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Abstract
This paper presents a combined active front-end converter and shunt active filter (AFE+SAF) controlled by p-q theory control
algorithm. The Combined AFE+SAF is able to compensate reactive power, harmonic power and unbalanced power produced by
unbalanced linear, non linear and at the same time three phase AC to DC power conversion AFE+SAF will not pollute the source
currents. The p-q theory control algorithm is able to meat the target of load compensation and three phase AC to DC (for drives)
conversion. the AFE+SAF verified by simulation for different cases as unbalanced linear load, non linear load, unbalanced linear
and non linear load, unbalanced linear non linear and drive load. The whole simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
software.
Keywords:- active front-end converter, shunt active power filter, p-q theory, power quality, harmonics, reactive power.
----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------1.INTRODUCTION
In the last half a century years an increased number of power
electronic equipments connected to the grid cause the decrease
of power quality of the grid. In Last two decade years active
front end converters (AFE) are substitute for the diode rectifiers
or thyristor rectifiers in variable speed drives. Even though the
thyristor based rectifiers and diode rectifiers are at low cost and
high reliable, AFEs [1][3-10]are used for drives because
bidirectional power flow capability, selectable power factor
capability, sinusoidal source currents and line supply voltage
capability etc., shunt active filters and series active filters are
used for the compensate harmonics and reactive power at the
grid. The drawback of the active filters is the regenerative
capability for drives. Load compensation can efficiently
achieved by the active filters and AFE [12-16]are able to
maintain the source currents as sinusoidal, regenerative
capability hence the combination of these advantages can make
one converter as combined active front end converter and shunt
active filter (AFE+SAF).
The proposed control algorithm is suitable acts as AFE+SAF
and it solves the problem of regenerative capability, load
compensation and power factor control etc. IGBT three leg
bridge with midpoint capacitor converter is used as the [16]
AFE+SAF power electronic converter. The very famous pq [2]
control algorithm is to calculate the reference currents for the
converter. The objective of the pq theory is to convert the three
phase system into the single phase system so that computation
of the real power and imaginary powers easy and then
compensate as requirement of the system. In this paper pq
theory compensate reference currents are given separately for
active front converter, shunt active filter and AFE+SAF.
2.CONTROL ALGORITHM
Instantaneous p-q Theory to deal with instantaneous voltages
and currents in three phase circuits mathematically, it is
adequate to express their quantities as the instantaneous space
vectors.[2][16]
Transform
the
voltages
a b c to frame,
and
currents
from
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
778
x
x
x 0
1
1
1 2 2
3
3
2 0
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
xa
xb
x c
2
va avb a 2 vc
3
(9)
P v * i 0
p 0 v v i
i
q 0 v v
(2)
Where
(10)
(11)
2
3
cos(
2
2
) j sin( )
3
3
v 2 0
0 po
i0
0
v
v
v
v
p
0
i
2
i v0v 0 v v
v0v q
(3)
Real term
v
2
1
1
(v a v b v c )
3
2
2
(4)
Imaginary term
2 3
3
v
(
vb
vc )
3 2
2
p Pdc Pc
(5)
(8)
v 2 v 2
0
0
v0v
0
v
0v
v0v
v0v
filter
po
P
l
avg
dc
c
ql
v i v i Pdc p
i f 0
1
i f
2
2
v0 v v
i f
active
(14)
From the source system has to supply only active power, which
is equally supplied through the individual phases.
(13)
(6)
s v * i* (v jv ) * (i ji ) v i v i j ( v i v i )
(12)
(7)
i f 0
1
i f
2
2
v
v
0 v
i f
v 2 v 2
v0 v
v 0 v
po
P
dc c
q l
(15)
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
779
v 2 v 2
0
0
v0v
0
v0v
v0v
v0v
po
P
l
avg
c
ql
(16)
3. SYSTEM CONSIDERED
The electrical system is considered in this paper for evaluating
the
performance
AFE+SAF
simulation
model
in
matlab/Simulink is as shown in fig.1. three phase four line
electrical distribution network is used to serve the loads such as
domestic, industrial and signal towers etc. these loads and the
compensating devices are generally connected at point of
common coupling (PCC) in the system which as shown in fig.1.
v sa
Rsa
v sb
v sc
R sb
i sb
Lsb
va
i fb
vc
Q 1 Q3 Q5
DC side
Equivalent
Drive
Vdc
DC side
Equivalent
Drive
AFE
+
SAF
i fc
i sc
L sc
Vdc
I dc
vb
R sc
I dc
ifa
isa PCC
Lsa
i sn
Lfa
Rfa
ifa
PCC i
sa
Lsa
Rsa
vsa
L fb
Rfb
i fb
isb
Lsb
R sb
vsb
L fc
R fc ifc
isc
Lsc Rsc
vsc
ifn
isn
Q4 Q6 Q2
ila
ilb
ilc
i ln
Linear
+
Non linear
load
Vdc
Pdc
I dc
Vdc
Vdc*
ilABC
Pc
PI
if0*
1
1
1 2 2
3
3
2 0
2
2
i 3
i0
1 1 1
2 2 2
if*
Pl
Pl
i 0
Plavg
LPF
+
-
if* i
X
VPCCABC
v0
ia*
i*
ia b
ib
ic
ifabc*
GATE
PULSE
Q1
Q2
Q3
ic*
Q4
Q5
Q6
CC
VPCC
i fabc
Fig.3. PQ theory based algorithm generated gate signals for the AFE+SAF
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780
Numerical Values
325 Vph(peak) ,50 Hz
Shunt
impedance
Lshk, Rshk
DC link capacitance
Udc reference
Hysteresis band h
2 mH, 0.05
k a, b, c
220 f
700V
.2 A
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781
Ia
PEAK
14.19
14.19
26.83
26.88
26.83
26.63
26.71
26.44
%THD
5.32
5.28
3.46
2.93
2.88
2.9
3.03
2.86
Ib
PEAK
14.2
14.16
26.49
26.92
26.88
26.66
26.67
26.48
%THD
5.15
5.32
10.25
2.86
3.07
2.84
3.02
3.06
Ic
PEAK
14.18
14.17
27.02
26.99
26.83
26.65
26.61
26.42
%THD
5.34
5.42
10.6
3.03
2.93
2.9
2.97
3.05
Numerical
Values
Numerical
Values
THREE PHASE
SUPPLY
325
Vph(peak)
, 50 Hz
325
Vph(peak)
, 50 Hz
ACTIVE
POWER
INDUCTIVE
REACTIVE
POWER
1000W
500W
Numeric
al
Values
325
Vph(pea
k) 250
Hz
400W
40VAR
500VAR
500VAR
Fig 9. Simulated results of load currents, source currents and
PCC voltages by placing a nonlinear load
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
782
I
At t=0.04s the source currents magnitude of a max =8.33 A and
THD = 9.3% and at t=0.18s the source currents magnitude of
I a max
=8.53 A and THD = 8.51% nearly. Source current
magnitude and %THD have been shown in TABLE 5
Ia
Time
(sec)
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
PEAK
8.33
8.382
8.492
8.538
8.517
8.517
8.558
8.532
Ib
%THD
9.3
8.88
8.37
8.19
8.38
8.3
8.54
8.41
PEAK
8.288
8.36
8.442
8.529
8.523
8.544
8.513
8.495
I
At t=0.04s the source currents magnitude of a max =10.81 A
and THD = 7.33% and at t=0.18s the source currents magnitude
I
of a max =11.15 A and THD = 6.46% nearly. Source current
magnitude and %THD have been shown in TABLE VI. There
is no variation in the results due to no DC Side Equivalent
Drive load.
Ic
%THD
9.21
8.8
8.49
8.17
8.31
8.55
8.29
8.36
PEAK
8.324
8.445
8.524
8.586
8.535
8.516
8.54
8.581
%THD
8.95
8.68
8.36
8.33
8.51
8.41
8.41
8.39
Time
(sec)
0.04
0.06
0.08
Ia
PEAK
10.81
10.93
11.11
%THD
7.33
6.89
6.79
Ib
PEAK
10.69
10.73
10.83
%THD
7.32
6.79
6.48
Ic
PEAK
10.79
10.95
11.09
%THD
6.84
6.71
6.56
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783
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
11.13
11.13
11.13
11.13
11.15
6.47
6.61
6.79
6.55
6.46
10.87
10.94
10.88
10.88
10.88
6.56
6.34
6.67
6.45
6.64
11.13
11.09
11.14
11.12
11.14
6.47
6.51
6.55
6.48
6.69
Ia
PEA
K
6.472
5.95
35.81
35.39
35.18
35.21
35.12
35.04
%TH
D
11.22
12.02
2.54
2.53
2.64
2.56
2.57
2.5
Ib
PEA
K
6.454
5.889
35.38
35.38
35.2
35.27
35.24
34.98
%TH
D
11.36
12.19
8
2.61
2.63
2.49
2.47
2.42
Ic
PEA
K
6.507
5.959
35.59
35.43
35.39
35.37
35.26
35.14
%TH
D
11.18
12.1
7.95
2.51
2.63
2.56
2.62
2.55
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org
784
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed combined active front end converter (AFE) and
shunt active filter (SAF) is able to compensate reactive power,
harmonic power and unbalanced power which are introduced
by non linear and unbalanced linear load, at the same time
combined AFE and SAF is able to convert the three phase AC
to DC power without polluting the source currents, in this paper
P-Q theory used as the control algorithm for the combined AFE
and SAF, hence this theory gives appreciable %THD [17] for
source currents for all load as consider in 5 cases. The whole
simulation has been carried out on the mat lab/ simulink
environmental plot form which gives recommendable results.
[10]
[11]
[12]
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
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785