible. There are few health care institutions that are equipped with ramps and
have other adjustments that facilitate access
of people with disabilities, while shops, pharmacies, educational and cultural institutions
are often completely inaccessible by wheelchair users and other groups of persons with
disabilities.
5.7
BOX
Persons with Disabilities Inaccessibility

of Infrastructure
I arrivedat the policlinic. How could I get in? They said, Next time here will
be a ramp. I went there one more time. Yes, there is a ramp. With the help of
two doctors (!) I was able to go up the ramp to the reception desk but what
next? The general practitioner was on the first floor and the neurologist was
on the second.16
Lack of access to health care. There is a
wide range of barriers in the area of provision to persons with disabilities of health care
services needed owing to the nature of their
disability. These services are important for
rehabilitation, minimization of difficulties and
prevention of the subsequent emergence
of disability, especially for children and old
people. 17 18
Inaccessible buildings, roads and infrastructure. Lack of adaptation of buildings, roads,
transportation, schools, housing, health care
institutions, shops and work places is a major
barrier to many persons with disabilities
enjoying a full life in society. Existing informational, communication, electronic and emergency services are insufficiently adapted and
modified to meet the needs of persons with
disabilities.
Lack of access to information. Sign
language used by the deaf and hard of
hearing; the Braille alphabet used by the
blind; and other kinds, methods and formats
of communication of persons with special
needs are barely used in official communications. Such practices as encouraging private
enterprises to provide services to the wider
public in forms that are understandable to
and acceptable by persons with disabilities
15
16
17
18
82
are yet to be introduced. For instance, the

Government acknowledges the importance
of sign language but, so far, slow progress
has been recorded in encouraging it and
supporting its usage.17
People living with tuberculosis or HIV/
AIDS. The number of people sick with such
socially dangerous diseases as tuberculosis
and HIV/AIDS is growing rapidly. The tuberculosis situation is especially concerning:
its morbidity indicator increased from 31.8
per 100,000 population in 1990 to 68.5 in
2008 (2.2 times) and the mortality indicator
from 8.1 to 16.8 persons (2.0 times). There
are many factors in play that are influencing
these increases: a decrease in the populations standards of living; presence of a significant number of people in the penitentiary
system; insufficient financing of anti-tuberculosis measures; and shortage of qualified
medical personnel and volunteers.
Negative public attitudes towards tuberculosis as a socially dangerous disease,
given its socio-economic causes and consequences, affect perceptions of individuals
with tuberculosis. This leads to cases of
discrimination and stigmatization against this
group in society.
A range of key barriers to the inclusion
of people sick with tuberculosis in todays
society include:18
Lack of compliance with legislative
requirements relating to the protection
of rights and meeting state obligations
with regard to individuals sick with
tuberculosis. On the one hand, this leads
to the uncontrolled spread of the infection
and refusals to get treatment and follow
medical instructions. On the other hand, it
leads to discrimination and stigmatization
of infected people and their family
members in community, in everyday life, in
the workplace and so on;
Limited levels of social support provided
to people sick with tuberculosis, including
an inability to obtain separate housing as
envisaged by the current legislation;
Lack of state licensing procedures
allowing the provision of social services
to individuals sick with tuberculosis by
private agencies and NGOs;
Absence of a state system of psycho-social
adaptation for those sick with tuberculosis,
leading to psychological disorders and cases
of exclusion sick people from social networks;

Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
International Coalition of Organizations Stop TB Partnership (2006).
04.07.2011 17:40:22
Absence of mechanisms of implementation

and monitoring of state social policy in
the area of overcoming tuberculosis;
insufficient levels of execution of national
and regional programmes on overcoming
tuberculosis; insufficient awareness among
civil servants responsible for decisionmaking at different levels of the state
authorities and local self-government;
absence of a favourable social and political
environment in the country to address
the illness (the public in general is not
mobilized to overcome the epidemic);
A deficit of medications;
Violation of the fundamental principle of
free of charge phthisiologic assistance for
the population.
Conditions in penitentiary institutions
are not contributing to the reduction of
incidence of tuberculosis. Convicts are at
risk of being infected with new dangerous
diseases: incidence of tuberculosis is 2530
times higher among people released from
prisons than the average across the country.
The majority of former inmates who are sick
are not given the necessary medical examination on time and do not receive adequate
treatment. As a result, they become carriers
of tuberculosis.
The size of the HIV epidemic is growing
steadily in Ukraine. As of March 2011, starting
from 1987, 185,197 HIV-infected citizens were
registered officially in Ukraine, including
38,455 AIDS cases and 36,764 deaths from
AIDS.19 People living with HIV/AIDS face
discrimination at the workplace and in
medical institutions, prisons, educational
institutions and social services.
Exclusion facing people living with HIV in
the area of medical services covers:20
The fact that, once a person is HIV-infected
becomes publicly known, this leads to a
refusal to provide services and necessary
professional assistance by medical
workers, who provide various excuses
such as absence of necessary equipment
and medications; need for official
registration with the local authorities; long
queues to access services. According to
data from sociological survey, 13 percent
of respondents claimed that, during
treatment, they faced problems when
medical personnel found out they had
HIV/AIDS;21 22 23 24
19
20
21
22
23
24
5.8
BOX
Exclusion Faced by People Living with HIV in the

Area of Medical Services
Recently I visited a private dental clinic where a very good doctor refused to
treat my teeth. We have a mutual friend, so I informed her about my status. But
she told me frankly, I am sorry, but you should understand that if anybody knows
that I am assisting a HIV-infected person, then nobody will visit me anymore.
She is not afraid to become sick but she is afraid that people will know.22
Non-response of emergency medical

assistance service to calls and refusals to
send ambulances to places where people
with HIV/AIDS live. Such failures to respond
and provide medical assistance in a timely
manner may lead to deaths;
Challenges for women with HIV status
when giving birth in medical institutions,
when medical personnel try to do all the
necessary procedures as quickly as possible
so as to discharge them from hospitals
as early as possible, arguing that this will
minimize the risk of transmission of HIV.
During their stay in maternity hospitals, 23
percent of HIV-infected pregnant women
experienced discrimination.23 In most
cases, this related to respondents being
placed in worse conditions compared
with other patients (21 percent). They
were also forced to pay higher amounts
for medical services (16 percent). A total
of 9 percent of respondents mentioned
a violation of confidentiality of their
diagnosis. The same number (9 percent)
mentioned that medical personnel, once
informed of their HIV status, refused to
provide services. Finally, 14 percent of HIVinfected pregnant women indicated that
it was suggested that they terminate their
pregnancy owing to their HIV-positive
status.
Violation of the requirements of voluntary
testing and confidentiality as established
by law. According to data from the survey,
around one fourth of those interviewed
(24 percent) said they had been HIV-tested
but forced into it.24
Information on the positive status of a
child being disclosed and known about
not only in the health care institution but
also in pre-school and school institutions.
In particular, 16 percent of HIV-infected
National AIDS Centre, Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

Ministry of Health of Ukraine.
Veritas (2007).
UN (2008a).
Veritas (2007).
Veritas (2007).
83
04.07.2011 17:40:22
women stated that the HIV status of

their children was disclosed in a medical
institution. Also, 10 percent of those
interviewed said that the HIV-positive
status of their children was disclosed in
pre-school and school institutions.25
the area of social services covers:
Groundless refusals on the part of
social protection employees of local
administrations to assign social assistance
and support established and guaranteed
by the state, even if the applicant is eligible;
Groundless refusal to provide subsidies to
cover the costs of communal services;
Groundless termination of parental rights
and taking children into state custody;
Refusal to accept HIV-positive children into
pre-school institutions.
the area of employment covers:
Dismissal from work on receiving the
information (official or unofficial) that an
employee is living with HIV. Usually, formal
dismissal is justified by employers for a
range of reasons, such as staff reduction,
reorganization of the enterprise, neglectful
attitude to duties on the part of the
employee and so on. The list of grounds
is different in each particular case, which
creates an illusion of legitimacy of
employers termination decisions;
Refusal to employ people with HIV status;
Discrimination at the workplace.
Almost half of the interviewed representatives of population groups vulnerable to HIV/
AIDS (43 percent) do not work and have no
income source; one-fourth are employed full
time (26 percent); 19 percent are employed
part-time; and 9 percent have additional
employment time to time.26
5.3
Children living with HIV face particular

barriers to a normal life. Currently, very few
HIV-positive children in Ukraine live with their
families and attend pre-school institutions
and schools. Their parents are afraid of a loss
of confidentiality or of harm to the health of
their children. Officials who are expected to
protect and respect human rights prohibit
HIV-positive children from visiting schools
and kindergartens. Ukrainian children born
to HIV-infected women live away from their
parents either in child care centres (Odesa,
Dnipropetrovsk and Cherkasy) or in infectious and somatic day and night hospitals (in
the case of an absence of specialized groups
in child care centres); only a very insignificant
share of them live with relatives. Absence
of parental guardianship and care, substituted by state care, is associated with high
risks to child well-being, including increased
mortality, disability, emotional trauma,
disconnection from family.
5.2
Exclusion from the Social

Protection System
Ukraine has a comprehensive social

protection system, which includes monetary types of assistance; in-kind assistance
(foodstuffs, clothes and medications); social
services (at home and within residential institutions and boarding schools); and privileges
(waivers or reductions in payments for public
transportation; subsidies for housing and
communal services, communication services,
medications, etc.). Different types of assistance
support around 60 percent of households
(members of which receive at least one kind of
assistance). A total of 85 percent of households
consisting solely of people of retirement age
Coverage of Different Types of Households with Social Assistance, 2009 (%)
TABLE
Type of household
Level of coverage with social assistance (share of recipients Share of social assistance in households
of at least one type of social assistance in the overall group)
overall incomes
Households with aggregate income

lower than subsistence
Households with children up to 3 years
of age
Households consisting solely of
individuals older than the official
retirement age
All households
49.4
14.2
98.3
15.4
84.5
3.8
59.6
6.3
25
26
84
Veritas (2007).
Veritas (2007).
04.07.2011 17:40:23
and 98 percent of households with children

of up to three years of age benefit from social
assistance, subsidies and support (Table 5.3).
The main barriers to accessing the social
protection system that result in the exclusion
of certain groups of population include:
Insufficient funds for the full provision of
all types of assistance envisaged in the
legislation;
Insufficient
rules
and
eligibility
requirements for those in need of social
assistance;
Shortcomings in the capacity of the
social services system, low quality of
services provided by the labour and social
protection offices and insufficient public
awareness on the availability of social
assistance;
Marginal status of certain population
groups (homeless people, labour migrants,
some national minorities). 27
The level of exclusion from the social
protection system depends on the specifics
of the state programme and its targeting. In
particular, child birth benefits and benefits to
children up to three years old are accessed
by almost all eligible families. At the same
time, not all the poor by far benefit from the
programme of assistance to low-income
families. More than half of the poor does not
5.4
benefit from any type of social assistance,

thus is considered as excluded from the social
protection system.
Programme eligibility requirements are
major barriers to inclusion. To a large extent,
these requirements are determined by the
state budget, which depends on the countrys financial capacity. In particular, there is a
very low income threshold for eligibility. For
example, the eligibility threshold for social
assistance amounted to just 20 percent of
the subsistence level in 2008. Therefore, just
5.7 percent of households with an average
income that did not exceed subsistence level
received assistance for low-income families.27
Each third household not eligible for state
social assistance is in need of such assistance.
These are, first of all, families with many children: 57.7 percent of such families which are
not eligible for assistance need it (Table 5.4).
Rural inhabitants need assistance to a greater
extent (39.7 percent). Corresponding figures
for urban inhabitants are 27.5 percent in big
cities and 32.2 percent in small towns. This is
explained by both the low incomes of rural
inhabitants and the demographic structure
of rural areas, in which senior age groups
prevail. People are mostly in need of housing
subsidies (80.2 percent) and assistance for
low-income families (31.2 percent).
Matching of a Right for Assistance to Subjective Need for Such Assistance, 2008 (%)
TABLE
Groups of households
All households not eligible for assistance but in real need of it

By type of settlement:
Big city
Small town
Rural area
By type of household:
Household with children
Household without children
By number of children in a household:
One child
Two children
Three or more children
By economic and demographic features:
All members are employed
All members are of retirement age
All members are of 75 years of age or above
By level of well-being:
Poor
Not poor
Share of households in need of assistance but not eligible for it in overall

number of households not eligible for assistance
32.4
27.5
32.2
39.7
33.2
32.0
30.8
41.1
57.7
32.1
33.0
31.0
42.1
29.6

27
State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.

85
04.07.2011 17:40:23
Figure 5.1 shows how households of

different types access social assistance.
Households consisting of elderly people and
households without children utilize their right
to social assistance more rarely. Families with
children, especially those with children of up
to three years of age, access social assistance
the most.
Out of all categories eligible for social assistance, only 26.3 percent have actually applied
to the social assistance authorities. There are
two main reasons why people do not apply for
assistance: 1) there is no need for assistance as
it is too small; and 2) it is impossible to present
the necessary documents and complete the
paperwork (Table 5.5).
The Social Exclusion Survey (2009) revealed
that poor households have more problems
5.5
with preparing all the necessary documents

to receive assistance in comparison with
other households. Rural inhabitants and families consisting solely of elderly people have
challenges with accessing the social assistance authorities.
Families with members with disabilities
usually receive monetary assistance from the
state; therefore, formally they cannot qualify
as excluded from the system of social protection. However, such families often have problems with purchasing medications (63.3
percent), receiving rehabilitation services
(46.7 percent) and accessing special treatment in hospitals (31.6 percent) (Table 5.6).
One of the barriers to inclusion in the social
protection system is a low level of awareness
of the population about the programmes,
Reasons why Potential Users Did Not Apply for Assistance, 2009 (%)
TABLE
Share of households
Number of households
in Ukraine
Number of households in survey

(based on non-weighted data)
32.8
31.8
163,458
158,392
104
109
8.3
41,466
31
18.7
8.4
100.0
93,041
41,993
49,8350
54
26
324
I do not have any need or its size is too small

I do not have an opportunity or time to
formalize full package of documents
I feel uncomfortable because of need to
apply for assistance
I just plan to apply for assistance
Other
Total
5.1
Share of Households Receiving Assistance among Those Entitled, 2009 (%)
FIGURE
86
04.07.2011 17:40:23
benefits and support available. In general,

8 percent of the population is not aware of
any social assistance programmes. Awareness depends on the type of household.
Just 3.4 percent of households with children
and 9.6 percent of households without children are not aware of any social assistance
programmes: this can be explained by the
popularity of some types of child assistance
in recent years.
Assistance to families with children.
Public awareness of the main types of child
assistance is fairly high 77.6 percent of
households are aware of at least one out of
three kinds of assistance (maternity grant,
child birth benefit and benefit for children
up to three years of age). The awareness
level among households with children is
much higher in comparison with that among
households without children (Figure5.2).
Almost 100 percent of families with children up to three years of age are aware
5.6
TABLE
of child benefits and support, which can

be explained by multiple increases in
child birth assistance from 2005, which
was covered widely by the mass media.
Since the conditions involved in receiving
all of these kinds of child assistance are
fairly simple, they are very popular among
potential beneficiaries, that is, families with
small children.
Place of residence has no impact on awareness of different kinds of child assistance: the
awareness level is approximately equal in
urban and rural areas (78.3 percent and 75.9
percent, respectively).
Targeted types of assistance. There are
some differences depending on place of
residence in terms of levels of awareness of
households of targeted types of assistance,
such as assistance to families with low
incomes and housing subsidies. The highest
share of the population aware of at least one
of these programmes lives in rural areas
Problems with Purchasing of Goods and Services for Recipients of Assistance (Persons
with Disabilities from Childhood and Children with Disabilities), 2009 (%)
Types of good (service)
Share of recipients of assistance who have problems with purchasing a particular good or service
Medications
Rehabilitation in a specialized sanatorium
Specialized treatment in a day and night clinic
Foodstuffs
Education
Employment
Medical services at home
Car
Means of rehabilitation
Services for examination and support at home
Special equipment
63.3
46.7
31.6
23.5
16.6
14.8
14.2
12.4
8.6
8.2
8.0
5.2
Awareness of the Population of Assistance for Children by Household Type, 2008 (%)
FIGURE
87
04.07.2011 17:40:23
5.9
BOX
The Homeless Absence of Elementary

Amenities and Necessary Information
Living conditions are harsh because there are no hot meals, you want to take a
bath but you have to content yourself with cold water and junk food (Oksana,
Simferopol).
I heard that there are places where the homeless obtain food, where they can
wash themselves, cut their hair and nails and get medical services, but I didnt
manage to find them (Enver, Simferopol).
76.4 percent and the lowest in big cities

67.3 percent (Table 5.7).
At the same time, financial standing of
households is not correlated with level of
awareness of types of assistance for which
households are eligible. In other words, even
among very poor households that are eligible
for state assistance, almost 30 percent do not
know about the assistance for which they can
apply.
Exclusion of the homeless. The homeless
represent one of the most socially excluded
groups. There are 800,000900,000 of them
in Ukraine according to estimates for 2007,
including 10,00030,000 in Kyiv.28 Over 80
percent of the homeless do not receive social
assistance, since they often do not have identification documents. This is especially critical
for those of retirement age deprived of other
ways of surviving: 45 percent of people of
5665 years and 33 percent of people older
than 65 years do not have documents.29
Often even those who have documents are
not aware of their rights and are not ready to
stay in queues and collect all the necessary
documents. 30
5.7
TABLE
Population Awareness of Types of Targeted

Assistance, 2008 (%)
Share of aware households in total number of households
Type of locality:
Big city
Small town
Rural area
Living in poverty: *
Very poor
Poor (including very poor)
Not poor
Total
67.3
73.0
76.4
71.7
72.8
71.2
71.6

Note: * The national poverty and extreme poverty lines were used 75% and 60% of the median level of
aggregate equivalent incomes.
28
29
30
88
The vast majority of the homeless have

subjective feelings of exclusion; over 80
percent of respondents expressed an interest
in returning to normal life.
The main reasons behind homelessness are family problems (divorce, family
conflict, orphanhood); loss of dwelling owing
to imprisonment; drug addiction or alcoholism; and problematic real estate operations (selling of apartment in order to buy a
smaller one, selling of apartment after loss
of a job, arrears in payments for utilities,
selling of dwelling in order to open own business which turns out unprofitable). Therefore, exclusion of the homeless is a complex
phenomenon. It deals with exclusion from all
dimensions of public life: economic, cultural,
political, social and health care-related.
The existing network of assistance to the
homeless consists of centres for registration,
houses for overnight stay, centres for reintegration and social hotels. This satisfies not
more than 22.5 percent of people. Fewer
than 18,000 homeless people received assistance in 2009.30
Exclusion of street children. Street children
are children who live or work on the streets.
Some of these live with their families (who are
also living on the streets). Others do not live
with their families; many of them live entirely
on the streets of big cities without any family
contact at all. They sleep in abandoned buildings, under bridges, in doorways or in public
parks.
Efficient mechanisms for the reintegration and inclusion of street children appear
to be absent in Ukraine. The number and
coverage of existing Government structures
are insufficient to address their needs, and
NGOs are not present in this field owing to
lack of financing and the necessary state
regulations. This situation could be improved
if the state better supports NGOs, if a network
of day-time stay institutions for street children was developed and if programmes to
provide general education to street children
was implemented. Under current conditions,
street children often end up dependent on
adults who exploit them as cheap labour and
engage them in prostitution and crime.
Exclusion of Ukrainian labour migrants.
Ukraine is one of the biggest countries
sending labour in Europe. A total of 1.5
million Ukrainian citizens worked abroad in
20052008 5.1 percent of the working-age
Cultural Policy Institute.

Centre of Perspective Social Studies (2007).
Ukrainian Instituteof Social Studies (2010).
04.07.2011 17:40:23
population.31 The main destination countries

for Ukrainian workers are Russia, Italy, the
Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, Spain and
Portugal.
The majority of Ukrainian workers are
excluded from the social protection system,
since they live abroad illegally. Residence
and work permits are obtained by approximately one-third of labour migrants. Data
on those with official migrant status show
that most Ukrainian citizens work in the
Czech Republic, Portugal and Spain; meanwhile, the highest share of migrants without
official status work in Poland and Italy. Just
34.5 percent of Ukrainians who work abroad
have a contract with an employer in writing;
however, even within this category 21.1
percent have no right to social protection in
accordance with the contract. Right to social
insurance is enshrined in the written contract
in only half of cases, right to an annual vacation in 9.4 percent and paid sick leave in just
3.6 percent. Those working in Russia are the
least socially protected category of Ukrainian
labour migrants.
The average duration of a working week for
Ukrainians abroad is equal to 52.6 hours (just
12 percent worked for up to 40 hours a week).
A total of 14.0 percent of workers faced situations whereby their actual job differed from
the promised one, 7.0 percent were passed
from one employer to another, 11.9 percent
worked in an unfavourable environment, 9.6
percent experienced delays or incomplete
payments of wages and 4.4 percent were
forced to perform unpaid overtime work.
Exclusion of children of Ukrainian labour
migrants. Remittances significantly improve
the access to goods and services of migrants
households, including migrants children,
thus reduce their vulnerability to economic
exclusion. However, around half of labour
migrants leave children of 14 years of age
and older at home and around one-third children of 1013 years of age. Parents departure
usually has a negative impact on childrens
emotional development, social relations and
school performance and puts children at risk
of social exclusion.
Often, migrants work abroad for years,
returning from time to time for a short vacation. Migration may result in the break-up of
families and the emergence of a certain type
of family with children, where one parent
lives abroad without any contact with the
family. In some instances, grandparents take
care of the children of labour migrants.
31
5.10
BOX
hildren of Ukrainian Labour Migrants

Consequences of Lack of Parent Control
Robbery is a common crime by children of labour migrants, since prestige

consumption often becomes a goal in itself, a cult, an obsession. The second
most common reason is alcohol and drug dependence at first children spend
their pocket money, then this money is not enough. As a result, cases of crimes
committed by children from secure families and families of labour migrants
without absence of real material needs are becoming more frequent.
To demonstrate their love, parents
may bring home very expensive items and
provide children with significant amounts
of pocket money so they can enjoy luxuries
often unavailable to their peers. But lack of
parent control, free availability of money,
peer pressure and low supervision can result
in poor school performance, misbehaviour
and conflict with the law.
In the absence of legal provisions outlining
the parameters of social work with children of
labour migrants, social services are provided
by agencies at their discretion. Since children
of labour migrants may exhibit behaviour
inconsistent with societys norms, commit
crimes or end up without adult care or
homeless, their needs vary. Children of labour
migrants and people taking care of them
need informational, legal and social assistance, particularly concerning the protection
of childrens property rights. In some cases,
they even need temporary material support
when parents do not send them money for a
long period of time.
Exclusion of the elderly. Almost all Ukrainian
citizens of retirement age receive pensions.
The guaranteed minimum pension is not
lower than subsistence level, and it was 65
percent of the average pension in 2010.
Given guaranteed pension payments, the
issue of absolute poverty among pensioners
has been addressed successfully (if the
subsistence level is taken as the poverty
line). However, social exclusion risks exist for
pensioners and relate mostly to inequalities
in terms of access to labour opportunities
and the conditions determining pensions.
According to data from the Pension
Fund of Ukraine, the average pension size
in rural areas is 78 percent of that in urban
areas. This is because rural inhabitants are
employed mostly in agriculture, where the
wage is almost twice as low as the average.
More than 40 percent of the employed rural
population of working age are employed
informally (mostly on personal farms), which
Pozniak (2008).
89
04.07.2011 17:40:24
means they do not pay pension contributions and can claim only social pensions (the
minimum) in the future. Among the urban
employed, just 10 percent work within the
informal sector. These different levels of
pension coverage and differences in wages
mean the gap between urban and rural areas
will increase further in the future.
Gender inequality is also present when
determining pension amounts. A lower retirement age is set for women (55 years vs. 60
years for men). Even though this is considered a privilege for women, in reality a lower
retirement age means women are exposed
to higher risks of poverty on retirement. Given
their shorter employment period, the average
pension for a woman is equal to just 68.5
percent of the correspondent pension for a
man. According to data from the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine, the average wage
of a woman was equal to 77.2 percent of that
of a man in 2009. Given high mortality rates
of men, working-age women constitute twothirds of the overall number of pensioners, and
many of them live alone. Therefore, the lower
retirement age creates high risk of social exclusion of women in old age.
The majority of the population (69.6
percent) does not believe in the ability of the
existing pension system to satisfy their needs.
Even more people (71.8 percent) do not trust
the existing state social protection system.
Another major characteristic of social
exclusion of the elderly is their isolation and
the impossibility of satisfying their needs in
terms of communication, leisure, participation
in the life of younger generations and interaction with people outside the family. Highly
educated people who remain able-bodied
(5565 years of age) are pushed out of the
labour market and do not have access to jobs
that are appropriate to their qualifications.
Non-state forms of social assistance. Mutual
assistance at the family level is traditional in
Ukraine. Older generations try to support
their adult children both financially and
morally, primarily by taking care of grandchildren. This, to some extent, counteracts old
peoples social exclusion and stimulates their
need to feel useful. Often, old parents living in
villages support their children living in cities
by supplying them with foodstuffs grown
on their subsidiary plots. The majority of the
population (65.6 percent) thinks that parents
more often support their children and just
14.0 percent think that children more often
support their parents. 32
32
90
Activities of non-governmental organizations in the provision of social services are not

that widespread in Ukraine. According to expert
surveys, the non-state sector share of social
protection does not exceed 10 percent. A total
of 12.8 percent of respondents said that NGOs,
controlled by the state or municipality, provide
social services in their settlement; 47.6 percent
said there were no such organizations; and 38.1
percent said they did not know anything about
such organizations. A total of 13.4 percent of
respondents provided information on religious organizations supporting the poor in
their settlement; 47.7 percent said there were
no such organizations; and 37.5 percent said
they know nothing about such organizations.
A small group of respondents (5.3 percent)
described an NGO with international funding
in their settlement; 49.0 percent said there were
no such organizations in their settlement; and
44.0 percent said they knew nothing about
such organizations. Of those who said that
some NGOs operated in their settlement,12.7
percent had utilized these services; 8 percent of
those with religious organizations nearby had
utilized these services; and 4.9 percent of those
with an NGO with international funding had
utilized these services.
5.3
Exclusion
from Social Networks
People are social by nature and need to

communicate and socialize with relatives,
friends and colleagues. Exclusion from such
interaction can be an outcome of both individual characteristics (desire for loneliness
and lack of communication skills) and prejudiced attitudes of other people, who try to
minimize interactions with certain groups
based on characteristics such as their religion,
ethnicity and health status.
In general, Ukrainians feel it is important
to be respected by the people with whom
they interact. Respect from relatives is the
most valuable, for 96.7 percent of respondents. Respect from close friends is second
(88.9 percent), followed by respect from
neighbours (78.3 percent). Good attitudes
of colleagues are valued by 73.1 percent
of respondents, while 66.5 percent value
managements respect. Respect from childrens teachers is valued the least: less than
half of respondents (47.7 percent) think
respect from teachers is important.32
The majority of respondents of the Social
Exclusion Survey (2009) (71.6 percent) have
Social Exclusion Survey (2009)
04.07.2011 17:40:24
close friends, i.e. people with whom they feel

close, can talk about personal issues and can
ask for help. However, 26.7 percent have no
such friends. This shows that around onequarter of the population is excluded from
communication with friends.
Survey respondents and their close friends
often have different material and social status.
Close friends of 21.5 percent of respondents
are persons with disabilities; 53.7 percent
have friends who are much richer that they
are; and 58.3 percent have much poorer
friends. People with a post-graduate degree
are close friends of 19.5 percent of respondents; 33.6 percent have friends of a different
religion; and 32.5 percent have friends of
another ethnic origin. Migrants from other
parts of the country are close friends of 16
percent of respondents, while immigrants
from other countries are friends of 8.7 percent
of respondents. A total of 61.3 percent of
respondents have friends belonging to a
different age group. People who have political power are close friends of 10.9 percent of
respondents. Such categories as people living
with HIV and sexual minorities were observed
among close friends in less than 1 percent of
cases. This may be explained by both the low
share of such categories of people in society
and existing prejudices.
People spend their leisure time most
often with their relatives: 68.2 percent of
them said they do this almost every day. More
than half of respondents (55 percent) spend
their leisure time with their close friends a
few times per month or more. Less frequently
(around one-third of respondents said they
do this seldom), people spend their leisure
time with neighbours and other friends,
including work colleagues (Table 5.8).
When people need to borrow money,
they most often ask relatives (52 percent of
cases) and friends (25 percent). In response
to the question Can the majority of people
be trusted?, respondents divided into two
5.8
large and almost equal groups: 47.5 percent

responded positively and 40.2 percent
negatively.
Responses to the question Who do you
think would be the most undesirable neighbour? help identify groups of the Ukrainian
population who may be subject to prejudices. People listed drug addicts (88 percent
of cases), former convicts (65.4 percent) and
sexual minorities (61.6 percent) as undesirable neighbours. People associate drug
addicts and former convicts with high risks of
crime, and negative attitudes towards sexual
minorities are based mostly on traditional
views on morality. People living with HIV
are in next place (38.2 percent), followed by
other groups (12 percent and less).
5.4
Exclusion from Means of

Communication
It is impossible to imagine everyday

modern life without communication, which
can mean direct contact or long distance
interaction with relatives and friends living
in other settlements. Telephone, mail and
ability to get physically to a different loca-
5.11
BOX
Lack of Tolerance in Society towards Former

Convicts
Former convicts need psychological assistance very much because they feel
themselves lost. Prison takes away your will to live. You get used to eating
on schedule and you have shelter. When you are released, and achieve
what you have dreamt about for so long, you start to lose understanding of
what is happening around you. Prison takes away the feeling of insecurity.
I know many examples of people committing crimes just after their release
in order to come back to prison. This is very convenient for recidivists. This is
an absolutely stupid punishment. There is no system of inclusion of former
convicts in public life in our country. It is impossible to find a job. []
Psychological assistance is needed because everything has changed. How
to adapt? I could not even recognize the town during this time (Valeriy,
Simferopol).
Distribution of Population by Spare Time Activity (%)
TABLE
Never
Seldom
Several times in a month
Several times in a week
Almost every day
No answer
Total
Family/relatives
Neighbours
Close friends
Friends, colleagues
1.0
9.6
9.6
11.0
68.2
0.6
100.0
11.9
32.9
14.8
24.5
15.1
0.8
100.0
8.6
18.7
28.1
26.9
10.5
7.2
100.0
6.9
32.6
22.8
19.4
14.3
4.0
100.0
Source: Calculated based on data of the Social Exclusion Survey (2009).
91
04.07.2011 17:40:24
tion are some communication channels. The

internet has also changed the communication practices of many Ukrainians.
Unavailability of telephone services. Telephone communication (land lines or mobile
phone) is the least time-consuming. More
than 78 percent of Ukrainian households
had land lines in 2007 and 68 percent mobile
phones. This means more than 20 percent
of households did not have a telephone
connection, and thus were deprived of an
important means of communication. Almost
half of those without telephone communication live in rural areas (Figure 5.3). Taking
into account that 31 percent of the countrys
total population lives in rural areas, the level
of exclusion from telephone communication
for rural inhabitants is 1.5 times higher than
the average for the whole population. 33
Unavailability of the internet. A total of 30
percent of the Ukrainian population (older
than 18 years old) have access to the internet,
or 11.4 million persons. The main user group
5.3
is young people aged 1829 (46.6 percent).

Quite a significant percentage of users are
in the 3039 and 4049 age groups (25.5
percent and 19.2 percent, respectively). Older
age groups (50 years and above) have low
access (8.7 percent).33 Correspondingly, more
than 70 percent of Ukrainians have limited
access to the internet to satisfy their communication needs.
Unavailability of everyday transport
connections with more developed settlements. According to 2009 data, more than 9
percent of households (around1.7 million) in
Ukraine are excluded as a result of absence
in their settlement of regular everyday transport connections to another settlement with
more developed infrastructure. This affects
mostly rural inhabitants, as their exclusion
level is 2.6 times higher than the average.
More than 82 percent of rural households
are excluded in terms of access to everyday
transport communications with more developed settlements, whereas only 13 percent
Households without Access to Telephone Services by Settlement Size, 2007 (%)
FIGURE
5.4
FIGURE
Risk of Exclusion Owing to Unavailability of Transport Connections, 2007

(% against Average)
Source: Calculations based on data of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.

33
92
Kyiv International Institute of Sociology.
04.07.2011 17:40:24
of inhabitants of small towns and 5 percent

of inhabitants of big cities are excluded
(Figure 5.4).
Therefore, rural inhabitants are the most
excluded from means of communication.
Taking into account that rural inhabitants
own fewer cars than urban residents, accessibility and affordability of public transport
are very important to support their inclusion
in many aspects of the life of society. Regular
transport connections are required because
hospitals, schools, kindergartens and businesses may be located far away from places
of residence.
A range of factors contribute to the lack of
reliable public transport in rural areas: poorly
developed infrastructure which is traditionally worse than in cities; underdeveloped
networks of hard roads; poor condition roads;
outdated bus fleets; and insufficient numbers
of buses on routes. According to the Ministry
of Transport and Communication of Ukraine,
113 settlements of Ukraine did not have hard
roads as of the beginning of 2010.
Conclusions
In Ukraine 14.9 percent of households
with members who required medical assistance were not able to receive it for a number
of reasons, such as the high cost of medical
services; absence of specialists; and absence of
medical institutions close to place of residence.
People with low incomes and rural inhabitants
are the main population groups facing barriers
to accessing the health care system. Around
one-fourth of population does not believe
that the national health care system is able to
provide the necessary services.
Persons with disabilities, people with
socially dangerous diseases (HIV, tuberculosis) and chronically sick patients feel themselves excluded, mostly as a result of their
health.
The main factors excluding persons
with disabilities from a full life in society are
barriers to employment and reduced opportunities to work and earn enough in a chosen
profession; lack of access to education; lack of
access to health care; inaccessible buildings,
roads and infrastructure; and lack of access to

information.
The major reason for social exclusion of
people living with HIV/AIDS or tuberculosis
is a fear among healthy people of exposing
themselves to the risk of being infected while
communicating with them. Societys prejudices hinder understandings of the needs
and desires of these groups and lead to their
exclusion and isolation. Some people even
treat these vulnerable individuals as socially
dangerous.
Even though Ukraines population is wellcovered with social protection, the poor are
provided with an insufficient level of support
as a result of the small size of the assistance
and insufficient awareness of the opportunities available to get help. Programme eligibility requirements are also barriers of exclusion from social protection system. Each third
household not eligible for state social assistance is in need of such assistance. These are,
first of all, families with many children (57.7
percent) and rural inhabitants (39.7 percent).
Labour migrants and the homeless are
the most excluded from the social protection system. Exclusion from social protection for labour migrants is a consequence
of limited access to employment opportunities in Ukraine and a need to search
for work beyond the countrys borders (i.e.
economic exclusion). The homeless, meanwhile, are subject to many forms of exclusion:
economic, cultural and health-based, and
often even self-exclusion from a normal social
environment.
Such population groups as drug users,
former convicts and sexual minorities experience the highest risk of exclusion from social
networks. These groups also experience societys most prejudiced attitudes.
Exclusion from means of communication is experienced mostly by rural inhabitants, because of underdeveloped transport and communication networks. More
than 9 percent of households in Ukraine are
excluded as a result of absence in their settlement of regular everyday transport connections to another settlement with more developed infrastructure.
93
04.07.2011 17:40:24
94
04.07.2011 17:40:24
Multidimensional Aspects
of Social Exclusion in Ukraine
CH APTER
Traditionally, researchers and policy-makers rely on economic indicators to measure social exclusion.
Both the processes and the results of social exclusion are very complex, so indicators reflecting other,
non-economic aspects should also be taken into consideration to present a comprehensive picture
of its drivers and outcomes. A more complex model of social exclusion, which would include indicators from various fields, needs to be developed. Such indicators as access to education and health
care; housing conditions; position in the labour market; communication opportunities; accessibility
and availability of social infrastructure; and inclusion in political and socio-cultural processes should
be taken into account along with standard measures of the populations economic opportunities.
The sources that could be used in the
multidimensional assessment of social
exclusion in Ukraine are as follows:
The Household Budget Survey (HBS),
regulary conducted by the State
Statistics Committee of Ukraine;
The HBS separate module of selfassessment of availability of certain
goods and services;
Surveys of Economic Activity of the
Population in Ukraine.
Based on the available data, the
following quantitative indicators are
used to identify and evaluate degree of
social exclusion in Ukraine:
1. Household in which all adults of
working age have low status in the
labour market (unemployed, selfemployed or household members
working for free);
2. Unemployed for a long period of
time (over 12 months), according to
the ILO methodology;
3. The poor defined in accordance with
the relative national criterion;
4. Households unable to ensure
adequate nutrition during a year,
according to self-assessment;
5. Households that experience a
shortage of funds for visiting friends
with presents or for inviting friends
to visit, according to self-assessment;
shortage of funds for family vaca-
tions outside the home and not

at the residence of their relatives,
shortage of funds for purchasing
tickets to cinema (or theatre or
concerts) one or twice a year,
8. Households with a share of social
assistance and assistance from relatives that amounts to 33 percent of
total income;
9. Households without access to
education (owing to an absence
of sufficient funds for professional
education or of pre-school institutions close to the place of residence);
10. Households in which not even one
member of 25 years of age or older
has a professional education;
11.Households without access to
medical assistance (owing to
absence of a medical institution
or pharmacy close to the place
of residence, non-provision of a
settlement with timely services by
emergency medical services and
impossibility of getting medical
assistance or buying medications
during a year);
shortage of funds for necessary
paid emergency medical services,
95
04.07.2011 17:40:24
13. Households living in poor conditions

(in dormitories or communal flats
with less than 7.5 m2 of living space
per person, absence of a bathroom
and lack of funds to install one);
14. Households without a telephone
(home or cellular);
15. Households suffering from an
absence of regular everyday transport communication from their
settlement with a settlement with
more developed infrastructure;
16. Households suffering from unavailability of social workers or social
assistance;
17. Households that have not accessed
paid services in the field of culture
during a year;
18. Households that shift responsibility
for their well-being fully or partially
onto the state.
Since the vast majority of these indicators concern not separate individuals but the households they are
living in, the assessment of social
exclusion is conducted at the level of
the household (Annex 3).
Only 8.5 percent of households have
no exclusion characteristics. On the
other hand, no households have all 18
characteristics. The maximum share of
social exclusion characteristics is equal
6.1
to 14 and 15, although just several

hundredths of 1 percent have such a
large number of characteristics. The
analysis allowed for an identification
of acute exclusion, that is, households
with five or more exclusion characteristics. At this level, social exclusion
starts to show up clearly. The next
level critical exclusion comprises
households with seven or more exclusion characteristics.
A multidimensional assessment of
social exclusion also identifies the most
vulnerable types of households and
produces calculations of simple and
partial risks.
Previously conducted studies demonstrate that characteristics of living
standards that are used to calculate
monetary poverty indicators determine to the greatest extent presence
or absence of social exclusion characteristics. This allows to conclude that
poor and socially excluded households have the same structures and
features, i.e. that the maximum risk
of exclusion is experienced by households with children, households that
include elderly people and households with a double demographic and
economic burden (with both children
and elderly people at the same time).
Cumulative Share of Households According to Number of Characteristics of Exclusion
FIGURE
96
CHAPTER 6. MULTIDIMENSIONAL ASPECTS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION IN UKRAINE
04.07.2011 17:40:24
6.1
Assessment of Acute Social

Exclusion
A total of 37.7 percent of Ukrainian

households, which differ in terms of their
demographic composition, status in the
labour market, education and place of residence, experience acute social exclusion.
The presence of people who cannot be
employed (children and elderly people) is
the most important factor of acute exclusion.
Risk of acute social exclusion is significantly higher in households with elderly
people. In particular, the presence of at least
one pensioner increases such risk by 15.5
percent and the absence of working-age
people by 42.2 percent. As the minimum
pension is equal only to subsistence level,
Ukrainian pensioners are certain to face
barriers to social inclusion in non-monetary
areas. Thus supporting the social inclusion
of the elderly by increasing pensions and
providing privileges in terms of subsidies
for housing and utilities does not guarantee
full (equal to that of working-age people)
inclusion in public life. Since more than half
of households that suffer from acute social
exclusion include pensioners, adjustment
of policy in relation to pensioners should be
6.1
TABLE
6.1
Methodology of the Data File Composition
BOX
A separate self-assessment module in the HBS on the accessibility of certain

goods and services, which is conducted one or two times per year, is the sole
data source on a significant share of selected indicators. Subsequently, all
calculations are based on 20072008 data with data corrected by structure
of household expenditures in 2008. Surveys of the economic activities of the
population serve as the data source on long-term unemployment (based on
the ILO methodology). This indicator was added to the major data file through
the necessary statistical procedures. As a result, data on presence or absence
of 18 selected characteristics of social exclusion for all surveyed households
were integrated into one data file. Then each household was assessed
according to these characteristics. Ukrainian households were rated according
to the number of exclusion characteristics from households with not even
one exclusion characteristic to those with 15 characteristics (the maximum
number of characteristics).
considered a necessary (but definitely not
sufficient) pre-condition in building society
for all.
An extremely high risk of social exclusion (2.2 times higher than the average and
2.5 times higher compared with families
consisting solely of working-age people)
exists for families with many children and
pensioners. However, the share of such
households within the structure of those
suffering from acute social exclusion is equal
Risks of Acute Social Exclusion of Households by Different Demographic Composition,

2007 (% Compared with Average)
Total
Without pensioners
At least one pensioner but number of pensioners less
than number of adults
All are pensioners
Total
Source:
6.2
TABLE
without children with 12 children with 3 or more children
85.5
101.0
75.1
98.5
90.6
100.9
166.9
219.9
127.7
100.0
127.7
102.3
92.8
186.7
Calculated based on data of the State Statistics Committee of Ukraine.
Households with Characteristics of Acute Social Exclusion by Number of Children and

Pensioners, 2007 (%)
Total
Without pensioners
At least one pensioner but number of pensioners less
than number of adults
All are pensioners
Total
Source:
Including
Including
without children with 12 children with 3 or more children
45,7
19,5
17,8
11,2
25,8
7,8
2,1
0,5
34,7
100,0
34,7
63,8
0,0
33,6
0,0
2,6
97
04.07.2011 17:40:24
to just 2.1 percent (of all families with many

children 2.8 percent). This means a need for
very targeted (almost individualized) interventions directed at the inclusion of such
families in public life.
In general, the fairly high risk of acute
exclusion of families with children is a consequence, first, of low wages (when two working
parents cannot protect one or two children
from poverty) and, second, of absence of real
employment opportunities for mothers of
two to three children.
Unemployment and low educational
levels of household members are significant
factors in acute social exclusion.
Higher education is the most important factor determining social inclusion
in Ukraine. In particular, the presence of
at least one adult with higher education
decreases the risk of acute exclusion by 2.7
times (compared with the average level by
more than 2 times). The risk is decreased
by 3.7 times if all adults in the household
have higher education compared with
households in which there are no persons
with higher education, and by three times
compared with the average. The data
6.3
TABLE
confirm that just 11.8 percent of households

living in conditions of acute social exclusion
have persons with higher education; 88.2
percent of households suffering from acute
social exclusion have no members who
graduated from college or university.
Unemployment causes acute multifaceted exclusion. The presence of at least
one unemployed person increases the risk
of exclusion by 52.2 percent compared with
households without unemployed persons,
and the risk is increased by 2.2 times if all
adults of a household are unemployed (39.4
percent and 97.4 percent increase in comparison with the average, respectively). Taking
into account the fact that 17.6 percent of
households suffering from five or more exclusion characteristics have at least one unemployed person, social inclusion policies and
interventions should focus on education,
training and retraining, and employment.
There are significant differences in living
conditions among settlements based on
their size and type, which contributes to
different levels of social exclusion of their
residents. In particular, rural inhabitants are
the most vulnerable group (risk of exclusion
Risks of Acute Social Exclusion of Households by Presence of Members with Higher

Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (% Compared with Average)
Including
No persons with higher education

At least one person with higher education*
All adults with higher education
Total
Total
without
unemployed
persons
at least one
unemployed
person*
all adults unemployed
123.9
45.2
33.7
100.0
115.5
40.2
33.2
91.6
156.7
77.6
54.5
139.4
197.4
197.4
Number of unemployed persons or persons with higher education is less than the number of adult household members.
Source:
6.4
TABLE
Households with Characteristics of Acute Social Exclusion by Presents of Members with

Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (%)
Including

Total
98
Total
without
unemployed
persons
at least one
unemployed
person*
88.2
8.3
3.5
100.0
68.2
6.4
3.4
78.0
15.6
1.9
0.1
17.6
4.4
0.0
0.0
4.4
Number of unemployed persons or persons with higher education is less than the number of adult household members.
Source:
04.07.2011 17:40:24
is 2.5 times higher than that in big cities and

65.0 percent higher than the average). Rural
inhabitants represent 48.3 percent of all
excluded households. This can be attributed
in particular to the fact that big cities have
a better variety and accessibility of sociocultural services, higher levels of development, labour markets with greater capacity
and higher incomes of residents, which
contribute to better social inclusion overall.
Although it may be unrealistic to target the
levelling off of living conditions between
rural and urban areas in the short run, there
is a clear need to reform health care, education and social protection systems which
would improve access of the population
and in particular of residents of rural areas to
basic social services.
6.2
Assessment of Critical Social

Exclusion
In total, 16.9 percent of households live

in conditions of critical social exclusion (with
seven or more characteristics of exclusion).
Households in this category contain almost
no differences in demographic composition
with those suffering from acute exclusion: the
share of families with minors is slightly higher
and the share of families consisting exclusively of pensioners is somewhat lower.
However, the risks of households ending
up living in conditions of critical exclusion are
not the same as for the group suffering from
6.5
acute social exclusion. In particular, the risk of

critical exclusion is very high for families with
children: 2.7 times higher than the average
in the country and 2.8 times higher than the
risks facing families without children.
The difference in risks taking into account
unemployment and educational level of
household members is even higher. In particular, the presence of at least one unemployed person results in a 1.7 times higher risk
of critical exclusion than the average and 2
times higher than risk for families without
unemployed people. The presence of at least
one unemployed person results in a high
probability of acute exclusion turning into
critical exclusion (18.4 percent). Households
6.2
FIGURE
Structure of Households with Acute Social

Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007 (%)
Source:
Risks of Acute Social Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007 (% Compared with Average)
TABLE
Risk of acute social exclusion
Big city
Small town
Rural area
Source:
6.6
TABLE
63.3
94.3
155.6
Households with Characteristics of Critical Social Exclusion by Number of Children and

Pensioners, 2007 (%)
Total
Without pensioners
At least one pensioner but number of pensioners
less than number of adults
All are pensioners
Total
Source:
Including
without children
with 12 children
with 3 or more children
47.4
21.2
18.1
11.4
26.2
8.8
3.1
1.0
31.4
100.0
31.4
60.8
0.0
35.0
0.0
4.1
99
04.07.2011 17:40:24
experiencing so-called all family unemployment, which is common in small monocompany towns, face even bigger barriers to
social inclusion. Their risk of critical exclusion
is 2.7 times higher than the average and 3.2
times higher than the risk of families with
no unemployed people (and 28.0 percent
higher than the risk of acute exclusion of
such families). The probability of acute unemployment becoming critical is equal to 16.9
percent. Therefore, the presence of one or
more unemployed persons is a very important factor in the critical exclusion of many
households.
Taking into account the fact that households with unemployed people amount to
6.7
TABLE
almost one-fourth of families with seven or

more characteristics of exclusion, employment policy should be adjusted to address
the goals of social inclusion in this regard.
The presence of individuals with higher
education in households protects them
almost completely against social exclusion,
mainly because such individuals are highly
competitive in the labour market, which
results in their significantly higher than
average levels of employment and income,
high social status and confidence in the
future. Even if those with higher education
work in fields different from those in which
they were trained or taught, their adaptability
to different job requirements means they are
Risks of Critical Social Exclusion of Households by Different Demographic Composition,

2007 (% Compared with Average)
Including
Total
Without pensioners
At least one pensioner but number of
pensioners less than number of adults
All are pensioners
Total
Source:
6.8
TABLE
without children
with 12 children
with 3 or more children
88.7
109.4
76.1
100.1
92.2
113.4
246.2
413.5
115.5
100.0
115.5
97.7
96.8
273.5
Risks of Critical Social Exclusion of households by Presence of Members with Higher

Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (% Compared with Average)
Including

Total
Total
without unemployed
persons
at least one unemployed

person*
129.5
31.9
18.7
100.0
113.1
27.3
18.4
85.7
193.9
61.8
30.3
165.1
273.4
273.4
Note: * Number of unemployed persons or persons with higher education is less than the number of adult household members.
Source:
6.9
TABLE
Households with Characteristics of Critical Social Exclusion by Presence of Members

with Higher Education and Unemployed Members, 2007 (%)
Including
None
At least one*
All adults
Total
Total
without unemployed
persons
at least one unemployed

person*
92.1
5.8
2.0
100.0
66.7
4.3
1.9
72.9
19.3
1.5
0.1
20.9
6.1
0
0
6.1
Note: * Number of unemployed persons or persons with higher education is less than the number of adult household members.
Source:
100
04.07.2011 17:40:24
in high demand in the labour market. The risk

of critical social exclusion of households with
at least one person with higher education is
3 times lower (if all household members have
higher education, the risk is 5.3 times lower)
than the average and 4 times (6.9 times)
lower than the risk facing families without
people with higher education.
Critical exclusion is much more widespread in rural areas, especially in comparison with big cities: the risk calculated of
rural inhabitants exceeds that for inhabitants
of big cities by three times (and the average
by 67 percent). The risk of critical exclusion is
7 percent higher than the risk of acute exclusion of the rural population. However, 52
percent of households suffering from seven
or more characteristics of exclusion are rural
inhabitants. In this context, providing rural
inhabitants with proper access to medical,
educational, communicational and transport services and installing modern amenities in rural houses becomes a top priority.
Conclusions
A multidimensional assessment of social
exclusion identifies the most vulnerable
groups that cannot overcome barriers to
social inclusion by themselves. It is clear that
these groups need support from the state,
local communities and civil society to achieve
social inclusion.
Two levels of social exclusion have been
identified. Acute exclusion occurs when
households have at least five characteristics
of exclusion among broader characteristics
related to their lifestyle and conditions of
living. Critical exclusion occurs when households have at least seven of such social exclusion characteristics. Overall, 37.7 percent of all
6.3
FIGURE
Source:
6.10
TABL E
Households with Characteristics of Critical Social

Exclusion by Settlement Type, 2007 (%)
Risks of Critical Social Exclusion by Settlement

Type, 2007 (% Compared with Average)
Risk of critical social exclusion
Big city
Small town
Rural areas
Source:
54.1
96.2
167.0
households live in acute social exclusion in

Ukraine and 16.9 percent are in critical social
exclusion.
A typical household facing acute or
critical social exclusion (has five or seven
exclusion characteristics) lives in a rural area
and consists of working-age people and one
or two children. Usually, all adult members
of such a household have complete general
secondary education, and they can be
employed or unemployed. In most of cases,
their level of living is lower than the monetary
poverty line.
101
04.07.2011 17:40:25
102
04.07.2011 17:40:25
Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

for the Social Inclusion of All
CH APTER
Social inclusion policy should be informed by an objective analysis of drivers and outcomes of social
exclusion. Policy priorities should be defined based on a thorough assessment of the acuteness and
extent of exclusion. Once adopted, policy promoting social inclusion should be supported by adequate
action plans and state funding.
According to the results of the multidimensional assessment of the extent and scope of social exclusion, 16.9 percent of households in Ukraine are in a critical situation and face high risk of marginalization.
More than half of them reside in rural areas. A typical household that faces acute or critical social exclusion is one that lives in a rural area and consists of working-age people and one or two children. Usually,
all adult household members have complete general secondary education, and they are employed or
unemployed. In most of cases, they live below the monetary poverty line.
The multidimensional assessment
allowed also to identify the most vulnerable population groups that cannot
overcome barriers to social inclusion by
themselves and need assistance from
the state, local communities and civil
society. Sometimes, the human rights
of socially excluded groups are violated.
For example, elderly people often
cannot buy the necessary medications and access adequate health care
services owing to lack of funds; young
people cannot cover tuition costs and
continue their education for the same
reason.
Social exclusion is not a static phenomenon; everyone is at risk of being left
out of society. Vulnerable groups are
indeed overrepresented among the
socially excluded, but not everyone
from these groups is excluded, and not
all the excluded are from these groups.
The determinants of social exclusion
are linked to and reinforce one another.
Exclusion in one area can trigger a
series of exclusions in other areas.
Multiple interventions implemented in a
concerted manner are needed, reflecting
the complexity and the dynamic nature
of social exclusion. Therefore, social
inclusion policies should include the
following components:
Measures to foster general economic

and political reforms aimed at
comprehensive improvement of the
social and economic situation, sustainable economic growth, provision of
all groups with access to basic social
services and economic resources, etc.;
Targeted measures aimed at eliminating the barriers to inclusion that
specific groups face.
There is a need to adopt legislation
on social exclusion. This should define
social inclusion and social exclusion taking into account international
standards and national specifics; establish clear coordination and sequencing
links among relevant legislative acts;
and identify priority directions for the
implementation of social inclusion
policy.
In addition to policies and specific
interventions promoting social inclusion, the state should actively promote
diversity and tolerance. There is
a need to implement awarenessraising campaigns and revise education curricula, targeting children and
youth in particular, to nurture their
willingness and readiness to interact
with individuals of different ethnic
and religious backgrounds, viewpoints and lifestyles.
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7.1
Overcoming Exclusion from

Political Life
Enhancing peoples trust in political institutions is a key task, one which will define
the success of the inclusion policy and will
represent a cornerstone of any comprehensive social inclusion system. The majority
of the population appears to have pessimistic expectations of political processes to
be constant; laws and regulations adopted
may often remain statements of good intent
without any follow-up implementation and
proper reporting. Traditions of cooperation
and dialogue between the authorities and
the population are not yet well developed.
To address the barriers to political inclusion,
it is necessary to:
Bring real legal practices in line with the
adopted laws;
Establish a practice of systematic clarification of the authorities plans, by providing to the population a clear and honest
presentation of expected results and
possible risks;
Ensure connections between fundamental
Government reforms and the populations
expectations by introducing a mandatory
requirement to conduct public consultations.
In general, the population does not
appear to believe that opportunities exist
to influence policy decisions. This results
in low level of participation in political life.
These trends are observed at both national
and local levels. This is a consequence of
the absence of a developed civil society
on the one hand and the extremely limited
legal culture in Ukraine on the other hand.
Combined with corruption, this creates
almost insumountable barriers for the
majority of the population to influence any
authority decision and monitor its proper
execution. To facilitate public participation
in decision-making and encourage more
active involvement in the public life, it is
important to:
Hold awareness-raising interventions to
familiarize the population with opportunities to be involved in and monitor the activities of the authorities;
Popularize legal knowledge and societal
rules of behaviour;
Simplify the mechanism of registration of
CSOs.
The inclusion of all groups in political life
entails the mobilization of communities that
do not currently realize their political rights.
The most important right is the right to
104
vote in referendums and elections. Electoral

activity is quite differentiated (by age, place
of residence, educational level and gender)
in present-day Ukraine. According to administrative data, people with the highest electoral activity are the elderly. Young people
are less active, whereas men are more active
than women. Ethnically, Ukrainians are the
most electorally active groups, compared to
Russians and other groups. In light of these
findings, it is necessary to enhance the electoral activity of young people, women and
ethnic minorities.
Extremely low representation of women
at the highest levels of the legislature and
the executive is often a result of prejudices
among both the wider population and civil
servants. In addition to measures addressing
these prejudices, specific actions aimed at
achieving gender parity within representative authorities and at higher levels of the
public administration should be implemented.
Inclusion of immigrants into the Ukrainian
society is another challenge; neglecting
this issue would be destructive to the political environment in general. Therefore, the
following actions should be implemented:
Maximum legalization of immigrants, and
proactive support to the legalization
process;
Provision of immigrants with access to
quality medical and educational services.
7.2

Cultural Life and Education
State policy in the field of culture must

not be limited to the management and
care of establishments of culture, education and art which are public and communal
property. Rather, it must address various
forms and genres of cultural, artistic and
leisure activities offered by both the
commercial and the not-for-profit sectors.
It also has to cover modern culture and the
electronic massmedia. The necessary legal,
institutional, financial and administrative
instruments of cultural policy should be
introduced to ensure their dynamic development in accordance with the interests of
Ukraine and its citizens. For this purpose, it is
important to:
Establish optimal conditions for the preservation and development of all national
languages, cultures, religions and traditions, and also the protection of historical
monuments, above all those which are
under threat of disappearance;
CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SOCIAL INCLUSION OF ALL
04.07.2011 17:40:25
Ensure the comprehensive development

and functioning of the official Ukrainian
language and strengthen its role as a factor
of social inclusion for citizens and groups
of citizens of different nationalities and as
a factor of consolidation of the Ukrainian
nation;
Ensure that the Russian language and
other ethnic minorities languages have
their place in the educational system and
can be used freely by their native speakers;
Elaborate and implement Government
programmes of protection and development of national culture;
Stimulate scientific research on the historical heritage and cultural uniqueness of
different social and ethnic groups;
Create electronic databases of national
cultural achievements in the areas of arts,
music, song and architecture, including
historical monuments; ensuring, in accordance with the legislation, free access to
these databases, and assist in the production of electronic and published reference
and information products on this basis;
Encourage cross-cultural dialogue and
awareness raising through the education
system, mass media and other communicative resources of knowledge on history, culture, religion and traditions of all
culturally distinctive groups of the Ukrai
nian population for their mutual interactive learning and understanding;
Develop an atmosphere of tolerance,
respect for values and collaboration of
individuals and groups differing in ethnic,
cultural, linguistic and religious origin;
Respect the spiritual and cultural values of
the multi-ethnic Ukrainian nation by promoting achievements in art, literature and
culture by all nationalities in Ukraine;
Create the conditions for overcoming the
negative stereotypes and myths related
to the nationally diverse groups of the
Ukrainian population and to individuals
belonging to these groups, in particular
by distributing information about positive experiences in terms of their political,
cultural and other forms of cooperation in
ancient and modern history;
Support studies on issues of cultural exclusion, improve statistics and conduct relevant targeted studies;
Strengthen public oversight and state
reporting on the implementation of international obligations and principles of
equal rights and opportunities for Ukrainian citizens in the field of culture; monitor cases of discrimination and exclusion
and also policies to overcome and prevent

such situations.
Overcoming exclusion in the field of
education can be achieved through equal
access of the population to high-quality
educational services to improve competitiveness in the labour market. The main barriers
to inclusion in education are limited availability of material and technical equipment
in a large number of educational institutions,
limited staffing, inefficiency of the educational institutions network and their inadaptability (physical access and teaching methodologies) to the requirements of persons
with special needs.
Regional and inter-settlement differences
in terms of quality of education should be
reduced. In addition, a whole range of legal,
organizational, economic, scientific and
pedagogical issues need to be addressed to
promote inclusion into education. There is a
need to:
Optimize educational institutions networks at all levels, taking into account
demographic realities and ensuring an
increase in the quality of educational
services;
Equip all educational institutions with
modern computers and internet connections;
Develop remedial educational programmes and mechanisms to bring back
to school children and young people who
have ended up outside the education
system;
Develop and implement a series of measures on integrated socialization of pupils
from boarding schools;
Develop a system of targeted training of
pedagogical personnel for school and
pre-school educational institutions of
rural areas and small and mono-company
towns;
Establish inclusive education for children
and young people with special needs;
Strengthen the responsibility of families
and local authorities to prevent the violation of childrens rights to complete general secondary education;
Improve primary professional orientation
and vocational training in senior grades of
general secondary school.
7.3

Economic Life
Overcoming social exclusion based on

status in the labour market. Employment is
one of the key forms of a persons particiNATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011
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pation in public life and is a pre-condition

for his/her social inclusion in other areas.
The importance of employment policy for
social inclusion is reflected in EU Directives.
In particular, Directive No. 17 sets a goal of
full employment, high levels of quality and
productivity at work, social solidarity and
inclusion. This foresees, primarily, enhancing
labour supply, inclusion and provision of
support to as many people as possible in the
field of employment. Policy actions should be
developed taking into account the needs of
vulnerable groups that are at risk of exclusion
from the labour market (youth, women and
the elderly).
To enhance the quality and productivity
of the workforce and the employability of
graduates of educational institutions, it is
important to enhance the alignment of
education and training programmes with the
needs of the labour market, to decrease gaps
between different segments of the labour
market, to improve remuneration and taxation mechanisms and to modernize the social
protection system.
Ukraines European Choice, which corresponds to the national interests of social
solidarity and inclusion, has to be supported
through the establishment of the abovementioned principles of policy on the labour
market and employment. Motivating the
population to engage in economic activities,
overcoming unemployment and creating
the conditions for decent work should be
the priorities. Specific policy measures should
cover:
Create new job opportunities, particularly by promoting the development of social entrepreneurship, i.e. private or selfgoverning organizations manufacturing
goods and providing services (including
those free of charge) for local communities;
Improve the existing legal framework
and eliminate any provisions that create
grounds for discrimination in terms of
access to work or status of employment;
Strengthen public oversight of compliance with labour and social legislation;
Restructure employment towards enhancing the role of highly technological
production and knowledge-intensive
services, improve working conditions;
Improve labour market support services
and enhance access to informational resources and communication on the labour
market situation;
Promote labour force mobility, including
commuting and professional retraining;
106
Promote work-life balance and the principles of family-oriented policy among

employers;
Ensure genuine gender equality in labour
rights. In particular enhance opportunities
for the realization of womens labour potential by increasing the retirement age to
the level set for men; achive gender parity
at the highest positions in the executive and on election lists; raise awareness
on principles of equality in work and the
social rights of women and men; and introduce administrative liability for gender discrimination;
Enhance job opportunities for rural populations and inhabitants of small towns, including the development of local social services
and infrastructure, stimulation of commuting, transferring jobs from big cities.
Overcoming social exclusion owing to low
incomes. Low remuneration levels and inefficient income redistribution are the biggest
challenges to overcoming social exclusion and poverty in Ukraine. Taking this into
account, the focus of policy should be not
only on alleviating absolute poverty but also
on curtailing inequality and relative poverty.
Policy actions should include:
Coordination of the reproduction and
stimulating functions of all types of social
transfers, particularly the provision of minimum unemployment benefits to insured people at an amount not lower than
subsistence level for those who have lost
ability to work;
Revision of the standards used to define
the minimum state social guarantees on
a regular basis, including their indexation
taking into account actual inflation levels;
Utilization of economic stimuli instead of
administrative enforcement to motivate
employers to hire non-competitive individuals, particularly by establishing a special minimum wage size (7580 percent
of the general minimum) for employees
younger than 18 years of age and also for a
certain time period (36 months) for individuals who are searching for their first job
or who have had a significant break from
employment;
Adherence to social equity principles
when redistributing state resources aimed
at alleviating poverty; allocating to civil
society and private sector a wider role in
overseeing the spending of budget funds;
Improvement of the legal framework and
mechanisms of assistance to low-income
families in order to enhance targeting and
decrease errors of exclusion, particularly
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of the methodology for calculating the aggregated family income for the purpose of
determining eligibility for targeted social
assistance;
Minimization of possible negative consequences of social protection programmes,
such as a decrease in economic activities
among the population and a strengthening of the welfare mentality in society.
These goals can be achieved by imposing relevant additional eligibility criteria
for those of working age to participate in
programmes and improving the system of
social inspection, including its legal foundations;
Introduction of a progressive taxation
scale for personal incomes as the means to
decrease social inequality.
Overcoming social exclusion based on
housing conditions. Decent housing conditions along with income level determine full
participation in public life. Policy in this area
should aim to enhance the availability of
housing and decrease the burden of the cost
of housing and utility services on the family
budget. Policy actions should ensure:
Development of a system of social and
temporary housing;
Improvement of the access to mortgages
(particularly for young families);
Stimulation of the development of the
long-lease housing market;
Improvement of housing infrastructure.
7.4
Overcoming Exclusion from the

Health Care System
Policy to eliminate barriers to inclusion

into the health care system should be aimed
at ensuring equal access of the population to
adequate medical services regardless of place
of residence, income level or other aspects.
The reform of the health care system must
ensure a proper balance between state guarantees and the available financial resources. It
is necessary to conduct a structural reorganization of the health care system based on the
principles of primary care and a transfer from
an administrative to a contractual model of
health care provision.
The main directions of structural reforms
of the health care system aimed at ensuring
availability, accessibility and quality of health
care should include:
Elimination of the fragmentation of health
care resources;
Ensuring structural, organizational, financial and economic separation of primary,
secondary and tertiary health care, with

gradual increases in expenditures on primary care for its further development,
including of the institute of family doctors;
Improvement of the material and technical base of health care institutions;
Reorganization of hospitals into independent not-for-profit municipal institutions;
Optimization of the health care institution
network;
Revision of current procurement and
supply management practices to ensure
more effective use of financial resources;
Employment of highly qualified managers
within the health care system.
The budget funding of the health care
system should be maintained within the
minimum standards set by legislation and
guaranteed by the state. Health care insurance must be introduced in a voluntary form
to cover additional health care services for
individuals who have sufficient means to pay
for it. This will make it possible to alleviate
the burden on the state-funded system to
support more vulnerable groups.
To overcome the exclusion of the rural
population from health care, it is recommended to:
Introduce incentives for health care
workers to provide better quality services
in rural area;
Reorganize inefficient rural hospitals into
centres of primary care.
7.5
Overcoming Exclusion from the

Social Protection System
There is, poor targeting of social assistance

and levels of protection of vulnerable groups
appear to be insufficient. To address these
shortcomings, the system of social support
should be modernized and targeting of the
majority of types of social assistance should
be increased. This will allow for a reduction in
support provided to relatively better-off families and a heightened focus on needy families. This will, in its turn, increase coverage of
the poor population with social assistance,
raising the amount of benefits and improving
social equity in the distribution of state funds
allocated to social support.
In order to improve the effectiveness of
the social protection system, there is a need
to establish a single database of recipients of
all types of social assistance, as well as to integrate all social providers into a single network,
aimed at the complex provision of social assistance to those in need. To improve the quality
of social services, it is necessary to ensure
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the development of a market of social services, reform boarding-type institutions and

develop community-based forms of service
provision, introduce social contracting-out
and quality standards of services. It is also
necessary to reorganize the institute of social
inspection, which should be assigned the
responsibility to carefully monitor the socioeconomic conditions of specific individuals
and households and to initiate preventive
actions against their poverty and social exclusion. The focus of social policy should be put
on active measures of support, targeting
able-bodied people in particular.
It is important to ensure the participation of self-employed individuals in obligatory social insurance and to encourage
their contribution to voluntary pension and
medical insurance systems. These measures
will contribute to a maximum inclusion of
people in the social insurance system.
To improve communications for rural
residents, it is necessary to ensure that local
roads are constructed or repaired. These can
be financed jointly by the state and local
communities. Special transport routes for
inhabitants of remote settlements should be
introduced.
To decrease the level of social exclusion
based on prejudice, it is important to:
Conduct educational and awarenessraising interventions aimed at developing
tolerant attitudes towards certain population groups (people with disabilities, the
elderly, sexual minorities, people living
with HIV,etc.);
Establish criminal responsibility for any act
of discrimination (during the hiring process, provision of medical or social services,
etc.) based on prejudice.
7.6
Overcoming Social Exclusion of

Certain Groups of Population
This Report identifies a number of socially

excluded groups and barriers to their inclusion. Although the sectoral recommendations provided above address some barriers
to social inclusion, there is a need to develop
and implement policy and programme interventions responding to the needs of specific
socially excluded groups and groups at
risk of social exclusion. Recommendations
targeting some vulnerable groups cover the
following.
Orphaned children. Children and teenagers deprived of parental care, especially
those living in boarding schools, became the
most unprotected and excluded population
108
groups in Ukraine during the socio-economic

and political transformation. Boarding schooltype institutions often have structured
time schedules and activities which reduce
opportunities for such children to make
independent decisions on many important
life issues. They operate in a manner that is
detached from society, which may make it
impossible for children to communicate and
interact with the surrounding world. All this
may result in challenging behaviour, poor
socialization and low motivation to participate in adult life and society. As such, children
graduating from boarding schools are often
unprepared for active involvement in society
life and are less competitive in the labour
market.
Boarding school-type institutions have
challenges in terms of improving their
methods of education and upbringing of
children. Absence of housing remains one
of the most important problems boarding
school graduates encounter, despite their
rights to housing declared by the state.
The following actions are necessary for
the fully fledged inclusion of orphaned children into public life and the development of
their social skills:
Provide them with opportunities to obtain
high-quality education and labour skills;
Ensure their enrolment in mainstream
schools with peers who live with parents;
Develop vocational education and opportunities for them to obtain a profession
within the boarding school institution that
will increase their chances of employment
after graduation;
Create a lifestyle within the institution that
approximates as far as possible the family
lifestyle;
Develop the skills necessary for household
life, including housekeeping;
Implement social and psychological training, develop interpersonal communication skills, skills for collective activities and
skills for organization of an independent
life;
Develop social and personal mobility and
the ability to evaluate life situations and
make appropriate decisions;
Develop healthy lifestyles without bad
habits and implement physical training
that will support adaptation to job requirements;
Create different models of family relationships: family groups within the orphanage,
foster parent models, guardian families, etc.;
Carry out systematic outreach and prevention work with vulnerable families, increase
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the prestige of adoption of orphaned children;

Solve housing and property challenges,
particularly problems with the provision of
social housing after a persons graduation
from boarding school.
Families with many children. Families with
many children face a high risk of social exclusion. Many such families are living below the
poverty line and the issue of adequate nutrition is critical. Numerous factors contribute
to higher poverty levels among these families. Often, family members have to spend a
significant amount of time taking care of children, which reduces their competitiveness
on the labour market. Employers have low
incentives to hire workers with significant
family duties. Insufficient provision of this
category of families with adequite housing
conditions is also a critical issue.
Children from such families often demonstrate lower self-esteem in comparison with
their peers from families with fewer children,
which can negatively affect their future. In
addition to socio-economic and psychological problems, such families also experience
health issues.
To promote the inclusion of families with
many children in public life, it is important to:
Ensure an improved financial situation for
families with many children, including increased targeted assistance, provided to
such families, taking into account their income level;
Assist in the employment of members of
families with many children, stimulate their
economic activity and self-employment;
Provide employees who have three or
more children with favourable conditions
for combining labour activities with family
duties;
Assist in solving housing problems;
Ensure social comfort for families with
many children and enhance their mobility;
Improve availability and accessibility of
health care services for such families;
Improve informational and consultative
assistance for such families by enlarging
the network and stimulating the activities of social service centres, family centres,
etc.;
Promote and strengthen moral and family
values and views on the social attractiveness and prestige of families with many
children.
Persons with disabilities. People with disabilities remain excluded from many areas of
social life in Ukraine. Most of all, they suffer
from careless or negative attitudes on the
part of other people. Therefore, implementation of outreach, education and awarenessraising activities aimed at building tolerance
towards persons with disabilities should
be strengthened significantly. The society
should be made aware that persons with
disabilities have the same rights and ability
to participate fully in society, including in
the labour market, and therefore should be
informed about the professional successes
and labour capacity of persons with disabilities. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop
the culture of perception of persons with
disabilities as equal members of the society
in such socially important spheres of life as
public administration, management, manufacturing, science, finance, etc. The media
and the educational sector should play an
important role to ensure this.
One important pre-condition for the
social inclusion of persons with disabilities
is the creation of opportunities for them to
live independent lives and participate in all
spheres of life, by providing equal access to
infrastructure, transport, information and
communication. Therefore, the following
actions must be implemented:
Provision of a sufficient number of rehabilitation means;
Creation of an accessible information and
communication environment, including
emergency services, in particular to address the needs of persons with impaired
hearing or vision and people with intellectual disabilities;
Creation of a barrier-free environment
through the reconstruction of roads and
residential and public buildings, including secondary and higher education and
health care institutions;
Improvement of the accessibility of public
transport for persons with disabilities;
Ensuring accessibility of workplaces.
Quality education increases the chances
of all individuals for a better life, but persons
with disabilities often cannot access it. Children
with disabilities should have the opportunity to
obtain education in a mainstream school with
their peers, if possible. This will stimulate the
socialization of children and youth with disabilities and help them achieve better educational
outcomes and acquire life and labour skills.
Access for persons with disabilities to higher
education can be ensured through the introduction of flexible curricula, training on an individual schedule, distance learning, etc.
Exclusion of persons with disabilities is
closely related to their participation in the
labour market. The following measures can
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involve persons with disabilities in the labour

market:
Enable the adaptation of workplaces to
the needs of persons with disabilities
(adaptation of the workplace, creating
special jobs);
Develop flexible forms of employment
(homework, flexible working hours, etc.);
Provide free access to a general curriculum
for orientation and training;
Overcome discrimination against persons
with disabilities in employment through
the elimination of separate vacancies
for general persons and persons with
disabilities.
Immigrants. International experience
suggests that the following factors promote
inclusion of immigrants:
Naturalization; granting citizenship to immigrants;
Scale of immigrants arrival in a host country: small groups of immigrants usually integrate quickly into the recipient country
and successful inclusion of the first groups
of immigrants makes it easier to adapt to
a host society for consequent contingents
of immigrants from the same countries;
large contingents of immigrants of the
same ethnic origin that arrive in a short period of time usually form constant diasporas following their own laws beyond the
legislative framework of the host country;
Proficiency in the language of the host
country;
Tolerance in society and harmony between different population groups;
Inclusion of immigrants in the economic
life of society.
Ukraines population is decreasing,
including its working-age population. As such,
there is a need to prepare citizens to coexist
with representatives of various ethnic groups.
The first main component of state immigration policy should be aimed at convincing
the public that it is necessary to implement
such a policy. The second component should
involve interventions promoting tolerance
and acceptance of immigrant groups in the
Ukrainian society.
The following priority actions are recommended for policy in the field of immigration,
ensuring inter-ethnic harmony and consolidation of the Ukrainian population:
Simplification of procedures to grant citizenship to those already living in Ukraine;
Introduction of social advertising to encourage tolerance towards immigrants,
elective lectures in higher educational institutions and classes in schools on inter-
110
ethnic relationships, production of appropriate cultural television and radio

programmes and publishing of popular literature on the subject;
Introduction of courses on the culture of
different nationalities of Ukraine at the
higher grades in schools to help pupils
become acquainted with the culture, customs and religious ceremonies of different
ethnic groups of the Ukrainian population,
including the most numerous groups of
non-traditional immigrants;
Provision of benefits to large and mediumsized enterprises that employ representatives of so-called visible minorities;
Organization of Ukrainian language courses for immigrants.
The state should also ensure vigorous
counteraction of racism and xenophobia, the
eradication of so-called skinhead and other
ultra-nationalist movements and control of
the mass media with regard to publications
fuelling inter-ethnic tensions.
Children of labour migrants. To prevent
children left without parental care being
orphaned, to decrease juvenile delinquency
and to protect the rights of children, there
is a need to identify families in which one or
both of the parents have left to work abroad,
taking into account the unwillingness of such
families to disclose this information. There
is a need to register these families in social
services, even if there are no clear displays of
deprivation.
The effective prevention or minimization of the negative consequences of labour
migration for children requires a complex
approach, promoting the horizontal collaboration of specialized institutional services and
systems engaged in addressing child issues.
For instance, visa and registration units
of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine
and consulate services of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Ukraine should register citizens leaving a country who have children of
minority age, regardless of the declared goal
of a trip, and, in case of necessity, provide
information as requested by social services.
Parents should be obliged to notify the juvenile service before leaving. In rural areas, the
village council should record such information. Registration of children of school or
pre-school age should be performed by the
schools or pre-school institutions. All information on children whose parents have
gone abroad must be accumulated by local
and regional family, children and youth
departments with the assistance of childhood protection inspectors. It is important to
04.07.2011 17:40:25
strengthen the responsibility of custodians

by formally fixing their rights and responsibilities through the establishment of temporary
child custody for the period of the parents
trip abroad.
To address the barriers to social inclusion
of children of labour migrants, it is necessary
to better focus the attention of social services
on these families, especially when both
parents have left the country. Social services
have to identify these children and parents
or guardians; check out the correctness of
documents on custody and care; if necessary, establish custody of a child and notify
the school; find out how their basic material
needs are satisfied and what conditions for
education, development and leisure are in
place; and, if needed, provide social support.
The Roma population. Policy for the inclusion of the Roma population should focus
on improving their living conditions and
preventing inter-ethnic conflicts between
Roma and representatives of other ethnic
groups. It will be more efficient if it takes into
account the traditional specifics of a Roma
lifestyle. The following aspects are especially
important: 1) caste stratification and significant influence of Roma elders on social
behaviour of communities; and 2) differences
in the way Roma live (some live a settled
life, for example in Transcarpatia; many have
a nomadic lifestyle and have no desire to
change this).
Taking into account the first aspect, the
state should rely on Roma elders who are
truly interested in positive social transformations in their ethnic group and to ensure the
neutralization of the negative influences of
some elders whose position and activities are
producing asocial behaviour of Roma (in this
case, law enforcement bodies should play a
leading role).
For Roma who live or want to live a sedentary life, the following activities should be
implemented in traditional permanent or
temporary places of residence:
Construction of social housing (separate
household) for families and its free-ofcharge provision but without the right to
sell, give or alienate it in any other way;
Targeted investments in the creation and
development of social (including cultural)
infrastructure of settlements;
Creation of economic, material and technical stimuli for Roma to conduct economic
activities, such as the production of traditional Roma crafts, the pursuit of other
activities (e.g. growing vegetables, agricultural processing, etc.) and the participa-
tion of Roma in realisation of social housing and other projects established for their
benefit;
Creation and organization of the work of
pre-school institutions and also primary
schools to prepare Roma children to pursue general and special secondary education with children of other nationalities.
The policy aimed at the inclusion of Roma
who are not willing to live a sedentary life
should include:
The study of traditional nomadic routes;
Creation of settlements of temporary and
permanent (mixed) residence with adequate social infrastructure, including
boarding and regular schools for Roma
children (adapted for work during the
whole calendar year and especially in winter) in common stopping places for nomadic Roma.
People living with HIV/AIDS. Policy for
the social inclusion of people living with HIV
should create prerequisites for their full and
harmonic integration into the society in all
its essential functions and spheres. The key
barrier relates to the stigma associated with
HIV status, to discrimination and to violations
of human rights in such important areas as
health care, education and employment.
Therefore, actions aimed at overcoming HIVrelated stigmatization and reducing discrimination to a zero level, along with legal protection for those affected with HIV, should be at
the centre of the policy of social inclusion.
Impact of such factors, as low awareness,
fear, false stereotypes and prejudice, spread
in society towards people living with HIV,
should be addressed by activities in educational and general informational spheres.
The specific medical needs of people living
with HIV include antiretroviral therapy and
also substitution maintenance treatment for
those with drug dependency. Both should
be featured in the set of medical services
offered by health care facilities throughout
the country. Social services to support adherence to treatment, to ensure preventive
care and social support as well as psychological counselling should be fully present, in
conformity with adopted standards. Also, for
those living with HIV, who belong to the risk
groups, it is essential to maintain re-socialization programmes. Hence, the national HIV/
AIDS programmes should include such services with sufficient budget.
Legal protection of people living with HIV
and representatives of risk groups is absolutely
essential in terms of both the effective fight
against the epidemic and the social inclusion
111
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of these groups. Although Ukrainian legislation

guarantees equal access to services regardless
of status, and additional rights to people living
with HIV, such people often find themselves
legally unprotected, as laws concerning HIV/
AIDS are not yet fully observed and enforced.
Recommendations on building effective
policy for social inclusion in this regard cover
the development of mechanisms for monitoring human rights inflictions and enforcement of legislation on HIV/AIDS.
Homeless people. As many homeless
people as possible should be reintegrated into
the society. To achieve this goal, the state and
non-state service providers supporting the
homeless should not be limited to provision
of services such as night shelters, nutrition and
medical assistance, but should also include
interventions to help the homeless return
to society and normal life. Re-socialization
of homeless should include two stages: first,
provision of assistance to satisfy basic needs
(physiological); and second, actions aimed
at social inclusion (facilitating employment,
accessing education and qualifications, etc.).
The main directions of social inclusion
policy for the homeless are the following:
Development of a network of social assistance providers for homeless people which
112
should use complex strategies for their resocialization;

Elimination of provisions in legislative acts
that may result in discrimination against
the homeless;
Strengthening of work of social services
aimed at prevention of homelessness;
Counteraction of the spreading of negative stereotypes about the homeless in the
mass consciousness.
The barriers and challenges to social
inclusion facing vulnerable groups are
complex and multidimensional. The recommended interventions should ensure social
inclusion of vulnerable individuals and population groups in the political, cultural, social
and economic life of the Ukrainian society.
The process of elaboration of polices and
the implementation of programmes of social
inclusion should be supported by consultation with representatives of these groups.
The recommended actions, aimed at solving
numerous and very complex problems,
should be implemented by the Government
together with local authorities, civil society
and the private sector. The effectiveness of
social inclusion policy and measures can only
be ensured through a close collaboration of
all members of the Ukrainian society.
04.07.2011 17:40:25
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Calculating the Human Development

Indices: Graphic Presentation
AN N EX
119
04.07.2011 17:40:25
120
04.07.2011 17:40:26
Calculating the Human Development

Index: Technical Note
AN N EX
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of human development. It
measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, access to knowledge and a decent standard of living. The HDI is
the geometric mean of normalized indices measuring achievements in each dimension.
Data sources
Life expectancy at birth: UNDESA1
Mean years of schooling: Barro and Lee2
Expected years of schooling: UNESCO Institute for Statistics3
Gross national income (GNI) percapita: World Bank4 and IMF5
67
Creating the dimension indices. The first step is to create sub-indices for each dimension.
Minimum and maximum values (goalposts) need to be set in order to transform the indicators into indices between 0 and 1. Because the geometric mean is used for aggregation, the
maximum value does not affect the relative comparison (in percentage terms) between any
two countries or periods oftime. The maximum values are set to the actual observed maximum
values of the indicators from the countries in the time series, that is, 19802010. The minimum
values will affect comparisons, so values that can be appropriately conceived of as subsistence
values or as natural zeros are used. Progressis thus measured against minimum levels that a
society needs to survive over time. The minimum values are set at 20 years for life expectancy,
at 0 years for both education variables and at US$ 163 for per capita GNI. The life expectancy
minimum is based on long-run historical evidencefrom Maddison6 and Riley.7 Societies can
subsist without formal education, justifying the education minimum. A basic level of income
Goalposts for the Human Development Index

Dimension
Life expectancy
Mean years of schooling
Expected years of schooling
Combined education index
Per capita income (PPP US$)
Observed maximum
83.2 (Japan, 2010)

13.2 (US, 2000)
20.6 (Australia, 2002)
0.951 (New Zealand, 2010)
108,211 (United Arab Emirates, 1980)
Minimum
20.0
0
0
0
163 (Zimbabwe, 2008)
Example: Ukraine
Indicator
Life expectancy at birth (years)

Mean years of schooling (years)
Expected years of schooling (years)
GNI per capita (PPP US$)
Note:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Value
68.6
11.3
14.6
6.535
Values are rounded.
UNDESA (2009).
Barro and Lee (2010).
UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2010).
World Bank (2010).
IMF (2010).
Maddison (2010).
Riley (2001).
121
04.07.2011 17:40:26
is necessary to ensure survival: US$ 163 is the lowest value attained by any country inrecorded
history (in Zimbabwe in 2008) and corresponds to less than US$ 0.45 a day, just over a third of
the World Banks US$ 1.25 a day poverty line.
Having defined the minimum and maximum values, the sub-indices are calculated as
follows:
actual value minimum value
Dimension index =
(1)
maximum value minimum value
For education, equation 1 is applied to each of the two subcomponents, then a geometric
mean of the resulting indices is createdand, finally, equation 1 is reapplied to the geometric
mean of the indices, using 0 as the minimum and the highest geometric mean of the resulting
indices for the time period under consideration as the maximum. This is equivalent to applying
equation 1 directly to the geometric mean of the two subcomponents. Because each dimension index is a proxy for capabilities in the corresponding dimension, the transformation function
from income to capabilities is likely to be concave.8 Thus, for income, the natural logarithm of the
actual minimum and maximum values is used.
Aggregating the sub-indices to produce the Human Development Index. The HDI is the
geometric mean of the three dimension indices:
1/3
1/3
1/3
( Life Education Income ) (2)
Expression 2 embodies imperfect substitutability across all HDI dimensions. It thus addresses
one of the most serious criticisms of the linear aggregation formula, which allowed for perfect
substitution across dimensions. Some substitutability is inherent in the definition of any index
that increases with the values of its components.
68,6 20
Life expectancy index =
= 0,769
83,2 20
11,3 20
Mean years of schooling index =
= 0,856
13,2 20
14,6 20
Expected years of schooling index =
= 0,709
20,6 20
0,856 0,708 0
Education index =
= 0,819
0,951 0
Income index = ln(6,535) ln(163) = 0,568
ln(108,211) ln(163)
3
Human Development Index = 0,769 0,819 0,568 = 0,710
The methodology for calculating the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index,

the Gender Inequality Index and the Multidimensional Poverty Index can be found in UNDPs
Human Development Report 2010.
122
Anand and Sen (2000).
ANNEX 2. CALCULATING THE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX: TECHNICAL NOTE
04.07.2011 17:40:26
Share of Excluded Households

of Ukraine by Characteristic (%)
AN N EX
Characteristic of exclusion
Household in which all adults of working age have low status in the labour market
5.5
Unemployed for a long period of time (over 12 months)
1.8
Poor defined in accordance with relative national criterion
24.0
Households unable to ensure adequate nutrition for a year
4.1
Households that experience shortage of funds for visiting friends with presents or for
inviting friends to visit
17.6
Households that experience shortage of funds for family vacations outside the home
and not with relatives at their place residence
34.0
Households that experience shortage of funds for purchasing tickets to the cinema
(or theatre or concert) once or twice a year
13.4
Households with a share of social assistance and assistance from relatives amounting
to 33 percent of total income
1.7
Households without access to education
8.4
10
Households in which not one member 25 years of age or older has professional
education
48.6
11
Households without access to medical assistance
39.2
12
Households that experience shortage of funds for paid emergency medical services
23.1
13
Households living in poor housing conditions
55.1
14
Households without a telephone (home or cellular)
21.5
15
Households suffering from absence of regular everyday transport communication of

their settlement with another settlement with more developed infrastructure
12.6
16
Households suffering from unavailability of assistance from social workers or social

assistance
7.7
17
Households that have not accessed services in the field of culture during a year
23.7
18
Households that shift responsibility for their well-being onto the state
34.0
123
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04.07.2011 17:40:26

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UNDP - Ukraine (Towards Social Inclusion)

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National Human

Development Report 2011

National Human Development Report

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

Consultant: Arkadii Toritsin.

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT PREPARATION TEAM

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

6.2 Households with Characteristics of Acute Social Exclusion by Number

NATIONAL HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2011

4.9 Living Conditions of the Homeless. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

digms. It also explains the main focus of

Social Exclusion, Social Inclusion and

an inclusive society, in which diversities are

Exclusion from Political Life

elections. Youth are apathetic and distrustful

Exclusion from Cultural Life and

at the same time, results in a certain level of

their integration into mainstream schooling

Exclusion from Economic Life

the main manifestation of economic exclusion. If a households income per adult is

Exclusion from Health Care and Social

Most of those who were sick claim negative

Multidimensional Aspects of Social

sion are complex and inter-linked. Indicators

Policy Recommendations for Social

Social inclusion policies should include

inclusion for citizens and groups of citizens

The affordability of decent housing

specific needs of excluded groups and those

place; and, if needed, provide various forms

Homeless people. State and non-state

This National Human Development

logy to assess multidimensional aspects

Regional Human Development Report, Beyond Transition Towards Inclusive Societies

CHAPTER 1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

social networks; and political, cultural and

Human Development Concept and

The first Human Development Report,

Human Development Classic Definition

The basic purpose of development is to enlarge peoples choices. In principle,

According to the 2010 Report, Ukraines

Federation show losses of 14 percent and 12

Ukraines Human Development Index Trends

Life expectancy at birth

GNI per capita

CHAPTER 1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

Social Inclusion and Human Development in

in meeting the education Goal (although

Ukraines HDI Indicators in 2010 Relative to Selected Countries

MPI headcount (%)

Population at risk of multidimensional

Source: UNDP (2010a).

A share of those whose daily consumption is below US$ 5 (PPP).

Defining Social Exclusion

Social exclusion is a relatively new

declared formally. Poverty, absence of basic

Lenoir (1974), in Sen (2000).

CHAPTER 1. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT, SOCIAL EXCLUSION AND SOCIAL INCLUSION

Therefore, it is difficult to count on effective

Defining Social Inclusion