Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
CIVIL ENGINEER
DEPARTMENT OF HIGHWAYS, THAILAND
Goals
Understanding
Driver characteristics
Pedestrian characteristics
Vehicle characteristics
Traffic characteristics
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Driver Characteristics
Licensed and unlicensed drivers
Very young and very old drivers
Driver perception and reaction
Driver tasks
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Reaction Time
85th percentile
driver reaction
time to expected
and unexpected
information
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vehicle Characteristics
Vehicle types of size
Vehicle performance
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vehicle Dimensions
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
10
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
11
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vehicle Performance
Acceleration of passenger car, level condition
12
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pedestrian Characteristics
Space needs: elliptical shape, a = 61
cm. and b = 45.7 cm.
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Traffic Characteristics
ADT, AADT, DHV
Directional distribution (D)
DDHV = ADT*K*D
Percentage of trucks (T)
Design speed (V)
Roadway capacity and level of service
14
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
15
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
16
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Sight Distance
A sufficient distance of clear vision
ahead so they can avoid hitting
unexpected obstacles and can pass
slower vehicles
17
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
18
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
19
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
20
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
21
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
22
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Old policy
23
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
Old policy
24
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
25
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Roadway Alignment
PLAN
Horizontal
alignment
Vertical
alignment
PROFILE
26
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Horizontal Alignment
Horizontal alignment consists of tangent or
straight sections of the highway are
connected with circular curves to create a
flowing and smooth alignment
Station
27
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
28
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example It is given the curve data at P.I.
Station 0+150.000 with the intersection
angle, of 16 30 00 (RT) and circular
radius of 100 meters. Find curve data
elements, T, E, LC, P.C. and P.T.
29
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Horizontal Curves
Contd
30
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Superelevation Concept
The vehicle moving in the circular path is
subject to centripetal acceleration (or
centrifugal force) that acts toward the
center of the curve
31
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Superelevation
32
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
33
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Methods of Superelevation
3 Methods of attaining superelevation
34
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
35
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
36
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
37
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Transition Length
Transition length is equal to the sum
of superelevation runout and
superelevation runoff
38
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Relative Gradient, S
39
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Minimum Superelevation
Runoff
40
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Minimum Superelevation
Runout
41
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Portion of Runoff
Verify portion of runoff length
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Limiting of Superelevation
Large shifts in lateral position may have on vehicle control, the threshold
superelevation rates associated with a lateral shift of 1.0 meter
43
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example Design for the superelevation
from the given information;
- P.I. Sta 0+150.000
- = 163000 (RT.)
- Two lanes with 3.5 m lane width
- Design speed 60 km/h
- Crown slope 2%
44
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
45
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
46
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Spiral Curves
Contd
47
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Superelevation Attainment
48
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
As a vehicle turns, the rear wheels follow
the front wheels on a shorter radius
49
49
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
Contd
(Source: AASHTO
Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets
2011)
50
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
51
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example For a two-way two-lane highway,
design a widening on curve from the given
information.
- Lane width = 3.5 m
- Design speed = 50 km/h
- Radius of curve = 100 m
- Design vehicle is single unit truck that has
vehicle width = 2.44 m, front overhang = 1.22 m,
wheelbase = 6.10 m
- Assume lateral clearance = 0.9 m
52
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
Contd
53
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
Contd
54
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Widening of Curves
Contd
55
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
56
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
57
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vertical Alignment
Vertical alignment consists of straight
profile lines connected by vertical
parabolic curves, also known as the
profile grade line
58
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Terrain Classification
Level terrain
Rolling terrain
Mountainous terrain
59
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Control Grades
Maximum grades
Minimum grades
60
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vertical Curves
61
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vertical Curves
62
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Vertical Curves
63
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Effect of Grade
Grade 4% to 5% steep does not
effect much for a speed of passenger
car
On the other hand, the effect of
grades on truck speed is much more
significant
Truck speed is dependent on
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Deceleration on Upgrades
Speed-distance curves for a typical heavy truck of 120 kg/KW
65
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Acceleration
Speed-distance curves for a typical heavy truck of 120 kg/kW
66
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Speed Reduction
Speed reduction and crash rate of 25 km/h
reduction has 2.4 times crash rate compared
to 15 km/h reduction
67
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
68
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Climbing Lanes
Increasing delay and crashes, adding
lanes as safety improvement
Criteria to justify a climbing lane
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Climbing Lanes
70
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Passing Lanes
Three or four-lane sections to provide
desired frequency of safe passing zones on
winding highways and on crest curves
Design guidelines:
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Turnouts
Widened and unobstructed shoulders
Used on (1) low volume roads or (2) where
continuous passing lanes are needed but too
expensive (difficult terrain, more than 10%
trucks, frequent no-passing zones)
Design guidelines:
Length 60-185 m
Visible in each direction at 300 m or more
Width of 5 m (minimum 3.6 m)
Firm and smooth surface
Tapers are 15 to 30 m long
72
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Escape Ramp
Provide acceptable deceleration rates and
afford good driver control of the out-ofcontrol vehicles on the ramp
(Source: AASHTO
Geometric Design
of Highways and
Streets 2011)
73
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Escape Ramp
Types of
ramps
Contd
Gravity
Sandpile
Arrester bed
The most
commonly
used is
arrester bed
74
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
75
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
76
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
h2 = 0.60 m (2 ft)
h1 = 1.08 m (3.50 ft)
77
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
78
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
79
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
80
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Appearance control
81
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
82
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
84
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
85
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
General appearance
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
h2 = 0.60 m (2 ft)
h1 = 2.40 m (8 ft)
88
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
S<L
Where
89
S>L
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Cross-Section Elements
Cross section
Roadway
Traveled way
90
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Cross-Section Elements
91
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Surface Type
High type : smooth riding qualities, good
skid-resistance properties in all weather,
long life span without fatigue failure
Intermidiate type : surface treatments
to pavements only slightly lower quality
than high-type pavements
Low type : surface-treated earth roads to
loose surface such as earth, crashed
stone, gravel. It requires greater steering
effort
92
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pavement Crown
Undivided traveled ways on tangents and
flat curves have a crown in the middle and
slope downward toward both edges. The
downward cross slope may be a plane or
rounded section (parabolic), or a
combination of the two
One-way traveled ways on divided highways
may be crowned separately or may have a
unidirectional cross slope (almost always
downward to the outer edge)
93
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pavement Crown
Contd
(Source: AASHTO
Geometric Design of
Highways and Streets
2011)
94
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pavement Crown
Contd
Crowned
separately
Unidirectio
nal cross
slopes
Pros
Cons
Drainage is slower
Difference between low and
high points of the cross section is
larger
95
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pavement Crown
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Travel Lanes
Number of lanes should adequate to
the future volume with appropriate
speed
Two-lane highways
Three-lane highways
Multilane undivided highways
Multilane divided highways
Limited-access highways
97
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Lane Width
Lane width strongly influences traffic safety
and comfort
Lane width range is 2.7-3.6 m with the 3.6 m
lane predominant on high-type highways
Two-lane two-way highways with the 3.6 lane
provide safe clearance between large
commercial vehicles
Narrower lanes
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Shoulders
Functions of shoulder
99
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Shoulders
Contd
Graded shoulder :
between the edge
of the traveled way
and the intersection
of the shoulder
slope and the
foreslope plane
Usable shoulder :
part of the graded
shoulder that can
be used by the
stopped vehicle
(Source: AASHTO Geometric Design of Highways and Streets 2011)
100
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Shoulders
Contd
Width of shoulders
101
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Shoulders
Contd
102
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Turnouts
Midblock bus turnout
103
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Medians
Medians are used on arterials with
four or more lanes
Function of medians
104
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Median
Contd
Depressed median
Raised median
Flush median
105
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Medians
Contd
Types of medians
Depressed : on freeways with slope 1:6 (1:4),
drainage inlets, safety grates
Raised : relatively narrow on arterial streets
Flush : crowned or slightly depressed on all
types of urban arterials and convenient to
convert into two-way left-turn lanes (3.0-4.8
m wide)
Width of medians ranges from 1.2 to 24 m
Full separation of traveled ways is achieved
when the median is at least 12 m wide
106
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Curb
Functions of curbs
Drainage control, roadway edge delineation, right-ofway reduction, delineation of pedestrian walkways,
reduction in maintenance operation
Types of curbs:
107
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Curb
Contd
108
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Roadside Hazard
Six alternatives of dealing with
roadside hazard
109
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Barriers
Longitudinal barriers
110
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Barriers
Contd
Guardrails
111
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Barriers
Contd
Median barriers
112
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
113
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
114
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Maintenance consideration
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Frontage Roads
117
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Frontage Roads
118
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Outer Seperations
Outer
separation
is the area
between the
arterial and
frontage
road
119
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pedestrian Facilities
Crosswalks
120
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Pedestrian Facilities
Contd
121
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Noise Control
Effect of depressing
the highways
Effect of elevating
the highways
123
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Roadside Design
Approximately 30 percent of all fatal
highway crashes involve one vehicle
that leaves the roadway and either
overturns or collides with a fixed
object
Two primary considerations
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
125
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
126
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example A road with design speed of 60 mph and
ADT = 2,300 vpd has foreslope with a 1V:8H. If a
tree is located 32 ft from the edge of the travel lane
(a) If the road is straight, enough clear zone?
(b) If the road has a curve of 1,300 ft and tree
is located on the outside of the curve, enough clear
zone?
(c) If the road has a curve of 1,300 ft and tree
is located on the inside of the curve, enough clear
zone?
127
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Categories of Slopes
Recoverable slopes
Nonrecoverable slopes
Critical slopes
128
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Categories of Slopes
Contd
129
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
130
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
For rounded
channels with a
bottom width
>= 2.4 m, and
trapezoidal
channels with a
bottom width
>= 1.2 m
131
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example A trapezoidal ditch with a bottom
width of 0.6 m, a foreslope of 1V:4H and
backslope of 1V:3H. Does this have a
preferred cross section that facilitates
vehicle traversability?
132
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Barrier Warrant
Barrier
warrant for
fill section
embankment
134
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Crash Cushions
Decelerate errant vehicles to a stop or
reducing the severity of head-on
impact with a fixed object
Rows of barrels, entrapment nets,
arrays of containers filled with sand
or water
Kinetic energy principle
135
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example A crash cushion device is to be
placed at an elevated expressway gore to
safely decelerate a 4,500-lb vehicle
traveling at a speed of 60 mph. Fifty-fivegallon steel barrels with a 7-in.-diameter
hole in the center of each end will serve as
the basic element. Laboratory studies have
indicated that a dynamic force of 9,000 lb is
required to crush one barrel from its original
2-ft diameter to about 0.5 ft. Determine the
number of barrels that will stop the car.
136
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Crash Cushions
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Example
Example A 4,500-lb vehicle impacts a sand-filled inertial
barrier hand-on at a speed of 45 mph. The system, which is
shown below, was designed for a speed of 50 mph. Determine
the speed after impact with each of the rows of barrels and
the average rate of deceleration. Diameter of barrel is 3 ft.
The numbers shown in the figure present the masses of each
barrel of sand in hundreds of pounds.
138
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Traffic signs
Traffic markings
Traffic signals
139
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Signs
Regulatory signs
140
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Signs
Contd
Warning signs
141
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Signs
Contd
Guide signs
142
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Traffic Markings
Pavement markings : longitudinal and
traverse lines
Curb markings : for roadway and curb
delineation and for parking regulation
Object markings : indicate obstructions
Delineators : to aid night driving
Colored pavements : used in
approaching stop sign, median separation,
or crosswalks
143
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Reflections
Diffuse reflection
Mirror reflection
Mixed reflection
Retroreflection
144
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Retroreflection Use
To make the visibility of a
sign or pavement marking
at night time and poor
weather condition
Source : Guide to
retroreflection safety principles
and retroreflective
measurements, RoadVista,
San Diego, California, 2009
145
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Glass Bead
146
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
147
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Traffic Signals
Phases
Phase 1
Phase 3
Phase 2
148
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Intersections
Should be design to provide safety for
turning and crossing movements
Sight distance
Signs
Profile grades
Alignments
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Intersections
150
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Intersections
151
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Turning at Intersections
Simple curve
152
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Turning at Intersections
Contd
153
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Turning at Intersections
Contd
154
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
155
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
156
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Contd
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
158
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Roundabout
Alternative to
crossing
intersection,
roundabout is
used to reduce
the number of
conflict points
in the
intersection
159
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of crossing
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Grade Separations
Permit the cross traffic flow at
different level without interruption
Overpass
Underpass
161
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Interchanges
An interchange is a grade separation in which vehicles
moving in one direction of flow transfer to another
direction by using of connecting roadways or ramps
162
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Types of Interchanges
T and Y interchanges
One-Quadrant interchanges
Diamond interchanges
Single-point urban interchanges
Partial and full cloverleaf
Directional interchanges
163
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
T and Y Interchanges
164
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
One-Quadrant Interchanges
Suitable for low-speed design in lowvolume locations
165
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Diamond Interchanges
Major flow is grade separated
Rural : light traffic on minor, Urban :
require signalized control
Disadvantage : wrong-way turn
166
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
167
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
168
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Weaving Sections
169
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Directional Interchanges
Used for important
turning movements to
reduce travel distance,
increase speed and
capacity, and eliminate
weaving
170
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN
Thank You !
171
DR.WASIN RUJIKIETGUMJORN